Philippines - Water Districts Development Project : environmental assessment summary (Vol. 1 of 5)

Approved by: y Acting Director O n: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ From Vice President and Secretary \foL.. I Sec M April, 1997 PHILIPPINES WATER DISTRICTS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT SUMMARY 1. - Attached is the Executive Summary of the environmental assessment for the Water Districts Development Project in the Philippines. The proposed project will finance investments in sewerage, drainage and on-site sanitation in the five cities of Davao, Cagayan de Oro, Dagupan, Cotabato city and Calamba. Institutions responsible for planning, operations and maintenance of wastewater infrastructure in these cities will be strengthened. In addition, technical assistance will be provided to the national Govemment to facilitate private sector participation in water supply. 2. The environmental assessment and summary were prepared by thc Borrower, and circulation of the summary does not signify evaluation or endorsement by the Bank. The environmental assessment is subject to further review and possible changes during the appraisal process. 3. Questions may be referred to Mr. Vijay Jagannathan (Extension 31306). The full environmental assessment report for Davao city is available, upon request, from the Office of the Director, East Asia and Pacific Department I. D)istribution Executive Directors and Alternates President's Executive Committee Senior Management, Bank, IFC and MIGA  14  From Vice President and Secretary Sec M April, 1997 PHILIPPINES WATER DISTRICTS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT SUMMARY 1. Attached is the Executive Summary of the environmental assessment for the Water Districts Development Project in the Philippines. The proposed project will finance investments in sewerage, drainage and on-site sanitation in the five cities of Davao, Cagayan de Oro, Dagupan, Cotabato city and Calarnba. Institutions responsible for planning, operations and maintenance of wastewater infrastructure in these cities will be strengthened. In addition, technical assistance will be provided to the national Government to facilitate private sector participation in water supply. 2. The environmental assessment and summary were prepared by the Borrower, and circulation of the summary does not signify evaluation or endorsement by the Bank. The environmental assessment is subjcct to further review and possible changes during the appraisal process. 3. Questions may be referred to Mr. Vijay Jagannathan (Extension 31306). The full environmental assessment report for Davao city is available, upon request, from the Office of the Director, East Asia and Pacific Department 1. Distribution Executive Directors and Alternates President's Executive Committee Senior Management, Bank, IFC and MIGA  4  Philippines Water Districts Development Project EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Introduction In the Philippines, the typical urban area/built-up area is characterized by a heavy concentration of activities, both commercial and industrial. It is also the area where the density of population is at it's peak. These areas are also the sites where the production and consumption of raw and processed materials could be found. Consequently the, pressure on the life support systems in these areas are far higher than the suburban and rural areas. Adverse environmental conditions such as the generation and similarly the discharge of wastes into the environrnent is common in urban and built-up areas. Unfortunately, the amount, type and concentration of waste generated exceed the capability of the local environment to absorb and assimilate them. The carrying capacity of the life support systems are stretched to the limits. The urgency of establishing collection and treatment methods which will prevent adverse impacts to the health and well-being of the residents, and to the ecological systems which sustain them cannot be ignored and overstated. Most urban centers in the Philippines rely on individual septic tank systems for the treatment and disposal of wastewater from domestic and commercial buildings. However, the designs for such systems is often inadequate. Facilities for land disposal of effluents from the septic tanks are generally absent. Hence the partially treated septic tank effluents flow directly into storm drainage systems and other receiving bodies of water, thereby exacerbating an already grave pollution situation. There are several possible options for addressing this problem, including improving the design of the septic tank system with the installation of soil absorption systems. But an environmentally sound alternative that is cost-effective and captures economics of scale is to connect individual properties directly to a sewerage system for the collection, treatment and disposal of the urban wastes. The provision of a cost-effective centralized wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal is the primary objective of the proposed Water Districts Development Project. The proposed project will assist the local governments of Dagupan, Calamba , Laguna, Cagayan de Oro, Davao City and Cotabato City, in finding solutions to the problem of sanitation. Better sanitary conditions will thus be experienced in the areas served by the sewerage, drainage and sanitation systems. This will reduce water-borne pollution and water- logging within the cities and in the surrounding watcr bodies, thereby bringing health benefits to local populations. In Davao, Cagayan de Oro and Calamba cities, pollution from human wastes have affected recreational areas, such as beaches and lake front areas. Project investments in wastewater collection and treatment will also have positive benefits in terms of improving prospects of saving the remaining beaches for the city residents. The construction of the systems will protect shallow groundwater aquifers from  contamination, particularly in Toril area of Davao city, which forms the source of the city's water supply system. Environmental Assessment Requirements This Environmental Impact Assessment Report for Davao City has been prepared in accordance with the Presidential Decree No. 1586 otherwise known as the Environmental Impact Assessment Lawv and Department of Environment and Natural Resources Revised Administrative Order Nos. 36. the Revised WVater Usage and Classification/ Water Quality Criteria and Revised Effluent Regu lations of 1990 respectively; and World Bank's Operational Directive 4. 01 on Environmental Assessment. The revised, Administrative Order 36 for Environmental Impact Statement System issued in 1996 is comprehensive and is compatible with the World Bank's Operational Directive 4.01. It outlines the procedure to be followed by environmental critical proiects (ECPm and project to be located in environmental critical areas (ECA), in preparing environmental impacts statement (EIS) '. ECP and ECA are defined in the AO It should also be noted that that local ordinances and regulations governing projects of such nature have been taken into consideration in preparing this report. Similar EIA reports are being prepared for the other 4 cities. This report has been prepared by a team of local consultants under the aegis of the Local Water Utilities Administration (LUWA) and the Davao City Government. Much of the work relating to the environmental impact analysis was undertaken as part of the feasibility study done by C. Lotti and Associati. Consultation with the community is an on-going process. The sanitation component of the project will be executed in a participatory manner, and detailed guidelines have been spelled out. Selection of Priority Cities The choice of the first batch of Philippine cities for sewerage investments was made after an initial screening at the national level of urban areas facing the most serious problem of pollution by untreated wastes. Of the five cities, Davao and Cagayan de Oro represent the largest class of provincial cities with current population estimates in the range of a million and half a million respectively. There are several major population concentrations in the city; each being a source of sewage contamination for nearby surface and ground water. However, the largest volume of sewage is generated by the largest consumers of piped water supply; in the Central Business District or Poblacion area. Untreated wastewater from this area has polluted low-lying coastal areas, and basically converted the principal rivers into open sewers.. The scale of the pollution problem can be appreciated by the fact that about 90 per cent of the daily water supply of 140,000 cubic meters in Davao city and 76,000 cubic meters in Cagayan de Oro is being This is the term used by DENR and refers to the standard Environmental Assessment Report required by the World bank as per OD 4.01  discharged as untreated wastewater. Outside the Poblacion areas, there are pockets of population concentrations polluting nearby streams, creeks and channels. In the other three cities of medium size (Cotabato city, Calamba and Dagupan), current population estimates are close to 200,000. While the scale of urban pollution problems are not comparable with Davao and Cagayan de Oro, these cities are located close to environmentally sensitive wetlands and water bodies. In Cotabato city, the urban area is actually below the mean sea level, exposing inhabitants to frequent waterlogging during the monsoon months. Calamba is located on the shores of Laguna Lake, which has experienced a rapid deterioration in water quality over the last two decades. Dagupan city is close to a large estuarine zone with ecologically sensitive wetlands and fishponds. In each of these cities, Mayors and city officials have recognized for some time that unless their complex environmental problems are tackled through a strategic plan of handling waste disposal, sustainability of urban growth could be seriously affected. Overall Project Approach The proposed project follows a demand-based approach, in the sense that facilities will be constructed only if they conform with the preferences of local stakeholders, and services conforn to their respective willingness to pay. The stakeholders represent the different tiers of organizations from the City Council and Barangay (part of the formal LGU system), to the more informal purok, neighborhood and household levels. During project preparation, the idea of involving communities in the planning process was field-tested in three barangays of Davao city, and found to be quite successful. The basic decision- making process is as follows: (a) For the capital-intensive trunk system, consisting of the main transportation sewers, primary drains and wastewater treatment facilities, the project design and implementation plan has to be approved by the City Council, because the latter is responsible to repay the loan (see Annex 3 on Financial Aspects). (b) For the feeder system, consisting of collector sewers, secondary drains and on-site sanitation facilities, barangays and local neighborhoods will be associated with the planning and implementation program. The design criteria have been simplified, so that the feeder system can respond to local preferences and willingness to pay, rather than be bound by any conventional sewer design criteria used in industrialized countries. Detailed design will be conducted through a participatory process described in Annex 12. Given the capital-intensive nature of the investments, the proposed project is only the initial phase of a program to improve the sanitation infrastructure through a strategic planning approach that involves a mix of on-site and off-site wastewater collection, treatment and disposal. Choice of initial service areas for sewerage has been confined to the Central Business Districts or Poblacion areas because these are the major contributors  to municipal wastewater pollution. The only exception made is in the case of Davao City, where a second area of high growth prospects (Toril) has also been included on the request of the LGU. The project will construct a sewer network that will discharge sewage to a vertically integrated pond system designed to treat both sewage and septage. In each of the cities, with the exception of Davao, the treatment site was selected in areas free from encumbrances. For the sanitation and drainage components, the entire city has been included in the project area, with final selections being made on the basis of demand. On-site treatment systems through the construction of VIP latrines, pit latrines, pour flush toilets and septic tanks will also be constructed if there is demand from property owners. For those properties with uncertain land tenure (as in squatter settlements), the project will finance the construction of communal toilets, to be managed by NGOs and/or the private sector. The specific location of these facilities will be driven by the willingness to pay for the services by beneficiaries at the barangay level, provided of course that these are technically feasible. Analysis of Alternatives The recommended solutions for wastewater treatment were arrived at after an intensive process of evaluating alternatives during the project preparation in order to achieve cost effectiveness and acceptability. The alternatives considered were anaerobic/facultative Ponds, modified lagoon systems and mechanical treatment. The evaluation of alternatives indicated that the modified lagoon systems, despite having a higher O&M costs compared to anaerobic/facultative ponds (as it requires mechanical aerators and recirculation pumps) was appropriate. The selected option met the following criteria the effectively: (a) Minimize overall pond area required (b) Minimize odor production (c) Meet DENR effluent quality criteria, including fecal coliform reduction (d) Minimize sludge production rate (e) Maximize potential to use surrounding land for recreational purposes  Summary Information on Project Cities Davao Cagayan de Oro Cotabato Calaniba Dagupan Population (1990) 849.947 339.598 127,065 173.453 128.000 Housing 163.329 47.724 21.581 32.109 21.219 Size of Central Business District (CBD) 1O00 hectares 400 hectares 120 hectares 95 hectares 50 hectares Morbidity rate per 595 for 733 lbr diarrhea 30f) for diarrhea S18 for parasitism 528 for gastro- 10.000 from diseases diarrhea(third rank (third rank) (first rank) (second rank) enterilis (third rank) among diseases) Water bodies at risk Davao rivcr and all Cagayan river and About 50% of city Laguna Lake About 50% of city because of nmunicipal beaches close to city adjoining beaches on area consists of experiencing area arc uetlands. pollution not lit for Nlacajalar 13ay unlit wetlands. fish ponds increase in turbidity used for fish farming recreational for recreational and cstuarine area and rapid purposes purposes eutrophication because of fecal contamination The urban area/built-up area in the project cities is characterized by a heavy concentration of commercial and industrial activities. It is the area where population density is highest. These areas are also represent the bulk of economic activity in the informal sector - such as, the - production and consumption of raw and processed food, light manufacturing activities and retail distribution. A large proportion of piped water supply from the local Water District is also consumed in the Central Business District. Consequently, the pressure from both solid and liquid wastes in these areas greatly exceed the capability of the land and water resources to absorb, assimilate and recycle them. Davao City I.mpact During Construiction Phiase The implementation of the project and its components is projected to produce only minimal adverse environmental impacts. The socio-economic impacts will be beneficial, and will result in a better standard of living for the municipalities and cities concerned. In the short-term the project will provide employment and livelihood opportunities to the population of the surrounding communities through the jobs generated during the construction phase. In the long-term, better sanitary conditions will reduce sicknesses caused by water-related problems. Thus an improvement of the existing environmental conditions is expected. The project will undertake mitigating measures to minimize, or if at all possible, eliminate adverse impacts. Air Quality. The implementation of the project will result in an increase in the ambient concentration of suspended particulates in the vicinity of the project site. This would be attributed to dust from land clearing and excavation activities, which expose soil to wind and vehicular traffic over unpaved road.  Water Quality. Excavation activities in the project sites could also loosen soils and transport of these materials to any surface waters, thereby increasing siltation and turbidity. During the rainy season, surface runoff may increase total suspended solids, and cause temporary stress at the discharge points. However, the impact will be localized, and when the vegetative cover returns, impact on the receiving body of water caused by surface run- off will be eliminated. Noise. The noise impact during the construction stage is expected to be generally minimal and will not require any special noise abatement measure. The treatment plant sites shall have a setback away from residential clusters, which will definitely provide the necessary buffer to reduce noise impact during construction of the modified lagoon systems. During the pipe-laying, some noise will be generated due to the construction activities and the temporary operation of heavy equipment. Noise from breaking concrete pavement and sidewalks may also pose a temporary problem. However, the noise level at the streets is expected to be within the ambient noise quality standards. Socio-economic. The only potentially adverse impact is likely to be in the Davao sewage treatment site, where approximately 15 squatter structures are located in the vicinity of the treatment plant site. The treatment plant, can, however, be constructed without affecting these structures, and hence no resettlement action plan will be required. The City Govemments will be requested at appraisal to indicate how they plan monitoring potentially adverse impacts in the project cities. Ecological Effects. As there are no rare, endemic species of flora and fauna in any of the project area, project implementation has minimal impact on the terrestrial ecology. Vegetative cover shall be unavoidably cleared during civil works. Impacts During Operationi Phase Air Quality. The operation of the wastewater treatment facility will have minimal impact on the air quality of the area. Aside from the occasional odor nuisance, it is not projected to have adverse effect at all. Water Quality. The implementation of the project will be beneficial to the general envi- ronment of participating cities and their environs. Discharging of untreated domestic waste water from the high volume consumers in each city's Central Business Districts into nearby bodies of water would thus be minimized or eliminated. However, operations and maintenance failures may result in occasional discharges. Socio-economic. The provision of sanitation facilities in the project cities would undoubtedly benefit the general populace of these areas. The occurrence of epidemic-  scale diseases caused by current unsanitary conditions will be reduced. This will result in a more healthy and productive population. Sludge Disposal. The modified lagoon system or Advanced Improved Ponds System (AIPS) will require sludge disposal at very infrequent intervals. The sludge in the anaerobic pond/s remains for an extended period continuously undergoing organic decomposition. This may take place over a 20-30 year period. One system in operation in the U.S. has not been desludged in thirty years. Recent testing of this system has indicated that the sludge is well-digested and very stable. If desludging does become due, arrangements can easily be made with the city environment office for disposal at the sanitary landfill. Mitigating measures to minimize, or if possible, eliminate adverse impact will be implemented. Measures to enhance the existing environmental conditions in the project site shall be implemented to maintain the environmental sustainability of the area. The implementation of the project will, inevitably produce impact, both adverse and benefi- cial. Table I shows the potential impact, risks and the proposed mitigating action. Implementation and Monitoring of Management Plan The PMO, with the assistance of LWUA-CPSO and consultants, would monitor compliance with the ECC and carry out the requisite data collection. Monitoring reports would be submitted to DENR/EMB and the World Bank periodically. While responsibility for the various mitigation activities have been identified, the PMO will ensure that the requirements are complied within addition, feedback from communities, city officials, NGOs, etc. will be pro-actively sought through the city public affairs programs, regular monthly meetings of barangay captains and other methods. Finally, DENR, through its planned PPA system, would also periodically monitor and audit compliance with the ECC, assisted by independent contractors. Table 2 summarizes the responsibilities and timetable for the Mitigation Plan.  Table 1: Mitigation Actions Construction Phase Potential Impact & Risks Mitigation Action * Poor quality of construction * Design and supervision contract will be separated from supply and installation contract as a means of assuring quality of construction. Works enginecrs, with a relativcly independcnt source of information on construction progress, will be hircd. Air Pollution * Careful construction planning and work phasing, specifications and construction mcthods to reduce the length of time that the soil is exposcd to * Construction equipment and vehicles the cnvironment. may cause higher suspended particulates, . Provision of adequately and properly maintained storagc for construction odors and fumes emissions - CO_. CO. materials and equipment. NO, * Expeditious and prompt rcmoval of excavated materials or dredged spoils from construction sites. * Exposure of line-grain particles to wind * Regular and adequate sprinkling of water on dust-generating mounds/piles and vehicular traffic will likely rcsult in resulting from carthmoving activities and civil works. a decrease in air quality. * Good housekeeping for all construction affected areas and workplaces. * Control of motor vehicle and cquipmcnt cmissions. * Use of protective gear by all workers. Water Pollution and Soil Frosion a Provide temporary drainage and storage facilities for excavation soils, for fuel and oils needed for equipment. * Siltation * Careful and rational planning of construction and post-construction phases of the projcct. * Maintenance of adequate drainagc system. * Noise from opcration of construction * Erect temporary sound barriers around the work sites; avoid simuitancous equipment would be about 70-80 dl3A at usc of hcavy cquipment: limit daytime work, vehicle spccd at 20 kph; rcgular 10 m; 50-70 dl3A at 30 m. maintenance of equipment * Use of appropriate mufflers and sound proofing of construction machinerics. cquipmcnt, and cngines. Use of appropriate shock-absorbing mountings for machinery. * IEstablishment of bufTcr zones and noisc zones. . Temporary Disruption of Traffic Flow . To the cxtcnt possiblc. fccdcr and collcction sewer lincs will bc located along secondary strects. * Scheduling and increasing input rcsources so that period of traflic disruption in primary roads are reduccd. * Coordinatc with city traffic managemcnt officc and the PNP Traffic Managemcnt Command * Clear directional signs and barricrs in case traffic rerouting is necded. Public Information campaign.  ________________________________ O peration Phase Potential Impact & Risks Mtitigation Action * Environmental hazards due to accidents * Carefully designed post-constrtction maintenance. contingency and and man-made or natural disasters. monitoring programs. * Breakdown or malfunction of the se%ser * Well designed plan for detection of accident or natural events including lilt station will increase level of pollution precautionary and remedial measures to be taken/observed. at the mouth of Davao River as raw * Adequate plans for environmental rehabilitation, clean-up, restoration. and sewage vill have to be dumped directly. disposition of temporary structures and facilities installed during the construction phase. Water Pollution * Upgrade laboratory f:acilities of the Davao City Water District to be able to undertake wastewater analysis. * The efiluent discharge point of the * Following the bubble concept. wastewater discharged into Davao River shall, treatment plant is atlTcted by tidal in the long-tcrm, conform to the water quality standards established by the conditions (estuary) Department of Environment and Natural Resources as set forth in DAO No. 34 and 35, Revised Water Usage and Classification/Water Quality Standards and Revised Effluent Regulations of 1990, respcctively. * A dispersion/dilution modeling study will be conducted to prior to locating the outfall. Treated efiluent discharge to Davao River shall be timed based on tidal conditions. The adoption of the Al'S process for the treatment plants should result into attainment of cffluent standards. . Investigating the possibility of recharging the acquifer with trcated wastewater fronm Toril treatment plant * Noise would bc at about 65-85 dBA. * Establishment of butfer zoncs and noise zones principally coining from septage trucks unloading at the ponds. * Odors (organic and sull'ur compounds . Maintenancc of grecnbelt zones and vegetation. mainly from the trucks unloading * P'rovision of landscaped open spaces which will improve the acsthetic of the septage) area by planting thc green strips with appropriate plant or tree spccies. Manarcment and O&MNI of the S% sigm tnmitutionaL * l'oor maintenance of pumps * Managcmlent Contract : itli DCWD which has proven utility management and operations capacity. * Low connectionis * User consultationi at detailed enginecring design stage to cnsure connection. * Se%% rage surcharge should be sufficicnt to provide incentives for DCWD to maintain system. * Rcquire M&E, reporting to the DENR and l.WUA. * Explore feasibility of 1300/BOT contracts for recrcational activitics in unuscd lands at treatment sites. * Provide adequate training of DCWD and city staff. * Requirc compulsory connection for all commercial. industrial and high domestic water users. * Utilize Plublic Performance Auditing system being set up by DENR to monitor adverse impacts. TcchnicalL . Provision ofadequate maintenance equipmentand spares with DCWD.  Monitoring and Implementation Arrangements Construction Phase Ambient air quality measurements will be undertaken near construction sites. This will be mostly near locations where sewer network is being laid and treatment plant sites. When selecting sites due consideration will be given to sensitive receptors like schools, hospitals, houses etc. Total suspended particulates (TSP) will be measured once a fortnight, for 8 or 24 hours, over the construction period. Noise will measured at the same locations as TSP. Leq and Lso values will be measured and recorded. Operation Phase Receiving water quality will be monitored by the Environmental Management and Protected Areas Service of DENR. The local Regional Technical Directorate agency is currently monitoring the status of Davao river and estuarine water quality on a monthly basis. PMO will collect information on present conditions, observed changes in pollution loads etc. It should be noted that all the pollution load will not be removed and the proposed sewerage infrastructure will greatly reduce the problem. Once the plan becomes operational, the operator would be required to set-up a laboratory and measure the efflluent quality. Treatment Plant Operator will institute a monitoring program to measure the effluent discharge. Daily representative values of PH, 5-day BOD, COD, Total Nitorgen and Total Phosphorus will be measured during the start-up period. Once the plant operations stabilize, weekly measurements (24-hourly basis) will bc taken. Quaterly reports showing the trends of effluent discharge and receiving water quality will be reported to the PMO and DENR Regional Office.  Table 2 Summary of Responsibilities and Timetable for the Mitigation Plan Aclivity Responsibility Start Completion Sccure ECC clearancc from DENR. CPSO-LWUA Dccember 1996 March 1997 Collcct refircncc ambicnt air parameters around City PMU, with DENR March 1997 May 1997 thc proposcd treatment plant sites at project cities regional olfice Ensurc that the bid documents include provisions PMO March 1997 May 1997 for mitigation under the responsibility of the con- tractor; review contractor's work plans to Cnsure compliance with environmental mitigation plan provisions Train operators on O&M practicc & handling PMO and CI'SO-LWUA December 1997 April 1998 emergency situations. Assess and upgrade the laboratory facilities of the Project City PMU and December 1997 April 1998 Davao City Water District, local Water District Conduct user consultations and information Project City PMU, with May 1997 December 1997 campaign ass istancc of NGO. Monitor and report on compliance. PMO Bi-annual basis Bi-annual basis ENTER YOUR NAME FIERE m.\vIlAY-J\WDDP\E-SUMM.DOC March 19,1997 4:24 PM  I  Draft January22, 1997 PHILIPPINES WATER DISTRICTS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Water Districts Development Project Process Guidance and Generic Terms of Reference PART I - PROCESS GUIDANCE 1. Purose Government of the Philippines has requested World Bank assistance to create an institutional environment to encourage private sector participation in water utilities, and to help LGUs and water districts to plan and implement sewerage and sanitation investments based on their wishes and willingness to pay. For water supply, a Public Performance Audit (PPA) to be developed for the MWSS, will be applied to the participating cities. This will provide consumers, policy makers, the media, and concessionaires with reliable and timely feedback on service performance within the service areas. In addition, a Water Utilities Private Sector participation Facility will be established to grant and loan assistance to water utilities wishing to privatize all or part of their operations. These are expected to improve the efficiency of service delivery and increase prospects of water supply augmentation to meet the unmet demand in many growing cities and towns in the Philippines. For sewerage, sanitation and drainage, designs will be developed collaboratively with households, communities, and city councils. This will enable technical staff to respond to community needs, and thus increase the range of institutional and technical choices. Facilities to be provided under this component will include on-site household an communal sanitation facilities, sewerage systems, and drainage systems. The sewerage systems will include house connections, feeder and trunk sewers, and treatment plants for sewage and septage. The siting of these facilities would need to be approached with care. Government of the Philippines and the World Bank require Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)' to be undertaken prior to the construction of a facility. 2. ElAs will identify the various environmental and community consequences of the proposed development, in order to: (a) ensure the resolution of potential environmental issues and community2 concerns early in the implementation of a proposed facility by incorporating necessary safeguards in the design; The term "EIA (or EIA reports)" has been used in a collective sense encompassing the environmental assessment requirements of both the DENR and the World Bank. 2 The terrn "communities" as used in this document refers to both directly affccted people (individuals, groups) residing close to the proposed facility and at-risk groups, as well as to l  Draft January22, 1997 (b) minimize risk to the proponent; (c) avoid delays and extra costs which may subsequently arise due to unanticipated environmental problems; and (d) ensure that the concerns of residents and communities are addressed and plans made for the rehabilitation and resettlement of those residing in and around the selected sites for development, if required. 3. Coverge ofIA. The EIA should cover all likely construction and operation activities and will include, but not to be limited to, an assessment of the environmental and social impacts relating to the: (a) physical and geographical suitability and public acceptability of the proposed facility and haulage routes (for septage); (b) land acquisition and displacement of people; (c) treatment and disposal technologies to be employed for septage and sewage; (d) pollution abaternent options to be employed, where necessary; (e) management control and operational practices to be employed; (f) potential for accidents and failures to be foreseen and mitigated; and (g) monitoring of receiving water characterisitics. 4. Legal Framework The Environmental Impact Statement Law provides the legal framework for environmental impact assessments in the Philippines, and the department charged with the responsibility for ensuring compliance is the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), and the issuance of Environmental Clearance Certificates (ECCs) by DENR is a prerequisite for construction of facilities. Guidelines for the preparation of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAsJ have been issued both by DENR and by the World Bank. Both guidelines mandate public information and consultation. representatives of affccted groups, such as elected and traditional leaders, Community Based Organizations (CBOs) and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), medical practitioners, etc.. 2  Draft January22, 1997 5. EIA Process The EIA is a tool through which environmental and social risks, from an investment standpoint, could be determined. The EIA provides the community with the means to communicate with the proponent of a project with possible environmental impacts. The process mentioned herein is a composite of the procedures stipulated by the GOP and the World Bank. The EIA studies are conducted by the LGU with the assistance of a team of consultants. (a) Step 1 - Problem Definition - Quantum and Study Area. The proponent should define the nature of the facilities to be constructed - whether they are on-site facilities, sewers or treatment plants. The size of the facility should be defined. In addition, the candidate areas where the facilities could be located as well as the areas of the cities and the populations to be served by them should be defined. Furthermore, the areas likely to be affected by potential positive and negative impacts should also be defined. (b) Step 2 - Selection of Candidate Sites Within the preferred candidate area, a long list of notional sites should be identified and preliminary analysis undertaken of environmental, transportation and landuse factors (annex.. gives the criteria). From this exercise would emerge a short list of candidate sites that need to be subjected to detailed investigations (see step 4.). The findings of this step should lead to the drafting of the detailed Terms of Reference for the EIA study. (c) Step 3 - Scoping and Finalization of EIA TOR.. Based on feedback received from steps land 2, the proponent should translate the generic ToR (refer to Part 11) into a site(s) specific one. A non-technical version of the draft should be disseminated and discussed with community representatives including environmental NGOs. Refer to Public Consultation Process (see Annex 13) for guidance. Following these discussion, the proponent will revise the ToR, if required, and submit the finalized version to DENR for clearance; (d) Step 4 - Conducting EIA study. The proponent should undertake the EIA study according to the agreed ToR. Consultation with the community will be guided by the public consultation process; (e) Step 5 - Compilation of draift EJA report. Following the conclusion of the study, the proponent should prepare the report according to the agreed format (see para ..). In general, the EIA report should include the Environmental Management Plan (EMP), and if applicable, a Relocation and Resettlement Plan (RRP). A summary of the draft report should be disseminated to communities concerned as well as representative organizations and discussed with these groups; their concerns should be addressed when finalizing the report. 3  Draft January22, 1997 (f) Step 6 - Approval of EIA report.. The final report will be submitted to DENR for review and approval. The EMP, and RRP should be incorporated in the design of the facility; and (g) Step 7 - Implementation. There will be continuous monitoring during project implementation by regulatory authorities and possibly also by community groups with support from reputable NGOs; 6. Public Consultation Process A credible Public Consultation Process (PCP) -- described in detail in Annex 13 -- is crucial to the successful development of the project, including the preparation of an acceptable Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and the Relocation and Resettlement Plan (RRP), if required. The proponent should engage a NGO group as part of the Consultant team to design and facilitate the implementation of a suitable consultation process. The Consultant/NGO should continuously re-assess the PCP strategy as feedback is received from information dissemination and consultation. Tools for information dissemination and consultation are attached. The Consultant/NGO should: (a) identify the stakeholders - directly affected people, representative Community Based Organizations (CBOs) and NGOs, local media correspondents, medical professionals, barangay leaders, water district officials as well as LGU and government agencies, leaders of chamber of commerce, etc., and convene them in a body that represents the stakeholders. The group should meet periodically during the preparation of the EIA to discuss the emerging findings of the assessment; (b) assist the representative group in preparing and disseminating puiblic infornation in the appropriate local language - prior to the EIA study on project objectives -- types of hazardous waste managed and the role of the facility in avoiding negative impacts on health and welfare by proper disposal etc. -- and scope of the draft ToR for the EIA; post study on the summary of the draft EIA report, risk avoidance measures; use may be made of of non-technical brochures, leaflets, posters, briefings and presentations, public meetings (including visual aids), involvement of the media and provision of public access to the reports. (c) assist the group in establishing mechanisms and conduits for consulting communities and representative NGOs when undertaking the steps and tasks described in the EIA ToR. These would include inputs into the scoping of the EIA ToR, conducting socio-economic and community opinion surveys, evaluating alternatives, formulating entitlement packages and drafts for the final EIA report; 4  Draft January22, 1997 (d) keep record of information and consultation activities - type of activity and mechanisms used, date and location, names of groups and individuals invited, types of attendees, issues raised, responses given and the impact upon subsequent decisions; and (e) track the progress of implementing EMP and RRP during facility development and operation through community monitoring activities. 6. Responsibility for EIA study The responsibility of preparing the EIA report is that of the LGUs and the CPSO. They should hire a multi-disciplinary consultant tearn to undertake the necessary studies, consult with the community and compile the report.. The report will be submitted to DENR, the LGU, the LBP and the World Bank for review. 5  I  Draft January 22, 1997 PART II - GENERIC TERMS OF REFERENCE (This is wrilten in genericform for the use of LGUs, the CPSO and their Consultants as a best practices guide. Based on local conditions, the LGUs/CPSO shotild wtrite a specific scope of studies and then obtain concuirrencefrom the relevant regulatory aurthority before commnencemnent of the stucdiess) 7. Introduction The LGU/CPSO should write this section. They should state the purpose of the ToR, identify the development project to be assessed and explain the executing arrangements for the EIA including any variations to the process outlined above. This section should also include an overview of the environmental setting in the city where the proposed facility is to be provided. It should identify the principal parts of the city where the waste will be generated. The results of the site selection process should be summarized here. 8. Objectives The LGU.CPSO should explain the specific objectives of the assignment. 9. StudyAre As determined previously, the LGU/CPSO should specify the study area and indicate it in a map of appropriate scale. 10.- -ScoDe ofWork T-he text below describes the specific tasks the Consultant team is expected to perform. The following should be used as a guide, and the LGU/CPSO if required could expand the scope. Minimum requirements have been specified below, however, the specific needs will vary with selection of site and choice of technology or process. (a) Task 1- Project Description The Consultant should provide a description of the scope and physical characteristics of the proposed facility. This will include information on the system (treatment plant, communal on-site sanitation facility, sewer, combination of two or more of the above) to be studied, unit processes to be operated, handling and haulage methods to be employed and the types, quantities of waste to be processed. (b) Task 2 - Proiect Alternatives The Consultant should make a systematic comparison of alternatives taking into account environmental and social costs and benefits. _Site - The Consultant should follow a sequential multi-level screening process for selection of candidate sites -- Level 1: Constraint Mapping; Level HI: Potential Selection; Level III: Community and Environmental impacts. The "surviving" candidate sites are further screened by a ranking methodology (additional factors that need to be considered include land ownership, cultural and archeological properties, barangay people, population at-risk adjacent to sites and along sewer route). The Consultant should document the site selection exercise and conclude with the reasons for selecting the most suitable site. (b) Routes - The Consultant should compare the different haulage routes and 6  Draft January22, 1997 alternative alignments for the trucking the septage from on-site facilities to treatment plants. (c! Technologies - Compare the alternate methods of treatment and disposal (e.g. conventional waste stabilization ponds, versus advanced integrated pond system) and technology options for each facility unit, considered and their environmental and social impacts and costs. Include the alternative of not constructing the project, in order to demonstrate environmental conditions without it. The basis for the selection of the recommended option for the project design must be stated; (c) Task 3- Existing Environment and Baseline Conditions Data Collection When drafting this section of the ToR, the LGU/CPSO should clearly specify the data that the consultant should collect. To undertake the successful preparation of an EIA report, site specific information will be required to institute a baseline environmental survey in and around each site. This will draw upon existing, available information from state agencies and research organisations and third parties, supplemented as necessary by a field monitoring program. The data requirements will vary according to the site conditions and the technology processes to be employed. Broadly the following forms of data categories should be covered: 2hyvsicar- geology, topography, soils, climate and meteorology, ambient air quality, surface and groundwater hydrology, existing water quality status, existing sources of air emissions; 3 hiological - an inventory of flora and fauna, sensitive habitats and endangered species, and parks and reserves; * socio-economic conditions - human factors: population, community structure, employment, distribution of income, goods and services, recreation, public health, presence of tribal groups, their customs, aspirations and attitudes. Land feattres: land ownership, landuse and zoning, proximity of site to residential and economic locations and archaeological and historical properties, planned development activities, transport access and availability of utilities and services. (d) Task 4 - Determination of the Potential Impacts. The Consultant will begin by identifying positive and negative impacts likely to result from the proposed project, interpreting "environmental" throughout the EIA study to include socio-economic impacts as well as impacts on the natural environment. Following this, the Consultant should prepare a description of the likely changes in the prevailing environmental conditions that may be brought about by establishing the proposed waste management facility. This part of the study should distinguish between effects on the immediate vicinity of the facility from repercussions further away and should identify both short term and long term environmental impacts. Where practicable, the size and severity of effects should be quantified, and attention should 7  Draft January 22, 1997 be drawn to specific issues of uncertainty and trade-off between competing/conflicting impacts. The extent and quality of available data, key data gaps and uncertainties associated with predictions should be described. Topics that do not require further attention should be specified. Any impacts that are irreversible and/or cannot be avoided or mitigated should be identified. (e) Task 5 - Analysis and Evaluation of Risks The Consultant should identify the impacts that can translate to potential risks in the construction and operation phases, and risk analysis performed. (f) Task 6 - Fonnulation of Environmental Management Plan (i) Mitigation Plan. For each significant negative impact or major risk, the Consultant should recommend and describe a measure to avoid or mitigate (reduce to acceptable levels) or when unavoidable, to compensate for the damage. If needed, the Consultant should prepare the plan in two parts -- one for impacts and the other for risks. The description the text should include an estimate-f capital and recurring costs and should identify the party(ies) responsible for implementation. A disaster management plan also should be included. The Consultant should propose options for compensation to affected parties for impacts which cannot be mitigated. If the project affected people exceeds 200, the consultant should prepare a separate Resettlement Action Plan. The complete set of recommended measures - in the management plan (EMP) - should also be presented in a summary table. Allocation of institutional responsibilities should be clearly specified. Where possible, mitigation measures that will be the responsibility of the construction contractor or equipment supplier, should be included as contract clauses in the respective tender/bid documents. The O&M phase mitigation measures should be incorporated in the relevant legal documents and agreements with water districts. In addition, the government agency responsible for implementation and supervision should be identified. (ii) Monitoring Plan. The Consultant should specify the types of monitoring needed for measuring potential environmental and social impacts during construction and operation phases. As part of the on-going work of the PCP, the Consultant should include opportunities for community monitoring by stakeholders with possible technical assistance from external body such as a research institution. As in the case of the mitigation plan, requirements should be specific as to what is to be monitored, how and by whom (with clear delineation of responsibilities between the 8  Draft January 22, 1997 LGU/Operator, Community Groups and CPSO). Cost estimates are necessary and where monitoring reports are to be prepared, the recipient responsible for review and any corrective action should be identified. (g) Task 7 - Resettlement Action Plan If the project affected or displaced people exceed 200, then the Consultant should prepare a detailed Resettlement and Rehabilitation Action Plan. 11. Report. The EIA Report should be concise and limited to significant environmental issues. The following format is based in part on World Bank Operational Directive 4.01: (a) Executive Summary (b) Chapter 1 - Process of undertaking the study and compiling the report. (c) Chapter 2 - Description of the Proposed Project (d) Chapter 3 - Description of the Environment (e) Chapter 4 - Analysis of Alternatives (f) Chapter 5 - Significant Environmental Impacts -(g) Chapter 6 - RisLAnalysis (h) Chapter 7 - Environmental Management Plan (i) Mitigation Plan (ii) Monitoring Plan (i) Chapter 8 - Optional - Resettlement Action Plan (j) Annexes - (i) List of preparers (ii) Data and unpublished references 12. Consultant Team The LGU/CPSO should appoint a competent and qualified Consultant team to undertak-e the assignment. The team should be a multi-disciplinary one, headed by a Team Leader with knowledge in EIA studies and a good understanding of municipal waste treatment facilities. It is unlikely that a single firm will be able to provide all the expertise required, and would need to collaborate with other firms. The consultant team should include an NGO group to undertake the PCP. This NGO should have links to community based organizations. The Consultant team should include: civil and environmental engineers (process engineering, project design, pollution control and environmental quality), planners (landuse and topography), biologists (fauna, flora, water and air quality), chemistry (environmental monitoring), hydrologists (surface and ground water, leachate control), sociologists (socio-economic survey, community participation), and financial analysts (costing). The composition of the team would depend on the type of facility and choice of location. 9  Draft January 22, 1997 Attachment 1 Tools for Public Information and Consultation Rationale The meniu of tools for information dissemination and consultation offered below should be seen as a range of options. From which, the most appropriate tools can be chosen best reflecting the needs of the facilty and the locality at hand. It is recommended that, in all instances, the consultation process start with the stakeholder analysis; to identify key stakeholders who will need to be involved in order to assure project success; and to plan the timing and level of intensity of their involvement. The tools are based on the understanding that information dissemination will take place first followed by consultation. Information dissemination refers to one way communication; consultation is understood to go further, and involves two way communication/listening. This would ensure that information of the project attributes and issues are shared with the community and project affected people; and their opinions and feedback received and considered in project design. The outline of this document is as follows: 1) Section A discusscs Slakeholder Analysis as a preliminary necessary first step to executing a consultation process; 2) Section B describes tools to be used for public information dissemination, and approaches recommended; 3) Section C deals with tools for social impact appraisal to survey the potential social impact of a waste treatment and disposal facility siting for communities in the environment of the site; and 4) Section D suggests tools for direct consultation of potentially affected communities. 10  Draft January 22, 1997 (1) Stakeholder Analysis: a preliminary necessary step for any consultation strategy As a basic step for initiating a consultation process, it is essential to undertake a stakeholder analysis of groups to be targeted by the public information and consultation strategy. This implies undertaking a systematic analysis of interests of each key stakeholder in the proposed project, the likely effect of the project on those interests (positive, negative, neutral), the potential influence that stakeholders can have on the success of the project, and planning of timing and level of involvement/consultation of key stakeholders. (2) Tools for public information dissemination The following tools for public information dissemination are suggested as ways to ensure full community awareness: a. use of public meetings, town meetings (including barangay and purok level - meetings) and hearing (which serve both the purpose of information dissemination, as well as consultation of affected groups - see below) b. use of media: radio, local newspapcrs and local television: aim for newspaper articles and media programs on the technical and socio- political issues in the project; it is advised to establish intensive interpersonal relations with the press. c. use of non-technical written materials, folders, posters and leaflets in the local language(s): to be displayed at public locations, such as market places, community or town halls, barangays, police stations, public transport places, mosques, churches, etc. d. use of visual representations, videos, scale models (c.g. at public meetings) e. explore the option of organizing a study tour -- for LGU officials, and possibly community leaders to projects of a similar nature in other localities/LGUs, highlighting the consultation strategies used, involvement of media, NGOs and community organizations 11  Draft January 22, 1997 Approaches suggested when using the tools In using the public information tools above, the following approach is suggested: collaborate with environmental NGOs, press, community organizations, medical professionals and the school system, whenever possible, on the public information campaign work through local traditional decision making bodies and leaders, whenever possible the topics to be addressed in the public information campaign may include: (a) how improved sanitation is an integral part of the development process; (b) how sewage treatment plants work, what local impacts can be expected and which cannot; (c) - impacts of human wastes on health and welfare of population if incorrectly disposed of; (d) the role of the proposed sanitation facilities in mitigating such negative impacts; (e) the role of the LGU, water district, national government and WB respectively in the preparation and implementation of the project; (f) the process of site selection and EA, who will be involved and how the findings be will be disseminated and fed back; and (g) the range of feasible mitigation alternatives, if relevant (including when and how implemented). (3) Tools for social impact appraisal The socio-economic survey that normally is a part of EIAs lends itself particularly to tools for social impact appraisal. Two major tools, closely interlinked, stand out: a. socio-economic community profiles: these are profiles of communities in the vicinity of potential sewage treatment sites and septage haulage roads, with a stake in the project. 12  Draft January22, 1997 The objective of a community profile is to document key population and land ownership uses, possible land acquisition (and resettlement) implications, proximity of site to residential, economic and socio-cultural locations, environmental sensitive zones, traffic routes and access and major drinking water sources. Often, community profiling makes use of Rapid Appraisal techniques, of which some components may be participatory, e.g. through Beneficiary Assessment techniques such as semi-structured interviews and focus group meetings, direct and participant observation and document review. Here it is recommended to explore the involvement of local NGOs and CBOs in the Appraisal. b. community/household opinion surveys: the objective obviously is to survey opinions at the household or community level on the proposed project, perceived positive and negative impacts, etc. Like in the case of community profiling, the approach is to make use of semi-structured interviews with individual households or community focus groups. (4) Tools for direct consultation of potentially affected communities A group convening the stakehciders will be the main vehicle for consultation in the EIA process and beyond by potentially affected communities and other stakeholders. In addition, there are additional means through which communities can be directly consulted. a. organizing workshops involving government officials, NGO and community representatives, local academics and professional interest group representatives: e.g. on the scoping as well as drafting of TOR for an EIA, or the draft EIA report itself; b. holding public meetings and hearings, at which local government officials explain the objectives of project, listen to and document community concerns, answer questions and request feedback from affected groups regarding e.g., draft TOR, draft EIA reports, mitigation plan formulation ('reality check' of options) -- public meetings generally require a strong but accommodating chair, somebody seen as more or less neutral, and able to deal with strong opinions. It is also recommended to use visual tools, such as video, photographs, slides and maps; C. establishing a citizen liaison or advisory commiltee, providing a two way communication between the LGU and the community. Membership would represent a cross-section of community interests; the committee would have a certain level of access to the facility and members would be 'educated' by receiving tours around the facility as well as expert advice. The citizen committee may also be invited, among others, to play an important role in monitoring the operation of the facility once it has been constructed. 13  r, Draft January 22, 1997 14  A I ..,