Zambia - Fourth Education Project

Document of FILE COPY The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Report No. P-1913a-ZA REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED FOURTH EDUCATION PROJECT TO THE REPUBLIC OF ZAMBIA December 13, 1976 This document hss a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only In the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.  CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Zambian Kwacha K 1 = US$1.2444 US$1 = K 0.8036 ABBREVIATIONS IFC - International Finance Corporation UNIP - United National Independence Party ESC - Education Services Center FI - Farm Institute FTC - Farmer Training Center DAMRD - Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Rural Development EHC - Evelyn Hone College FISCAL YEAR Government: January 1 - December 31  FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED LOAN TO THE REPUBLIC OF ZAMBIA FOR A FOURTH EDUCATION PROJECT 1. I submit the following report and recommendation on a proposed loan to the Republic of Zambia for the equivalent of US$13.3 million to help finance an education project. The loan would have a term of 17 years, including 3-1/2 years of grace, with interest at 8.70 percent per annum. Norwegian Agency for International Development (NORAD) will par- ticipate in the co-financing with a grant of US$2.12 million equivalent. PART I - THE ECONOMY 2. The most recent report on Zambia (Report No. 49-ZA) was issued on December 26, 1972. A basic economic mission visited the country in June/ July 1975, and its report is expected to be issued in February 1977. The information in this report was gathered by the mission and also by three subsequent missions which visited Zambia between October 1975 and April 1976. The most recent economic data are summarized in Annex I. 3. With its large mineral reserves and wide area of land suitable for crops and livestock, Zambia has the potential for 'rapid and sustained development, but over the decade real gross domestic product has grown at a modest rate of less than three percent per annum. GNP per capita was $540 in 1975. The economy is characterized by a pronounced dualism be- tween a large modern sector dominated by copper mining and a rural sub- sistence sector. The large differential in incomes between the urban and rural sectors has led to continuing rapid migration to towns. Today more than one third of the country's population lives in towns and there is sub- stantial urban unemployment. 4. The broad economic and social goals of Zambia's last two national development plans (1966-70 and 1972-76) may be summarized as follows: (a) raising the general level of welfare; (b) diversifying the economy to make it less dependent on copper; (c) narrowing the gap between urban and rural incomes; and (d) raising the level of education and developing a wide range of technical and managerial skills. 5. Slow aggregate growth has been the result of near stagnation in mining and a low rate of agricultural expansion. All other sectors of the economy (except construction) have been growing at fairly rapid rates - manufacturing at 9.4 percent p.a., services at 6.2 percent p.a., and trans- port, communications and storage at 5.1 percent p.a. Thb document has a rtriced distribution and may be Md by cipients only In th performance of their oilacl duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosd without World Bank authorization.  - 2 - 6. In 1975 a relatively ,unfavorable year for mining, the sector still accounted for more than 90 percent of exports and for about 25 percent of GDP. Such a heavy reliance has unfortunate repercussions for the country. Widely fluctuating and unpredictable world copper prices have caused serious instability in Government revenues and the balance of payments. Periods of high prices, and hence high revenues and high foreign exchange earnings, resulted in high levels of expenditure, which could not be sustained without serious stress in periods of low prices. As a result of the slump in world demand for copper, Zambia is presently passing through its most serious economic crisis since independence (paras 13-18). Efforts of the two Government- controlled mining companies to raise production from 700,000 to 900,000 tons per annum between 1972 and 1976 (as projected in the Second National Development Plan) have not been successful because of delays in investment caused by transport rerouting necessitated by the Rhodesian border closure in 1973, and later by the lack of funds resulting from the low copper prices. At presently projected copper prices for the near future, the companies should be able to continue their expansion program, so that by 1980 an output of 800,000 tons might be reached. 7. Despite plentiful land resources for crops and livestock, the overall performance of agriculture has been disappointing. During the past ten years, output expanded only 1.7 percent per annum on the average, result- ing in greater reliance on imports of food and agricultural raw materials. 8. For a long time, the Government's economic development strategy did not give the agriculture sector the priority it deserved. While farm- ers failed to receive proper incentives to increase output, public invest- ment failed to set the stage for the longer-term development of the rural areas. The prices of agricultural products, most of which are fixed by Government marketing boards, were not allowed to rise as rapidly as those of manufactured goods, discouraging production and depressing farm incomes. With the rapid rise in modern sector wages, the gap between urban and rural areas widened. At the same time, investments in agriculture were insuffi- cient and, over a long period, the schemes suffered from inadequate planning and implementation, largely because of the shortage of qualified personnel and weak organization. 9. It is against this background that the Government has begun in the last two years to devote greater attention to the rural areas and to seek the means of improving its overall economic strategy. In mid-1975 producer prices for maize and wheat were raised by 26 and 33 percent, respectively, and in January 1976 producer prices on a number of important farm products (e.g. cotton, groundnuts and milk) were raised by amounts ranging from 20 to 56 percent. These increases, which substantially reduced the gap between domestic and border prices and increased the prices of farm products relative to those for non-farm products, provided greater incentives for farmers while raising their real incomes. For 1976 preliminary estimates indicate a record maize harvest. The Government has also designed a number of programs aimed at reorienting attitudes (particularly among youths) toward rural work and living. All those who leave primary and secondary school are supposed to serve two years in agricultural and paramilitary training in rural work camps (National Service). Also, there are plans for the establishment of a School  - 2 - 6. In 1975 a relatively ,unfavorable year for mining, the sector still accounted for more than 90 percent of exports and for about 25 percent of GDP. Such a heavy reliance has unfortunate repercussions for the country. Widely fluctuating and unpredictable world copper prices have caused serious instability in Government revenues and the balance of payments. Periods of high prices, and hence high revenues and high foreign exchange earnings, resulted in high levels of expenditure, which could not be sustained without serious stress in periods of low prices. As a result of the slump in world demand for copper, Zambia is presently passing through its most serious economic crisis since independence (paras 13-18). Efforts of the two Government- controlled mining companies to raise production from 700,000 to 900,000 tons per annum between 1972 and 1976 (as projected in the Second National Development Plan) have not been successful because of delays in investment caused by transport rerouting necessitated by the Rhodesian border closure in 1973, and later by the lack of funds resulting from the low copper prices. At presently projected copper prices for the near future, the companies should be able to continue their expansion program, so that by 1980 an output of 800,000 tons might be reached. 7. Despite plentiful land resources for crops and livestock, the overall performance of agriculture has been disappointing. During the past ten years, output expanded only 1.7 percent per annum on the average, result- ing in greater reliance on imports of food and agricultural raw materials. 8. For a long time, the Government's economic development strategy did not give the agriculture sector the priority it deserved. While farm- ers failed to receive proper incentives to increase output, public invest- ment failed to set the stage for the longer-term development of the rural areas. The prices of agricultural products, most of which are fixed by Government marketing boards, were not allowed to rise as rapidly as those of manufactured goods, discouraging production and depressing farm incomes. With the rapid rise in modern sector wages, the gap between urban and rural areas widened. At the same time, investments in agriculture were insuffi- cient and, over a long period, the schemes suffered from inadequate planning and implementation, largely because of the shortage of qualified personnel and weak organization. 9. It is against this background that the Government has begun in the last two years to devote greater attention to the rural areas and to seek the means of improving its overall economic strategy. In mid-1975 producer prices for maize and wheat were raised by 26 and 33 percent, respectively, and in January 1976 producer prices on a number of important farm products (e.g. cotton, groundnuts and milk) were raised by amounts ranging from 20 to 56 percent. These increases, which substantially reduced the gap between domestic and border prices and increased the prices of farm products relative to those for non-farm products, provided greater incentives for farmers while raising their real incomes. For 1976 preliminary estimates indicate a record maize harvest. The Government has also designed a number of programs aimed at reorienting attitudes (particularly among youths) toward rural work and living. All those who leave primary and secondary school are supposed to serve two years in agricultural and paramilitary training in rural work camps (National Service). Also, there are plans for the establishment of a School  - 4 - 14. The impact on Government revenues was equally devastating. Reve- nues in 1975 declined by 30 percent, reflecting in part a $435 million fall in revenue from mining. Meanwhile, recurrent expenditures climbed by more than 30 percent: government wages went up by 25 percent; subsidy payments to enterprises and for fertilizer, maize, and other foods increased by 75 percent while substantial debt service payments were made. The result was an unprecedented $490 million budget deficit as compared to a $132 million surplus in 1974. 15. - In January 1976, the Government announced a series of austerity measures including a reduction in recurrent budget expenditures (mainly by sharply reducing subsidies) and also in net capital expenditures, increases in customs duties and sales, excise and income taxes, and other measures to reduce demand and encourage savings. The net result of the budgetary meas- ures would be to reduce the size of the budget deficit to 50 percent of the 1975 level. In addition, imports and foreign exchange transactions were to be kept under continued control until the need for restrictions could be gradually reduced. On July 9, the Government announced a central rate for the kwacha to be maintained against the SDR rather than in terms of the US dollar. The new central rate of KI = SDR 1.085 represented a 20 percent devaluation of the kwacha. The 20 percent realignment is an important step towards restoring Zambia's international competitiveness; it is expected to promote greater export diversification and more appropriate import substitution, and thereby assure a better utilization of labor and other domestic resources. 16. Recurrent expenditure in 1976 was budgeted at 11 percent below the preliminary actual figure for 1975. This sharp reduction was a central part of the austerity program. The largest single source of savings was a 40 percent reduction in subsidies, particularly those aimed at lowering the retail prices of maize and fertilizers. In order to provide room for increasing producer prices while reducing subsidies, the Government in mid-1975 and February 1976 increased consumer prices substantially. Further, in an effort to keep wages in line with prevailing economic conditions within the country, the Government decided to freeze the salaries of Government employees during 1976 and 1977 and to hold the line on wage increases in parastatal organizations. Later, as economic conditions improve, increases in wages will be linked to productivity gains. 17. The 1976 budget estimates of total capital expenditures, includ- ing gross lending to public institutions, amounted to K 156.6 million which is 37 percent less than in 1975. Investments in health and education were cut least, while the largest reductions took place in trade and industry local government and general services. Priority was given to projects sup- ported by substantial foreign financing and to projects whose implementation was already far advanced. 18. Reducing subsidies and increasing consumer prices required consid- erable political courage on the part of the Government and reflects the ex- tent of the Government's concern about the current financial crisis, as  - 5 - well as the need for providing adequate price incentives for agricultural production. The Government's recent performance gives a positive indication that it intends to carry out programs and policies to achieve its objectives of economic growth and social equity. 19. On the basis of an estimate of about 700,000 tons of copper exports, the Bank's current copper price forecast of $0.63 per lb. (as compared with $0.56 per lb. in 1975) and a successful execution of the Government's program to reduce the value of merchandise imports by $250 million over 1975, the balance of payments current account deficit in 1976 would be $340 million as compared to $719 million in 1975. 20. Zambia has relied on external capital flows to an extent similar to other African nations of comparable per capita income (e.g., Ivory Coast and Congo). The terms of these flows have varied, ranging from the very concessionary terms given by the People's Republic of China to suppliers' credits and Euro- dollar loans. The Bank is the country's third largest creditor after the People's Republic of China and private banks. Zambia's outstanding and disbursed external public debt amounted to $948 million at the end of 1975. however, owing to the magnitude of its export earnings, which have averaged 47 percent of GDP at current prices over the past five years - Zambia's debt service ratio has generally been low (e.g. only eight percent in 1975). 21. With respect to the future, Zambia's capital requirements and debt service burden will depend to a considerable extent upon the developments in the copper sector. First, the investment programs of the mining companies indicate that, after a decade of stagnation, copper production and exports should expand from 700,000 to 800,000 tons between 1976 and 1980 and at about two percent per annum thereafter. Second, according to Bank long- term forecasts for copper and international prices, the improvement in Zambia's terms of trade, over 1975, should be 50 percent by 1980 (with most of the improvement occurring by 1978), and 67 percent by 1985. Third, the recovery from the present recession may take about a year, but thereafter, as mining output expands and import controls are loosened, the GDP growth rate would be about 5 percent p.a. untiL 1980 declining to a 4 percent rate for the 1980-85 period due to a slower expansion of mining. On this basis, Zambia's gross capital requirements would cumulatively amount to about $1.8 billion over the next five years. Its debt service ratio would rise from eight percent in 1975 to 15 percent in 1980 and then decline to about 12 percent in 1985. 22. These projections are very sensitive to copper prices. If this price in each year is 10 percent lower than is currently forecast by the Bank, Zambia's terms of trade would still improve, but its current account deficits would increase fivefold in current terms and its capital require- ments would reach $3.0 billion over the 1977-81 period. Its debt service ratio would then reach 23 percent in 1985. In view of the rapid rise of debt servicing relative to exports and GDP implied by such a forecast, it is highly unlikely that Zambia would be capable of mobilizing a capital inflow of this magnitude.  - 6 - PART II - BANK GROUP OPERATIONS 23. The Bank has made 21 loans to Zambia since lending operations began in 1956. These loans amount to a total of $477 million, of which $323 million (65 percent) financed 10 physical infrastructure projects. Power, transportation and communications accounted for 75 percent of the lending for the infrastructural development which has helped Zambia develop basic facilities essential for mining, manufacturing and commercial farming sec- tors. Three Bank loans for education helped to expand and develop Zambia's secondary school system, teacher training and higher education. The Bank made a loan in 1974 for urban development and another loan in 1976 for the Development Bank of Zambia (DBZ) to assist diversification of the economy. More recently, the Bank made a program loan to help provide foreign exchange for importation of essential capital and intermediate goods, raw materials and spare parts for agriculture, mining and manufacturing. Ten loans are now fully disbursed and one for a livestock project was cancelled and the disbursed portion prepaid (677-ZA). In 1975 the Bank's share in Zambia's total debt (outstanding and disbursed) was 19 percent while the Bank's share in Zambia's total debt service payments was 22 percent. On the basis of present projections, these percentages should be about 32 percent and 18 percent respectively in the mid-1980s. 24. IFC made its first investment in Zambia in 1972 providing $1.1 million (of which $227,500 is equity) for the expansion of the Zambia Bata Shoe Company, Ltd., and in June 1973, IFC made an additional investment of $1.2 million for a tannery. IFC in May 1975 invested $1.04 million to Cen- tury Packages, Ltd. for a packaging materials factory. The most recent IFC investment of $550,000 equivalent was in the share capital of the Develop- ment Bank of Zambia (February 1976), in conjunction with the $15.0 million Bank loan to that institution. A summary statement of Bank loans and IFC investments as of October 31, 1976 along with notes on the execution of ongoing projects are contained in Annex II. 25. Agriculture and rural development remain the most difficult areas, mostly because of the Government's weakness in making and carrying out suitable policies and formulating and implementing effective programs. However, the Bank made four loans during 1968-73 for industrial forest plantation, live- stock, commercial crops and integrated family farming. The livestock loan was cancelled in 1973 at the Government's request because the project was having serious problems due mainly to adverse pricing policies and poor man- agement. Two projects which had been prepared with Bank assistance were withdrawn in March 1975 because of inadequate implementing capacity. To help identify and break the constraints, the Bank at the Government's re- quest, undertook a rural sector survey in 1975. The report has stimulated wide discussions about agriculture and rural development at all levels of Government, and is playing an important part in the Zambia-Bank dialogue.  - 7 - 26. In addition to the agricultural and rural sector survey, the Bank has recently studied urbanization and water supply and sewerage. A Basic Economic Mission visited Zambia in June/July 1975 and examined in particular the industrial and mining sectors as well as manpower planning in its broad- est aspects. The reports of these missions will figure in the continuing Bank-Zambia dialogue, especially in connection with the preparations under- way for the Third National Development Plan. 27. The Bank's future lending program emphasizes agricultural and rural development, to help diversify the economy and improve the living conditions of the rural poor. Lending to industry and commercial agricul- ture through the Development Bank of Zambia, also important to diversifica- tion, will continue, as will support to the development of physical and social infrastructure, although with declining emphasis on power and com- munications. In all aspects of the Bank's program, institution building also will continue to occupy a central position. 28. In the field of agricultural and rural development, which com- mands primary importance, the Government has begun identification and prep- aration of the first of three agricultural projects, for which it expects to request Bank financing during the next three years. The Bank's Resident Mission in Eastern Africa has already begun assisting in identification and preparation work. For the five-year period FY77-81, the Bank's lending for agriculture is expected to be approximately one third of total lending. Bank assistance in this sector, however, is not just limited to agricul- tural projects as such. This project, for instance, has a major compo- nent for training farmers and Government agricultural technicians. A second urban project recently appraised and a rural water supply project, now under preparation, will provide assistance to smaller towns in predominantly rural environs. An appraisal report of the second industrial forestry project to help finance forest plantations, logging, sawmilling and wood processing is under preparation. 29. Outside of the rural sector, a Bank mission has been to Zambia to preappraise the next stage of the country's hydropower development and appraisal of a third road project, which will concentrate on improving road maintenance and developing staff in the transport sector is scheduled for early 1977. The urban project which was appraised in October 1976, in addi- tion to the smaller provincial towns, will include squatter upgrading and water supply development in three cooperbelt towns.  - 8 - PART III - THE EDUCATION SECTOR The Sector and its Problems 30. At independence in 1964, Zambia had a very limited pool of trained manpower and relied almost entirely on expatriates for the design and execu- tion of development programs. The expansion of the education system was, therefore, given top priority in Zambia's national development plans. From 1964 to 1974 primary school enrollments doubled and at the secondary and higher levels they more than quadrupled. Although the supply of educated manpower increased quantitatively, expatriates still predominate in certain areas, e.g., nearly 70% of the managers of business concerns and 60% of personnel in specialized technical and professional occupations are expa- triates. 31. The general education system consists of seven years of primary education (aged 7-13), five years of secondary education (aged 14-18) and four to six years of university education. About 88% of the relevant age group are enrolled in primary schools and 13% in secondary schools. Courses in a variety of vocational subjects are offered to junior secondary school leavers and a number of diploma courses to upper secondary school leavers. The University of Zambia, established in 1966 now has a total enrollment of over 2,500. 32. The principal issues in education development can be summarized as follows: (a) Administration and Management. In general, in spite of successful efforts to link technical and vocational education with industry, the administration of education is not well coordinated with that of other government services either at the national or provincial levels. In addition, the supporting educational services (e.g., curriculum development, education research and guidance, etc.) suffer from poor integration and lack of unified direction; (b) Curricula and Teaching Methods. Although balanced curricula have been developed for primary and secondary education, their application is not wholly satisfactory because of low teacher quality, high staff turnover and inadequate supervision. The problem is particularly acute in secondary education where about 68% of the teachers are expatriates who have comparatively short contracts. (c) External Productivity. The emphasize on capital-intensive sectors in Zambia's development and relatively high wages in the modern sector have constrained job creation. The situa- tion is further aggravated by lack of preparedness of school leavers for their subsequent careers. As a result, the  -9- tendency of employers to choose capital-intensive tech- nologies and to hire expatriates instead of nationals is strengthened. While the expansion of junior secondary education has outgrown the absorptive capacity of the modern sector, the output at the higher levels is still insufficient to meet the demand particularly in commer- cial and agricultural occupations. More attention must, therefore, be given to both the quantitative and qualita- tive aspects of education at these levels, in order to achieve closer integration between the manpower needs of the economy, on the one hand, and the education/training system, on the other other. 33. In order to develop solutions for these and other problems, the Government undertook an overall review of the sector. The main conclusions of the review are expected to be developed in early 1977 and used for the formulation of educational objectives and targets of the Third National Development Plan (1977-1981). The review is being conducted within the framework of the United National Independence Party's (UNIP) guidelines for national education policies for the decade 1974-1984 whose main points are: a) to restructure the system of education and provide for ten years of compulsory education; (b) to improve and expand the programs of adult education; (c) to develop a locally based examination system; and (d) to merge the functions of the local and regional education councils with those of the local and regional development committees in order to develop an improved administration. The review is also guided by President Kaunda's directive that every student should develop positive attitudes towards pro- ductive work and should render national service before entering higher edu- cation. The results of the review would be the basis of educational reforms, guided by the principle that students must not be seen only as consumers of social services but also as productive forces contributing to the economy. 34. In accordance with the broad educational objectives outlined in UNIP policy guidelines, the task of the review is to: (a) determine how best to achieve these objectives within reasonable time limits and exist- ing and projected resources and constraints; (b) develop a comprehensive long-term educational development plan with quantitative and qualitative specifications; and (c) prepare a phased program for its implementation. Upon completion of the review, comprehensive projects are expected to be developed with Bank assistance. Meanwhile, the Government has developed an interim investment program to meet urgent and immediate priorities which will not be affected by the findings of the review. This project is a major part of the interim program. 35. The Bank has had a major role in assisting education in Zambia. Three Bank projects are providing improved facilities for some 70,000 stu- dent places including 40,000 new places, mostly in secondary schools and at the University of Zambia. The First Education Project (Loan 592-ZA), after numerous initial delays and more recently delays attributed to civil  - 10 - strife in adjacent countries is now proceeding satisfactorily and is expected to be completed in 1978. The Second Education Project (Loan 645-ZA) has been satisfactorily completed as originally appraised. As a result of contribu- tions of equipment by bilateral sources, a savings of $1.0 million from the loan proceeds resulted and the Closing Date has been extended to 1978 to allow the use of these savings for project related items. The Third Education Project (Loan 900-ZA) is proceding satisfactorily. Priorities for an Interim Investment Program 36. Since Independence, the Government has placed emphasis on quantita- tive expansion of the formal education system at all levels. The system has now grown to such dimensions that it becomes necessary to consolidate and strengthen administrative and support services in order to maintain high quality instruction. Future reforms would also need the support of such services. Furthermore, the implementation of the Government policies to expand agricultural production and promote rural development requires urgent improvements in farmer training and agricultural extension efforts. Finally, the training for skills in business and commerce should be expanded to meet the acute shortage of Zambian manpower in these fields. Therefore, the in- terim investment program is designed: (a) to provide Zambia with an adequate administrative structure to consolidate the educational services; (b) to assist rural development by improving farmer training and the extension service; and (c) to increase the supply of trained staff in the business and commercial sectors of the Zambian economy. PART IV - THE PROJECT 37. The project was identified during a Bank economic mission which visited Zambia in June 1975. A Government request for Bank assistance was made in October 1975. Bank missions in November 1975 and March 1976 assisted the Government in preparing the project and appraised it. Nego- tiations were held in Washington from November 15 to 19, 1976. The delega- tion of the Government of Zambia was led by Mr. P.A. Siwo, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Education. A loan and project summary is provided as Annex III. 38. The proposed project is designed to meet the objectives of the interim investment program outlined above, consisting of: (a) improvement of education administration, research and curriculum development through the construction, furnishing and equipping of Phase II (para. 39) (Phase I is a  component of the Third Education Project) of the Education Services Center; (b) expansion and improvement in business education through the provision of additional boarding capacity and equipment for the Evelyn Hone College of Applied Arts and Commerce and instructional equipment for commercial and secretarial courses at five Trades Training Institutes; (c) improvement in the training of agricultural staff and farmers through provisions for and/or renovation of teaching and boarding facilities, utility services, staff hous- ing, instructional equipment and transport in eight existing Farm Institutes and 20 existing Farmer Training Centers; (d) technical assistance consisting of 25 man-years of specialist services and 40 man-years of fellowships for staff development at the Evelyn Hone College and 13 man-years of specialist services and 8 man-years of fellowships in agricultural education and exten- sion; and (e) completion and evaluation studies. The project would also include a survey of the construction industry. DETAILED FEATURES 39. Education Services Center, Phase II. The Ministry of Education maintains a number of uncoordinated educational services facilities (e.g., curriculum development, student services and several examination service sections) located all over Lusaka and in other provinces, generally housed in temporary or sub-standard facilities. Phase T of the Center is being carried out under the Third Education Project (Loan 900-ZA); it provides for the first time aunifie administration and includes a Curriculum Unit, an Audio-Visual Center, the Correspondence Course Ubit, the Zambia Library Service, Orbit Magazine , Administrative Services and a Printing and Docu- mentation unit. The proposed project would assist in Phase II and would add an Examination Section including a Standards and Certification Division, a Research, Evaluation and Guidance Section and an expansion of the Printing and Documentation Unit. The Examination Section administers examinations for all primary and secondary schools, Trade Training Institutes, Teacher Training Institutes and post-secondary technical schools. 40. Business Education. The project would expand the supply of Zambian business and accountancy manpower by: (a) increasing the boarding capacity of the Evelyn Hone College of Applied Arts and Commerce by 250 places and providing the college with required instructional equipment and furniture; (b) assistance in the training of Zambian teachers for the college's business and secretarial studies department; and (c) assisting in the establishing of commercial and secretarial courses in five Trades Training Institutes through the provision of instructional equipment. 41. This college has a capacity of 1,200 student places, of which only 950 are filled due to limited boarding capacity (640 places) and the lack of other housing facilities for students in Lusaka. The increase in boarding places at the college would allow for an expansion in enrollments in the business and accountancy studies departments. Since the teaching staff of the Business Studies Department is still composed entirely of expatriates the project includes a staff development scheme which Is to be updated in detail by the Department of Technical Education and Vocational Training (Section 3.06 of the Draft Loan Agreement). Beneficiaries of the fellowship scheme would be required to teach at least three years at the college.  - 12 - 42. Trades Training Institutes located in the eight provinces have been successful in the basic training of certain skilled manpower demanded by Zambian industry inside the outside big business centers. Five institutes, located in areas of growing demand for secretarial manpower have been chosen for the introduction of commercial courses. With the provisions of the re- quired instructional equipment, classes would start immediately. No problems are anticipated in recruiting specialized teachers for these courses. 43. Farm Institutes and Farmer Training Centers operated by the Depart- ment of Agriculture, Ministry of Rural Development. Residential farmer train- ing is carried out in 27 centers, each of the eight provinces having 3-4 cen- ters where short courses for farmers and farm women are offered and in eight Farm Institutes, one in each province, where mainly in-service training for extension staff is taking place. A recent study which was conducted under the Third Education Project (Loan 900-ZA), revealed that while farmer training and extension activities had some influence in improving agricultural produc- tion, their overall impact has been minimal due to the following constraints: (a) the instructors at the institutes and centers and the extension agents and their assistants are inadequately trained; (b) the institutions do not have transportation facilities necessary to bring in farmers 'and staff for training; (c) provisions for water and electricity are inadequate; and (d) someteaching facilities are substandard and essential instructional equip- ment is lacking. As a result of these constraints these institutes and centers have operated at only about 54% of their capacity. The proposed project would assist in upgrading the quality of the agriculture staff and farmer training programs by providing the necessary facilities, equipment, thirteen man-years of specialists' services for an agricultural educator, an extension educator, a rural home economics educator, and an audio-visual and teaching aids specialist, and eight man-years of fellowhships for advanced training in agricultural and home extension education and audio-visual and teaching aids. Three institutes and seven centers are presently being upgraded under the Third Education Project (Loan 900-ZA). The remaining twenty centers and five institutes are expected to be improved under the proposed project. The three previously assisted institutes would receive an audio-visual workshop and additional equipment. These improvements would allow the centers to train 13,400 additional farmers and farm women. The Government confirmed that: (a) the four specialists would be appointed within nine months of the date the Loan Agreement (Section 3.07 of the Draft Loan Agreement); and (b) that with the help of the agricultural specialists, a detailed plan satisfactory to the Bank, for the retrianing of the teach- ing and extension staff and the improvement of the instructional and exten- sion programs of the Department of Agriculture will be prepared and submitted to the Bank within 18 months after the date of the Loan Agreement (Section 3.08 of the Draft Loan Agreement). 44. Special Studies - The proposed project would include assistance to carry out the following studies: (i) Survey of the Construction Industry. The industry is now dominated by firms owned by expatriates and little  - 13 - is being done to promote the development of local Zambian contractors. Due to the present uncertainties over whether the Government intends to encourage or curtail private initiative many eontractors are reluctant to undertake additonal work; this has inflated prices. Aware that such problems exist, the Government has requested assistance to undertake a survey which would give guidance on how to promote a viable industry. The survey would review the industry as a whole. The terms of reference of the survey have been prepared by the Government and reviewed by the Bank. The cost of the survey is estimated at US$250,000 equivalent. (ii) Completion and Evaluation Studies. To facilitate the evaluation of the proposed project after its completion, funds would be provided under the proposed loan for con- ducting evaluation studies of project components. The completion and evaluation studies report would be submitted to the Bank for review within three months after completion of the project (Section 3.09 of the Draft Loan Agreement). The terms of reference of these studies would be mutually agreed upon between the Borrower and the Bank. Project Cost and Financing 45. The total project cost is estimated at $23.2 million equivalent including taxes ($1.0 million equivalent), of which the foreign exchange component is US$15.0 million, equivalent or 65 percent. The proposed loan would cover $13.3 million of the foreign exchange costs, the balance of $1.7 million being provided by a grant from the Norwegian Agency for International Development. The Government would provide most of the funds required (7.8 'million equivalent) to meet the local currency expenditures, the balance of $0.4 million being provided by NORAD. Standardized building designs pre- viously developed by the Buildings Branch of Ministry of Public Works and consultant architects will be used where practicable. Emphasis will be given to the maximum use of local materials and simplified building technology. Base unit costs of US$270 per square meter on average for construction for the Farm Institutes and Farm Training Centers is somewhat high due to, inter alia, their remote locations and small size of work involved. This compares with US$35o (October 1975) in Zaire and US$250 (September 1976) in Madagascar. Project costs are summarized in Annex III. Implementation of the Project 46. The project would be implemented in about six years after loan effectiveness. The Project Unit established in the Buildings Branch of the Ministry of Public Works for the implementation of the Third Education Proj- ect (Loan 900-ZA), would be responsible for the financial and administrative control of the project, and for liaison with the Bank and various Ministries and agencies. The Unit hitherto has functioned satisfactorily. Because of  - 14 - increased workload it will be strengthened through the addition of a full- time assistant project director to be provided by the Norwegian Agency for International Development (NORAD). Any new appointments to the positions of project director, assistant project director, architect, equipment specialist and the accountant would be made in consultation with the Bank. The Borrower will continue to maintain the unit and its staff (Section 3.02(b) of the Draft Loan Agreement). Included in the project would be supplemental operational expenses of the Project Unit. NORAD is to provide, on a grant basis, tech- nical assistance consisting of about 18 man-years of specialists services for the Project Unit and about 18 man-years of services of building construction supervisors. 47. Design and supervision of construction of all project institutions would be carried out by consultant architects/engineers. Standardized building designs and documents previously developed by the Buildings Branch of the Ministry of Public Works and consultant architects would be utilized to the maximum extent practicable. The consultants would be under the super- vision of the Project Unit and would be employed within six months of the date of the Loan Agreement (Section 3.02(a) of the Draft Loan Agreement). Procurement 48. Contracts for civil works, furniture, equipment and vehicles would be awarded on the basis of international competitive bidding in accordance with Bank Guidelines except as follows: (i) due to wide dispersion of the rural construction sites, civil works contracts to cost less than US$250,000 equivalent (estimated at US$4.5 million in total); (ii) furniture, equipment and vehicle contracts costing less than US$50,000 equivalent (estimated at US$0.3 million in total); and (iii) locally-procured transportation services for furniture and equipment (estimated at US$0.1 million in total). Con- tracts for items (i) to (iii) are likely to have a total value of US$4.9 million, equivalent and would be awarded on the basis of competitive bidding, advertised locally and in accordance with local procedures satisfactory to the Bank. Standardized sketch designs, draft tender documents and master lists of furniture, equipment and vehicles, indicating proposed grouping for tender, would be reviewed by the Bank. Items would be grouped to the extent practicable to permit bulk procurement. Review of tender evaluation docu- ments by the Bank prior to award would be required only for contracts above US$250,000 equivalent for civil works and above US$50,000 equivalent for equipment, furniture and vehicles. Qualified domestic manufacturers of furniture and equipment would be allowed a preference of 15% or the existing rate of import duties, whichever is lower, over the c.i.f. price of competing foreign suppliers. Disbursements 49. Disbursement would be on the basis of: (a) 100% of foreign expend- itures for imported construction materials, furniture, equipment, including vehicles and technical assistance; (b) 100% of ex-factory cost of locally manufactured furniture and equipment; (c) 45% of total expenditures for civil  - 14 - increased workload it will be strengthened through the addition of a full- time assistant project director to be provided by the Norwegian Agency for International Development (NORAD). Any new appointments to the positions of project director, assistant project director, architect, equipment specialist and the accountant would be made in consultation with the Bank. The Borrower will continue to maintain the unit and its staff (Section 3.02(b) of the Draft Loan Agreement). Included in the project would be supplemental operational expenses of the Project Unit. NORAD is to provide, on a grant basis, tech- nical assistance consisting of about 18 man-years of specialists services for the Project Unit and about 18 man-years of services of building construction supervisors. 47. Design and supervision of construction of all project institutions would be carried out by consultant architects/engineers. Standardized building designs and documents previously developed by the Buildings Branch of the Ministry of Public Works and consultant architects would be utilized to the maximum extent practicable. The consultants would be under the super- vision of the Project Unit and would be employed within six months of the date of the Loan Agreement (Section 3.02(a) of the Draft Loan Agreement). Procurement 48. Contracts for civil works, furniture, equipment and vehicles would be awarded on the basis of international competitive bidding in accordance with Bank Guidelines except as follows: (i) due to wide dispersion of the rural construction sites, civil works contracts to cost less than US$250,000 equivalent (estimated at US$4.5 million in total); (ii) furniture, equipment and vehicle contracts costing less than US$50,000 equivalent (estimated at US$0.3 million in total); and (iii) locally-procured transportation services for furniture and equipment (estimated at US$0.1 million in total). Con- tracts for items (i) to (iii) are likely to have a total value of US$4.9 million, equivalent and would be awarded on the basis of competitive bidding, advertised locally and in accordance with local procedures satisfactory to the Bank. Standardized sketch designs, draft tender documents and master lists of furniture, equipment and vehicles, indicating proposed grouping for tender, would be reviewed by the Bank. Items would be grouped to the extent practicable to permit bulk procurement. Review of tender evaluation docu- ments by the Bank prior to award would be required only for contracts above US$250,000 equivalent for civil works and above US$50,000 equivalent for equipment, furniture and vehicles. Qualified domestic manufacturers of furniture and equipment would be allowed a preference of 15% or the existing rate of import duties, whichever is lower, over the c.i.f. price of competing foreign suppliers. Disbursements 49. Disbursement would be on the basis of: (a) 100% of foreign expend- itures for imported construction materials, furniture, equipment, including vehicles and technical assistance; (b) 100% of ex-factory cost of locally manufactured furniture and equipment; (c) 45% of total expenditures for civil  - 16 - PART VI - RECOMMENDATION 54. I recommend that the Executive Directors approve the proposed loan. Robert S. McNamara President Attachments December 13, 1976  - ~~~~~~~~~ZANRItA REFERENCE COUNTRIES (1970) TOTAL' 752.8 MOST RECENT AOr!8. 1960 1990 ESTIMATE GABON CHILE YUGOSLAVIA* 6NP PER CAPITA CUSS) ~~~-24~0.0 L10.0 540O.0 13.20.0 64&O.O 820.0 POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS POPULATION (MID-VA. NILLION) 3.2 4.3 4. 0.5 9.t 20.4 POPULATION DENSITY PER SQUARC K:. 41.0 1.0 7.0 2.0 13.6 90.o PER SQUARE N. AORXC. LAMID ~ .. VITAL. STATISTICS CRUDE BIT ATE PER THOUSAUD 49.5 119.? 51.5 31.8 32.8 21.0 CRUD E DEA:TH' RATE PER THOUSANO 23.1 20.9 2043 25.7 10.9 9.1 INFANt MORTALITY RATE (/THOU) *.. . 9.0 55.5 LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH (IRS) 38.; 43.5 1111 38.S 60.6 65.8 GROSS REPRODUCTION RATE . 3.3 3.3 2.0 2I2 1.3 POPULATION GROWTH RATE (I) TOTAL 2.6 2.9 2.9 LA I.0 2.1 1.0 URBAN .. 13.6 6.6L 8.0 3:.0 4.6 URBAN POPULATION (I OF TOTAL) 20.0 30. 0 34.0 32.0 76.0 38.7 AGE STRUCTURE (PERCENT) 0 10 14 VEARS 45.0 46.0 . 34.0 39.0 26.9 1s TO 64 YEARS S1. LLkb 51.0 ..61.0 56.3 65.11 b5 YEARS AND OVER 40 1 .0 ..5.0 4~.7 6.0 AGE DEPENDENCY RATIO 1.0 1.0 ..0.1 0.8 0.5 ECONOMIC DEPENDENCY RATIO . 1.8 O. .? 1.6 FANILY PLANNING- ACCEPTORS (CUMULATIVE. THOU) . .. USERS (I OF MARRIED WOMEN) . .. EMPLOYMNENT TOTAL LABOR FORCE (THOUSAND) .. 1200.0 274.0 L 2600.0 LABOR FORCE IN AGRICULTURE IS) ..* 4.0 56.0 2. UNEMPLOYED (Z OF LABOR FORCE) . 10.01 /b. 71L INCOME DISTRIBUTION I OF PRIVATE INCOME REC*O BY- HIGHEST ;Z OF HUSEloL ~ 33.7 .. 45.3 b 1. 15.1 HIGHEST 2U F5. .. 75 b 55.38 41.4 LOWSET Z0I QF ECmfn 5.4 . 3.2 tb 4.6 6.6 LOWEST 401 OF Mag 13.0 8.. .5 L 13.0 19.4 DISTRIBUTION OF LAND OWNERSHIP I OWNED NTY FOP 103' OF OWNERS . .. .. 51. I OONED BY SMALLEST 103 OWNERS . .. .. 8 4. HEALTH AND NUTRITION POPULATION PER PHYSICIAN 1 2000.0s /d 13590.0 8110.0 5100.0 2010. b 100 POPULATION PER NJRSING PERSON 36. 2940.0 2430.0 600.0 5 32a.L 410.0 POPULATION PER HOSPITAL BED 350.0 /f 310.0 . 100.0 250.0 160.0 PER CAPITA SUPPLY OF CALORIES IS OF REQUIREMENTS) 91.0 66.0 112.0 94.0 101.0 124.0 PROTEIN (GRAMS PER 6AY) 63.0 64.0 69.0 56.0 7. 92.0 -OIF WHICH ANIM4AL ANDOUS . 2. * 30.0 I. '32.0 29.0 DEATFH RATE (/THOU) AGES 1-4 ... . 3.9 2.5 EDU CAT ION ADJUUSTED ENROLLMENT RATIO PRIMARY SCHOOL 417.00 70.0/ 09.0 1680 103.0 A 94. SECONDARY SCHOOL 1.0 12. 13.0 16.0g 36.0 450 YEARS OF SCHOOLING PROVIDED :0 (FIRST AND SECOND LEVEL) 12.0 12.0 12.0 13.0 12.0 12.0 VOCATIONAL ENROLLMENT IS OF SECONDARY) 26.0 5.0 4.0 15.0 33.0 72.0 ADULT LITERACY RATE (Z) 41.0 . 43.0 30.0 90.0 95.0 HOUS ING PERSONS PER ROOM (AVERAGE) 2.6. 1.3 OCCUPIED DVELLINGS WITHOUT . PIPED WATER (3) .. 8.0 .. 40.0 ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY IS OF ALL DWELLINGS) 28.0 L .. RURAL DWELLINGS CONNECTED TO ELECTRICITY CZ) . .. CONSUMPTION RADIO RECEIVERS (PER THOU POP) 9.0 1k 16.0 23.0 124.0 143.0 163.0 PASSENGER CARS (PER THOU Pop) 11.0 14.0 15.0 11.0 10.0 35.0 ELECTRICITY (CNNHYR PER CAP) 661.0 957.0 1062.0 I 194.0 806.0 1268.0 NEWSPRINT (KG/YR PER CAtp) 0.6 1h 0.5 0.6 . 4.6 4.3 -4.. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..1. . . . . . . . SEE MOTES AND DEFINITIONS ON REVERSE  Page 2 of I. pages NOTES Unless otherwise noted, data for 1960 refer to 1959-1961, for 1970 to 1968-1970, and for Most Recent Estimate to 1971-1973. Yuogalavla ban been nelected a an abjeotive cuntry because it has a higher degree of development with entenive state participation in industry and comoserce; also the agriculture sector, the dominant sector of employment, is developing from a relatively low level of productivity. 7AMBI 1960 AIs1963, African population only; /b 15-59 yearn and 60 end over respeotively; /c 7-13 and 15-18 yearn of age respec- tively; Id 1962; ae 1963, p-erosnel in governmnat servioes only, including midwivs and nursing auxiliaries; /t 1963; a Urban only; A Dtet for Rhodesia and Malawi inoluded; /1 1962. 1970 /a 1965-69; A Peraono necking work; /c 196b-66; La Total, urban and rural; /e 5-12 and 13-17 years ofage respectively. MOST RECENT PSTDUTE: /a 1969-73; A~ 1975; /c 1970-75; /4 7-13 and I5-18 years of age respectively; 197h. GABON 1970 La Active population age 15-59; fb Income recipient; /g 1961,-66; a 12-18 tears of age. CHILE 1970 /a Gran Santiago; /b Personnel to government services only; &_ 6-13 and 14-17 years of age respectively. TUGOSLAVIA 1970 Agri culture_land held by social sector 5!Combinte,am, and agriculture land held by small holders, respectively; 7-lb and 15-18 years of age respectively. R7, July 30, 1976 DEFINITIONS OF SOCIAL INDICATORS Land Spje (thou Iou2) Pccualac.ie nr nur ine y erso - Population divided by number of pructi- Toa oalurface cr00 comprising lend area and inland waters, clog mae nd fealse grauae c urses, "trained"1 cr "certified" nurses, AAeic. - Moat r.eet entimatat of .gricuitural rare used teopar-cily cc pence- and auxiliary personnel with training or experience. neoty to cros. nsturs. cchet& hiche garsos r tolie allo. Poulaton r ho itaI bed - Population divided by number of hospital bes velal in public and peivate goneco 1 end soe-iliocd beepitel coP Per copita (US$) - arN per capita soticatec at ncren.t cachet pcic-o and rehabilitaticn centers; exciuden nursing bornes ond establishmnets -olco1aced by sore caoer-ior -nchod an World Osnk Atlas (1973-75 ba.si); for custodial and oreventice tare. 1960, 1970 eod i975 data. Per capita sucol ofr1rien Cio rsiemn - Computed Proc energy equivf'an'lec f ne Food `UippTen eLabe in country per Pponlation and vital otatition capita per day; available supplies comprise docestic production, Popalattia (cidcyr. mitton) - As of Joly first, if sot -vileble, imports less exports, and changes in stock; net supplies exclude average of two end-year -oci,atsa, 1960, 1970 sod 1975 data. antoal feed, seeds, quantities ueed is food processing and losses in distribution; requiremcents were estinated by PAO based on physi- ological needs for normal activity and health considearing environ- Pooaindnity - per coasts km - Mid-year population per square kilo- mocial temperature, body weights, age and sex distributions of popu- c'''tReto (10 hOr tarec), oftota ara lotion, and allowing 10% for waste at household level. cpocalsias desSv-csoae cof agri.. Sand - Compared b- hoe for Prcct.coyofoaen(re e day -Protein contest of per agricoituce land only, capit net suppl offodper day; notsuply of food is defined as above; reqcuirements for all countries established by USOtk Econonir Vital sctatistice Resoearch Services provide Cm- a minimum allowance of 60 graza uf Ltil Cr-de birth cret nor thocas-d - Annua live birtho per tho..sa.d of nid- protein per day, and 20 grace of anim,al and pulse protein, of which 1.0 year population: too-year arithmetic averagno ending is 1960 and 1970, g-sc .1-ud o ciua Liuel.,-icc tl,c-d5 ,I ...co tha tI. and fiv-yea -avrgs ending in 1975 for coat recsat estieste. of 75 groom of total protein and 23 grams of aninal protein as an aver- Crndo desth rste per thousan.d - An..uel deaths per thoaaand of nid-year ago for tha world, proposed by PAO in the Third World Food Survey. pop,Itltico te-yos a-trhmotic average ending is 1960 and 1970, and Per, oaita crotei sumlyfrom nimal. and pulse - Protein supply of food five-year averag ending to 1975 far mast r.eet estimate, eie ro mnl an ples in grams per day. Infant mcortality rate C/thou) - Ancnual deaths of infants under one year Dahrate 1/thou) aF en1 nuldah e huand to age group 1-4 of age per thousand live bits er,toci ni hi g ru;ngg-otod aanindicator of cal- Life expgptgniy Lt_blrth jY) - Avorage number of years of life remain- nutritio.n 1mg at birth; usually tcc-y-o .oecagno -dIiug is, 1960, 19'(0 srd 159(5 for developing countries. Education Gross r--production rate - Average number of live daughters a Womcan will Adi,us7edrenrollment ratio - rmm shool - Enrollment of all agen as bear in her nornl reproductive period if she experienoes present age- pecnaeo riaysho-g population; includes children aged specific fertility rates; uvually flve-yeer averages ending in 1960, 6-li years but adjusted for different lengths of primary education, 1970 and 1975 for developing countries, for couniries with universal educocion, enrollmnet may exceed 100O% Ppo.1ltioc growth rate (%) - total - Compound uacal growth rates of cid- circe some pxptts ar below or above the official school age. yerpplton for 1950-60, 19160-70 and 1970-75. Adjustedu eroll-Ment ratio - secondar school - Computed as above; second- Poplation crouth raeC)-ubn-Computsd like growth rats of total ar :onotin requires atleeFo r yar of approvad primary instruc- population;, differenti deillaons f urban areas nay affect compara- 1100; provides general, vocational or teacher training instruction far~ bility of data among countries. pupils of 12 to 17 years of age; correspondence courses are generally Urban popuatioc o% f total) - Ratio of urban to total population; excluded. different d~efintios o7Trwban areas may affect comparability of data Years of schooling provided (first and second lev~els) - Total years of amlong countries. schooling; at secondary level, vocational instruction nay be partially Agest;upturiHIierent) - Children (0-15 years), working age (15-64 years), or cocmpletely excluded. and rtired C65 years and over) as percentages of cold-year population. Vlocainlnrloni(ofecnry -Vctoalnstuosicud Ace dependency ratio - Ratio of population under 15 and 65 and over to tehical, induorial.or oher programs which operate independently those or age_s715 trough 645. - - -'i L or as departments of osoondary institutions. Econonic dependency ratio - Ratio of population under 15 and 65 and over Ady)tjiteay ratt.(%) - Literate, adults Cable to read and write) aso to th labror forc in age grcup of 15-64 years. peFbitageof tot adu.lt population aged 15 years and over. FamlypFlauni?ne - acaptors Counulativel thou) - Cumualative number of acepos of birth control devices under auspices of national family Housing planning program since inception . Personspe room (avera. a) - iverage number of persons per room in occupioed fail caicind- users C%of mried women) - Percentages of carried tovnina wligs In urban areso; dwellings exclude non-permanent Fanen of chidbaring age (15-fil yars) who use birth-osntrol devices structures and unoccupied parts. to all maried women in same age group. Occup~ied dwellingsi!without.opi atrCi Occupied conventional dwell- tog isurbo ad rralares wthout Inside or outnido piped water lHF ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~facilities as percentage of all occupied dwellings. labo force (thousand) - Econonically active persons, including Access to electricit C of all dwellings) - Convectional dwellings with force aduepeydutecuighueie,suet,t.;electricity in living quarters as percent, of total dwellingd in urbao definition, in venous countries are not comparable. and coral areas. Cabor force in a2riculture CE - Agricultural labor force (in farming, Rural dwongise connected to. electricity Ci) - Computed as absve for rural f'orestry, 'bunting and fishing) as percentage of total labor force,wlig only. Umpcye' ( oflabor force) - Usnempleyed are usually defined as persoco who are alend iingfltho takea.)job,ocut ofa Jobonansgove day, Cons tion remained out of a job, and seeking work for a specified iniantn ME receivers (er thou )-All types of receivers.for radio broad- period not exceeding one week; may not be comparable between countries casts to eneralFIIFpu thousand of populstion; excludes un- due to different definitions of ameccpleyed and source of data, e.g., licensed receivers in countries and to years when registration of enploymvent office statistics, saosle surveys, compulsory unecmploymvent radio sets was in effect; data for recent yearn may not be comparable insurance, since mant countries abolished licensing. caze ars (er thou pop) - Passenger cars comprise motor cars seat- Tnrone distribution - Percentagerof private inoone (bath in .ash and asi5 trin igntfjpereiics; excldes ambulances, hearses and kind) received by richest 5%, richeost 20%, poorest 20%, amd poorest military vehicles. 50% ofbhooseholds. Electrici