Tunisia - Third Education Project

DOCUMENT OF, INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT Not For Public Use Report No-P-1662-TUN REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT TO THE .EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED LOAN TO THE REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA FOR THE THIRD EDUCATION PROJECT June 19, 1975 This report was prepared for official use only by the Bank Group. It may not be published, quoted or cited without Bank Group authorization. The Bank Group does nyt accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the report.  Currency Unit Tunisian Dinar (D) The exchange rate of the Tunisian Dinar is floating. The rate used in the appraisal report, which approximates the current rate, is US $ 1 = D 0.410 Dl = $ 2.44 D 1,000 = $ 2,440 D 1,000,000 = $ 2,440,000 Fiscal year January 1 to December 31 Abbreviations ITM Initiation aux Travaux Manuels ITMA Initiation aux Travaux Manuels Agricoles ITMI Initiation aux Travaux Manuels Industriels BDET Banque de Developpement Economique de Tunisie ILO International Labor Organization UNICEF United Nations-Children's Fund  INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF TIlE PRESIDENT TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED LOAN TO THE REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA FOR A THIRD EDUCATION PROJECT 1. I submit the following report and recommendation on a proposed loan to the Republic of Tunisia for the equivalent of US$8.9 million to help fi- nance a third education project. The loan would have a term of 25 years, in- cluding 5 years of grace. PART I - THE ECONOMY 2. A report entitled "The Economic Development of Tunisia - A Basic Report" was distributed to the Executive Directors in January 1975. An up- dating economic mission visited Tunisia in November, 1974; its report, "Memo- randum on the Economic position of Tunisia," was circulated on May 23, 1975. The main conclusions of the basic economic report and the updating mission are reflected below. Country data sheets are attached (Annex I). 3. Tunisia's development has been hampered by scarcity of natural resources. Much of the country is arid or semi-arid, and agriculture is highly dependent on rainfall. Minerals are mostly of low quality and, apart from phosphates, limited in quantity. In the mid-1960's, petroleum was dis- covered and has since become an increasingly valuable source of revenue and export earnings. Industrial development has been handicapped by the small size of the domestic market, as well as a lack of skills and experience. Tourism has developed rapidly and workers' remittances have become a signifi- cant item in the balance of payments. Per capita income increased by 4.4 per- cent annually from 1961 to 1972, when it reached a level of $380. Tunisia has enjoyed a large amount of external aid and used it to expand economic and social infrastructure, broaden the industrial base, increase the rate of growth, and make available a wide range of social and welfare services to a large part of the population. Like most developing countries, however, it has not yet found adequate ways to cope with unemployment and poverty and to achieve a balanced distribution of consumption among income groups, between urban and rural areas, and among regions. 4. Government strategy in the 1960's relied heavily on central planning of investment and resource allocation, with the public sector playing a major role in production as well as providing infrastructure and services. Foreign exchange shortages and concern with inflation led to recourse to a pervasive system of price determination and controls. An unusually long series of poor crop years due to shortage of rainfall slowed down growth of output. Many of the investments in public enterprises proved to be uneconomic and private initiative in most sectors except tourism and petroleum was limited.  5. The Goverument's present development strategy was introduced after 1969. Its principal objectives are: (a) accelerating growth based on export- oriented industries, by encouraging private initiative, reducing direct Government involvement in production and relaxing administrative regulations; (b) creating jobs, primarily in the expanding industrial sector, encouraging worker emigration, reducing population growth and improving education and training; and (c) maintaining internal and external f:inancial stability. The 1973-76 Plan set a target rate of GDP growth of 7.1 percent, providing for a 5.4 percent growth rate in per capita private consumption. Investment was projected to increase by 80 percent above the level of the 1969-72 Plan. National savings were to finance three-quarters of investment. Exports of goods and services were projected to grow at 8.8 percent per year at constant prices and imports at 12.2 percent. The Plan foresaw an increase in net ex- ternal capital inflows of 55 percent over 1969-1972 average levels with external capital providing 23.5 percent of total investment; the debt service ratio was to be held to below 20 percent. The original Plan targets were conservative in terms of both growth and savings potential, and have been significantly affected by the impact of the changed petroleum and phosphate prices on the Tunisian economy (paras. 9 and 10). 6. The real growth of GDP has accelerated since 1970 compared to the previous decade, averaging 8.6 percent per annum during 1970-1973 and an es- timated 11 percernt in 1974. It can be attributed in part to fortuitous fac- tors such as good weather, leading to record cereal and olive crops, in part to important growth in tourism, petroleum revenues and workers' remittances as well as to the general re-orientation of Government policy since 1969, which renewed self-confidence and initiative in the private sector. Expansion of manufacturing and phosphate production has been significant. By 1974, GNP per capita had reached $490 at current prices. The investment rate, which averaged 23 percent of GDP at current prices in the 1960's, slowed down to 21.3 percent in the early 1970's lbut regained its previous level in 1974. Hlowever, the increase of investment in real terms is 'below Plan projections. National savings, on the other hand, rose sharply, from an average of 13.5 percent of GDP at current prices during the 1960's to 18 percent in 1973 and an estimated 22 percent iln 1974. Consequently, the share of external borrow- ing irL financing investmient dropped from 44 percent in the 1960's to 17 per- cent in 1973 and an estimated 9 percent in 1974. 7. 7The balance of payments has improved steadily since 1967, with the current account defilcit declining from an average of $115 million per year in 1961-1967 to $96 million in 1973 and an estiTmated $57 million in 1974. Tlle effects of imyproved terms of trade on the 1974 balance of payments have be,n significant. Commodity export prices (mainly petroleum, olive oil and phosphates) rose on average by 66 percent over 1973, but were accompanied by a rise in inport prices of ab3out 30 percent. In acldition, receipts from scrvices were affected by the decline of tourist activity and the slow-down in the migration of workers tc, Europe. Iith estimated gross disbursements on external borrowing totallineg $155 million (instead of $203 million as foreseen in the Plan), net reserves stood at $400 million at the end of 1974, equivalent to 4.5 months of imports.  8. Because of price controls and Government subsidization of basic consumer goods, and prudent fiscal and monetary policies, Tunisia has main- tained relative price stability. Domestic price increases averaged 4.2 per- cent between 1969 and 1973. In 1974 consumer prices increased by 4.5 percent only; however, the official GDP deflator rose to an estimated 12 percent and average investment costs increased by about 17 percent. 9. In the medium-term, Tunisia is likely to be on balance a benefi- ciary of the change world economic situation. Petroleum and phosphate prices increased about threefold since 1973; olive oil prices also increased substantially in 1973 and 1974. As a result, export earnings are expected to rise from $675 million in 1973 to about $1,336 million in 1976. On the other hand, increases in import prices in 1974 and further increases in coming years, combined with higher domestic demand, will cause payments on imports to grow rapidly from $743 million in 1973 to a projected $1,397 mil- lion in 1976. Thus Tunisia's gains in terms of trade are expected to dis- appear by 1979. Tourism earnings and workers' remittances may continue to be adversely affected by the depressed economic situation of Western Europe. The level of net reserves is expected to represent about 5.2 months of imports in 1976 and subsequently decrease slightly to about 4.7 months of imports in 1980. At that time, the balance of payments may re-emerge as a more serious constraint on Tunisia's development. 10. The temporary increase in foreign exchange reserves and Government savings, resulting from higher export prices and consequent increases in tax revenue, does not call for a substantial revision in development strategy. It suggests rather that Tunisia should step up its efforts to achieve the investment rate projected in the original Fourth Plan, and to realize higher growth rates and greater employment creation by better capacity utilization. Since worker emigration to Europe is now limited, an effort to increase invest- ment, particularly in labor-intensive industry iand agriculture, should be made. With an adequate savings level, the Tunisian economy has the financial resources that should enable it to attain growth rates ranging from 8 to 9.5 percent per annum until 1977 and thereafter from 7 to 8.5 percent. However, in the longer term, higher rates of growth would require substantially higher external aid than in the past. The level of future growth would also depend on Tunisia's ability to continue to stimulate private investment, to increase competitivity of industry, and to plan and implement public investments. 11. Tunisia has made impressive social gains. By 1974, primary school enrollment had reached 88.3 percent and secondary enrollment 19.2 percent of the relevant age-groups. Public health services have been greatly expanded with many provided free, and a family planning program introduced. Social expenditures, both current and capital, have increased by over 9 percent per annum; in 1974 they accounted for 11 percent of GDP and for 40 percent of total public expenditures. Nonetheless, major social issues remain. Further pro- gress is needed in land reform. The unemployment rate was estimated at 18 percent in the non-agricultural sectors in 1973, and underemployment in the rural sector is high. There has been a growing concentration of productive activities in a few urban areas, especially Tunis.  - 4 - 12. So far as can be judged from available data, real incomes in- creased in all sectors during the 1960's, yet by a higher percentage in the modern sector than in the rural sector, due partly to the series of poor harvests. In rural areas substantial income disparities remain, in part as a result of the structure of land tenure. In the moderrn sector, especially in industry, increases in real income in the 1960's were greater than the rise in productivity; the income distribution trend has favored industrial workers. Thanks especially to the income redistribution effects of free social services, the proportion of the total population living in poverty, as defined by the Tunisians (earninig less than D 70 annually at 1970 prices), was substantially reduced during the decade. About 90 percent of this group con- tinues to live in rural areas, but, since 1970, increased agricultural output, a recent rise in minimum agricultural wages, the inflow of workers' remittances from abroad and the stabilization of basic commodity prices through Government subsidies have improved the absolute, and possibly a:Lso the relative, position of the poorest groups. 13. Agriculture, the dominant sector in the economy, provides nearly half of total employment, 32 percent of merchandise exports and 19 percent of GDP (1972-74). Food processing induistries account for another 4 percent of GDP and over a third of value added in manufacturing. Agricultural pro- duction jumped in recent years, largely as a result of favorable weather, and the potential for further growth is clear. While large infrastructure invest- ments were made during the last decade, current policy emphasizes projects that make a rapid and direct contribution to production and recognizes various constraints on agricultural development: absentee ownership and insecurity of tenure, inadequate access to agricultural credit, the need to devote more resources to extension services and agricultural education, and underutiliza- tion of irrigation investments. Under the Fourth Plan, more than $100 million has been allocated to a rural development program to be executed by the pro- vincial administrations. 14. During the 1960's, manufacturing production in Tunisia increased by 8 percent annually. There was a remarkable acceleration of growth in the early 1970's due in part to record years for the olive oil processing industry and to the development of textile and chemical industries. The early tihrust of industrialization was supplied by large import substitution projects in the state sector. These suffered, however, from the limited domestic market and shortages of experienced staff and management. Under the Fourth Plan, private manufacturing investment, particularly in textiles, fertilizers and metals transformation, is expected to average D 25 million per year between 1973 and 1976, compared with D 12 million in 1972, and to account for two-thirds of total investment in manufacturing; these targets are likely to be exceeded. Foreign and domestic private investment is now stimulated by a comprehensive incentive framework, and facilitated by the sw-,e2mlined approval procedures of the investment promotion agency. Foreign inwestors are expected to contribute know-how and overseas marketing. Tunisia's vreferential trade agreement with the EEC also gives it some trade advantages. Preinvestment work, and prepara- tion of programs for re-equipment and modernization in priority subsectors have been started. Tunisia aims to develop petroleum-based industries and production of phosphoric aci(d and other phosphate derivatives for export,  -5- while possibilities in metal manufacturing for export are being explored. The Government has recently established a special fund to encourage growth of small industries and industrial decentralization, and has started a pro- gram to establish industrial estates. 15. The development of tourism in Tunisia is relatively recent. Foreign- visitor arrivals in Tunisia reached a record level of 780,000 in 1972, with an annual rate of growth over the period 1961-1972 of 30 percent -- higher than any other Mediterranean country. Since 1970, earnings from tourism have been a major source of foreign exchange, having reached US$154 million in 1973. While 1973 saw a drop in the number of visitor nights, and 1974 registered another overall drop, increased activity in more recent months provides some basis for optimism in the medium-term. The decline in tourist inflow resulted from both external and domestic factors, the former being mainly the effect of the energy crisis on the European tourist flow and adverse currency move- ments, the latter inadequate development of infrastructure (particularly recreational facilities), shortages of trained manpower and the inadequacy of services. The government is aware of these shortcomings and is endeavor- ing to alleviate their effects through a variety of measures including the issuance of revised investment incentives, increased efforts in marketing, and the preparation of codes to enforce quality standards and more stringent zoning laws. 16. Since the early 1960's Tunisia has received relatively large amounts of external capital. During 1965-1973, loan commitments from Governments and multilateral organizations averaged $100 million per annum, while disburse- ments were some $76 million per annum, or $20 and $15 respectively per capita per annum. Since 1965, the major bilateral lenders, on a commitment basis, have been the United States (22 percent of official loans), France (14 percent), and Germany (13 percent), with further important contributions from Canada, Italy, Kuwait and Sweden. Loans from the Bank Group have constituted the main source of total official lending, accounting for 25 percent of commitments during 1965-1973. There has been a steady shift away from program lending into projects. Most aid has been obtained on concessionary terms: from 1969-1973, the average terms of borrowing from bilateral sources were 3.6 percent inter- est and 24 years to maturity, including 6 years of grace; from multilateral sources 5.4 percent interest and 28 years to maturity, including 6 years of grace. Tunisia received annually some $30 million in grants during 1965-1973, as well as capital inflows from private sources amounting to some $40 million annually. Direct foreign private investment has been fairly limited. How- ever, mainly as a result of increasing outlays on petroleum exploration and development and, recently, foreign investment in manufacturing, it has shown a rising trend, from $17 million in 1965 to $32 million net in 1972, and $54 million in 1973. 17. Tunisia's total external public debt was $1,271 million (of which $824 million were disbursed) at the end of 1973. Debt service is estimated to have fallen from 16.2 percent in 1972 to 9.4 percent in 1974 of exports  - 6 - of goods, non-factor services and workers' remittances. The debt service ratio is projected to fall to 3 percent by 1976, following recent increases in commodity export earnings, but may rise after 1980 when external capital requirements are likely to increase substantially. While Tunisia is capable of servicing substantial additional debt on less concessionary terms than in the past, it should continue to seek part of its external resources on con- cessionary terms so as to prevent the debt service ratio from rising unduly in the long-term. PART II - BANK GROUP OPERATIONS IN TUNISIA 18. Starting in 1962, Tunisia has received a total of twenty one Bank loans and ten IDA credits amounting respectively to $258.7 million and $65.7 million, net of cancellations and refundings. Annex II contains a summary statement of Bank Loans, IDA credits and IFC investments as of April 30, 1975, and notes on the execution of ongoing projects. 19. While there have been some problems in project execution, as in the railways, agricultural credit and family planning projects, on the whole project implementation has been satisfactory. Important institutional im- provements have been achieved. In both the transport and public utilities sectors, independent agencies have been created or strengthened. 20. In accordance with TIunisian priorities, past Bank Group lending has emphasized support for long-term investments in social development and infrastructure. Lending for urban and social development, including water supply, education, family planning and the Tunis urban planning and public transport project, accounts for 40 percent of Bank/IDA. commitments in Tunisia. Lending for transport, power and tourism infrastructure accounts for a further 27 percent. Industrial and hotel financing through Banque de Developpement Economique de Tunisie (BDET) comes third with 17 percent. Agri- culture and fisheries have received 9 percent of total commitments, and the Gafsa phosphate development project accounts for 7 percent of total commit- ments. 21. Two previous Bank Group projects have contributed to the development of the Tuniisian education system. The first education project (Credit 29-TUN) approved in 1963, was designed to increase the number of qualified teachers for primary and first cycle secondary schools and to support the introduction of technical subjects into secondary schools. The project was completed satisfactorily in 1968. The second education project (Credit 94-TUN), approved in 1966, supported further secondary level expansion to meet skilled manpower needs in commerce and industry. The project, as modified in 1968 following a change in Government policy, provided for 20,000 student places (about 42 percent of the planned government expansion program for 1966-1970) by financing the construction and equipment of nine new multilateral secondary schools. It also provided technical assistance to the Planning Unit of the Education MIinistry to study the education system and to determine possible reform meas- ures. Delays in the timely appointment of UNESCO experts and their counter- pasts in the Planning Unit of the Education Ministry resulted in long delays in the technical assistance program. The project is expected, however, to be satisfactorily completed in June 1975.  - 7 - 22. Future Bank lending to Tunisia is expected to support changes in policies and institutions, in particular agricultural policies and agencies and the planning and implementation machinery; it would also support measures to create employment and to introduce institutional reform. The proposed lending program emphasizes investment in agriculture; this will require sub- stantial Government inputs of manpower and technical assistance to support increased production and the creation of new institutions which can reach the rural poor. Over the next several years, it is expected that several projects will be presented to the Executive Directors which address the problems of land reform, organization for agricultural and rural development, and integra- tion of agricultural with other aspects of rural development. 23. Lending for industry has so far been through the main Tunisian development finance company, BDET, and has mostly benefited medium-size com- panies. Such lending is expected to continue, but at a declining rate as BDET diversifies its sources of funds. It has recently been supplemented by direct industrial lending for the Gafsa phosphate mining project, and further loans are planned for industrial estates and priority industrial subsectors, now being studied with Bank assistance, in which Tunisia has a comparative advantage. 24. The Bank Group accounted for almost 20 percent of disbursements of official aid to Tunisia between 1969 and 1972 and is expected to maintain its share, with that of the US declining and that of other, particularly Arab, sources of funds rising. The Bank Group's shares in total debt outstanding and disbursed at the end of 1972 (including loans from private sources.) and in debt service during 1972 were 11 percent and 7 percent respectively. Over the rest of the decade, the Bank Group's share in disbursed external debt is expected to rise to about 20 percent; its share in debt service will probably rise to the same level. 25. IFC has invested in a fertilizer plant, in BDET, in COFITOUR (a company to promote and invest in tourism projects), in RYM (a large hotel development) and in Industries Chimiques de Fluor, which will produce alumi- nium fluoride from local fluorspar for export. IFC's most recent investment, in May 1975, was in the Sousse-Nord project, an integrated tourism development project. Including the Sousse-Nord project, IFC's net commitments in Tunisia total $17 million. PART III - EDUCATION IN TUNISIA 26. Education in Tunisia is largely patterned on the French system. In 1973-74 primary education, which consists of six years of schooling, was provided, free of charge, for 866,000 students, representing about 88.3 per- cent of the relevant age group. Secondary education, which consists of a lower common cycle (tronc commun) of three grades, and an upper cycle of four  to five grades divided into optional programs, enrolled 179,000 students, rep.esenting about 19.2 percent of the relevant age group. 50 percent of secondary enrollment was in the common cycle and 16 percent in vocational schools. Only about 2.5 percent of the relevant age group are enrolled in higher education institutions. Enrollments in institutions of higher learning, which include the University of Tunis and a number of specialized institutes, were 11,916 in 1973/1974. Recent trends in higher education show a decrease of enrollments in liberal arts subjects in favor of science and medicine. Less than 2 percent of enrollment is in private schools. 27. The formal education system (pre-school education excepted) is managed by the Ministry of Education, but higher education institutions enjoy some degree of autonomy. Other Government ministries and agencies administer various non-formal programs in basic education, agricultural and industrial skill-training and social education. Overall, the existing organization and structure can meet a variety of learning needs; efforts are required however to coordinate, expand and improve existing programs and to promote new ones, so that they can correspond adequately to actual learning needs. 28. Government policy in the 1960's, to provide free education to as many students as possible, rapidly expanded enrollments at the primary and secondary school levels. The emphasis on quantity at the expense of quality resulted in high repeater and drop-out rates throughout the system. In 1973/1974 promotion rates still averaged 70 percent at the primary, 74 percent at thle lower secondary and 70 percent at the upper secondary levels. Primary school drop-outs, who usually fail to achieve literacy and numeracy, are largely unsuitable for employment in the modern urban labor market; furthermore, they often develop unfavorable attiLudes to practical work and frustration from unfulfilled expectations. Recently, the Government has successfully intro- duced measures to reduce student wastage. Partly due to the decline in repeater rates, primary school enrollments have decreased in the last two years. Yet much remains to be done to integrate the country's education and training programs into a system tailored to the needs of the internal and external job markets, and to imnprove, in general, the qualitative output of the primary system. 29. Present education policy aims at improving the efficiency of the education system. At present, 10.2 pupil-years of primary schooling are required to produce a sixth grade leaver, five pupil-years to produce a graduate from the three year tronc conmiun, and 9.7 pupil years to produce a graduate of the upper four-year cycle. The high wastage rates may partly be attributed to the relatively underqualified teaching staff, and partly to the bilingual requirements of the school system. Efforts are now being made to retrain and upgrade the primary school teacher force and to adjust primary teacher training enrollments to the slower pace of growth of primary school enrollments, stressing qualitative improvement rather than continued expan- sion. The Education Ministry wishes to maintain a teacher/pupil ratio of  -9- 1:40 at the primary level and to upgrade the existing teaching staff of about 20,000, 45 percent of whom are underqualified. At secondary level, teachers are mainly trained in the Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS) and the Ecole Normale Superieure pour l'Enseignement Technique (ENSET); the National Center for Continuous Education at Korba implements a primary teacher and administrator upgrading and training program. The Government intends gradually to replace the expatriate secondary school teachers, who represent 32 percent of the 7,200 secondary level teachers, and studies are under way to determine ways of achieving this objective. 30. Tunisia's recurrent expenditures on education represent about 30 percent of its recurrent budget. The possibilities for additional allocations to education are therefore limited. Costs per student at the primary level are relatively low (about 74 dollars per student per year) compared with secondary and higher education; they are equivalent to 20 percent of per student costs at the secondary level and 3 percent at the higher education level. 31. The ITM program. As an experiment in educational reform, the "Initiation aux Travaux Manuels" (ITM) program was introduced in Tunisia three years ago with the support of ILO and UNICEF, on an experimental basis, to provide exposure to manual work at a pre-vocational level in primary schools and a foundation for employment-oriented education in agriculture (ITMA) and industry (ITMI). In addition to this, the program aims at adapting primary education to the local environment, and helping to change the unfavorable attitudes of many primary school pupils towards manual work. The program represents therefore an important departure from the previous academic con- ception of primary education. Following the initial successful experimental phase, the Government has decided to generalize the ITM program while still continuing to innovate. It is now to be extended to approximately 95 per- cent of all fifth and sixth graders by 1981. PART IV - THE PROJECT 32. After project reconnaissance discussions, the project was identified by a Bank mission in September 1974. It was prepared by a mission from the UNESCO/IBRD Cooperative Program in October/November 1974, and appraised by the Bank in November/December 1974. Negotiations were held in May 1975. The Tunisian delegation was led by Mr. Abdelwaheb Jemal, the Acting Director of the Planning Unit in the Education Ministry. A loan and project summary is attached as Annex III. The Appraisal report (No. 777-TUN) is being circu- lated separately to the Executive Directors. Purposes of the project 33. The project would help to expand, and continue innovation in, the ITM program. It would help to introduce a more relevant curriculum and increase the efficiency of the primary school system including reorienting teacher training and upgrading and retraining of primary teachers. The project  - 10 - would provide support for ongoing education reform studies initiated under the second education project through assistance to the Planning Unit in the Ministry of Education and a new study relating education and training to labor market requirements to help the government elaborate a sound employment policy for the Fifth Plan (1977-81). In addition, it would provide, on an experi- mental basis, out-of-school training directly related to employment oppor- tunities for primary school leavers. Finally, the project would finance US$300,000 in consultant architect fees for technical studies and design de- velopment for a possible follow-up education project, suitable for external financing, to help reduce the lag between commitment ;and disbursement. The ITM component 34. ITMA (agriculture oriented) curriculum consists of theory and practi- cal work related to local farming and animal husbandry; ITMI (industry oriented) curriculum consists of metalwork, woodwork, masonry, basic construction and simple electrical repairs. The project would support the first stage of ITM expansion in primary schools by extending ITM to about 422 primary schools in operation in 1974. To facilitate this expansion the project would finance the conversion and equipment of 312 classrooms located in poor urban areas into 156 ITMI workshops and the construction of 55 primary schools in the same areas to replace the student places lost through conversion of the classrooms into ITMI workshops; the project would also finance the equipment for 22 new ITMI and 210 new ITMA facilities in the Kairouan and Medenine governorates, and for 18 ITM polyvalent centers throughout Tunisia. The latter are new experimental facilities which would combine agricultural and industrial training. The Teacher-Training Component 35. The success of the ITM program largely depends on the availability of a teaching force capable of teaching ITM subjects and smoothly orienting primary school curricula towards technical subjects. The teacher-training component is designed to meet this requirement by providing retraining and upgrading facilities for the existing primary school teaching force so that, by 1985, almost all primary teachers would have been exposed to ITM subjects and how they should be taught. To this end, additions to, and equipment for, five teacher training schools at Tunis, La Marsa, Kairouan, Gafsa and Sfax would be financed under the project, to provide training facilities in each school in woodwork, metalwork, construction, electricity and home economics/ nutrition; the National Center for Continuous Education at Korba would be expanded to increase its enrollment capacity from 175 to 250, and five model workshops would be built for training in woodwork, electricity, construction, metalwork and home economics/nutrition. The Government would make satisfac- tory arrangements for the recruitment of a sufficient number of qualified teacher-trainers within one year of the date of the Loan Agreement, to begin immediately the upgrading and retraining program (draft Loan Agreement, Sec- tion 3.06 d). The Government has provided assurances that sufficient impor- tance would be given to ITM subjects in evaluating the work of ITM teacher- trainees (draft Loan Agreement, Section 3.06 (e)).  - 11 - Experimental Post-Primary Program Component 36. To help the large number of primary school leavers who cannot secure jobs in the labor market, the project would finance an experimental post- primary program which would provide non-formal education and training related to the local environment of the school leavers and to local employment oppor- tunities. To achieve this goal, two regional centers and related satellite centers would be established in Kairouan and Medenine, two of the poorer governorates in Tunisia. The regional centers would coordinate the activities of satellite centers, develop and administer a tracer system to maintain re- cords of the subsequent employment of the trainees, and constantly seek to analyze field experience so that appropriate corrective measures may be taken. The satellite centers, which would reach out to the poorest elements of so- ciety in the small villages, would provide training from six months to two years in various craft skills, as well as basic skills in literacy and numeracy. The Government would make adequate arrangements to ensure coordina- tion of all national and local training centers concerned with the program; it would also assign the necessary authority to the regional education in- spector to monitor and coordinate the post-primary program. Finally, two Tunisian non-formal education specialists would immediately be trained over- seas and assigned to the centers (Draft Loan Agreement, Section 3.06 (a), (b), and (c)). When fully operational, the Medenine post-primary centers would produce annually 1,040 trainees and the Kairouan centers 530 trainees. Technical Assistance Component 37. Experts would be financed to assist the Planning Unit of the Educa- tion Ministry, set up under the second education project, to continue its studies on the reform of Tunisia's education system, and to undertake a new study on education/training and employment requirements, which would serve as the basis for defining the Government's employment and education policy for the Fifth Plan (1977-81). The project would also include 18 man/months of short-term consultancies for the Project Implementation Unit, the Planning Unit and the Evaluation Unit, and seventy man/months of fellowships for the overseas training of the Tunisian staff who will help implement the project. Project Execution 38. A Project Implementation Unit (PIU) would be set up in the Direc- torate of Primary Education of the Education Ministry to coordinate and su- pervise physical execution of the project with the assistance of the "Direction des Batiments et du Materiel" in the Education Ministry and the Ministry of Public Works, and to provide technical services for project administration including recruitment of specialists, contract administration, and procurement (Draft Loan Agreement, Section 3.01 (b) and Schedule 5). The Director of Primary Education would also be the Director of the PIU; he would be assisted by two qualified full-time professional staff, one responsible for physical works and the other for administration of the technical assistance component. An Evaluation Unit, to be suitably staffed, would be set up in the Directorate of Primary Education to monitor the development and expansion of the ITM program, in cooperation with the regional inspectorates of primary education. It would also prepare studies, in collaboration with the National Institute  - 12 - for Educational Sciences, the National Center for Continuous Education, and thle teacher-training institutes, on new programs and teaching methods for primary schools (Draft Loan Agreement, Section 4.03). Cost Estimates and Financing Plan 39. The total cost of the project is estimated at US$27.6 million, net of taxes, of which about one third, or some US$8.9 million, would be in for- eign exchange. The proposed Bank loan would finance the foreign exchange costs; the Government would finance all local costs. Procurement and Disbursement 40. Civil works contracts would be awarded on the basis of international competitive bidding in accordance with the Bank's procurement guidelines. Because of the large number of small and widely dispersed civil works items, few foreign firms are expected to submit bids on civil works. Items for furniture and equipment would be grouped to the extent practicable to permit bulk procurement. Subject to an aggregate maximum of $330,000, contracts for furniture and equipment costing less than $3,000 may be awarded through com- petitive local bidding or price quotations solicited from at least three suppliers. In the evaluation of bids under international competitive bidding, local manufacturers of furniture and equipment would be allowed a margin of preference equal to the existing rate of custom duty applicable to competing imports, or 15 percent of the c.i.f. price, whichever is lower. 41. The loan would be disbursed against (i) 100 percent of the c.i.f. cost for imported furniture and equipment, or 95 percent of the ex-factory price of locally procured furniture and equipment; (ii) 100 percent of for- eign expenditures for technical assistance; (iii) 50 percent of the total expenditure for the preparation of architectural designs for a possible follow-up education project suitable for external financing, and (iv) 14 per- cent of total expenditures for civil works. As a condition of disbursement of funds for technical assistance to the Planning UJnit, the Government would fill all budgeted posts in the Planning Unit and agree with the Bank on the detailed outline for each study to be carried out by the Planning Unit with Bank assistance (Draft Loan Agreement, schedule 1, para. 4(b)). As a condi- tion of disbursement of funds for consultant architect fees to design a follow- up education project suitable for external financing, the Government and the Bank would agree on the components of the project (Draft Loan Agreement, Schedule 1, para. 4(c). Project Benefits 42. The project would assist the Governme-'nt in strengthening current primary education reform programs and in extending reform to new education activities and target groups. Primary education would be improved through the expansion of a program that would introduce instruction in practical subjects and relate the primary scllool curriculum to the local environment; teacher training and restructuring of the teacher training curriculum would be provided  - 13 - to facilitate efficient introduction of the new subjects into primary schools; a post-primary program would address the problems of integrating primary school leavers into productive society. Finally, education planning would be enhanced through studies to evaluate the effectiveness of changes introduced into the primary school program, to determine new reform measures, and to examine the interrelation of the labor market and the education and training system. PART V - LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND AUTHORITY 43. The draft Loan Agreement between the Republic of Tunisia and the Bank, the Report of the Committee provided for in Article III, Section 4 (iii) of the Articles of Agreement and the text of a draft resolution approving the proposed loan are being distributed to the Executive Directors separately. Additional conditions of effectiveness include the establishment of the Project Implementation Unit under the authority of the Director of Primary Education and the appointment of two qualified full-time professional staff to assist the PIU Director (Draft Loan Agreement, Section 5.01). Features of the loan of particular interest are referred to in paragraphs 35 - 41 of this report. The draft Loan Agreement conforms to the normal pattern for education projects. 44. I am satisfied that the proposed loan would comply with the Articles of Agreement of the Bank. PART VI - RECOMMENDATION 45. I recommend that the Executive Directors approve the proposed loan. Robert S. McNamara President Attachments June 19, 1975   AENUr 1 fPa 2. of 3 oAp. MM=! VATA - WEIEA 164150lS kQ2 (ed-9? 9 4Pe 2us2. OWPU CAPIA MO8 (AT1 DM ) /IS 20O&C 380Ld 30/d 70 Lh .A Ch brhrote (par h-saned) 1.6 38 1.5 ki1 Crd death rote (Par thnean) 9 1. & . Wofnt wortality -te (P., thnonaond lift birth.) .. 16 r7 i 27 W. sipeotany at birth (you.) * 56 57 5 70 Glenn -opaod-ttra rat. /2 ..3.1.:3 1.9 1.0 Ponpalatlan gr-ti. rta urbn 2 3Z-1, 3 At .6A.: O.-Ih~~~~~~~~~~~ Q. 19a5 15-61 53 5 a 5 - 65 end over 5 3 5 Urban p.-ooltion .. p-ont Of tot.l 10 !la LSa. 38 /1 58 /s 65 L1a~ Fastly piarrig, W0. of -opiora ooeoltiin (thoon.) ..108 N0. of -or (% of ar-iad rn) ..12 ?ntalbr foo .(thon-od.) i,4.W0 1,5WD/d 1,900~ 57o/ 3,300 Poroot aga aly.d to arimoator. 69 / 53~ i97. P.,-.n.tg Onaomployno 10 9 . 6~ 1 INOOU DISTRh.IONfl Pona-t of-nationl toonen -ooi-d by high.st 5% ' Poront of national j-on nualOnd by highnat 20% 7 Pernent of otional ir,oe r: aJ,nd by 1orart 2GW Perosat of n~tlooa ine_ __ontvd by lo,at 1.0%6 a MSTRIKITIDO OF LAND 0bWURMLIP Rn0~arudbytp 10ofanar 53 1a 57to 0poinlotion pWr phynicin 10,0W0 IsA 5, 950 2,930 .4.70o 62 Popaloti.n par nooing parso.. 730 8.630 le 1,250 Il,lJo /I PoP.lotion par hoaptal bad 360 66. 41Jo -.3 260 i6C1 Per capita -aloia vopply as % of -aqiremot. /8091. 79 96 ~ 116 a Po, -apit p-otol, n.pply, total (gooa par doyF 51 63 ~ h70 ~ 99 DOf ~&oh, -i-oo an p.1ian ~ 103 1_ 22 2752 Deth r.ta 1-i y..r. /7 ..1.5 , 13 / .. 0.9 EIUOCATIO8 'IM3ild /A primory sobol rnyolant ratio 74. 107 ~ 9-5 L i l /ao l09g Adj..Uad Z! ov-duiy -ohoi enoollet ratio U1 20 /. 214 W l 7- 60. Yean of retooing Prrided. flort and e-od leant 13 13 12 12 12 Vonattonal onro-as, s9of sac.shooI -nool1-t 24. 31./ 29 ~ I 20 ArMi lit-r-y rote .. 5 6lL69 8 M.rgeR. of parsos o rro-a (ob.n) .2.6 i Poroot of -copld units itto-t piped "rtar . 60 ...35 /r Aonors to Olnotricity (an % of total Poynolott-) ..21.7r 88 7F Poroant of t.r.1 popoati-a -natad to a1-t,irtity 73 . .. . 7 P., rY ' oiliatoo1.77 279 215 1-13 lab Pons-g-r omP.r 1700 pofsolotto 13 13 4. 19 25 Rto-tri. p-sa --.ruotlo (bkr p.c. 72 155 ISo W.. 1,060 n..spr int -po,oao- c..v kg par ynor 0.3 0.1 2. 7 1.6 1.6 Some- Fig-ra rof- -thbni to tb lhoI.Lvi -artda or to SOOnut Of a'rn60roeta1 t.ar.tor, WoY ortoo and the Iatet Ynr. Itatos pr-toiw -vn, to, pri-oipin t. ditrihottn by ago and oae of astlrnol poPolatlon th. ya=r 1956-60 or t.; InbrnYna- toP.A- /6 prot.tenatnderda (reqoframentd) for al notin ooo.b nipla to 1960 and 1970. Iahed by 810 Za__,l &__aO SorvJ.. p-oida faraenie /* Ia Th eFr Copt.r. GOP -roCoa. i- ct -nrOt Pri-r for alnn_a of 60 ga_ af total protei par day, and 20 p1 of y-ar OttOr tiolib- nconn by tbs noe oa -i-lo animal"adpoaos pstal., of arhinb Ogamna hoold be sd taoh.lqer on tbo 197? World -kno ktlla. potat. 4-r atanardo a-a Oanatb Ioe, than tado. of 75 12 MAr-ag. oet-r o Idogbt... par ona of repr-doottv rame of total Pstatir and 23 groa of anlal Protein so M ago. annraag far the se-id, pr-pooa by FAO in the ThIrd ibrld 1and , FPpoILoio- groo.. ratn a-n f., thn donadna erong in .' 1960 and 1971. ~7Sem atndla have oggoted thot rood. doath rat.. f drIlda Raio of oodrr l cod 65 nod ovraob-.krtt. a ge 1 tto-ghb moay be oed a0 a first ppqnnleionL lden of th..ni .10tbo- forv bo-abr, of ogno 15 th-oug 6*elot-ti. Li Ft rearoron tood-rrl -epreast phy.1olng~oal /I D Pa-ontaga a-.1IM of enoarepoadlog popoletina of adolae qor-arnfo. nore.. activ.ity and bhaIth, taking a.O daftod fw ac-sot eonntry. - 111 atimate, =nalding pota-.e anod foreeta; /6 1961; /a OWted by applyiog to the 1970 figa. the grwth rtofha2Fnop. to r-Li to.s frr- 1960u to M 1Y71 L 19T2; /g1965.70, US astlete, If Regitred anlyl 1-9b09; /b 19, Mh'2; A5 1956-66; LI 10 year. and aver; Ak 1(4-70; /i CaPital0 of provinn. and tentme; 'eaninPaltea and -.eane" in 'hi"b tbala- rgoat paplaltion n.,t-0 10,0 0 oar. inhbitatnt. sand tho popolat.ion of 12 atber Wcrane agg3srationa La-repeatto. of their pops.a-tine; /" kImo of Ppaplatime under 15 an 65 and .ovr ago gmooPa to Pepltiatls 15-61. Wg P-; Ratkio of POLIAtIao a-r 15 and 65 and ove to total laker forma; 1956 Or O0 pepolation. Ia tWiT; b Rediniti ot .. Ail .l; /t 1966; /n Ofinil estimate; ga etola eossin eaoapsoaay ewupai~ sesriam and peare. ssd.ng eark far- the frst te; / alga-,-tb rota; P AO atimat.a Iy doaldlg anqa*7sd seaman; / ? erAntge of dwelling.; /a 8o Aialy cotta pOPUlatimm; ' a-sa 4.7elIawn ha of private land, omledi.ng llo heipbia ssI,ad2.afishaool.at lfland; /a oa-elag 4..5 mtilli- ha of pia"te and; A& 19631 Pero= e 1A.:,oreamat 0-rvAn. wasy, If in1ade/.s&o 1962; Ab Inoloding _rn,l heepitalo; Oave h. hoptal *etahlimbe.nto nely; 1 61.66 Ak 1967; /-I 9bod; /ao InIWAdio MA eahede; l 15 years and oval; /a Reed and arite; a& 1965; 4ftane.rWtWg _rhmaoeeg altOelweotoinel lighting O roeen baa been ,aeetod .a on bjaoUv enntry o- the hooks of tle -d-. of its pqpl.tlaom aditerrane geog-aphinal itt.aatln and its enaaW,7shi proo.eata a.m amlrdaity with fthoi.'s with respect to national reoras aket ni-e, ago-oot-rLI and aer-vtne antAvitI*a. 06 -J--,.Y 9, 1975 1."0m. rei Abb  Pa 2 f 3 TUNISIA - ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT DATA SHEET Actual Eat. Projected 1/ 1965- 1970- 1975- 1973 T96 1970 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1980 1970 1975 1980 A. NATIONAL ACCOSOCS Dinac millions at 1966 Prices Avers9e rccal -rot .te Thare of 'I)- Cross Domaestic Product 521 667 849 869 987 1076 1151 1517 4.5 10.0 7.0 100.0 Gains fro Term of Trade + -3 12 56 61 107 93 89 86 . 5 Grog. Dnesatic Incoa 5273 6'79 90 2-9 10-9 4 1 16-9 123-9 16-03- 4.9 11.5 6.5 107 0 Import. (G and N88) 167 199 291 296 334 361 379. 511 3.0 12.3 7.2 34.1 Esports (G and NFS) (Inport easacity) 9j9 165 281 269 328 326 363 492 10.8 14.6 7.9 31.0 Rasource Gap E8 34 10 27 6 25 46 19 . .9. Consusptlun Eopenditores 460 574 2 695 731 814 903 938 1229 4.3 9.1 6.3 84.2 Investment Emprmdit.rcr (inel. stocks) 101 139 720 233 786 291 297 393 0.5 17.9 6.2 29 s9 Dome.stic Savings 73 105 210 198 790 246 291 374 9.4 22.1 7.1 ?22.7 National Savioge 60 91 202 195 277 253 269 365 10.1 23.6 7.5 21.3 GDP at current prices (55 millio.s) 1004 1423 2113 2441 3040 3447 3936 5913 7.2 19.4 11.4 B. SECTOR OUTPUT Ihare of GDP at 1966 Constant Price A-orore Icu f.rowtr Ta.e Agricultu- 0.521 0.161 0.205 0.179 0.173 0.162 0.160 0.142 -2.2 9.0 3.9 Micing and Pecrolec 0.034 0.061 0.051 0.049 0.045 0.046 0.045 0.044 17.5 3.4 6.0 Other iodustry 0.194 0.192 0.201 0.215 0.231 0.231 0.235 0.259 3.9 13.9 9.2 Services 0. 551 0.986 0.543 0.557 0.551 0.561 ). 560 0.555 5.5 8.7 6.6 C. OWRG6HAD SOSE~ GlRA D F illcco SdlrsaCrrt rorAvraAnulGwhPte 0,34cc nil 25.7 16.6 9F.. 9 59,4 129.5 100.4 99.1 531.8 -9.1 43.0 5.6 Othet 80 oloa prod-cts 32.0 40.0 31.3 53 9 36.3 39 9 4-3 .5 592R0 4.1 0.0 5.8 Petrole- 44.8 90.5 120.9 280 9 294.0 313.0 443 4 9.0 45.0 8.5 End phosphate 21.7 23.8 22.4 22.9 80.6 94 2 ~1.1 1131I 1.9 32.0 3.2 Other guods 41.2 63.1 132.9 149 0 224.6 309 8 41,2.6 919 2 9.8 30.0 24.0O Tutal guods 120.7 188.3 335.6 406. 799 9 83983 933.3 1693 3 9.3 35.0 14.5 To-rism 19.2 65.3 141 4 153 5 159.2 198.6 221I 0 406.1 28.0 24.0 10.9l 0th o o- - facto scr-ice 48.0 63.1 86 I 9 115.2 129.9 1437 2 12.4 293.6 5.3 02.9 12.9 Total goods cod NFS 189.7 316.2 562.9 624.7 1 048 4 1170.6 1335.2 2323.0 15.9 30.0 14.2 Capital goods and related NF0 77.5 73.5 136.9 1 3.~ 265.6 305.1 339.6 575.2 .1.5 u3.o 13.5 sE-gy and related NFS 11.2 12.8 31.6 4.4.S 90.8 97.2 11.4.5 141.3 2.7 50.0 2.8 Food.toffs omd related NFS 34.1 65.7 87.4 120.4 168.9 190.2 172.1 231 1 14.0 24.0 4.0 Other goo.ds aod reloted 000 129.5 567.1 235.8 210. 1 400.6, 489.5 573.3 1102.2 5.3 24.0 17.6 Total goods GIP 252.1 319.5 491.7 628S.3. 925.9 1082.0 I1 .5 2049.0 4.8 28.0 13.46 Other -om-f-ot-n services 68.4 61.9 96.7 12 3.68 139.8 171.4 202. 7 361.9 -2.0 23.0 16.1 Total goods and mo-ooe -nnices 220.2 381.4 Sf8.4 742,2 1065.7 1253.4 1 39-7. 22411.7 3.6 22.0 14 0 D- PRICES -196 A.- -r t Import price iod.c 92.5 108.6 120.4 142.8 208.8 212.0 213.9 252.3 2.2 14.3 3.6 Import price indec 100.8 100.6 97.2 110.6 140.6 153.2 L62.2 298.0 - 8.8 6.3 Term of trade ice- 91. 7 108.0 123.9 129.1 148.5 138.4 131.9 121.3 2.2 5.1 -2.6 COP deflator 911.3 112.0 119.7 172.4 135.7 141.1 446.8 171.7 2.6 4.7 4.0 Averag.e-ohenge rate (rD - 80$) 57 1. 93 2.00 2.27 2.27 2.22 2.27 2.27 - 3.05 - S. ELECTED IND.ICATORSO F. .LABO8 FORCO ftheos.) Esat. Procctod (ca.lculted from 3-yea averaged data)AgiI.e2 1972 19215 1980 A-iutue2 530 5'20 5-~99 1963- 1970- 1925- Indsstry 232 305 391 1970 1975 1980 Services 333 393 496 Tetol enoloved 111-5 1-21-8 148-6 Average ICOR 4.93 2.46 3.68 USeemcloyed & G~edrcoy Icyod 4,26 456 409 Import Elastioity 5.13 1.12 1.03 Labor force 1541 1624 1895 Marginal Dometic Savings Rate 0.21 0.40 0.24 Uneerploped 4 llsdecep.rate 0. 2.3 0.27 0.22 Marginal NatRenal Savings Rate 0.20 0.60 0.20 G, PUBhLIC FINANCE As Percent of GDP at Csrroest Prices 4/ I. DETAIL 05 FaoTrce,a: 1965 1970 1972 1973 1974 1975 - -77-7, - o .tol GCrrent Rece.ipts 19.0 _2 2.1l 2-1.3 23.3 25.9 -25.4 - -..(1673 (12-) Current Esceeditores ~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~17.3 18.1 16.6 1. 86 1. ___ Bedgetary Saviogs (Central Governmet) 1.7 4.0 4.7 4.7 7.3 5.8 Social Sectors 27.8 32.6 Other Public Sector Savings -(1. 4 -0.5 -03 -0.3 -0.1 -0.1 Agri-ratore 35.7 21.0 Industry and Powe Central Government I-vstwnt 7.2 3.9 3.1 3.3 4.7 5.2 Transport Go-oiemcati-n 14.0 24 9 Public Sector I-voorment - 11.4 9.1 8.3 8.9 11.1 11.0 Other Afo -bost. le.pood. 100.2 100.0 14cr CoittA U/ 7.- 93 9 H. 0CURRENT EX"E1TIITUR7 D-.TAILZ - - 1 3~C- 519-65-1970 19-72 1973- 1974 Poblic Sector Savings 27.4 44.7 Other Pleac.ciog 13.5 31 2 Edu..atio. 25.7 32.1 30.5 30.0 33.0 Domestic Borrowiog (set) 4 3 13.9 Other Soccial Serui-e 11.5 16.8 16.6 16.7 18.3 Foreign Borrcwing (net) 55.0 30.3 Agriculture . 4.1 5.3 5.8 6.3 __ Other Economic Se-rvics 02.7 17.9 17.3 20.4 18.4 Total Fi-sciug 100.0 100.0 Defense 5.4 7.2 7.4 6.9 7.4 Adeinistration end Other -30.7 22.0 22.9 20.2 16.6 Total Current iEpenditores 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 3.7 Socludes i-vestnents On Minin,g, 1odustry, Power and Transport through transfers to P~blc eomnic Esterpris,es 41 lver-ment bodget estimatesat. 112. 197>  Ai'!"' '0 Page 3 of 3 TUNISIA -BALANCE OP PA MNT AND INTERNAL ASSISTANCE (Amounts imilosof US dollars) is Av,erage Annual Actual Eat. Pro ected' Crotch rar,e 1969 1 971 1971 1972 1 973 1974 1 971 1976 1973 1980 1975-1961l A. SUMMARY1 BALANCE OP PAYMENTS Exports (intl. BPS) 286 317 405 563 675 1048 1171 1336 1768 2323 14.7 Imports (Incl. NFS) 344 382 439 588 7432 1066 1354 1397 1795 24132 4< Resource Balance (X-M) -58 -65 -34 -25 -68 -i8 -83 -61 -27 -89 Intarest (net) -21 -21 -23 -21 -19 -22 -28 -33 -45 - 14. of wbicb: Interest on Public Loans (-15) (-17) C-19) C-22) C-28) C-30) (-37) (-44) (-60) (-78) 16.1 Direct Investment Income - I - 9 40 25 -27 -47 351 55 -67 -76 8.1 Workers' Nemittances 22 29 43 62 94 150 107 113 138 168 9.4, Other Set Pactor Serice Income -42 -38 -32 35 -79 -79 -80 484 -93 4103 tO Current Tranofern (net) 8 10 16 6 3 9 5 - - - Balance on C,rrect Accout -96 -94 -40 -42 -96 -57 -130 -130 -94 -158 Private Diret lnv-tneot 20 19 24 32 54 .55 48 36 38 40 3.8 Official Capital Oc-ots 43 43 35 37 43 44 4 51 40 40 3 F Dieb-rs-mnt. 101 97 123 139 1 45, 145 201 222 205 245 -Repay..nts -5 49 -48 74 -7 78 -75 -74 -87 -104 . Net Disbu...e.noto 5I 46 739 65 67 77 126 148 118 141 2.3 Capitol Tr-onatio- oci. 2 3 - 4 -14 7 - - - - - Total Bet Capitol Inflno 115 115 130 120 171 176 222 235 196 221 0.1 T-ce-n In Sec Poroige Anseta - -19 -19 -90 -7t5? -71 -119 -92 -115 -102 -63 -7.9 Not Forign Anotr (end of y-a) .42 1521052 193 3/284 403' 49 610 801 954 14.0 ScoR o ose oySo of i.uportn equi,,uloot) - 0.5 2.9 3.9 4.6 4.5 4.7 5.2 5.3 4.7 B. P111L1C 1Q6N COM41MENSSTS IBRD 34 - 37 36h 20 67 IDA 9 11 10 50 7 - Other Multilateral - - - I5 1 1 lo-er-neto o7 98 75 93 136 107 Suppliero 25 7 9 19 3 17 Pinancia L nait1 ioa 6 22 37 27 22 13 Total Public N-ILT Lo... 76i i36 164 186 19 205 Dh.Only Percet Total Percent World Bank 77 5.5 157 12.3 IDA ~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~37 4.5, 71 5.6 Other Mul1tilateral 3 C. 0.3 Goverumentu 558 ~5.7 3 719 62.9 Suppliers 67 0.1 69 7.0 Financ ial Institutiono 175 12.1 143 15.2 Bonds 2 5.2 2 0.2 Public Debt e1.7 0.9 C 0.5 Total Public M