Rural development in Tanzania : a review of Ujamaa

* I AFRICA MRIJIL D=OPNENT SrIDT,, ZRAL DEVETOP: . IN T&N`ZAfl: A RE7IW OF UJAJMAK| I' . Abrahar and F. Robinson Series Studies in Zployment and hiral evelopment No. 1hI Division : IDloyment and m aral Developrer,t Department: Development Ecoromics Developmrent Policy Staff I International Bank for Reconstruction and Development The authors rre-oared this backgrcund paper in thei c4pacitf as consultarts to the -ank. The views expressed. represent thosi of tle authcrs and nutv -ecessazrily those or the Bar.k. *.. -s report mav! not be, bl:i-shed nor mai i e moted a's rewresenting the views o ' thel3ar;k a - -ts affiliated crgan-zat"Jons. Washingtor, D. C., Sestember 1971*  -mRAL DEVSOPFmrr IN TANZANIA: | A RE71 O CO UJAMAA Table of Contents . P No. PFEFACE ., 1 I * RDRA.L DE MJPbIT POLICY... ............ 1 A. Rural Developent: Pre-Arlsha Declaration .... . 1 B. Rural Development: Post-Armsba Declaration . . . . 3 17. 1HE INTI= OKLFRIAMWO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... 18 A. Organizational Framework: Pre-decentralization . . , B. Organizational Framework: Post-decentralization . . 113 C. ljamaa Villages and the Cooperative Movement . . . 24 III. UJAYLA VIILAGES IN ACTION . . . . . . 31 A* Formation . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . 31 B. Lay ot of Ujann Villages . . . . . . . . ... . .. 32 C. Decision-maldng and Work Organization *'. . . . . . 33 D. Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Eo Social and Political Components . . .0 .0 . 36 IV. DELOFMENT OF UJAMAA VALAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . hO A. Growth of Ujamaa Villages . ..... . .. . . 140 B. Pattern of Location of Ujamaa Villages ..... . .h2 C. Size of jamnaa Villages .. ............ V. LESSONS OF EXPERIENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 A. Positive Features . . .. ... .......47 B. Major Defects in the Operation of Ujamaa Villages . !50 C. Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . 55  -2- 7-. S MMM CO=SIONS .. . ....... . .... . .... ..... . .57. -A2?iDICES: A. C rs . . . . . . . '. . . .' . . . *. . . . . . . . . 1 B. UJA}-A. VIIAG;: NiU!BE E, ESM AND A AGS, BERSnHP AS; COF MARCH 1973 . . . ... ... ... 14. i.NUMBER M R OF UaMR. VMZLASG, AND RATSS C7 onw= oN A imOiOIUL BASI, 1565-1973 (MAc) . .|- D. 7flPORTANT TEiNGS TO NOTE WHEN iR3ISTS2G UJAkA! TILTAGES AS MUlTI-?UROSE CO-OPERATION SOCITE S. . 1-3 E. APPROVE TMUM CF 3EERCE FOR THE 37EW OF IJJA * 1 i- F. QUESTIONS FOR REGICNAL AND DISTRICT Afl4l{NISTRATION . . 1-5 G. SU.tTEr FOR rMITIMAL UJJA VJIZ .. ... * . 1- 4 B1I3:CG.WA.?I - 1-2 .TST OF TABILS Table No. Title ag No. 1 rcwGr-th of Ujz: 1969 to MHach 1973 . ...... |1 2 Grcwth of Ujayaa Village and Me.berbidp on Reg.onal Basis 1970 to a!arch 1973 .4. ...4.4.. . .-4  PREFACE 1. This report -as prepared as a background paper for the . rica.. Rnral Development Study (ARDS) conducted by the Development Econcalcs C Department of the World Bank. The ARDS was prompted by the very substanr. tifI interes+ in the Sast and Wqest Africa Pegional Off!ces of the Pank in finding wa7s of designing rural development projects which, despil 'e the limited financial and manpower resources available for rural deve opment in Africa, will effectively "reach" large ==zbers of low income rtral I people. Thirteen rural development projects and programs from su -Saharin Africa, representing diversity in location, design and implemental ion, were selected for analysis (see attached list). The reviews tais d a consistent set of quistions regarding design, imp lementation and rformance of these projects and programs to provide the basis for a comp ative evaluation. The main report on the Africa Rural Development Stu y by Uma- Lela summarizes tIM lessons that can be learned from these pr ject reviews. 2. Each of the background papers is based on exIsting info mation' supplemented by field investigations. With rare exceptions, no ac dti6onal quantitative data were collected. Beca-zse the availrbility of da a varied wudely between projects, there.are substantial differences in the scape Of the individual pro.5ect reviews. _ 3. Since most of the data were collected by other agencies, the I3RD can not attest to the accuracy of the statistical information which appears in this report. The views expressed in this report are th ose of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the IBRD. - . .~~~1  - TRA.L DBVEOP,ET IN TANZANIA: A E7=-zW OF UJAMAL I. RURJ.L DE3V!IOP!ET POLICY A. Rwral Developmnt: Preasha Declaration 1. The bas i 4S ovJ which underpins Tanzania's mra- develbPTJwt policy is sabsumed by the concept of Ujamaa. Ujama can be translated literally as "familytood, n and it is meant to co=note the mutizal oli- gations and expectations found in the instiAtstion ef the extended f The content of this ideology did not 'merge whole but rather evolvea. over the years, primarily in the speeches, policy statements, and essays of President vA'Lins Wyerere. 2. In=ediately prior to Independence, Nyerere spoke of a "n synthesis" of the lessons of East and-West and Tanzania's tradition , which wculd create a new pattern of society. 1/ The values implici in this tradition include a type of soc4al' sm azig democracy wbiCh were practised i-n ',be exicended family and which Nyerere -wishes to see pr - served and exnanded to the entire nation. Cne of the fuctions of e U,amsaa ideo].ogr is to dra