China - Tianjin Landfill Gas Recovery Project : environmental impact assessment

/ y?<-;(, , ...* u/,3 \I -"- = *--J - -- - Tianjin Shuangkou LandfillGas Energy Recovery Project EnvironmentalImpactAssessment Nankai University April 2006  Content CONTENT .............................................................................................................................................I1 CHAPER 1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................1 1.1 The benefits and background of the project ....................... ...................................... .. 1 1.2 EIA legislations and Guidelines ......................... .. .................................................... 3 1.3 Scoping and screening............... .... ........................................................................ 6 1.4 EIA category ................................................................................................................ 6 1.5 Environmental protection objectives............................................................................. 6 CHAPER 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION .......................................................................................... 6 2.1 Project introduction....... .. ........................................................................................ 6 2.2 Raw materials and processes flow ........................ .................................................... 7 2.3 Pollutant source analysis .............................................................................................. 9 2.4 Environmental identification and screening............................................................... 10 CHAPER 3 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE ..............................................................................11 3.1 Natural environment................................................................................................... 11 3.2 Social environment ..................................................................................................... 13 CHAPER 4 BACKGROUND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ..................................................14 4.1 The environmental status of study area....................................................................... 14 4.2 Background Air quality ............................................................................................... 15 4.3 Ambient noise level monitoring................................................................................16 CHAPER 5 CONSTRUCTION PHASE ASSESSMENT ............................................................. 17 CHAPER 6 OPERATIONAL PHASE ASSESSMENT ................................................................. 17 6.1 Air quality ................................................................................................................ 1 7 6.2 Noise ......................................................................................................................... 22 6.3 Surface water environmental impact assessment ........................................................ 24 6.4 Environmental risk analysis ........................................................................................ 24 CHAPER 7 MITIGATION MEASURES ......................................................................................26 7.1 Mitigation measures during construction phase ........................................................ 27 7.2 Mitigation measures during operational phase........................................................... 28 CHAPER 8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM (EMP) ..................................31 8.1 Environmental management.......................... ........-........-.....-......... 32 8.2 The environmental monitoring plan ......................................................................... 37 CHAPER 9 PUBLIC CONSULTATION ........................................................................................38 CHAPER 10 CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS .............................................................. -39 ANNEX A: DATA FROM THE SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT IN 2005 ..................................44  ANNEX B: BACKGROUNDAIR QUALITY OF BEICHEN DISTRICT .....................................45 ANNEX C: THE MONITORINGAND AUDITING REPORT OF SHUANGKOU SANITARY LANDFILLIN 2005.........................................,.................................................................................. 48  Chaper 1 Introduction 1.IThe benefitsand backgroundof the project Landfill gas energy recovery project offers significant environmental, economic, and energy benefits. These benefits are enjoyed by many, including the landfill ownerloperator, the project developer, the energy product purchaser and consumer, and the community living near the landfill. 1.1.1 Environmentalbenefits Landfill gas contains volatile organic compounds, which are major contributors to ground-level ozone and which include air toxics. When little is done to control them, these pollutants are continuously released to the atmosphere as waste decomposes. When landfill gas is collected and burned in an energy recovery system, these harmful pollutants are destroyed. In the developed countries, Regulations already require many landfills to collect their landfill gas emissions. Chinese government also proposed some policies to encourage the collection of the landfill gas, although which is not a mandatory requirement now. Once the gas is collected, landfill ownerloperators have two choices: (I) flare the gas; or (2) produce energy for sale or on-site use. Both options address local air quality and safety concerns, but only energy recovery capitalizes on the energy value of landfill gas, while displacing the use of fossil fuels. Offsetting coal and oil use further reduces emissions of a number of pollutants, including sulfur dioxide, a major contributor to acid rain, as well as the production of ash and scrubber sludge recovery are often more carefully managed than those designed to flare the gas. The more gases in the landfill may be collected and cornbustedthe fewer emissions to the atmosphere.  Landfill gas energy recovery also has the potential to significantly reduce the risk of global climate change. Landfill gas is the single largest source of anthropogenic methaneemissions in the United States, contributing almost 40 percent of these emissions each year. Reducing methane emissions is critical in the fight against global climate change because each ton of methane emitted into the atmosphere has as much global warming impact as 21 tons of carbon dioxide over a 100 year time period. In addition, methane cycles through the atmosphere about 20 times more quickly than carbon dioxide, which means that stopping methaneemissions today can make quick progress toward slowing global climate change. 1.I.2 Economic benefits Sale or use of landfillgas will often lower the overall operating cost of the landfills and, when site-specific conditions are favorable, the landfill may realize a profit. More widespread use of landfill gas as an energy resourcewill also create jobs related to the design, operation, and manufacture of energy recovery systems and lead to advancements in environmental technology. Local communities will also benefit, in terms of bothjobs and revenues, through the development of local energy resources at area landfills. 1.I.3 Energy Benefits Landfill gas is a local, renewable energy resource. Because landfill gas is generated continuously, it provides a reliable fuel for a range of energy applications, including power generation and direct use. Electric utilities that benefit by en-tomer relations, broadening their resource base, and gaining valuable experience in renewable energy development. Landfill gas power projects provide important demand side management benefits, as transmission losses from the point of  generation to the point of consumption are negligible. Industrial facilities, universities, hospitals, and other energy users can benefit by tapping into landfill gas, a low-cost, local fuel source. 1.1.4 Complies with national and international environmental policies Landfill gas energy recovery project complies with a series of related policies on encouragingthe use of cleaner energy and energy recycling, such as "People$ Republic of China Cleaner Production Promotion Law", "Clean Development Mechanism(CDM)"regulated in the Kyoto Protocol (KPI997). 1.I.5 Project background Shuangkou Domestic Solid Waste Sanitary Landfill was put into use in 2001 with a daily waste acceptance rate of about 1,500 tons. By now, about 1.5 million tons of solid waste was in place. By the end of 2006 the waste in place is expected to be 2.3 million tons. The annual methane gas emission will rise to 11,900 tons and it tends to increase year by year. Thus Tianjin Clean E n e w and Environmental Engineering Limited Corporation will carry out the Landfill gas energy recovery project in Shuangkou landfill by the Recycling of LFG, which can significantly reduce the direct emission of LFG to the air and bring significant environmental,social and economic benefits. According to Environmental ImpactAssessment Law of People's Republic China and the relevant environmental management requirements on Construction Projects, Tianjin Clean Energy and Environmental Engineering Limited Corporation commissioned Nankai University to conduct the environmental impacts assessment (EIA) for Shuangkou Landfill gas energy 1.2 EIA legislationsand Guidelines Relevant legal requirements, standards and guidelines on EIA are listed - 3 -  as followed; 1.2.1 Laws and Regulations on EIA *:* Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China, 1989.12.26 *:* Environmental Impact Assessment Law of the People's Republic of China, 2002.10.28 *3 Cleaner Production Promotion Law of the People's Republic of China2003.1.I *:* Law of the People's Republic of China on Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, 2000.4.29 *:* Law of the People's Republic of China on Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, 1996.5.15 *:* Law of the People's Republic of China on the Preventionand Control of EnvironmentalNoise Pollution, 1997.3.1 *:* Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of EnvironmentalPollution by Solid Waste, 1995.10.30 *:* Water Law of the People's Republicof China, 1988.1.21 *:* Regulationson the Protectionof Basic Farmland, 1998.12.27 Regulations on the Administration of Construction Project 0:. EnvironmentalProtection, (State Council [I9981253) *:* Several Opinions on Environmental Administration of Construction Projects, SEPA, 1988.3.21 *:* Circular on Strengthening Administration of the Environmental lmpact Assessment of Construction Projects Utilizing Loans of International FinancialOrganizations,(Huanjian[1993]324) *:* Notice on Strengthening Administration of the Environmental Protection of ForeignInvestmentConstruction Projects, 1993.3.12 *:* Directory of Construction Projects by Types of Administration of EnvironmentalProtection, (SEPA, No.14) - - - - ---- - .- - -- --- --- 1.2.2Relevant standards *:* Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB3095-1996) category IIstandard  *:* Sanitary standard for manufacturingfacilities design (TJ36-79) *:* Standard of Noise at Boundary of Industrial Enterprises (GBI2348-90) category Illstandard *:* Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB3838-2002) category IV standard *:* Standardsfor IrrigationWater Quality (GB5084-92) *:* lntegrated Emission Standard of Air Pollutants (GBI6297-1 996) *:* lntegratedWastewater Discharge Standard (GB8978-96) *:* Emission Standards for Odor Pollutants (DB121-059-95) local standardsof Tianjin *:* Noise Limits for Construction Site (GBl2523-90) 1.2.3EIA requirements of the World Bank: *:* the World Bank Operational Manual-OPIBP 4.01 and the Annexes, January, 1999 *:* Collections of the Environmental lmpact Assessment of the World Bank, Volume 1-3, under revision 1.2.4EIA technical guidelines *:* Technical Guidelines for Environmental lmpact Assessment General Principles, HJR2.1-1993 *:* Technical guidelines for environmental impact assessment Atmospheric environment, HJR2.2-1993 *:* Technical guidelines for environmental impact assessment Surface water environment, HJlT2.3-1993 *:* Technical Guidelinesfor Noise lmpactAssessment, HJR2.4-1995 *:* Technical Guidelines for Environmental Risk Assessment on Projects, - ---- HJ m 9 - 2 0 Q ~ A 1.2.5 The Project-Related Documents *:* Proposals for the landfill gas energy recovery project of Tianjin Clean Energy and EnvironmentalEngineeringCorporation Ltd.  *:* EnvironmentalImpact Report for Tianjin Shuangkou Sanitation Landfill *:* Reply on the Proposalsfor the Landfill Gas Power Generation Project Constructed by the Clean Energy and EnvironmentalEngineeringCo. Ltd *:* Report on the Feasibility Study of the Shuangkou Sanitation Landfill Project,Tianjin 1.3 Scoping and screening According to the results of project analysis and analogical projects review, the EIA focuses on the environmental benefits of the landfill gas energy recovery project, as well as the environmental impacts of exhaust gas and boundary noise. 1.4 ElA category According to the EIA requirements by World Bank and the characteristics of this project,the project is considered as category B project. 1.5 Environmentalprotectionobjectives The environmentalprotectionobjectives of this project are some sensitive places surrounding Shuangkou Domestic Solid Waste Sanitary Landfill, for instance,villages, orchards and farmland. Chaper 2 Project description 2.1 Project introduction IlanjlnGlean tnergy and tnv~ronmentaltnglneerlng LlrnltedCorporation invest RMB 19 million on the Shuangkou landfill gas energy recovery project. The project occupies an area of 1,575 rn2, with an installed capacity of 1265KW and an annual electric output of 177 thousand kilowatts. The internal  yield rate gets to 8.7% and the investmentwill be returned in 7.24 years. In the period of the project, there will be a reduction of 39.9 thousand tons of greenhouse gases emissionto the atmosphere. The power plant will be located within Shuangkou Sanitary Landfill with a distance of over 50 meters away from the landfill zone, which contains landfill gas collection system and backup flare; gas treatment system; electric generation system, the control room, offices, arrester and electricity output devices. Figure 2-1 is the plane layout/ ichnography of the power plant. Figure 2-1 Plane Layout of the Power Plant d24nglor lkld mil 2.2 Raw materialsand processes flow In the project the landfill gas is used as a fuel for internal combustion engines to produce electricity. There is a flare for the combustion of excess gas and for use during equipment down times. And the amount of methane gas produced is primarily dependent on the composition of litter (organic  matter content), moisture content, temperature, pH value, nutrients, garbage density and particles, covering, etc. The ratio of methane gas in landfill gas is about 50%, as shown in the table below of the typical gas composition of landfill gas. Table 2-1 Typical Composition of LandfillGas (%) Shuangkou Sanitation Landfill receivesabout 1,500 tons of waste per day. By now, about 1.5 million tons of waste was in place. By the end of 2006 the waste in place is expected to be 2.3 million tons. Based on the conditions of the landfillsite, the methaneemission can be calculated usingthe Landfill Gas Emissions model. the collection efficiency is about 70%. The following table shows the amount of methaneto be collected in the following 10 years. Table 3-2 Methaneemission calculateion The main engineering design of the power plant focuses on seven systems, including technological innovation system of landfill processes, landfill gas collection system, gas purification system, combustion power generation system, online electrical system, controlling system and combustion system. The systems will be modularized and automated by computers. Among these systems,the power generationsystem is the most important -- I I can be divided into gas collection system, purification and pressure system, combustion power generation system and electronic gas incorporated network. The process is shown in the figure (Figure 3-1) below.  Figure 3-1 technical process 2.3 Pollutant source analysis 2.3.1 Major Pollutant sources The project is an environmental improvement project; however, in the phase of construction and operation, it will inevitably bring minor adverse environmental impacts. The main sources of pollution in the period of operation are: major pollutants, SO2and NO2,dischargedby the combustionof gas generator units. And noise pollution when machinery, such as generators, pumps and air blower is at work. The main sources of pollution in the period of construction are noises and ..". Construction machinery includes bulldozers, loaders and excavators.  2.3.2 Major pollutants In the link of collection, purification, power generation and combustion, SO2 and NO2 resulting from the combustion of landfill gas after power generation are the major new pollutants. The main components of landfill gas are methane gas, carbon dioxide, and trace gases including ammonia, nitrogenand sulphide. Although the purificationprocessbeforethe gas is burnt will remove part of the sulphides, a small amount of SO2and NO2will still be emitted. Noise coming from operating machinery like generators, pumps and air blowers is another major pollutant. 2.4 Environmental identificationand screening Based on the above identification of the main sources of pollution and major pollutants, it can be seen that this evaluationshould focus on the levelof impact made by combustiongenerationunits on the environmentalelements. It should be taken into account that the project exerts much more positive influences on the environment compared with minor adverse impacts on air quality and sound environment. Thus, the matrix of the environmental elements identification (Table 3-4) is established as follows. Inthe table, figure 1representsthe general adverseeffects,2 representsa slight negativeimpact and figure 3 represents improvement. Table 3 4 Matrix of the environmental elements identification Natural environment Surface water quality 2 Noise environment 1 V 3 Air quality 3 Ecological environment Vegetation 3 Terraneous organism 3 Landscape 1 Social environment Industrialdevelopment 2  Transportation 2 Agriculture development 3 Life quality City development 3 Public health 3 Living standard 3 Among the above environmental impacts, the project has a positive impact on ecological environment, social environment and quality of life in varying degrees. It only has some adverse influences on sound environment. As for the impact on air quality, the project brings a substantial reduction of CH4, H2Sand NH3, but at the same time, some additional air pollutants are produced. Therefore, the assessment factors are CH4,H2S,NH3,SO2 and NO2, as well as the Leq[A] around the machinery. Chaper 3 Environmental baseline 3.1 Natural environment 3.1.1 Site location The power plant is designed to be located within Shuangkou Municipal Sanitary Landfill which lies in Shuangkou Xiang, Beichen District in Tianjin. The sanitary landfill lies next to the boundary of Beichen District and Wuqing County in the north and has a distance of 1.2 kilometers away from Jingfu Road in the east. About I.5kilometers away from the area, there lay Anguang Qu, while 900 meters away from it is the Jingbao Highway. In addition, Jinyong highway is only 1 kilometer north to the landfill, and no building can be found .NS & . IS on the right, the transportation around the landfill site is really convenient and the entire site occupies an area of 1000 Mu.  Figure 3-1 Locationof Shuangkou orcharrl orchard In addition, Shuangkou Xiang, which is in the eastern part of the landfill, has three natural villages (Shuangkou Village I ,Village I1and Village 111, and the nearest one is only 1.2 kilometer away). 2 kilometers away from the site in the southwest are Anguang Village and Houbao Village. In the northeast, 3-4 kilometers away from the site are Ping'an Village, Qianding Village and Houding Village. In Wuqing County, Yubakou Village, which is 3 kilometers north to the site, is the nearest village. The power plant is proposed to be located inside the present landfill site and occupies an area of about 1,575 square meters,which can be clearly seen from the figure below. Shuangkou Municipal Landfill site lies in a region with marine alluvial plain physiognomy. It came into being by the effect of the modem alluvial rivers  and seas. The terrain is relatively flat. Most of the areas around the landfill site lay wild. The other parts are shrubs and bushes, orchards, farmland and scattered graveyards. The topography of the entire region is plain, without many heaves. 3.1.3 Climate and Weather The landfill site lies in temperate continental climatic regions with four seasons. The average annual temperature of Beichen District is 12.9 "C. Frost-free period lasts 204 days. The average rainfall, which comes mainly in summer, gets to 485.8mm.The average annual wind speed is 2.4rn/s and south-west wind is the perennial dominant wind, while the northwest wind takes the second place. In spring, autumn and winter, the dominant wind is southwest wind, followed by the south, west and northwest wind. In summer, the dominant wind is the southeast, and sub-dominant wind is the southwest. Generally speaking, Beichen District has a stable weather condition with a low wind speed and a high-frequencyof soft wind. Such weather conditions do not lendthemselves to the diffusion of atmospheric pollutants. 3.2 Social environment 3.2.1 Divisions and population There are five natural villages near to the landfill site, namely, Shuangkou Village I , Village I1, Village 111, Anguang Village and Houchangjiabao Village. The five villages have 5085 households with a total population of 16226. The total land area of the five villages is 30,090 Mu, including 19,210 Mu of grain, 8,624 Mu of orchards, 610 Mu of fields and 1,646 Mu for other uses. The number of town-owned and village-owned enterprises is 32, with metal manufacturing, wooden furniture manufacturing, materials processing being the center.  3.2.2 Social Economy With the policy of reform and opening up and the development of market economy, Shuangkou Village, where the garbage landfill is located, has developed enormously. Take Shuangkou Village the first, the second, the third, Anguang Village and Houchagnjiabao Village for example, the agricultural output mounts to 48 million yuan and the industrial output rises to 640 million yuan. Birth rate drops year by year, and many peasants now are living in spacious and bright new houses. The conditions of primary and secondary schools, as well as the medicaltreatment have beenfurther improved. Besides, people's living standard and quality of life have been improved. Chaper 4 Background environmental quality 4.1 The environmentalstatus of study area Shuangkou Domestic Solid Waste Sanitary Landfill, with an area of 890 Mu, is consisted of two parts: landfillarea and management area. On the site, there are gatehouse, office building, subsidiary houses, landfill reservoir, a sewage treatment plant, field for drying soil, and a dedicated road for garbage-transportation vehicles. It mainly disposals part of domestic solid waste from the Heping District, Nankai District, Hebei District, Xiqing District and Beichen District. Daily consumption of electricity, water and heat of the landfill cannot be directly supplied by the surroundingarea, so, the landfill has its own transformer substation and boiler room. And a deep well is dug for the need of daily life, productionand fire control. -.-. I I1 landfill are relatively serious, whose average concentration is respectively 2.5mglm3, 0.035 mg/m3, 3.3 mglms and 0.085 mgIm3. However, only the concentration of NH3 on monitoring site exceeds the concentration limit of  "Emission Standards for Odor Pollutants"(DBI21-059-95). There is leakage collection system, rainfall drainage system and sewage treatment plant in the landfill.The sewage generated is not dischargedoutside, but is completely recycled within the site. Thus, the groundwater and surface water will not be polluted. The monitoring results of the noise at the boundary of landfill show that the environmental impact on the east boundary is relatively small. Boundary noise mainly refers to environmental noise. The respective average Leq [A] in the daytime and at night is 49.2dB and 48.ldB, both of which do not exceed the category Ill standards of the "Standards for Boundary Noise of Industrial Enterprises"(GB12348-90) (65dB by day, 55dB by night). 4.2 Background Air quality The study area for the project is situated in Beichen District. Since there is no on-site monitoring records available, background air quality of Beichen District have been assumed as extracted from Tianjin environmental quality report in 2002-2004, see table 4-1. Table 4-1 backgroundair quality in Beichen District (annual mean mglm3) Source: Tianjin environmentalquality report in 2002-2004 According to the category II standard of "Ambient Air Quality Standards" (GB3095-1996), the respective annual average concentration limits of SO2, PMIO and TSP and TSP are correspondingly 0.08 mglm3, 0.06 mg/m3,0.10 -- IS 4.uu mglm3. It can be seen that the concentration limits of several pollutants will change noticeably with seasons. SO2, PMio and TSP slightly exceed the standard. Besides, the concentration of SO2has a tendency to increase year  after year. In the year of 2004, the exceeding rate amounts to 18.2%. With the implementation of power generation plant project, the amount of CO and particles discharged directly into the air will be substantial reduced by 7O0/0, which will improvethe environmentalquality to some extent. 4.3 Ambient noise level monitoring In an hourly monitoring of boundary noise in the landfill was conducted and the result shows the average Leq [A] in the daytime and nighttime, as is shown in the table below. Table 5-2 Monitoringresults of noise at the boundary of the landfill Source: The monitoring and auditing report of Shuangkou Domestic Solid Waste Sanitary Landfill in 2005 As is shown in the table, the average Leq[A] on the monitoring site is 49.2dB in the daytime and 48.ldB at night, both of which do not exceed the category Ill standard of "Standards for Boundary Noise of Industrial Enterprises"(GB12348-90) (65dB by day, 55dB by night).  Chaper 5 Constructionphase assessment Environmental impact during construction phase is mainly from the pollution of construction noise and dust. For instance,transportation vehicles, bulldozers,loaders, excavator and other construction machineryat work might produce a big noise. However, since the power plant lies in the landfill site, there are no buildings within a distance of 1 kilometer surrounding the landfill and the impact of noise would be very small. The dust brought by transportationvehicles and constructionmachinery is too slight to exert a great environmental impact. Besides, the dust can be used to fill in the landfill. Domestic waste produced by the workers can be treated in the landfill. Generally speaking, the environmental impacts during construction period are relativelysmall. Chaper 6 Operational phase assessment 6.1 Air quality Methane is burnt to generate electricity, resulting in significant methane emission reduction. The landfill gas also includesodors such as NH3 and HzS, which will be converted into NO;! and SO2after burning. Thus the predictions include reduction of methane, NH3and H2S,emission and dispersion of SO* and NO2. 6.1.1 Methane reduction (1) Landfill gas and methaneemiss~on This step is to estimate landfill gas flow. Information from this step is of critical importance in determiningthe technical specifications of the project and in assessing its economic feasibility. There are a variety of methods, ranging  from very basic desktop estimatesto actualfield tests. We use the LandfillGas Emissions Model (LandGEM), which is an automated estimation tool with a Microsoft Excel interface that can be used to estimate emission rates for total landfill gas, methane, carbon dioxide, nonmethane organic compounds, and individualair pollutantsfrom municipalsolid waste landfills. The LandGEM uses the following first-order decomposition rate equation to estimate annual emissions over a time period. Where Q C ~=4annual methanegeneration in the year of the calculation (m31year) i = 1year time increment n = (year of the calculation) - (initialyear of waste acceptance) j = 0.1 year time increment k = methanegeneration rate 0.04 Lo = potential methanegeneration capacity (m3lMg); 70 Mi = mass of waste accepted in the ith year (Mg) tij = age of thejthsection of waste mass Miaccepted in the ithyear (decimal years) (2) Methane reduction Methane reduction=Methaneemission*70%*95% 70%: estimated methaneCollection rate 95%: estimated methane burningefficiency (3) Calculating result The calculating result is shown in table 6-1. Table 6-1 Gas emission from landfill  - The total amount of methane reduction arrives at 39.9 thousand tons. 6.1.2 Reduction of odors According to the monitoring reports of Shuangkou landfill, the average concentrations of NH3 and H2S are 3.3 mg/m3and 0.085mg/m3. The following is the chemical equation of H2S in the LFG purification system: 3 H , S + Fe,O, + Fe,S, + 5H,O The reducing efficiency of H2S can amount to 50% at least, and the concentration reduction of H2S after the implementation of the project can amount to: Odor concentration and odor intensity (PO) can be calculated by the following formula: actual concentration or predicted concentration A = odor threshold The odor threshold of H9S is 0.0007 malm3. It is calculated that its Pn is 3.08 before the implementationof the project. The value of Pofalls to 2.63 after the implementation of the project, which is 15% less than 3.08.The feeling of odor will change from apparent to weak. In addition, the odor intensity at the villages 1 km away from the landfill can be greatly reduced after attenuation, -19-  whose impactswill be very small. Table 6-2 Odor intensitylevel and correspondingtable feeling description The change of the NH3intensity can be calculated in the same way. The odor threshold of NH3is 0.026 mg/m3.It is predicted that the odor intensity after the implementationof the project is 2.90, with a reductionof 0.20 from the original value (3.10). In a word, the feeling of odor will be weaker after the implementation of this project,which would improvethe air quality in some degree. 6.1.3 SO2and NO2emission The source intensity of SO2 and NO2 from the chimney is shown in the table below, according to data provided by the designing institute. Table 6-3 Emission parametersfor pollutants We use the Environmental Impact Assessment Assistant Special for Air 2.5 recommended by SEPA. to calculate pollutant dispersion. The main n I r DominantWind Direction: Southwest (SW) Wind Speed: 2.4mIs Gas emission rate: 510 0 ~ r n ~ l h  For each pollutant, we discuss its dispersion under different atmospheric stability (B, C, Dl and E). The calculating result is displayed in table 6-4 Table 6-4 Dispersion modelingresult of air pollutants Note: "Con" stands for pollutant concentration; "Dis" stands for distance from the emission source. The stability class D has the highest frequency (41%) in Beichen District, followed by class E (30%). Class C and B representrelatively low frequencies, 14%and 13% respectively. The areas of maximum impact under stability 6,C and D are within 300m from the plant site, and representa very small area of land (around 4000m2).The nearest village is more than 1100m away, where pollutant concentrations are quite low, less than 1% of the background concentrations (SO20.062 mg/ m3,NO20.057mgl m3).At the stability class El it can be seen from the table that the impact is even smaller. In a word, the negative effects of SO2and NO2on the air quality are small. 6.1.4 Conclusion About 39.9 thousand tons of methane will be reduced during the project period. The odor intensity level above the landfill area will change from apparent to weak. Emissions of SO2 and NO2will increase slightly, but will bring very small harmful environmental impact. The project's overall impact is - 21 -  positive on air quality. 6.2 Noise 6.2.1 Noise sources intensity The noise sources of this project are some equipmentsuch as blower and condensate pump.The noise sources intensity is about 85-95dB (A) . 6.2.2 Forecast model (1)Equationof sound source superposition Where: L,-superposition of the n noise sources, dB(A); L i p n o i s e level of the No. n noise source, dB(A). (2) Noise attenuation: Where:L'mf(ro)-the typeA noise pressurelevelof the referencesite, dB; L~(r)-the type A noise pressure level of the place r m away from the noise resource, dB; -Added attenuationvalue; r-the distance from the noise source site to the effected site, m. (3)Added attenuationvalue by the shield effect of the wall, plant and other things.  6.2.3 Environmental noise prediction (1) Predictionof noise sources intensity Due to adding some new equipment, includinga blower, a vacuum pump, a gas-liquid separator, a pneumatic conveying pump, a condensate pump and a dynamo and so on, which will produce much noise, the noise pollutionon the landfill boundary will be more serious. Assuming the noise level of each machine is 95dB (A), it can be predicted that the total noise level would be 103.5 dB (A) accordingto the formula of noise superposing. (2) Predictionof noise attenuation The result of noiseforecast is presented in table 6-5. Table 6-5 Results of noise prediction Predicted Distance Impact Background noise Superposition with site from the noise level dB(A) background noise noise level level dB(A) sources dB@) daytime nighttime daytime nighttime Boundary 100 53.5 49.2 48.1 54.9 54.6 of landfill Category 111standard of 65 55 - - GBl2348-90 6.2.4 Noise impact assessment It is predicted that the noise impact of new equipment, in the case of highest noise sources intensity and lowest shield, can be reduced to 53.5 dB after being attenuated. The total noise value at the boundary of the landfill is 54.9 dB in the daytime and 54.6 dB at night. Both can meet the category Ill standard of "Standard of noise at boundary of industrial enterprises" (GB12348-go), which is 65dB in day time and 55dB at night. In addition, there is no building nearer than Ikm distant from the power plant. As a result, the noise impact on adjacent area would be very small.  6.3 Surface water environmental impact assessment Before the LFG being combusted, it shall be purified first. The droplets with large diameter and the fine particulars in LFG are removed when the LFG go through the condenser, precipitator and gas-liquid separator. The liquor condensates removed are then sent to the sewage disposal system of the landfill. All the water after being treated is entirely recycled in the landfill, for instance, by serving as toilet flushing, greening, or being pumped to the landfill. Rainwater drainage system is designed to collect the rainwater on-site, including landfill, field of drying soil and so on. The water collected is discharged to Anguang Channel which is 1.5km away from the landfill in the south, and then enters Yongqing Channle whose water is used for agricultural irrigation. Since there is a 3 meterthick overlying soil over the landfillsurface and an impervious barrier at the bottom of the landfill, those landfill pollutants are not easy to enter into the channel together with rainwater. In addition, all treated water from the sewage disposal plant is entirely recycled,so the overall impact of Shuangkou landfill and power plant on water quality is very small. 6.4 Environmental risk analysis I The methane gas in the construction project is flammable. The storage I capacity of the storage cabinet to be built is smaller than the critical amount of ~~ the storage area. According to the assessmentgrade of "Technical Guidelines for Environmental Risk Assessment on Projects" (HJTT169-2004), the risk I source term analysis, a brief analysis of accidents should be made and appropriate preventive, meditative and emergency measures should be proposed.  According to the characteristicsof the project and environmentalfeatures, the results of environmentalrisk identificationof this project are: (1) The risk in the process of the collection,transportation and storage of LFG; (2) Leakageof LFG. The environmentalrisk can be assessedas follows: R = P x C Where:R -risk; P-probability of accidents; C-accident hazards. The greater the probability of accidents is, the more serious consequences will be caused. 6.4.1 Fire and explosion risk analysis The main raw material of the project is LFG which contains approximately 50% of CH4. The explosion limit of CH4in the air is 5-15% (volume ratio) or 33-100glm3, whose spontaneous combustion temperature is 595 centigrade and explosion level is Grade 1. In addition, with a smallest igniting capability of 0.28 millijoule, CH4is a kind of an extremely flammable gas. In the recycling process of LFG, any system failures may result in sluggish flow of air, which will lead to a high concentrationof CH4in partial areas. And there would be an explosion risk. 6.4.2Leakage risk analysis LFG contains about 50% of CH4,together with NH3, H2S,CO, N2 and a little volatile organic substance (VOCs). The diffusion modulus of CH4 is , bh nlI 14 and H2S are mephitic substance. Therefore, once the leakage happens, it will bring great harm to both the environment and personal safety. Leakage often occurs in somejoint betweeneach container or component  and pipes, or in some interface between systems and equipment. In the systems of collection, purification and combustion, different types of gases leakage may occur with different equipment, such as broken leakage, joints leakage, connecting part damage, lid leakage, and pipeline leakage. In similar LFG recycling projects, flammable gases are likely to leak from these places, causing environmentalpollution, even fires and explosions. Once LFG leaks, CH4 is likely to accumulate in the areas with poor ventilation conditions.Thus, the concentrationof CH4in the workplace must be strictly controlled. In the air of equipment buildings, the concentration of CH4 must be kept below 1.25%. This is what the Act 1008 in RCRA prescribes. Since there is no control standard for CH4 in China by far, the prescriptions in RCRA can be equivalentlyapplied. 6.4.3Risk analysis of fire source The minimum ignition energy of CH4 is 0.28 millijoule. When the concentrationof CH4 reaches a certain level, a lit dog-end or an electric spark may be dangerous enough to cause fires and explosions. Therefore,the risk of fires will rise if fireproof work is not done properly. I Chaper 7 Mitigation measures I It can be concluded from the above environmental impact assessment I that the project aims to improve environmental conditions, but both the I 1 construction phase and operational phase would generate noise, atmospheric I explosion during the phase of LFG collection, transport and storage. Besides, I LFG spills may also occur and result in unexpected environmental pollution,so it is very necessary to take appropriate mitigation measures.  7.1 Mitigationmeasures during construction phase 7.1.1 Mitigation measures on air pollution The main air pollutants during construction phase may be the large amount of dusts. The environmental protection measures are recommended as follows: @ Construction site and road with heavy construction trucks shall be sprayed with water at least twice a day regularly for suppression, and more sprays shall be applied to prevent dust in windy or dry days. @ Speed of transport vehicles shall be limited in the landfill areas, and the road shall be cleaned and sprayed in time. @ Make sure the vehicles are usedfor the transportationof raw materials which easily generate dust such as cement, and avoid those materials from being exposed to an open air by deliveringthem directly to storehouse. 7.1.2 Mitigation measures on noise pollution The following noise preventionways are suggestedto make on-site noise level meet the standardsof "Noise limits for constructionsite" (GBI2523-90). aScientific construction plan shall be made so that the noise can be suppressed. Try to avoid simultaneous work of construction equipment generating high levels of noise, and additionally, add their daytime work hours so as to reduce the noise volume at night. @ Proper layout of the constructionsite provesto be of great importance. Several powered mechanicalequipment shall be place at different site to avoid @I Low-noised equipment should be chosen and mufflers shall be installed at the blowers. For example, HF triturator, and hydraulic machinery can be used to replace the fuel machinery, and vibration components of  engines can be isolated to reduce their noise. Besides, regular preventive maintenance shall be done to keep the equipment in good condition and therefore to reduce their noise, idle equipment should also be kept closed. @ reduce man-made noise levels Operate mechanical equipment strictly under instructions. Also comply with operating regulations to reduce collision noise during templates and structure disassembly process. Minimize the use of whistle, bell, and command with modernways instead. @ set uptemporary sound barriers Mechanical equipment fixed in certain place should be operated inside lookums if possible. Where it is impossible, the idea of setting up sound barriersat certain directions should be considered. 7.2 Mitigation measures during operational phase 7.2.1 Mitigation measures on air pollution @ Once a breakdown occurs or an overhaul is needed in the combustion-and-generation system, all the LFG must be drown into combustion system. There may be otherwise an explosion or fire. @ Enhance the management of collection, power generation and combustionsystem so that any abnormal condition can be handled in time. @ Green plants play an important role in purifying air and beautify the surroundings, and serve as landscape improvementand emotionaladjustment, which correspondingly reduces security incidents caused by human factors. The project has a designed greening rate of 40%. In the selection of harmful gases are strongly suggested, such as gingko, locust tree, and weeping willow. @I portabledrypowderfireextinguishersforoccurrenceoffire Prepare  accident in accordance with relevant regulations. @ If the height of the chimney could be raised to 30m, the maximum impact would be reduced approximately by half. So this is an effective way to lower the impact of SO2. @ The SO2 emission is calculated on the assumption that all sulfide is emitted into the air without any desulphurization measure. If any desulphurization measure could be taken, the SO2 emission can be greatly reduced by 85% at least. 7.2.2 Mitigation measures on noise pollution @ Fit shock absorber and silencer for generator, blower and condensation, and another sound insulation board shall be installed if necessary. @ Vibrators with absorbing base and flexible conjunction shall be applied to reduce the noise. @ The distributionof the whole plant should be designed according to the general layout of the power plant and noise orientation, besides, the relative sound barriers effect of building and the absorbing effect of green plants shall be taken into account. 7.2.3 Mitigation measures on water pollution @ Examine pipelines carrying Condensate of LFG regularly to prevent leakage and erosion. @ Employ membranoustreatment inthe wastewater treatment plant,with thn aim tn improve thn g u y nf treated t h a t n be used as so irrigation water.  7.2.4 Prevention and control measures for accidents Environmental risks in this project mainly include fire, explosion, and leakage of LFG. These accidents won't happenwhen the machinery are under working order, but operational mistake, disobeying the rules, and mismanagement can all increase the probability of accidents. There are several ways to minimizethe environmentalrisks as follows: An authoritative risk management system shall be established, whose responsibility is to develop risk prevention measures and put forward ways to deal with emergency in advance. It is also responsiblefor the plant's daily risk management. @ Smoking is forbidden in the plant, try to eliminate the possibility of existence of any sparkle and cut off the current of LFG immediatelywhen fire occurs. @ Install corresponding electrical equipment and lamps at different parts of the plant in strict accordance with the level of environmental risks. Choose safety-ensured type of electrical equipment to avoid fire caused by electrical sparks. he pressure system and piping equipment shall be equipped with correspondingsafety valve or guard. Inthis projectthe pressuresystem should strictly comply with the "regulations for monitoring of pressure vessel security technologies". @ Besides the automatic control system, an additional manual control system is needed to ensure that the control valve, operational keys, conditioners, or other device can be readily activated manually when there are automatic control system malfunctions. L t : accumulating in low-position may block the gas's free flow. A good way of prevention is the establishment of regular inspection and maintenancesystem, the preparation of routine pipeline maintenance tools, plumbing materials, - 30 -  spare parts, etc. Mechanical ventilation facilities shall be installed at generating room and operating room and controlling room should be separate from generating room. At places with highfire risks, it is suggested that safety signs and signals be set up. @ Ensure the strict implementation of the "architectural fire norms" and other relevant provisions, set an automatic warning system in accordancewith relevant requirements. @ Install a corresponding emergency lighting at accident prone places, and prepare necessary incident response apparatus such as first-aid kit and drugs. @ Electricity for fire fighting should be supplied by a separate circuit in order to ensure the reliability of electricity for all facilities under emergency. In addition, lightningarrester or lightningrod would be used to protect the blower room and other structures from lightningstrike. Chaper 8 EnvironmentalManagement Program Although this is an environmentally beneficial project, there exist some problems that can negatively affect the environment. During the construction phase,there will be construction dust and noise; during the operational phase, some pollutants will be discharged into the air. To ensure the minimum impact on the environment during the construction phase and the maximum environmental benefits duringthe operation, the nationaland localgovernment will conduct the management of the "Three Simultaneousness". At the same time. the Environmental Manaaement of Project must be strenathened and special programs to protectthe environment must be established. The Environmental Management of Project requires that the design, constructionand operation of a project must follow the relevant environmental  protection laws, regulations and standards set by national and local governments. Furthermore, it is recommendedthat the suggestions above be taken into account to mitigate negative environmental impacts. It is also of great importance to maintain the good performance of environmental protectionfacilities. EMP includes developing a capacity building scheme of the organization, specifying duties of various authorities, making an operational schedule, the objects and contentsof supervision, the procedureof reporting,the investment and source of funds and so on. During the construction and operation, supervision and guidance from the environmental protection department of Tianjin are important parts of environmental management. Cooperation with the government department is needed to finish the examination of Three Simultaneousness. Besides appropriate techniques, good design and construction, daily monitoring, strict management and a detailed monitoring plan are also important in achieving the goal of minimizing negative impact on the environment. 8.1 Environmental management The Clean Energy and Environmental Engineering Co. Ltd of Tianjin (CEEE) is in charge of the construction, operation, and management of the project. The environmental management consists of working out the environmental protection program, developing regulations of environment protection management, supervising the pollution controlling measures of the power plant, submitting reports on environmental monitoring to the env OTrne senlor departmentto its branches and watching over the execution.  8.1.1 Environmental management plan The environmental management penetrates each stage of the whole project, from the research on feasibility of the project and the initial design, to the constructionand operation. (I) offeasibilityresearch Stage During the feasibility research, the construction authority (CEEE) should be responsible for developing an environmental impact report and an environmental managementplan. Then it submits these to the World Bank and national or local environmental protection department and waits for their examination and approval. (2) Stage of projectdesign CEEE should include the environmental protection measures mentioned inthe report in both the initial designof the project and the investment budge. (3) Stage of inviting public biddingfor the equipment CEEE should provide to the contractors specific environmental requirements of the equipment. Contractors with high qualification for environmental management and achievement in the environmental protection shall be considered first. The contract should clearly list the content of environmental protection. A detailed program to protect the environment should be made after the contractor wins the bidding. The program, together with the construction schedule should be submitted to the management department of the project and the environmental authority. The construction can not be carriedout untilthe approval arrives. (4) Stage of construction The construction authority should make sure that the construction is carried out strictly in accordance with the designed requirements.They should also avoid unexpected environmental problems due to mal-construction. (5) Stage of completion the power plant can not be put into operation untilthe facilityfor pollutants  purification, monitoring wells and other environmental protection facilities are checked, approved, and ready to be put into use. (6) Stage of operation CEEE should set up a special department, the Environmental Protection Section, and equip it with specialists whose duty is responsible for daily environmental management during the operation and to make sure that the facilities are performingwell, as is designed earlier. 8.1.2Management authorities and their responsibilities The environmental management authorities throughout the whole process of construction and operation include governments of different levels, special authorities such as PMO of the World Bank, the Environmental Protection Bureau of Tianjin, Environment Protection Bureau of Beichen District, the construction company (CEEE). All the authorities and their respective responsibilitiesare shown in the following table:  (2)Assign one professionalspecializing in environmentalprotectionto supervisethe implementationof EMP (2) Check the environmental monitoring report (3) Organizethe examination of Three Simultaneousnessof the environmental protectionfacilities Qualified Commissionedby CEEEto conduct the environmentalmonitoringand auditing during the constructionand operational phase environmental monitoringstation CEEE (1) Prepare EIA report and EMP (2) Carry out EMP. (3) Providefunds for regular and random environmentalcheckups.  These authorities can fall into three categories: management authority, supervision authority and executant. (1)Managementauthority *:* In this project, the management authority primarily refers to Tianjin PMO of the World Bank. Its main duties are: *:* Developinga general execution plan of the project *:* Coordinating tasks between different sections on environmental monitoringand management *:* Providingguidance on environmental managementto CEEE *:* Submitting reports on state of environmental protection to the World Bank *:* Ensuring funds are available for environmental protection in the total budget of the project. (2) Supervisionauthority The supervision authority refers to Environmental Protection Bureau of Tianjin and that of Beichen District *:* Organizing relevant authorities to carry out the environmental protection measures. *:* Checking and approving the environmentalimpact report. *:* Supervisingthe executionof environmentalprotection regulations. *:* Managing environmental actions through the whole process of project construction; checking how environmental protection measures are going on during the operational phase. *:* Reportingto the senior authority and related government departments the implementationof environmental protectionmeasures. (3)The executant The executantof EMP is CEEE, whose main duties are: *:* Developingthe feasibility research report, environmentalimpact report and implementationplan of the project; *:* Larrylng out tne environmental protection measures m e m e environmental impact report; executing environmental laws and regulations, accepting the supervision from the World Band and environmentalauthoritiesof various levels. *:* Ensuring the proper use of environmental protection funds and good  performance of environmental facilities during the operation; establishing files on environmental protection and submitting reports to managementauthorities. *:* Signing contract with the environmental monitoring station to make sure that the monitoring plan can be carried out regularly;reporting to the World Bank and the Environmental Protection Bureau the monitoring result and execution of the EMP during the construction and operation. *:* Providingfunds for regular and random environmentalcheckups. 8.2 The environmental monitoringplan Environmental monitoring is an effective way of carrying out the project management. It is a symbol of standardized management of the project and the complete set of facilities. The mainobjects for monitoring inthis project are TSP and noise in both constructionand operational phase. CEEE should appoint a qualified environmental monitoring station to carry out the daily monitoringtask. The power plant has to cooperate with the sanitary landfill and other authorities to fulfill the monitoring plan. The monitoring plan is specified as follows: (1)The ambient air quality *:* Monitoring site: within 10 meters from the boundary of the landfill; or set up a sampling spot on the side boundary of the plant down-wind and on the boundary where there is malodor; the gas discharging vertical wells have been built in the landfill area. 43 ltems to be monitored: TSP, CH4, NH3, H2S, density of malodor, Son. NO2 *:* Frequency of monitoring: twice every month; take a sample every 2 hours each time and take four samples altogether. *:* Methods of monitoring: methods regulated in the Ambient Air Quality Standards (683095-1996 (2) The acoustic environment *:* ltems to be monitored:equivalentA Weighted Sound Pressure Level 43 Monitoring site: I meter away from the source of sound; 1 meter from the landfill boundary.  *:* Time and frequency: once very three months; each time conducting the monitoringduring the daytime and at night. Chaper 9 Public consultation There would be many impacts on the living and working of Shuangkou residents since the implement of landfill gas power generation project. According to the "Circular to Strengthen the Environmental Protection of Construction Projects Supported by Oversees Investment"(Huanjian No.324), a public participationshall be neededto hear the voices of the public about the project of landfillgas power generation. The public consultation of the power generation project was conducted mainly through questionnaire surveys of the residents around, combined with individual interviews of non-government environmental protection organizations. (1)The result of the questionnaire surveys is presentedin table 10-1. Table 10-1 Results of public participation of the landfill gas power generation project in Shuangkou sanitary landfill of Tianjin Results % L items no big general little other impact The impactsof Shuangkou Sanitary 33.3 66.7 Landfillon your life quality? The impactsof Shuangkou Sanitary 100 Landfillgas on air quality? The effects of Shuangkou Sanitary Landfill Gas Power Generation 100 Projecton air quality? Landfill Gas Power Generation Project on economic development of Shuannkou? ITthe effects of Landfill Gas PowerI 1 66.7 1 33.3 1  Generation Project of Shuangkou Sanitary Landfill on improving the life quality? Do you agree with Shuangkou Strongly Strongly indiffer Agree Oppose Sanitary Landfill Gas Power agree agree ent , Generation Project? 66.7 33.3 The statistics of the questionnaire shows that 100% of people surveyed agree with the implementationof the power generation project, 66.7% of which strongly support the project. Meanwhile, all the persons think that the power generation project will have significant effects on improving air quality and half of them consider that the project will be beneficialto economic development of Shuangkou area. (2) In addition, we also interviewed some members of a non-government environmental protection organization(NG0)-"Friends of Green" about the Shuangkou project. "Friends of Green" is the first civil environmentalprotection organization founded in Tianjin, with a mission of "advocate green civilization, the practice of green activism, pursuit of sustainable development, and harmonious green earth together", which devotes to the work of public environmental education all the time. On the basis of the public consultation results, a detailed EA was conducted covering all public concerns. Environmental mitigation measures are proposed in the EA and EMP to address the public concerns. Chaper 10 Conclusions and suggestions 1. This project has been successful in encouraging and facilitating the development of environmentally and economically sound LFG energy with the clean development mechanism (CDM), one of the two project-based flexible mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol (KP1997), whose aim is to reduce greenhousegas emissions or to remove carbonfrom the atmosphere.  2. The power plant is to be located within the landfill site, without occupying additional land area. The nearest construction is more than 1 km away from the plant site, so the environmental impacts of noise generated by vehicles or engines, and dust raised during construction phase are relatively small. 3. About 39.9 thousand tons of methane will be reduced in the project period; the odor intensity level above the landfill area will change from apparent to weak, but emissions of SO2 and NO2 into the air will increase slightly. The project's overall impact is positive on air quality. 4. Wastewater such as condensate in the power plant will be delivered to the landfill's own sewage treatment plant, and will be completely recycled inside the landfill, without discharging into the environment. The landfill also has separate filtrate collection system and drainage system. All of these can help ensure that the implementationof the project won't bring new pollutionto the groundwater and surface water. 5. Although this is an environmentally beneficial project, the construction and operation process will inevitably produce atmospheric pollutants, noise, wastewater and other environmental pollutants. It is necessary to establish mitigation measures to reduce harmful environmental impacts to the lowest level, and prevention and control measures to guard against environmental risks. 6. Develop a detailed and effective environmental management plan (EMP), in which the responsibility for each section is clearly specified. An environmental monitoring plan should also be proposed so that the potential environmental impact during construction and operation phase can be monitored regularly and whenever necessary. 7. Conclusionsfrom the public participation All of the public surveyed and the NGO members support the Shuangkou power generation project. The statistics of the questionnaire shows that 100% of people surveyed agree with the implementation of the power generation  project, 66.7% of which strongly support the project. Meanwhile, all the persons think that the power generation project will have significant effects on improvingair quality and half of them consider that the projectwill be beneficial to economic developmentof Shuangkou area.  b . * Public Consultation Questionnaireof Landfill Gas Power Generation Project in Shuangkou Sanitary Landfill of Tianjin Shuangkou Sanitary Landfill lies in Beichen District of Tianjin, the total storage of which can amount to 9 million m3.It can dispose 2700t domestic solid wastes per day and is designed with a service period of 15 years at least. The Shuangkou landfill was put into operation in 2001, which has accepted 1.5 million domestic solid wastes of Tianjin by now. In order to reduce the greenhouse effects and negative effects on air quality due to emission of the landfill gas, the Clean Energy and Environmental Engineering Co. Ltd of Tianjin is going to invest RMB 19 million in constructing the project of recycling landfill gas and generating electric-power. This project will collect the sanitary landfill gas from Shuangkou Sanitary Landfill of Tianjin to generate electric-power. The electric generating plant is designed to be built in Shuangkou landfill without expropriating new lands. It is predicted that the electric-power output can amount to 87.5 thousand kw and Elgeneral(+-) O l i t t l e ( + - ) Elgeneral(+-) E l l i t t l e ( + - ) Ono impact Onot sure Ogeneral(+-) O l i t t l e ( + - ) qstrongly agree agree qoppose strongly oppose -42-  Note: 1.please fill the blanks of your name, address, occupation and so on in details, and answer each question by mark a "d" on the item you agree with. If you select "other", please give a special explanation. 2. You can attach another piece of paper with what you want to say special on. 3. Please ask the staff if you have any question.   Annex 6: Background Air Quality of Beichen District The following four tables show the monitoring data of ambient air quality in Beichen district from 2002 to 2004. Table 8-1NO2monthly average concentration Unit: mg/m3 - - Note: the exceeding rate= days of which the daily average concentration exceeds the standard1365 A1:average concentration in heating seasons A2: average concentration in non-heating seasons A3: yearly average concentration Data source: environmental quality reports of Tianjin in 2002-2004 Table 8-2 SO2 monthly average concentration Unit: mg/m3  Table 8-3 Particulatesmonthly average concentration Unit: mg/m3 Table 8-4 CO average concentrationin every quarter   Annex C: The monitoring and auditing report of Shuangkou Sanitary Landfill in 2005 1. Monitoring results of unorganizeddischargeof pollutants (1) Meteorological parameter Table C-I Meteorologicalparameter i!@ sunnv SW 2.1 6 101.6 (2) Monitoring results of TSP at the boundaryof the landfill Table C-2 Monitoring resultsof TSP at the boundary of the landfill Reference Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring site I# site 2# site 3# site 4# mg/m3 mglm3 mg/m3 mg/m3 2005-12-07 I 0.025 0.038 0.040 0.034 Istperiod 2 0.031 0.035 0.037 0.030 3 0.020 0.032 0.035 0.028 Max 0.031 0.038 0.040 0.034 2005-12-08 1 0.022 0.035 0.029 0.033 2nd period 2 0.024 0.032 0.027 0.031 3 0.027 0.031 0.030 0.028 Max 0.027 0.035 0.030 0.033 . (3) Monitoringresultsof CH4at the boundaryof the landfill Table C-3 Monitoringresultsof CH4 at the boundary of the landfill 1 Reference ( Monitoring ( Monitoring I Monitoring  site I # site 2# site 3# site 4# mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 2005-12-07 I 2.51 3.37 3.65 3.12 Istperiod 2 2.73 3.07 2.82 3.26 3 2.62 2.94 2.54 3.53 Ih,Average 2.62 2.13 3.00 3.30 2005-12-08 1 2.90 3.09 1.67 1.84 2nd period 2 2.35 1.91 1.40 2.30 - --- - 3 1.54 2.03 2.12 2.60 Ih,Average 2.26 2.61 1.73 2.25 (4) Monitoring results of odor pollutantsat the boundary of the landfill Table C-4 Monitoringresults of odor pollutants at the boundary of the landfill 2005-12-07 Ist period 2005-12-08 2nd period R site M site M site M site R site M site M site M site -- Note: a. "Rsite" means "referencesite", "M site" means "monitoringsite". b. The minimumdetectablelevel is 0.25 mg/m3,and "L" stands for "lower than the minimum detectable level". Table C-5 Monitoringresults of odor pollutants at the boundaryof the landfill ole: K slle means--rererencesire-, %I I 1 (5) Monitoring results of odor concentrationat the boundary of the landfill  Table C-6 Monitoring results of odor concentration at the boundary of the landfill Note: "R site" means "reference site", "M site" means "monitoring site". 2. Monitoring'results of ground water quality (1)Monitoring results of shallow ground water quality Table C-7 Monitoring results of shallow ground water quality 7.25 non dimension 7.46 non dimension 0.103mgll 0.148 mgll 0.341 mgll 0.654 mgll 0.290 mgll 0.273 mgll 0.002 mgll 0.002 mgll 0.004L 0.004L 17.5ugIl 5.4ugll 0.01L 0.01L 0.004L 0.004L 920mgll 435 mgll 2.0ugll 5.38ugll 2.65mgll 1.02mgll 0.1Ougll 0.IOugll 2.36 mgll 0.32 mgll 0.64 mgll 0.74 mgll 3020 mgll 1190 mgll 10.2mall 3.08uoll 240 mgll 20 Note: a. The unit of "total bacterial count" is CFUlml, and that of "total coliform - 50 -  group1'is MPNIL. b. "L" stands for "lower than the minimum detectable level". (2)Monitoringresultsof deep ground water quality Table C-8 Monitoring results of deep ground water quality Monitoring sites W I # W 2# W 3# PH 8.01 non 8.21 non 8.40 non dimension dimension dimension Ammonia nitrogen 0.025L 0.025L 0.113L Nitratenitrogen 0.051 mgll 0.044 mgll 0.041 mgll Nitritenitrogen 0.003L 0.003L 0.003L Volatile phenols 0.002 mgll 0.002 mgll 0.002 mgll Cyanide 0.004L 0.004L 0.004L As 36.5ugll 19.4ugll 21.4ugll Hg 0.01ugll 0.01ugll 0.001ugll Cr (+6) 0.004L 0.004L 0.004L Total hardness 34.2 mgll 35.9 mgll 33.1 mgll Pb 2.Ougll 2.0ugll 2.Ougll Fluoride 2.45 mgll 3.46 mgll 2.92 mgll Gd 0.1Ougll 0.1Ougll 0.lOugll Fe 0.03 mgll 0.06 mgll 0.03 mgll Mn 0.01 mgll 0.01 mgll 0.11 mgll Dissolvedtotal solid 490 mgll 480 mgll 500 mgll Permanganate 1.82 mgll 1.15 mgll 1.25 mgll index sulphate 30.6 mgll 61.6 mgll 48.7 mgll chloride 52.8 mgll 96.9 mgll 47.9 mgll Total coliformgroup <20 <20 <20 Total bacterialcount 27 4 5 Note: a. The unit of "total bacterial count" is CFUlml, and that of "total coliform group" is MPNIL. b. "L" stands for "lower than the minimum detectable level". -- --- --- -- -- -- c. " W stands for "watertransfer well", "W I#" Shuangkou Production is in Brigade Two, "W 2# is in Anguang, "W 3 # is in Shuangkou Clothing Factory.  3.Monitoringresults of noise at the boundary of the landfill Table C-9 Monitoringresults of noise at the boundaryof the landfill 4. Analysis of monitoring results (1)Analysis of unorganizeddischarge pollutantsmonitoringresults @ TSP: The maximum concentrationsof every monitoringsite in both daytime and night are lower than those of "Standard for pollution control on the landfill site for domestic waste" (GB16889-1997). @ Nonmethane hydrocarbon: The hourly average concentrations of all sites in two time periods are lower than those of "integrated emissionstandard of air pollutants"(GB/TI6297-1996). @ H2S: The maximum concentrations of every monitoring site in two time periods can meet "Emission standards for odor pollutants" (DBI21-059-95). 0-NK3Shem a x i r n m - e o n e e n t ~ & i o n S O f w ~ m o ~ M g M ~ ~ - - - -- 4 -- time periods exceed "Emission standards for odor pollutants" (DB121-059-95),while those of every reference sites can meet the standard.  @ Odor: The maximumof the odor concentrationof referencesite I#, monitoring site 2#, 4# in-1st period, and monitoring site 3#, 4# exceed "Emission standardsfor odor pollutants"(DBI21-059-95). a. The main cause of a standard-exceeding concentration is a large area of open land and the instantaneous emission from composted manure of farmland and dung of livestock. b. Both of the maximumodor concentrationof monitoringsite 3# in 1st period and that of monitoring site 2# in 2nd period meet "Emission standardsfor odor pollutants" (DBI21-059-95). (2)Analysis of shallow groundwaterquality monitoring result @ the sample concentrations of nitrite nitrogen, total hardness, fluoride, Fe, total dissolved solid, permanganate index, Sulphate, Chloride, total coliform group in shallow groundwater well I # exceed the standards, while the concentrations of other items attain the category IV standard of "Quality standard for groundwater" (GBlT14848-93). @ Monitoring results of standard-exceeding pollutants in deep groundwater well I # are presented in table C-10. Table C-10 Monitoring results of standard-exceedingpollutantsin deep groundwaterwell I# Note: the unit of "total coliform group" is MPNIL. - 53 -  A. Nitrite nitrogen: The background concentration doesn't exceed the limit, while the sample concentrationexceeds the limit. B. Total hardness: The background concentration doesn't exceed the limit, while the sample concentrationexceeds the limit. C. Fluoride: The background concentration doesn't exceed the limit, while the sample concentrationexceeds the limit. D. Fe: The background concentrationdoesn't exceed the limit, while the sample concentrationexceeds the limit. E. Total dissolved solid: The background concentration doesn't exceedthe limit, while the sample concentrationexceeds the limit. F. Permanganate index: Both the background and sample concentrationsexceed the limit. G. Sulphate: The backgroundconcentration doesn't exceed the limit, while the sample concentrationexceeds the limit. H. Chloride: The background concentration doesn't exceed the limit, while the sample concentrationexceeds the limit. I. Total coliform group: Both the background and sample values exceed the limit. The items in shallow ground water well 2# meet the category IV standard of "Quality standard for groundwater" (GBTr14848-93), except the nitrite nitrogen. @ Monitoring results of standard-exceeding pollutants - nitrite nitrogen in shallow groundwaterwell are presented in table C-11. ------ - -- -- - -- -- - --- - --- - -- Table C-11 Monitoringresults of standard-exceeding pollutants in shallow groundwaterwell 2# Concentrationlimit Background sample concentration concentration  Nitrite nitrogen I 0.1mglL 0.003 mglL 0.273 mglL I A. Nitrite nitrogen: The background concentration doesn't exceed the limit, while the sample concentrationexceedsthe limit. (3) Monitoringresult of deep groundwaterquality aThe concentration of fluoride in deep groundwater well I#, 2#, 3# exceeds the standard, and the Mn concentration in deep groundwater well 3# exceeds the standard. Other items all attain the category Illstandards of the "Quality standard for groundwater" (GB/TI4848-93). @ The concentration of fluoride in deep groundwater well I#, 2#, 3# exceeds the standard. The Mn concentration in deep groundwater well 3# exceeds the standard. Monitoring results of standard-exceedingpollutantsof deep groundwater are presented in table C-12. Table C-12 Monitoring results of standard-exceedingpollutantsof deep groundwater Note: "B I#" means "background concentration of the No.1 well", while "I I # means "sample concentration of the No.1 well". The rest can be deduced by analogy. .- exceed the limit. The sample concentrationof 2# well is a little higher than its background concentration. The sample concentrations of I#, 2# are lower than their background  monitoring value. B. Mn: the background value doesn't exceed the limit, while the sample concentrationexceeds the limit. (4)Analysis of noise monitoringresults The impacts of current noise of Shuangkou sanitary landfill on the east boundaryof the landfillis relativelysmall, while the main noise of the boundary is from background noise, which has an average sound pressure level of 49.2 dB(A) in daytime and 48.1 dB(A) during the night, Both can meet relevant standard.