Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized YPWR_SD_FS (CHS) 1 E1238, Vol. 7 2005 12 13 2 1.1 ......................................................................................................... 7 1.2 .......................................................................... 7 1.3 .......................................................................... 8 ....................................................................................................... 9 ....................................................................................... 9 ............................................... 10 ................................... 12 ....................................................... 12 2.3. 2 ........................................................................ 13 2.3.3 ................................................................................ 13 2.3.4 ....................................................................................................... 13 ............................................................................ 14 ..................................................... 14 3.1 ......................................... 14 3.1.1 ..................................................................................... 14 3.1.2 ..................................................................................... 15 3.2 ................................................ 15 ................................................................................................... 15 ........................................................................................... 15 ........................................................................................... 16 ....................................................................................................... 16 .................................................................................... 16 ........................................................................................... 16 ............................................................................ 17 ............................................................................................... 17 .................................................................................... 17 .................................................................... 18 3 3.4 ........................................................ 18 ............................................................................ 19 ................................................................................................... 19 4.1.1 ....................................................................................................... 19 4.1.1.1 .................................................................................................... 19 4.1.1.2 .......................................................... 20 4.1.2 ....................................................................................................... 21 4.1.2.1 ..................................................................................................... 21 4.1.2.2 ............................................................................................ 21 4.1.2.3 ................................................................................................ 21 4.1.2.4 ..................................................................................... 22 ................................................................................................... 22 4.2.1 ....................................................................................................... 22 .................................................................................... 22 ................................................................................................... 23 ................................................................................................... 23 4.3.1 ....................................................................................................... 23 4.3.1.1 ............................................................................................................ 23 4.3.1.2 ...................................... 23 ................................................................................................... 23 .................................................................... 24 ..................................................... 24 ................................................................................ 25 ............................. 25 ..................................................... 25 ....................................................................................................... 25 6.3 ................................................................................................... 26 6.4 .................................................................................................. 26 7.1 .................................................................................................................. 27 4 7.1.1 ....................................................................................................... 27 7.1.1.2 .................................................................................................... 27 7.1.2 ....................................................................................................... 28 7.1.2.1 ................................................................................. 28 7.1.2.2 .................................................................................................... 28 7.2 .......................................................................................................... 28 7.2.2 ....................................................................................................... 29 7.2.3 ............................................................................................................... 29 7.2.4 ................................................................................................... 29 7.2.4.1 ............................................................................................................ 29 7.2.4.2 ............................................................................................................ 30 7.2.5 ................................................................................................... 30 ............................................................................................... 30 7.2.5.2 .................................................................................................... 30 7.2.5.3 .................................................................................................... 30 ............................................................ 31 8.1.2 ................................................................ 31 ............................................................................................... 31 ........................................................................ 31 ..................................... 32 .................................................................... 32 ................................................. 32 ............................................................ 32 .................................................................... 33 ....................................................................................... 33 9.3 ........................................................................... 34 10.1 ......................................................................................................... 34 10.1.1 ............................................................... 34 10.1.2 ................................................................... 34 5 ................................................................................................. 36 ............................... 36 ......................................................................................................... 36 ............................... 36 üü .......................................................................... 36 ..................................................................................................... 37 11.4.1.4 .................................................................................................. 38 .............................................................................. 38 12.1 ............................................................................. 39 12.3 ..................................................................... 40 12.4 ........................................................................................................ 40 12.5 ............................................................................................ 40 12.6 .................................................................................................... 40 1 …….…………………………………..37 …………….…………………..41 3 ………………………………………………………………..44 6 1 1.1 37 33 4 6903.84km2 70% 5º 22.8% 5º 15º 21.4% 15º 25º 24.6% 25º 35º 17.7% 35º 13.5% 1293.60km2 18.7% 126.16 km2 1.8% 0.5 80 90% 2004 400kg 1441 3616.68km2 52.4% 1304.20 km2 36.1% 1369.79km2 37.9% 710.07 km2 19.6% 210.24 km2 5.8% 22.38km2 0.6% 3030t/(km2·a) 1096 t 1.2 7 18 hm2 18.7% 30% 40000 hm2 300 / 50% 60% 80% 25° 1 2 3 1.3 8 9 30 30 50 30 70 20 üü 10 11 11 14 15 2 “ ” 12 “ ” “ ” 2.3. 2 2.3.3 2.3.4 13 3.1 3.1.1 14 e 3.1.2 50 3 5 5 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VLQHQVLV 2SKLRSRJRQ MDSRQLFXV &DQQD LQGLFD (OHXVLQH LQGLFD (O\PXV GDKXULFXV Bromus inermis 9LFLD GDV\FDUSD Festuca arundinacea (XSKUDVLD WUDQVPRUULVRQHQVLV &RURQLOOD YDULD 9HWLYHULD ]L]DQLRLGHV $YHQD VDWLYD 9LFLD VHSLXP 9LJQD VLQHQVLV 0HGLFDJR 6DWL\D $VWUDJDOXV VLQLFXV 49 YPWR_SD_FS (ENG) Forestry Guidelines for the Changjiang/Pearl River Watershed Rehabilitation Project 50 Changjiang Soil Conservation Monitoring Center, Wuhan 2005.12.13 51 Table of Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 The general situation of the project regions 1.2 The importance of forestry in this project 1.3 Main contents and usage method 2 Confirm using and management rights of land 2.1 Confirm using and management rights of land and the duration of management 2.2 The reformation of woods ownership and troubleshooting of ownership of forestland 2.3 The common procedure of gaining management right of forestland by farmers and some problems should be noticed 3 Choosing forestland management types 3.1 Confirm types according to contracting contract and management duration of land 3.2 Choosing workable types on the basis of the consideration of natural and social economic factors 3.3 Consider field management 3.4 Confirm detail management types after design by farmer’s participation 4 Choose plant species and plantation models 4.1 Water and soil conservation forest 4.2 Water and soil conservation grass 4.3 Economic forest and orchard 5 Soil preparation 5.1 Notices of soil preparation 5.2 Time of soil preparation 5.3 Modes of soil preparation 6 Seed and seedlings 6.1 Main seedling problems 6.2 Principles of seedling sale and management 6.3 Criterion of seedling quality 6.4 The process of seedling purchases 7 Planting and field management 7.1 Planting 7.2 Field management 52 8 Prevention of forest disease and insect pest 8.1 Strengthen plant quarantine, prevent quarantine objects to spread across the epidemic area 8.2 Application of resistance varieties 8. 3 Arrange in groups of different species and different varieties 8.4 Pest control can adopt physical and mechanical measures as possible because of no pollution 8.5 Prevention is the key of disease prevention. Plants should be cleared away once diseases occurred. 8.6 Prevent pest by using natural enemy 8.7 The first choice is pesticides with high effects, low toxin and low residue for chemical control. 9 Forest fire prevention 9.1 Outfit of organization and personnel 9.2 Outfit of equipment and establishment of fire prevention 9.3 Establishment of firebreak and firebreak tree belt 10 Harvesting 10.1 Principles of harvest 10.2 Reasonable harvesting modes 11 Storage, processing transportation and sale 11.1 Product storage 11.2 Product processing 11.3 Transportation of products 11.4 Product sale 12. Monitoring and evaluation of forestry projects 12.1 Actualizing quality evaluation of forestry project 12.2 Cost and output monitoring of forestry project 12.3 Monitoring of water and soil conservation effects of forestry measures 12.4 Monitoring of Plantation 12.5 Monitoring of biodiversity 12.6 Monitoring of plant diseases and pests Annex 1 Requirement of pesticide use for green food production Annex 2 Main plant diseases and pests and the prevention and cure methods of the project area Annex 3 List of plant species 53 1 Introduction This project is a project of water and soil conservation in the upper stream regions of Changjiang River and Pearl River. This is a region with serious water and soil erosion, low plantation cover, behindhand economy and poor peasants. The main aims of this project are solving the problem of water and soil erosion, increasing cover rate of plantation, improving environment, developing local economy, increasing income of local farmers and improving enthusiasm of participation in environment construction of local farmers. The keystone of the project is to attract local poor peasants and minority residents to participate in order to improve their environment and income. 1.1 The general situation of the project regions The project area includes 37 counties locating in Hubei, Guizhou and Yunnan Province and Chongqing City. There are 33 counties located in Changjiang River Basin, and only 4 counties in Pearl River Basin. The total area of the project region is 6903.84 km2. The project regions are mainly upriver of Changjiang River and Pearl River. Most are former war regions, minority regions, border bordering regions or and poor regions. The project areas are located in the subtropical monsoon climate region. The weather is warm, the rainfall is plentiful, and rain and heat are in-phase. The relief types are various and the landform is fragmentized. The proportion of mountainous region and upland is above 70%. The proportion of land under grade 5°is only 22.8%, the proportion of land between grade 5°-15°is 21.4%, the proportion of land between grade 15°-25°is 24.6%, the proportion of land between grade 25°-35°is 17.7% and the proportion of land above 35°is 13.5%. The main natural vegetation types are the tropical evergreen and defoliation mixed forest, but the most wild vegetation has been destroyed by human already and the main extant vegetation is the secondary forest. The area of forestland in existence is about 1293.60km2 and the cover degree of forest is 18.7%. The grass area is 126.16km2 and it is about 1.8% of the total land area. The project regions belong to the Changjiang River and the Pearl River water system. The runoff coefficient per year is about 0.5 because of plenty rainfall. The distribution of runoff is un-equipoise in a year, the proportion of the runoff quantity in flood season is 80%-90% of the whole year, and the content of sandiness is also high. The rural economy of the project regions are plantation mainly, assistants with family breeding and scattered processing by individuals. The method of agricultural production falls behind, the rural economy develops slowly and the resident’s living is poor in most area. The grain production per capita is 400kg and the rural income per capita is 1441RMB in 2004. It was not only behind other provinces but also behind other counties in local province. The extant area of water and soil loss in the project regions is 3616.68km2, accounting for 52.4% of the total area of land. Among them, the area of light erosion is 1304.20km2, accounts for 36.1% of the total water and soil loss area; the area of 54 moderate erosion is 1369.79km2, accounts for 37.9%; the strong erosion area is 710.07km2, accounts for 19.6%; the severe erosion area is 210.24km2, accounts for 5.8% and the most severe erosion area is 22.38km2, accounts for 0.6%. The average erosion module of water and soil loss area is 3030t/(km2.a) and the total erosion soil per year is 10960 thousand tons. 1.2 The importance of forestry in this project There is a close relation between the cover of plantation in the upriver of big rivers and the conservation of water and soil, and it is also a decisive factor in water storage and water quality, along with the quality of local environment. While forestry project is the effective measure of increasing plantation cover and preventing water and soil erosion. It always costs less but gains more. The plantation can be combined with some engineering methods in serious water and soil loss regions. The effect of water and soil conservation can be achieved by plantation, so it is the most economical method. The forestry objects of the project are the area of forest and grass be increased by 180000hm2, the cover degree of forest increases from 18.7% to 30%, the new-built orchard area is 40000hm2, per capita pure income of participants will be more 300RMB above per year than un-participants, the quantity of soil erosion of water and soil loss area decreases 60%, the forest and grass area will be account for 80% above of the area of the land suited to forest and grass, all of the steep slope farmland above grade 25° will be stopped farming and will be restored to forest, the barren land and barren slope will be re-planted, the forestland with bad soil structure will be improved, the environment will begin to follow well cycle. As an important component of the whole project, its successful implementation will be essential to the implementation of the whole project and the realization of the whole objectives. But there are questions and management risks in the carrying process of the forest projects. They are mainly as followed: (1) the dissension of the forestland ownership and the forest ownership. Because in China forestland belongs to country and collectivity, contractors cannot possess forest ownership all along though it is regulated by laws that the forest products and woods in contracting forestland belong to the contractors, with the consequence of the phenomenon of low economic effects and low enthusiasm of contracting forestland by farmers. This phenomenon will also exist in this project. (2) The conflict between ecological effects and economic income. The effects of forestry project are mainly long-term ecological effects such as water and soil preservation, carbon fixing and oxygen releasing, climate regulation and so on. To keep these ecological effects, there will be strictly limited for soil preparation, field management, grazing, harvesting and cutting, so it will influence farmer’s short- term economic effects. That’s why the participant enthusiasm of farmers is not high. This project is a project of treatment of water and soil loss, the importance of ecological effects are stand in reason, but how to realize ecological and economic effects synchronously is the key question needs to resolve urgently in this project because the project regions are typical underdeveloped areas in terms of economy, the increasing of income of farmers is also important. (3) the benefits of local poor 55 farmers will be aggrieved by rich contractors. This phenomenon exists not only in forest project but also in other land contracting. The main reasons are poor farmers cannot burden the contracting fees and various charges needed to invest in the management of land, or they worry about the risk of management so much that they give up contract and management, while the rich farmers or other external contractors with a great deal of funds contract a large number of land, so they aggrieve poor farmers benefit. In addition, main risks of management are misplay of management types choice and plant choice, seed and seedling problems, improper management techniques and measurements in the field, not do one’s best during prevention and cure of plant diseases and insect pests and forest fire prevention and misplay of market forecast etc.. These risks will influence economic benefit of farmers directly and also affect the realization of ecological effects at the same time. Only all the above mentioned problems have been resolved and the management risks have been avoided successfully can the enthusiasm of peasants be mobilized and the forestry project can carry out successfully. But it needs to resolve these problems and evade the risk from the national policy level, the management level and the technique levels together. How to manage forestry in a way that economic incomes and environmental quality can be improved at the same time? The most important aim of compiling the forestry guideline is to point out problems and resolving methods during forestry producing. 1.3 Main contents and usage method 1.3.1 Main contents The main purpose of this project is to deal with water and soil loss in the project regions through engineering and biological methods, and to improve environment and increase economic income of farmers at the same time. This guideline involves the part of forestry management in the project only, and doesn’t involve farmland. This guideline involves the plant diseases and insect pests of the forestry project only. The main content of this guideline includes questions needed to be noted during the process of the project and the resolving methods of these problems from the aspects of policy establishment, management and service of techniques, involving the gaining of the management rights and the management duration of contracting land, the choose of management types, the confirming of plant species and plantation modes, soil preparation, control of seed and seedling quality, planting and field management, prevention and cure of plant diseases and insects and harvesting, processing and sale of products concretely. 1.3.2 Usage method The forestry guideline of the project can be used for reference of project management and related design of forestry, and also can be used as handle book of farmers during forestry management and administration in order to provide material 56 directions of policies and techniques and resolve methods of problems likely to exist. The guideline is compiled with processes of forestry one by one, so you can only search for corresponding contents in the catalog when you use. And some contents are in the annexes. 2 Confirm using and management rights of land 2.1 Confirm using and management rights of land and the duration of management In China, land belongs to nation and collectivity, individuals have rights to process agriculture or forestry activity in that land only after getting the contract rights or the management rights of the land, so obtaining the contract rights and management rights of the land is the premise of the whole agriculture and forestry management. The contract duration of the land comes to a decision of the usage time length, because the investment and income period is dissimilarity from the model of plantation, generally, the longer the plantation period is, the longer the contract duration is, otherwise economic benefits of the contractors are affected. The period of forestry program is usually long, so offices of the project at every levels should notice to gain support from the local government and let the farmers obtain efficient using and management rights and reasonable management duration. Confirmation of ownership or the right to use of forestland and grassland shall be handled pursuant to the relevant provisions of the Forest Law of the People’s Republic of China and the Grassland Law of the People’s Republic of China. But it should be noticed that the basic farmland is forbidden to be used to for forestry and fruits (The article 31 of the Land management law of The People’s Republic of China ). The contracting duration of land in some regions of the program has ended. Therefore it is necessary to supervise and urge the local government to re-certificate for farmers and contracting the new contract. The contract duration of the land are separately 30 years for farmland, 30-50 years for grassland and 30-70 years for forestland regulated by the Rural land contract law of PRC (article 30 of the Rural land contract law of PRC). The duration of contract or using of barren hills is carried out according to local regulations (such as the Regulation on administration for compensated barren hills of Guizhou Province) or results of auction, but there has no uniform regulations. The management duration of the land whose right of using or management obtained by leasehold, moving or subcontract is regulated by the contract. 2.2 The reformation of woods ownership and troubleshooting of ownership of forestland 2.2.1 Main conflicts and questions brought by the current ownership pattern of forestland (1) Management of forestland cannot bring relevant economic effect 57 Article 27 of the forest law of PRC regulates that farmers have the ownership of forest in the forestland of contract and in the land and hills allowed to be retained by peasants. But in fact contracting farmers had not gained forest ownership and free disposition right because most forestland (including trees on the land) must retrocede to the collectivity after expire except the hills allowed to be retained by peasants. The main income of peasants comes from intercrop of the forestland and other byproducts. We know that afforestation, conservation and management cost large sums of finance and labors, but along with time’s processing, woods will grow up, so the income of intercrop will decrease year after year. As a result, most farmers are poor with their king mountain. The more contract forestland and more investment are, the less the income is, which is a extreme inverse ration. So the farmer’s enthusiasm of contracting forestland, barren hills and barren land is low. (2) The long-term ecological benefit and the direct economic benefit gained by peasants present the inverse rate The forest for water and soil conservation purpose is banned to be utilized such as cutting, grazing or is limited to be utilized after afforestation because the cover of plantation is strictly requested. Not only the local peasants cannot get income, but also lost the pasture and firewood, so they would think it is not worth the candle. Although peasants can understand the forest of water and soil conservation is essential for improving local environment, but under the real Pressure of poverty and living, the long-term benefit can only move back to the second station. The former projects of water and soil conservation especially water and soil conservation forest mainly depends on unilateral investment of the government. The effect has gained under the financial support and political intervene of the government. The current ownership of forestland belongs to nation and collectivity in the project area. The reformation plan of forest ownership came into force from 2004 by the national forestry bureau and the new policy is “who plants who owners”. The reformation has outspreaded completely in Jiangxi and Fujian Province and the enthusiasm of farmers has been maneuvered to a maximum extent. The contractors get their deserved incomes at last ---- by selling trees directly. Meanwhile many external funds were attracted into forestry management. Farmers can see the actual income and policy support of forestland contract and forestry management. Therefore our project process should combine local reformation of forest ownership in order to maneuver farmer’s enthusiasm of participation and obtain the primary success. 2.2.2 New problems brought by reformation of the forest ownership (1) The phenomena of new slash and denudation maybe occurred Farmers or contractors have the right to treat forest on the contracting land freely after the implement of the reformation of forest ownership, but new slash and denudation maybe occurred once more. And the new slash and denudation may be more legal than former one. For examples peasants fire out the hills after large-scale tree cutting to facilitate the planting of trees again afterwards The resolution should be depended on obligation and limit of corresponding policies by local government. The reformation of forest ownership should process on 58 the base of the forest law of PRC, in other words, cutting area, cutting method and afforestation should obey the forest law strictly. In addition, some short-term corresponding professional education for contracting farmers is essential, such as to teach them the reasonable cutting age of different trees and different usage, and the cutting measures benefiting long-term management and sustainable management . Thus let farmers understand that economic benefits are not conflicting with ecological benefits, they are supplemental each other. Thereby make farmers accept sustainable management thought and stop new slash and denudation from the headstream. (2) The external funds flows into in great quantities would impact to the benefits of local farmers in poor region The reformation has attracted a great deal of external funds flowing into the auction and leasehold of forest and forestland in some regions. This has brought great impact to local poor communities and it should be noted by local government. For these poor peasants, they cannot gain the equal chance of competition because they have no money and what they can do is just to see the forest and forestland around their home becomes other’s wealth but they have no chance to graze and gain firewood any more. This kind of mental loss may bring collision between local poor peasants and external contractors or collision between poor peasants and rich contracting families. The deepness of peasants’ poverty will result in their resentment towards the riches with the consequence that they do not cooperate with the new contractors or even damage their business. Therefore the project offices and government in all levels should deal with these conflicts, especially the all regions of our project are poor regions. The elimination of peasants’ poverty and the improvement of their living surrounding should be the the first priority of the local government, and even more important than gaining benefits from the auction and transfer of the forestland and forest ownership. The loan of our project should consider these poor farmers preferentially. The cutting right can be auctioned to companies and individuals but the new management right should preferentially consider members of the collectivity and should be agreed by members of the collectivity if the land will be contracted by external individuals or collectivities. The contracting charge should not be confirmed too high to local poor peasants. Besides, during new contracting processing, utilization of un-cutting by other poor farmers, such as reasonable grazing should be considered in order to avoid producing and sharpening of conflicts. It is a proved successful reform approach to contract the collectivity’s forestland according to every farmer household ’s population. Management rights of barren land can be transferred through auction and this will restrict the gap between the rich and poor, and therefore the interests of the weak group can be protected. (3) Reformation of forest ownership of forestland of water and soil conservation forest (grassland) The water and soil conservation forest (grassland) managed and administrated as ecological public forest all the time, The local government should draw corresponding obligation such as only thinning cutting, harvest with small pat allowed; regulates the 59 lowest plantation cover should be hold all the time especially for the plantation cover of the soil surface in order to ensure the ecological benefits of water and soil conservation forest (grassland). Correspondingly, the contracting charge of commonwealth forest should be lower than that of other forest because of lower usable degrees and the actual incomes. Land utilization should be combined with water and soil conversation if the local land resources is extremely intense, for example, project regions of Chongqing City. If the land resource is abudant, we advise that forestland nearby the residential area can be distributed or contracted to farmers, and the management right of the steep land and hilly land with serious water and soil loss and far away from the residential area will not be auctioned or transferred. These lands should be treated by the government first in a way of subsidy, and then it will be allowed to be utilized to a limited extent. 2.3 The common procedure of gaining management right of forestland by farmers and some problems should be noticed 2.3.1 Obtaining the right and duration of land management (1) Contract directly --Obtaining the right of management by personal of family contracting the land belongs to nation and collectivity Farmers have priority to contract their collectively owned land, but if it is contracted out for management by units or individuals other than those in the respective collective economic organization, it must have the consent of over two thirds of the members of the peasants’ conference or over two thirds of the villagers’ representatives (The Land Management Law of The People’s Republic of China). (2) Containing land management right by subcontracting, lending, interchange, transfer and other modes Article 32 of the Rural land contract law of PRC regulates: The contract management right of land contracted by family can subcontract, lend, interchange, transfer and other mode to be on the move. Article 46 of the Rural land contract law of PRC regulates: Barren hills, barren gouges, barren hillocks and barren shoals can be contracted directly by inviting public bidding, public sale, treat publicly. The management rights can also be converted to stocks to members those in the respective collective economic organization, and then management by contracting and cooperating with stocks. Article 47 of the Rural land contract law of PRC regulates: To contract for the village land in other way, members those in the respective collective economic organization have the priority to contract under the condition of equality. The management right is protected by law no matter in what way it is gained. But contractors are not allowed to change the use of land especially the use of agricultural land. 2.3.2 Obtaining the usage and management duration of land The Rural land contract law of PRC regulates: ”the contract duration of farmland is 30 years, the contract duration of grassland is 30-50 years and the duration of forestland is 30-70 years. The forestland contract duration of special trees can be 60 prolonged after ratifying by the forestry administration management section of State Department. ” The contract duration of contracting rural land through other modes are also promised by the contract. The duration to be on the move cannot exceed the left duration of contracting duration. Local regulations such as the Regulation on administration for compensated barren hills of Guizhou Province should be obeyed too if they are there 2.3.3 Sign to contract for the contract or circulation contract Contract can ensure management right and benefits the resolution of contracting dissensions of contractors and also would be effected warrant of resolve contracting dissensions. Therefore project offices on every level should notice and supervise and urge farmers to sign formal contract of contracting land and circulation contract in order to regulate rights and obligations of both sides to reduce disputes resulted by unclear right and duty and ensure the benefit of farmers. The format of contract and circulation should comply with national and local laws and regulations. Concrete regulations can be found in article 21 and 37 of the Rural land contract law of PRC and the Contract regulation of agricultural contracting of Yunnan Province. 2.3.4 Contract charge Article 36 of the rural land contract law of PRC regulates: The fee of subcontracting, rent and charge of transfer of circulation of the land contracted management rights should be agreed by both sides. Income of circulation belongs to the contractors, anyone and any organization should not intercept or keep. Article 45 of the Rural land contract law of PRC regulates: Contract fee of contracting by public bidding and auction will be confirmed by public bidding or contesting price; Contract fee of contracting by public agreement can be agreed by both sides. 2.3.5 Settling of dispute of land use rights The dispute cause by the breach of contract can be settled according to contract of land contracting. If there is no agreement in the contract it is settled according to relative national and local regulations. The detail can be found in article 16 of the Land management law of The People's Republic of China, article 17 of the forest law of PRC, article 51 of the rural land contract law of PRC, and article 18 of the forestland administration regulation of Guizhou Province. 2.3.6 Products harvesting right of contracting forestland, barren hills and barren land The proprietors of land can possess woods and other byproduct of the land and can treatment all the products freely (except those wood whose cutting is authorized by forestry department of county level or above ). The detail can be found in article 27 and 32 of the forest law of PRC, article 26 of the water and soil preservation law of PRC as well as the Regulations on compensatory exploitation of barren hills of Yunnan Province. 61 3 Choosing forestland management types The main purposes of the item are control of water and soil loss of project regions through engineering and biological methods, improvement of environment and increase of economic earning of peasants. Main management types include water and soil conservation forest, water and soil conservation grass and water and soil conservation economic tree and fruit. Because this forest guideline involves forestry management only, it does not conclude farmland and cultivated land. Each land should choose what kind of management types according to geology, landform, soil type, vegetation cover, land use mode in existence and status quo of water and soil loss in specific region, combined with the analysis of local social and economic background, so that management types that are beneficial for the preservation of water and soil, and for operation of this project as well as the interests of peasants can be confirmed. We suggest that the management types should be confirmed by experts and farmers altogether to insure the realization of the effects of water and soil conservation and the improvement of farmer ’s incomes at the same time. Management types designed by the experts may not be accepted by farmers and types chosen by farmers may in contravention of the project objectives. So the experts should communicate with farmers and the training of farmers is also essential. Let farmers know it is favorable for the realization if aims of the project by optimizing management types and modes, accepting the management mode of short-term benefit and long-term benefit combined with each other. 3.1 Confirm types according to contracting contract and management duration of land 3.1.1 Limited by contracting contract of land Individuals and units must choose management types of contracting land according to the management range regulated by contract of land contracting strictly. Firstly, It is forbidden by state to occupy basic farmland to develop horticulture or to dig ponds to breed fish, so contracting land belongs to basic farmland cannot change land usage and use for any management types involved in this guideline. For the barren hills and barren land especially for the soil and water lost land, relative contract have regulated that plantation coverage of them should be maintained and increased, therefore the best choice for the management of these lands are water and soil conservation forest and grassland. Economic trees and fruits trees especially orchards have strict requirements on both yield and quality along with land cultivation and field management. Given that generally the surface of these lands is covered by thin soil, economic trees and fruits trees are not suitable for the conservation of water and soil. 62 Issues regulated by other contracts must also be obeyed. 3.1.2 Regulations on management duration of land The duration of land contracting is 50years or above for forestland, barren hills and barren land. But the management duration of land with the management rights obtained by sublease, circulation and exchange may be longer or shorter than 50 years. For the three management types involved in the project, the type of water and soil conservation grass suits to short management duration, it can harvest in the same or next year of plantation; in the next place is the type of water and soil conservation economic trees and fruits, it can gain income in 3 to 5 years after plantation, but the largest income would be in 5 to 10 years or longer after plantation, so this type can be chosen if the duration is longer than 30 years; while the type of water and soil conservation trees especially timber tress need longer duration, it’s better for them to have a management duration of more than 50 years. 3.2 Choosing workable types on the basis of the consideration of natural and social economic factors We principally consider from three aspects: whether the natural condition can satisfy growth of any types of plants whether land cultivate and management mode benefit the conservation of water and land whether the natural condition can ensure participant’s reasonable economic income of the project. 3.2.1 Consider natural conditions 3.2.1.1 Landform and relief (1) For the plots of low hills, knap, piedmont and valley whose gradient is under 25 degrees, we should consider economic trees and fruit first because soils in these plots are thick and convenient to cultivate and will not bring on new water and soil loss. The majority project counties in Hubei Province and Chongqing City belong to this area. (2) For the land of Land of alp, meso-mountains and remote mountains and gorges whose gradient is above 25 degrees we should choose water and soil conservation grass first. Most counties of Yunnan and Guizhou Province and a few counties of Chongqing City of project are in this range. On Individual plots of soil with profundity layers and fertility such as the plots in the Three Gorges area economic trees and fruits can be developed, but methods of cultivation and management should be in favor of water and soil conservation, and the traditional cultivation modes such as clear soil preparation as well as weed elimination and middle-term cultivation should be given up. (3) Harvesting types of management should not chosen for mountainous region, mountaintop and slope with a sunny exposure whose gradient are above 35 degrees . we should consider types of water and soil conservation trees and grass in order to keep vegetation cover and to prevent water and soil loss because in these area soil layers are barren, vegetation is sparse and water and soil loss are serious. Part of the counties of Yunnan and Guizhou province of this project belong to this range, especially in karst regions of Guizhou and dry-hot valley regions of Yunnan water and 63 soil conservation grass type such as shrubs and grass can be developed because trees can not grow normally in these regions. 3.2.1.2 Mother rock and soil (1) Regions of sandstone and shale and purple soil In these regions rock airslakes and soil forms quite fast with profundity of soil layers and fertility soil, so the type of economic trees and fruits are suitable. Part of the counties of Chongqing City, Hubei province and Yunnan of project belong to this area. (2) Lime regions The site condition of karst region of Guizhou is the worst in the whole project regions because of thin and barren soil with bad effects of water and soil conservation. Therefore the type of economic trees and fruits is limited for site condition, and types of water and soil conservation trees and grass should be considered first. Parcel plots with flat topography, good water and fertilizer provision and management qualification can be considered to develop economic (non-fruit type trees), but cultivation must be strictly controlled because soil forms slowly in karst region and serious water and soil loss, even rocky desertification can happen once the vegetation of the surface-level soil has been destroyed. No obvious limits on the management type of other kinds of soil and rock types in the project regions. 3.2.1.3 Weather The project region is located in subtropical weather region, and is suitable for the growth of most subtropical plants because of abundant water and heat conditions. But in dry-hot valley of Yunnan Chuxiong region, water is the most limited factor for economic fruits, except irrigation is available. that there are provided with irrigation condition. 3.2.2 Consider social economic factors 3.2.2.1 Consider investment and income (1) Economic trees and fruits of high investment and high income This type suits regions of preponderant natural conditions, convenient transportation and developed economy. Orchard usually gains higher return rate and shorter return periods among types of forestland management especially considering the returning of loan, it seems more paying. But on the other hand investment of orchard would much higher than that of water and soil conservation trees and grass. Land of the project region mainly are sloping field of mountainous area, For orchard management, it is better to change sloping field into level step land through engineering methods in order to cultivate and manage easily. The fee of changing sloping field into level step land in Guizhou is about 37500 RMB per hectare even if all the stones are from local mountains and the fee increases with the slope grade rises. The fee will be higher if the stones need to buy from other place such as in Hubei project regions which is lack of stones . It is more difficult if the whole investment depends on loan solely. The World bank today advocates a comparative low-cost way called big-hole-digging, which has constrains the proportion of orchard, changing sloping field into level step land can bring about 64 considerable return if the fee can partly be taken by individuals along with the resolution of the problems of transportation and marketing. (2) Water and soil conservation forest (grass) and the method of sealing the mountain and cultivating forest of low cost and low income This type is suitable for depressed area of bad natural conditions and impeded transportation. Compared with orchard, water and soil conservation grass and some economic trees need much lower cost, and foremost the soil preparation of big-hole-digging can satisfy the plantation requirement of most plants and the cost-controlled requirement of the project by the world bank. The shortcoming of trees is too long returning periods, but it can be fetched up by choosing multipurpose tree species. For example, planting silver chain can feed forest, timber forest and honey forest too, the returning periods will be shortened right off, may be shorter than orchard indeed. The water and soil conservation grass has low cost and short returning periods with a low output, it always distributes in remote mountaintop area, making the utilizing such as grazing difficult. Further more, it is required to keep definite cover degree of plantation for water and soil conservation function. So intensity of grazing and times of harvesting of it are limited. Sealing the mountain and cultivating forest can be considered if there is definite cover of primary plantation. This is the most economic mode and also the mode commended by the project officers. The treatment mode of water and soil loss in some area with complex landform and steep slope above 35 degrees can be considered to combine engineering method with sealing mountain method. But in a definite period time after sealing mountains, any utilizing should be banned. Limitary grazing or a few harvest can be allowed after the plantation has been stored to a certain extent. 3.2.2.2 Consider risk charged with individuals Main risks of forestry management are natural disaster, nonparticipation, imparity and destroy of other farmers, spreading of plant diseases and insect pests and unmarketable products. It is thought generally that higher cost and investment and longer returning periods will bring to bigger risk. The risks of economic trees and fruits and water and soil conservation forest are bigger than that of water and soil conservation grass because of high cost and long returning periods. The management types of economic trees and fruits and water and soil conservation forest can be considered first if the risks can be avoided successfully. Subcontracting land to other individuals with enough bearing ability can be considered if the individuals have not enough bearing ability for technology and other risks. 3.3 Consider field management Different management types have different production process, lopes and operation methods. 3.3.1 Consider daily field management Economic trees and fruits require more careful plantation and field management, more fertilizing and irrigation times, pruning and form lifting, therefore suit plots of 65 flat landform with irrigation. The level-step soil preparation is convenient for plantation and other field operation, but the cost is high. The difficulty of cultivation will be increased if the plots are steep slope land; the difficulty will be much bigger and the cost of labour force will be increased greatly if plots only rely on precipitation or man power to sprinkle water or because of no irrigation. This type of plot is not suitable for the families that are lack of laborers or is mainly composed of female members in project district. Although the management of other economic trees can be extensive, the convenience of operation must be considered. Water and soil conservation trees and grass with water and soil conservation function can be managed extensively. 3.3.2 Management of products and producing process The producing process of economic trees and fruits is complex and the time of management is long especially during fruit maturing, picking and receiving period, so the distance between the plots and the residential area of peasants should be consider to facilitate management. Products of fruits and vegetables with high yield and short Shelf-life requires unknit(flat ) land to make picking convenient; It requires plot to stay close to market and storage to facilitate transportation and processing, it also asks for reasonable transportation and at least a simple highway should be built for the orchard. The transportation condition of most places in project region especially those in Yunnan and Guizhou regions in project region cannot reach the request, all these issues should be considered sufficiently when the management types are selected. In order to achieve harvesting convenience, other types of economical trees and glass should not be planted in plots with steep slopes. Harvesting type products should not be planted in slopes whose steep degree is over 35 degree. For economic trees and grass, transportation should be required too if you consider of products circulation and sell management, but the request will be lower than that of fruits and vegetables. Site selecting of water and soil conservation trees and grass is the most extensive. Generally, water and soil preservation trees and grass can be developed in all the sites that are not suitable for orchard, economic trees and fruits and pasture in order to reach water and soil conservation aim. 3.4 Confirm detail management types after design by farmer ’s participation The principal parts of participation of project are farmer and peasants in terms of requirement of the World Bank. The management types can be chosen by farmers and peasants should be confirmed by desire and actual instance at last after considering limits of land using right, natural and social factors. The project office should provide instructive advice and let farmers participate analysis and design of management types of the project and confirm suitable management types. Rich farmers can choose higher cost, more money of loan returning and bigger management risk; farmers who mastery techniques of plantation, process and management can choose management types which can exert their specialty; Poverty families hope to gain full loan and would like to choose management types with lesser risk because they are lack of fund 66 and their ability of returning loan is low. So types of low cost, low risk and low pressure of returning loan should be provided as possible. 4 Choose plant species and plantation models The basic principle of plant species choice is to choose suitable plants for suitable sites, and it should give priority to native plants. The mature plant species having been introduced to the location successfully can be chosen if you want to introduce alien species and those not being introduced by experiment formally should be out of the consideration. Foreign varieties should be chosen carefully especially species of economic trees, fruits and pasture. Varieties not having passed examination and approval by state or location formally should not be planted because only breeds having been passed examination and approval by state or location can be spread formally. Be careful any kinds of mendacious advertising especially some new varieties, unusual varieties and species. Such thing occurred more during introduction and plantation of fruits and pasture, the main representation is expanding plantation distinct random and spread the yield and market on thick. Be careful some breeds maybe not bloom or seed or degenerate or bring to biological invasion. Carrying through investigation and forecasting of market price and sale foreground of products in order to ensure benefit of farmers farthest. This can be commissioned to correlative experts to do. Plantation models are mainly arranging different plant species in groups, mean while you should pay attention to avoid species contesting water, fertilizer, light and space each other planting together, and you had better arrange species those can promote other ’s growing planting together as possible. Models having been approved to be success by researchers already are primary reference. Esteem suggests of correlative experts and esteem choice of farmers at the same time too (such as geomantic omen forest and some special plant species needed by special life form of minority). The project offices should notice to deliver suggests of experts to farmers correctly and realize communication of both sides in order to come to accord. 4.1 Water and soil conservation forest Water and soil conservation forest is an important water and soil conseration method in integrating control processing of water and soil loss, are arbor forest or shrubbery which the main purposes are preventing water and soil loss, restoring and keep land fertility. 4.1.1 Tree species selected Species as water and soil conservation forest should be satisfied characteristics as followed: roots can fixate soil strongly; it can reduce soil loss; it overlays the land rapidly; it can hold back precipitation and decrease the runoff of the face of land. 4.1.1.1 Main principles 67 (1) Developed root system, strong capability in germination of root and soil fixation. (2) Vigorous growth, rapidly close, dense tree crown, abundant defoliation and easy decomposition, forming soft litter-layer rapidly, improving soil capability, enhancing capacity of water and fertility preservation. (3) Strong adaptability and stress resistance. (4) Having some economic values and giving attention to demands of local people about fuel, fertilizer, feedstuff, wood and mixed farming. 4.1.1.2 Plant species adapted to the Changjiang River drainage area in soil and water conservation forest Arbor species: Platycladus orientalis, Robinia pseudoacacia, Populus, Ulmus pumila, Salix matsudana Koidz., Ailanthus altissima, Acer, Fraxinus chinensis, Paulownia fortunei, Melia azedarach, Catalpa bungei, Prunus armeniaca, Pinus kesiya var.langbianensis, Pinus massoniana, Pinus taiwanensis, Pinus yunnanensis, Pinus elliottii, pinus taeda, Cupresses funebris, Cunninghamia lanceolata, Metasequoia glyptrobides, Larix mastersiana, Cryptomeria fortunei, populus, Pterocarya stenoptera, Salix babylonica, Cinnamomum camphora, Alnus crenastogyne, Toona sinensis, Fagus longipetiolata, Fagus hayatae, Schima superba, Castanopsis fargesii, Eucalyptus robusta, Quercus variabilis, Quercus acutissima, Litsea cubeba, Cercidiphyllum japonicum, Pistacia chinensis, Liquidambar formosana, Trachycarpus fortunei, Eucommia ulmoides, Magnolia officinalis., Vernicia fordii, Sapium sebiferum, Morus alba, Gleditsia sinensis, Ginkgo biloba, Castanea mollissima, Juglans regia, Citrus reticulata, Bambusoideae, Diospyros, Citrus sinensis , Prunus persica, Armeniaca vulgaris, Toxicodendron verniciflum, Cerasus pseudoceerasus, Zanthoxylum bungeanum, Myrica rubra, Pyrus L. etc. Shrub species: Amorpha fruitcosa, Prunus davidiana, Lespedeza bicolor, Vitex negunde var. heterophylla, Phellodendron amurense, Platycarya strobilacea, Vitex negundo, Quercus aliena var. acutiserrata, Rhus typhina, Magnolia dawsoniana, Prunus davidiana, Castanea sequinii, Corylus mandshurica, Hypericum chinense, Rosa roxburghii, Vitex trifolia, Rosa L., Macrocarpium officinale, Camellia Oleifera, Callellia sinensis etc. Herbaceous species: Medicago L., Melilotus suaveolens, Bromus inermis, Elymus dahuricus, Elymus sibircus, Avena sativa, Vicia dasycarpa, Astragalus membranaceus, Agropyron crastatum, Trifolium repens, Medicago Satiya, Medicago falcate, Melilotus officinalis, Astragalus sinicus, Phaseolus radiatus, Lolium multiflorum, Lolium perenne, Festuca arundinacea, Pennisetum purpureum, Imperata cylindrical, Miscanthus sinensis, Phragmites communis, Euphrasia transmorrisonensis, Spartina anglica, Panicum maximum, Ophiopogon japonicus, Symphytum peregrinum, Iris confusa, Canna indica, Paspalum wettsteinii, Vigna sinensis, Crotalaria assamica, Eulaliopsis binata, Paspalum notatum, Coronilla varia, Vicia sepium, Cynodon dactylon, Eleusine indica, Zoysia sinica, Oregneria kamoji, Vetiveria zizanioides etc. In YunNan dry and hot area, main tree species adapted to soil and water conservation forest are Eucalyptus camalculensis, Eucalyptus citriodora, 68 E.grandis×E.urophylla, Eucalyptus.urophylla, Acacia mangium, Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia holosericea, Leucaena leucocephala, Robinia pseudoacacia, Cajanus cajan, Trema orientalis, Salix myrtillacea, Acacia glauca(L.) Moelich, Macroptilum atropurpureum, Dodoneae viscose, Phyllanthusemblica etc. Tamarindus indicus grow slowly and Cassia siamea grow weakly, so they are not suitable to be spread as water holding plants in large area. Agave Americana and Vetiveria zizanioides can resist extreme drought and grow normally in serious eroded barren, so they can be spread in hard control area. Tree and grass species suit for karst regions of Guizhou province are as followed: Quercus phillyraeoides, Cupressus duclorxiana, Cupressus funebris, Cyclobalanopsis glauca, Carpinus turczaninowii, Platycarya strobilacea, Ligustrum lucidum, Robinia pseudoacacia, Catalpa bungei, Catalpa fargesii, Eucommia ulmoides, Camptotheca acuminata, Ailanthus altissima, Celtis sinensis, Pteroceltis tatarinowii, Toona sinensis, Rhus verniciflua, Gleditsia sinensis, Ginkgo biloba, Juglans regia, Castanea mollissima, Zanthoxylum bungeanum, Zizyphus jujuba, Diospyros kaki, some liane ( such as Lonicera japonice) and herbage species as Trifolium repens, Paspalum notatum, Eulaliopsis binata and Vetiveria zizanioides. 4.1.2 Plantation models 4.1.2.1 Plant density of plantation (1) Multiple layers, high density. The main function of water and soil conservation forest is water and soil conservation, so high cover rate especially cover of the earth's surface is important. Plantation of multiple layers and high density can obtain the request of cover rate and exert the function of water and soil conservation effectively too. (2) Normally, light preferring and fast growing tree species should be planted sparse, such as polar, pine etc; shade tolerant and slow growing tree species in incipient stage should be planted dense, such as Picea meyeri Rehd et Wils, Platycladus orientalis etc (3) Tree species with straight stem form and well natural pruning should be planted sparse, such as Cunninghamia lanceolata, Sassafras tzumu etc; Tree species with bend stem form and ill natural pruning should be planted dense, such as Pinus massoniana and Quercus. (4) As for some fast growing tree species and agro-forestry system, row spacing and distance between plants in forestation can be broaden properly. 4.1.2.2 Allocation of planting spots The main principles are: utilizing space of forestland sufficiently and availably; being favor of growing of plants; convenient to foster and management and intercrop among trees. Generally, plants planted individual would adopt allocation of rows and allocation of rectangle can be adopted if you need intercrop among trees to ensure plenty space and sunny. Equilateral triangle arrangement can be adopted if the plants are fruit trees or other economic trees in order to increase number of individuals per area and improve yield and incomes. Group allocation can be adopted if the weather is drought or un-clearing weed to ensure closed soon and resist weed in the same time. 69 4.1.2.3 Modes of mixed forest Mixed forest must be the main body in soil and water conservation forest because for pure forest the under-vegetation is sparse and water and soil loss is serious, such as pine forest and fir forest of large areas in project regions. Growth increment in good mixed forest is higher than in pure forest. Complementary action of ecological benefit of multiple tree species in mixed forest can decrease pest obviously. Combining artificial arbor species and natural arbor and brushwood species in closed forest to form mixed forest that contains multiple tree species and layers is a realistic and feasible method. It deserves to be advocated and spread. Tree, shrub and fodder grass promote each other to form mulching forestland with multiple layers structure and to change ecological environment of forestland rapidly. Abundant dead branch and defoliation decrease the evaporation of soil water, lighten soil and water losses and promote forest tree growth. Plant mixed forest must choice proper mixed species. According to different characteristic among mixed species. Mixed forest has three main types of mixture: shade-tolerant species mixed with light preferring plants, coniferous species mixed with broadleaf plants and arbor mixed with bush.Commonly used pattern of mixture is inter-plant mixture, inter-row mixture and mixture by strip. 3 Management modes of agroforestry To control soil and water loss of soil and water loss area, recovery and protection of vegetation are especially important. But how can we solve the contradiction among farmers’ subsistence, lives, economic income and environment protection? Integral agroforestry management system is integration about soil utilization and technology system that artificially arrange perennial woody plants (such as arbor and bush etc) and other cultural plants (for example, crops, medical plants, economic plants and epiphyte etc) and/or animals together on space or some scheduling in the same soil management unit. Thereby we can gain multi-species products, meet farmers’ need and obtain some economic benefit. At the same time, perennial plants guarantee the soil is covered by vegetation and then some problems brought by cultivation such as soil and water loss can be avoided. It is one of effective measures in soil and water loss control. Some main integral agroforestry modes adapted to the Changjiang River area just as follows: tea and forest intercropping; Vernicia fordii + Cunninghamia lanceolata - crop intercropping; Vernicia fordii + Camellia Oleifera - crop intercropping; crop and white mulberry intercropping; integral grass and fruit management etc. 4.2 Water and soil conservation grass Water and soil conservation grass are herbage species planted for preventing water and soil loss. 4.2.1 Grass species selected Biological characteristics of different herbage plants are different. Herbage plants for water and soil conservation grass should possess characteristics as followed besides suit to weather and soil conditions of water and soil loss regions: (1) Growing rapidly, exuberant branches and leaves, developed root system, 70 covering ground soon; (2) Strong adaptability, be able to endure drought, cold, hot, wet and barren soil; (3) With good economic values, green grass and grass products can be feed and forage grass or raw material of developing multi-management. (4) Easy breeding, simple management. 4.2.2 Grass species suit for project regions Medicago L., Melilotus suaveolens, Bromus inermis, Elymus dahuricus, Elymus sibircus, Avena sativa, Vicia dasycarpa, Astragalus membranaceus, Agropyron crastatum, Trifolium repens, Medicago Satiya, Medicago falcate, Melilotus officinalis, Astragalus sinicus, Phaseolus radiatus, Lolium multiflorum, Lolium perenne, Festuca arundinacea, Pennisetum purpureum, Imperata cylindrical, Miscanthus sinensis, Phragmites communis, Euphrasia transmorrisonensis, Spartina anglica, Panicum maximum, Ophiopogon japonicus, Symphytum peregrinum, Iris confusa, Canna indica, Paspalum wettsteinii, Vigna sinensis, Crotalaria assamica, Eulaliopsis binata, Paspalum notatum, Coronilla varia, Vicia sepium, Cynodon dactylon, Eleusine indica, Zoysia sinica, Oregneria kamoji, Vetiveria zizanioides etc. 4.2.3 Plantation modes Grass with sparse trees or bushes: This mode suit to dry-hot grass slope of Yunnan province and mountaintop of karst regions in Guizhou province. Compound mode of tree-bush-herb: This mode suit to the management types of water and soil conversation forest and economic forest of non-fruiters. The proportion of each layer can be adjusted according to management objectives. The proportion of arbor can be higher than others if the main purpose is to gain timber. But the higher degree of closing of tree layer maybe bring lower cover of bushes and herbs under the trees and this will be go against water and soil conversation. Compound mode of fruit tree-herb: This mode is worth to recommend and advocate for the management type of economic trees and fruiters especially for orchard. 4.3 Economic forest and orchard Forest and orchard planted with perennial and good economic values on the land of water and soil loss after integration control are called by a joint name water and soil conservation forest and orchard. 4.3.1 Tree species selected 4.3.1.1 Principles (1) Select varieties suit to local natural conditions; (2) Select famous, excellent, special and new varieties ; 71 (3) Select salable varieties; (4) Arrange varieties in groups with premature, serotinous and middle mature; (5) Select varieties of easy storage and favorable transportation. 4.3.1.2 Suitable species of economic trees and fruiters in project regions based on the function of water and soil conservation Pear, peach, citrus, plum, apricot, loquat, Chinese gooseberry, persimmon, longan, mango, cherry, Chinese chestnut, Chinese prickly ash, tea, Indianberry, sisal, eucalypt, gingko, bamboo, mulberry, lacquer tree, olive, eucommia, honeysuckle, yellow gardenia, phyllanthus, rosa roxburghii, orange and shaddock etc. 4.3.2 Plantation modes Fruiter-grass mode: In this mode, the main component is fruiters. Grass can be planted under fruit trees. Water and soil loss can be controlled effectively, plant diseases and pests of fruit trees can be reduced, and natural enemies of pests can be protected. Mixed forest mode: It suits to economic trees using for non-fruit. Hedge mode: suit to economic bushes and can be used to protect slope combining engineering measure. For example, yellow gardenia planted dense can construct plant hedge and build level step replace of stones, so can decrease engineering cost. Fruit tree-grass-crop mode: the main component is fruiters. Crops can be planted under fruit trees. Crop and grass are planted with a strip or block intermittently in order to control water and soil loss brought by crop cultivation and harvesting. Farmer ’s economic benefit can be ensured, meanwhile definite vegetation cover on the ground can be kept and can reduce runoff to reach the aim of water and soil conservation. 5 Soil preparation Soil preparation can improve site condition, increase survival rate of afforestation, promote growth of trees, hold water and soil, increase afforestation quality. 5.1 Notices of soil preparation 5.1.1 Prevent to bring new water and soil loss by soil preparation Management of forestland based on the function of water and soil conservation would be required to keep definite cover degree of vegetation (above 40%) and control strictly to bring new water and soil loss during the whole management process. Traditional whole reclamation soil preparation mode would disturb soil structure and layers and expose soil, so it is very easy to induce water and soil loss. But the water and soil loss will be limited strongly in the project. In this project, spot soil preparation, hole shape of soil preparation and fish-scale pits of soil preparation should better be adopted in order to keep quondam vegetation of slope surface and reduce water and soil erosion brought by soil preparation. Banding reclamation soil preparation does not suit to timber forest on deep sloping land of mountainous districts because serious water and soil loss would be caused 72 during soil preparation and in 4 to 5 years after afforestation. The soil bank outside of the band would also be destroyed during the process of cutting, gathering and transporting. As a result, more severe soil erosion would be brought and conditions of soil and ground surface would be worse than that before soil preparation and afforestation. 5.1.2 Consider cost of soil preparation and acceptable degree by peasants Although banding shape of soil preparation is a mode commonly used in economic forest and orchard because it can gain high quality soil preparation and it is convenient for plantation and management, but the cost of soil preparation is high. In stony hillside of Guizhou province, the cost of the level-step soil preparation will be about 37500 to 45000 RMB per hectare estimated by project office even if the bank will be built by local stones. This will be a heavy burden for local poor peasants as well as for a World Bank loan project, unless the cost is lowed by using plant hedge as biological measure to protect the bank. 5.1.3 Prevent breakage of soil structure Soil preparation can improve site conditions and help soil and water holding, but soil preparation can break natural structure of soil and turn harden and barren subsoil over to the surface layer or infill subsoil into plantation holes while build the bank with mellow soil of surface layer. Therefore topsoil should be piled up separately when soil preparation, bank of level-step and terrace against slope should be built using subsoil and topsoil would be backfilled in plantation holes at last. 5.2 Time of soil preparation Generally, the interval from soil preparation to afforestation is 2 months to 1 year. The best interval is 1 to 2 seasons in order to be propitious to soil effloresce and mellowness, increase soil moisture content and survival rate of afforestation. 5.2.1 The best appropriate time of soil preparation is the last autumn and winter if the afforestation time is in spring. Autumn and winter are prime time for soil preparation, as we can utilize spare time of county labor reasonably; it is easy to clean out weed because weed will be dormant and grow slowly in autumn and winter; hold soil moisture and improve soil by utilizing precipitation in autumn and winter; intensity of precipitation in autumn and winter of project regions is weak in common, so it is not easy to cause soil erosion on one hand and easy to be absorbed by soil on the other hand. Soil preparation should be processed when inseminating if it have not been done in the last autumn and winter and should not be processed hastily in several days or half a month before afforestation. Plantation holes will be seepy, which will increase difficulty in insemination if the rainfall is abundant during this time. Furthermore, after insemination and sureness soil will be dank and lack of air and will not be beneficial to plant growth. The moisture of digged up soil will be dissipate and it would prick up influence of drought on afforestation if it is drought during this time. 73 5.2.2 Soil preparation of arid regions should be completed in last rain season or last autumn Soil preparation in dry-hot valley districts of Yunnan can be done one year ahead of schedule for afforestation. Rainfall can be stockpiled adequately passing through a rain season and soil mellowness can be promoted, then afforestate in early stages of next rain season. Whereas water and soil loss should be controlled if soil preparation in rain season and banding shape of soil preparation is unsuitable. Especially most rainfall of project regions concentrates in rain season, intensity of precipitation is strong which easy to cause new water and soil loss. 5.3 Modes of soil preparation In this project, whole reclamation of soil preparation is forbidden, banding shape of soil preparation is limited and spot soil preparation is advocated from the point of view of controlling of soil erosion and soil preparation cost. 6 Seed and seedlings 6.1 Main seedling problems (1) The germination percentage and purity is lower than the state standard. The main problem is the germination percentage and purity labeled do not agreed with the fact one because of fake label or overtime storage to drop the germination percentage. (2) The labeled variety does not agreed with the fact. It often occurs on pasture and fruit trees, especially some so-called new and foreign varieties. (3) Imitating higher grade but in fact the seedling grade is lower than that labeled. (4) Seedlings are not quarantined during transportation, which lead to the invading of infective plant diseases and insect pests. (5) Seedlings are not well protected during transportation, which will result in decreasing of survival rate. 6.2 Principles of seedling sale and management For the problems mentioned above, we give some principles about the stocking and management of seedlings, which can be reference for project officers and stock organization of seedlings of the project. (1) Considerate professional seed group and forest seedling center first. The seed group and forest seedling center of all levels are normal seed and seedling management units engaging in sale and seedling producing and they can be the first supplying units of seed and seedling stock. Another method is to produce seedlings cooperating with the forest seedling center. The units of the province and state levels are the best choice. We advise not to buy seed and seedlings from individual seed shop and seedling field. (2) Insisting on checking of every block of seed and seedlings. Every bag should be checked if the seeds are packed in big bag. Not only apparent quality but also 74 germination percentage and purity should be checked. For some especial pasture and fruit tree, the species should better be authenticated by professionals. (3) Principle of seedling management during the whole process. Build the whole process record of every block seed and seedlings including sale unit, distribution region and afforestation plot in order to trace quality and remedy and claim for compensation once finding problems. 6.3 Criterion of seedling quality The details are in the standard of PRC (The rating standard of quality of wood seed (GB7908-1999), The rating standard of seed quality of main planting grass, and The rating standard of crop seed) and the standard of PRC (The rating standard of seedling quality of main afforestation trees GB6000-85). 6.4 The process of seedling purchases Provisions of the supervision and management of the quality of tree seedlings of the national forestry bureau regulates: “The admission and label system of producing and management of tree seedlings and checkout system of tree seedlings quality are being carried out in China. The system of order for goods of tree seedlings for key plantation project of nation should be practiced, it is a kind of producing and providing mode of seedlings by speak for contract. The management organizations on every levels should afford direction of techniques and service of information.” We give the basic process of seedling purchases in this guideline for reference of project offices in order to insure seedlings quality: (1) Experts offer varieties, standard and quantity of seedlings needed in the project; (2) The project offices draft out the document for inviting public bidding and issuance the information of inviting public bidding outward; (3) Checkup the qualification of seedlings product and management of bidders; (4) Publicize bidders who get the bidding in order to confirm their qualification of seedlings product and management and publicice the price of bidding; (5) Sign the contract of seedlings purchases, and some clear details should be given , such as plant species, varieties, seedlings standard and quality request, the related responsibility pursue of break contract, cognizance of question of seedlings quality and project of compensation; (6) Quality checkup after arriving in the project regions. This can entrust corresponding experts and professional test organizations to do it. It should be checked not only that if the label of seedlings is complete and eligibility but also selective examination of quality of seedlings every block. Seedlings can be used for producing and management of the project only through all the examinations. (7) Tracing and feedback of seedlings quality. For seedlings of main tree species, tracing during the whole process and feedback to the latter inviting public bidding should be done, and meanwhile exposing units and individuals who produced bad seedlings. 7 Planting and field management Seedlings of different grades should be planted separately and cannot be planted in the same forest. Some plants are proper to afforest with big size seedlings but others 75 are proper for small size seedlings. Afforestation in dry-hot districts had better use small size seedlings. Survival rate can be increased if seedlings bred with nutrition cups. 7.1 Planting 7.1.1 Planting of seedling 7.1.1.1 Seedling size Strengthen seedlings of one year or two years can be used for plantation of most conifer species while strengthen seedlings of one year old are used much more for plantation of broadleaf. Generally, smaller sized seedlings can be planted if the seedlings are cultured in container. But bigger sized seedlings should be used for plantation in land with dry topsoil and severe danger of weed. Strong seedlings are straight, high root/shoot ratio, normal color and plump apical buds even if for conifers. For fruit trees, strong seedlings should be of pure varieties, concrescence well of engraft, hale growing, straight trunk and definite height and diameter of trunk. Seedlings allocated and transported from other places should be examined carefully if the variety is pure. Furthermore fake seedling, inferior seedling and miscellaneous seedling should be got rid of. 7.1.1.2 Planting seasons Season and time of planting should be determined according to climate and soil condition of planting area and biological characteristic of the tree. In Changjiang valley area, planting is always done in spring or autumn to avoid drought and hot seasons. As for pinus and Eucalyptus, it can be planted in rainy season using container seedling. The key of planting in rainy season is mastering condition of climate, water, and soil. Planting in rainy day is easy to succeed when soil has enough moisture after heavy rain. Container seedling is always used in coniferous species and slow growing tree species in incipient stage. Good site condition should be selected in planting with container seedling. Half or one year old seedling should be planted in rainy season or spring. During lifting and transporting seedlings, we must avoid damaging container or dispersing soil ball. 7.1.2 Plantation by seeding 7.1.2.1 Suitable conditions of seeding plantation (1) Big or moderate seed. Big seed and moderate seed, such as Pinus tabulaeformis, Platycladus orientalis; (2) Good site condition. Shady slope or half-shade slope, thick soil layer, good water condition of soil, covered by some vegetation, not be impacted and filled up warp clap when heavy rain, or burned in hot days; …… (3) Light harm from birds and animals; (4) Rich sources of seeds. 7.1.2.2 Techniques of seeding 1 Seeding method Dibbled planting is the most popular method. 76 2 Seeding rate Big seed, 2 3 seeds per hole; moderate seed (for example Quercus etc.), 3 5 seeds per hole; small seed (for example Pinus tabulaeformis, Pinus massoniana etc.), 10 20 seeds per hole. 3 Treatment of seed Seed quality must be tested and seed must be disinfected, presoaked, accelerated germination and dressed. The method is the same with seeding treatment in nursery. Covering with soil: covering depth should be determined according to seeding time, seed size, water of soil and depth of soil layer. Seeding should be deep in spring and shallow in autumn. Heavy or moist soil should be shallow. Sandy or drought soil should be deep. Covering depth of big seed is always 2cm to 3cm and of small seed is lcm to 2cm. Seeding time: including spring, rainy season and autumn. Seeding to catch soil moisture in early spring is better and seed in cloudy or rainy day is also good. Seeds of Quercus and pinus can be seeded in autumn too. Seeding in autumn can’t be too early to avoid germinating and frostbiting in the seeding year. In addition, aerial seeding can be applied in large area seedling. Aerial seeding is adapted to the area where has more than 500mm rainfall per year and some tree species such as Pinus massoniana, Pinus yunnanensis, Pinus taiwanensis, Pinus kesiya var langbianensis, Pinus thunbergii, Acacia confusa, Platycladus orientalis, Toxicodendron verniciflum etc. Seeds have the characteristics of strong adaptability, small seed diameter, rapid germination and light etc. 7.2 Field management 7.2.1 Scarification and weeding During the first 2 years of young trees planting, scarification and weeding should be done for more than 3 times every year. Weeding can be decreased to one time for every year after young trees grow stably and higher than weeds, which can be no longer shaded by weeds resulting to be inhibited growth, or they can predominate over in the fields. In general, scarification and weeding are put together. The date of scarification and weeding, for the first time, can be arranged in the first or second ten- day of April; the second time, in the second ten-day of May; and the third time, in the last ten-day of July. To germinate young buds, it is necessary to be shaded befittingly and shrubs and weeds should be held properly. The styles of scarification and weeding are changed according to the settling methods of fields. To forest on the mountains or slopes, the style of original settling methods with bands or holes fostering can be adopted. At the same time of scarification and weeding, to enhance the benefits of keeping water and soils, the project of settling fields in disrepair should be refitted and cleared. Green manure plants and short crops can be intercropped in interlines and space (out of the distance of 1m from tree) in young orchard. Intercropping can increase ground covering, reduce evaporation and decrease temperature of the earth’s surface in summer. But high stalk and scramble crops cannot be intercropped. Soil should be fertilized and improved by deep furrowing, enlarging planting holes and fertilizing 77 organizing fertilizer deeply every year before closing of young trees: Trees and crops can be intercropped together. Short economic crops and leguminous plants should be selected which would not influence the growth of young trees. Generally, intercropping should be planted interlines of young trees. Young trees should be protected from injury when planting. It should be noticed to reserve water and soil when planting on slopes. Scarification and furrowing deeply cannot be done in water and soil conservation grass. Afforesting mixed forest and intercropping can obtain good effects of water and soil conservation and improving soil. 7.2.2 Thinning and final thinning of seedling During 1 to 2 years after planting, excessive seedlings from seeding should be removed for several times in order to promote normal growth and development, till to hold 2 to 3 vigorous young trees every hole. The excessive ones would be removed or transplanted. To the date of removing, it is better after raining or when scarification and weeding. To artificial forest and planting from seeding, final thinning of seedling and tending should be carried on after thinning. According to the rule of keeping good and eliminating bad, a straight vigorous young tree will be reserved in each hole, with removing excessive ones. The date of final thinning will be decided according to the growth state of young trees. If the site is good and young trees grow fast, final thinning will be carried on earlier; vice versa. Commonly, planting 3 to 5 years later, Pine trees should be final thinning; while to Quercus, it should be 4 to 5 years after planting. 7.2.3 Cutting sprouts Some species like poplars, acacia and paulownia, after being planted or stumped, will sprout at the bottom of trunks usually. Consequently, after planted for 1 to 2 years, a straight vigorous trunk should be preserved and others should be removed. 7.2.4 Fertilization and irrigation 7.2.4.1 Trees Irrigation can improve survival rate of forestation when planting. Generally, in mountain area, natural groundwater and surface water are mainly used for irrigation, and it is infeasible to lead water for irrigation. The key period of fertilization is around to afforesting. Organic fertilizer can be spread in holes when digging; inorganic ones can be spreaded interlines or in holes, blending with soil equably. The depth of which fertilizer can be located around hollows is proper. In the process of trees growth, fertilizer can be broadcasted directly or in ditches. Green manure is plowed under the soil surface below 20 to 30 cm directly. In mountain areas, as it is difficult to carry organic fertilizer, it can be considered to make organic fertilizer using shrubs, herbage and deadwood and defoliation on the spot. 7.2.4.2 Orchard Soil of orchard can be improved and enriched by methods of un-furrowing such as intercropping green manure plants and covering with harvested weed. Fertilizing can be done with spurning in winter or seasons of little rainfall and then applied in holes 78 digged around tree roots. The main fertilizer should be organic fertilizer. Topdressing can be splashed or sprayed on the surface of leaves. In general, base manure can be fertilized one time and topdressing can be fertilized three times a year. Drainage and irrigation: Clearing strench and draining seeper should be done after raining while irrigation is necessary during dry season. Irrigation is necessary when soil water content is lower than field capacity and drainage is necessary when soil water content is higher than field capacity. 7.2.4.2 Meadow Artificial meadow should be fertilized with 50kg to 100 kg urea per hectare every 20 days when young. Established artificial meadow should be fertilized 375kg compound fertilizer per year to prevent degeneration of meadow. 7.2.5 Pruning and shape training 7.2.5.1 Shape straining of trees Intensity of pruning is denoted by the proportion of the height of pruning to the height of a tree. Usually, the pruning intensity of young trees should be small and mature trees that may be increase the quantity of pruning properly. To broadleaf, if the height is short for 3 meters, pruning intensity should be less than 1/4 to 1/5 of the height of the tree; if the height is 3 to 6 meters, the pruning intensity should be 1/4 to 1/3; if the height is over 6 meters, the pruning intensity should be 1/3 to 1/2. To conifers, pruning intensity should be less; to vigorous trees, pruning intensity should be increased; vice versa. Pruning should be on early winter or early spring (the date of bud dormancy), when bleeding is light and healing up rapidly. 7.2.5.2 Spruning of fruit trees 1 Time of spurning Including spurning in dormancy period (winter spruning) and spurning in growing period (summer spruning) 2 Methods of spruning Cutout, cut-back, cut-short, set free nutrition branches, removing bud, removing center, bending, peeling off annularly, injury by chisel and break off roots etc.. 7.2.5.3 Shape straining The correct shape straining should bring the result as followed: all level branches distributing logically, relationship between growing and fruiting harmony, mainstay substance, aeration and light passing through easy, fruiting early, fertility early and long life. Tree shapes in common use: shape of evacuated delamination used for apple and pear; open center model used for peach and plum and globular model for orange. 8 Prevention of forest disease and insect pest The collective principle is “the prevention is central, the prevention and cure combine ”. The main law base details in Laws and regulations include forest disease and insect pest prevention regulation of PRC, plant quarantine regulation of PRC, management regulation of pesticides of PRC and treatment measures for explosive affairs of forestry harmful living creature. 79 8.1 Strengthen plant quarantine, prevent quarantine objects to spread across the epidemic area 8.1.1 Choosing tree seedling base without quarantine objectives There are corresponding regulations in article 8 of forest disease and insect pest prevention regulation. 8.1.2 Quarantine seed and seedling with producing area and when allocating and transporting across county There are corresponding regulations in article 38 of seed law of PRC, article 8 of forest disease and insect pest prevention regulation and article 7 of plant quarantine regulation of PRC. 8.2 Application of resistance varieties The basic measure for preventing disease and pest is the application of pest resistant and disease resistant varieties. 8. 3 Arrange in groups of different species and different varieties Different plants growing on the same land to avoid the pure wood of big area can control the explosion of the plant diseases and insect pests availably and can protect the natural enemy at the same time. Caterpillar of pure pine forest and long-horn beetle of pure poplar forest are fatal pests. But pine caterpillar can be controlled availably after constructing needle broad leaved mixed forest, and the risk of harm of poplar long-horn beetle can also be decreased in different degree by afforesting using different varieties. The area of pure forest cannot be too large. Article 16 of the afforestation quality control measures of state forestry bureau regulates: design of large area pure forest is forbidden in constructing of ecological forest and design of mixed forest is advocated. The concentration area of one clone should not exceed 20 hektare and the area of a single block pure forest should not exceed 200 hektare. Tree species of subcompartment border upon pure forest should be changed or mixed forest should be afforested. 8.4 Pest control can adopt physical and mechanical measures as possible because of no pollution Quality of agricultural and forest products is required to limit pesticides by state, especially products using for food such as vegetable, fruit and tea should attain the standard of social harmless regulated by state. Thus adopting non-pollution measures of pest control is particularly important. Physical and mechanical methods are unpduted, simple and easy for operation and of low cost and should be recommended to farmers. Manual catch and light trapping are used in common. Biggish pest can be caught by manpower or caught and killed concentratively by swagging branch or scraping bark utilizing the anabiosis and disciplinarian of diet. Light trapping is utilizing preference of illumination of some pests to trap pests by placing black-light traps in the orchard and field every definite 80 space. It is found that light trapping is efficient to more than 50 pests and the effect is significant. 8.5 Prevention is the key of disease prevention. Plants should be cleared away once diseases occurred. Seed and seedling quarantine is the key of defending infective diseases and can prevent quarantine objectives introduction effectively. Other diseases take place mostly corresponding with environment and plant growth status. In general, high temperature and high moisture are propitious to growth and reproduction of pathogeny microbes and induct the occurrence of disease harm and spread easy. Thinning properly and decreasing density can be benefitial to aeration, reduce the heat, lower the degree of humidity. The resistance will decrease when plant is lack of nutrition and some element to induct disease. Therefore ensure plant growing normally is an important link of defending disease too. Diseases are usually infactions and easy to spread. So infected plant should be destroyed by fire collectively once disease occurred and soil should be disinfected if the disease spread by soil. Meanwhile, we should improve microenvironment, strengthen aeration, reduce temperature and humidity, improve water and fertilizer supply and improve plant resistance. 8.6 Prevent pest by using natural enemy Arranging different plants in groups can protect natural enemies of pests effectively. It is also practical to put the predators into wood in proper time through artificial propagation. The last method is to prevent pests by using microbes and now bacillus thuringiensis and beauveria are used in order to preveit pest infection disease. Article 9 of the forest disease and insect pest prevention regulation of PRC regulates: All levels forestry charge department of people’s government should organize and supervise units and individuals of forest management to adopt effective measures to protect various beneficial living creature in the wood, carry out planned reproduction and cultivatione and exert the function of biological control. All level department of plant protection should organize and process artificial reproduction and propagation actively and publicize advantages of biological control and initiate corresponding techniques to farmers. Natural enemies will be abound in forestry project because of abundant species resource. Good control effect can be obtained by proper protection. 8.7 The first choice is pesticides with high effects, low toxin and low residue for chemical control. This is based on the consideration of environmental safety, personal safety of user and prevention of producing of pesticide resistance. 8.7.1 Strengthen management of producing, sale and use of pesticide Pesticides with high toxin and high residue are strictly forbidden to be produced, sold and used by state. 81 (1) Pesticides forbidden to use by public proclamation HCH, DDT, camphechlor, dibromochloropane, chlordimeform, EDB, nitrofen, aldrin, dieldrin, Mercurycompounds, arsena, acetate, fluoroacetamide, gliftor, tetramine, sodiumfluoroacetate and silatrane. (2) Pesticides forbidden and limited to use for vegetable, fruit, tea and herbal medicine Nineteen pesticides are forbidden to be used for vegetable, fruit, tea and herbal medicine, ther are methamidophos, parathion-methyl, parathion, monocrotophos, phosphamidon, phorate, isofenphos-methyl, terbufos, phosfolan-methyl, sulfotep, demeton, carbofuran, aldicarb, ethoprophos, phosfolan, coumaphos, fonofos, isazofos, and fenamiphos. Dicofol and fenvalerate cannot be used for tea. In addition, using requirement of pesticides for green food production is in index two. 8.7.2 Using pesticides according by usage directions (1) Personal protection should be done well. Pesticide can enter of user ’s body by inhalation of respiratory tract and absorption of skin and mucous membrane and induce pesticide poisoning. So personal protection should be done well by putting on respirator and long-sleeve clothes and trousers to avoid skin bareness. (2) Concentration combination according to the directions strictly. Too high concentration would make personnel easy to be poisoned and is likely to induce the increasing of pesticide resistance of some pests or disease microbes, making them unable to be killed. Too low concentration cannot kill pests and thus bring move loss. Main forestry diseases and insect pests in project districts are illustrated in Annex 2. 9 Forest fire prevention 9.1 Outfit of organization and personnel Regulation of Forest Fire Prevention of PRC regulates: Specialized forest fire prevention framework should be founded from state to local forest districts and duties of fire prevention should be put into effect in all departments. Fireproofing organization such as workstation and checkpoint can be founded in forest district and full-time personnal should be outfitted. Part-time or full-time forest protector should be outfitted in basic unit of forest district. The detailed duties of forest protector are patrolling and protecting forest, managing fire using in the field, reporting fire instance, assist corresponding department to investigate and deal with case of forest fire, and passing on knowledge about forest fire prevention, establish measures of forest fire prevention and organize local people to prevent forest fire. 82 9.2 Outfit of equipment and establishment of fire prevention As the Forest Fire Prevention Regulation of PRC regulates: Instrument of traffic, fire exploration and fire extinguisher should be outfitted in forest district. It is necessary to build firebreak and found hive storage of fireproofing materials. Constructing design of forest fireproofing instruments should be established at the same time of forest district development and afforestation for large forest districts . 9.3 Establishment of firebreak and firebreak tree belt For the forest of water and soil conservation and economic forest which the area exceeding 100ha, belt of fireproofing, tree belt for fireproofing, fireproofing alleyway, or firebreak should be built. Forest should be divided into patches with the area under 80ha. The isolation belt or firebreak utilizes existing streams and roads normally. The width is 10m to 20m. Tree belt for fireproof can be built by utilizing fire resistant plant. Firebreaks mostly are space left by cleaning up vegetation and litter. It’s function is to obstruct fire spreading, help saving life and property , decrease fire- stricken area and reduce loss brought by fire. Generally, firebreak is valid only one year. So it needs maintenance every year and it easily leads to water and soil loss. Biological fireproof tree belt can effectively avoid disadvantages of firebreak and need not to be maintained so it will not result in water and soil loss. Tree species suit to build fireproof tree belt are broadleaves with characteristics of thick leaf, high water content and uneasy burning such as Schina superba, Michelia macclurei and Camellia oleifera etc.. Firebreak tree belt can be a network according to forest district size: setting main tree belt along mountain ridge with the width of 20m to 30m to prevent grave fire; setting branch tree belt along the boundary of compartment or land kind with 15m to 20m; setting sub tree belt along the boundary of forest ownership with 10m to 15m and setting the fourth grade tree belt along sub compartment and road in forest with 6m to 10m. The multi-layer structure of tree-bush-herb is the best structure of tree belt. Tree belt with single layer structure can not proof fire very well. 10 Harvesting 10.1 Principles of harvest 10.1.1 Ensure economic benefits of peasants farthest Government and the project offices should allow peasants to sell or transfer trees planted by themselves to gain economic incomes according to policies. 10.1.2 Insisting to pay equal attention to ecological benefits and economic benefits The project aims at achieving not only ecological benefits but also economic 83 benefits by finance the support from policies and capital to treat water and soil loss. It doen’t mean to sacrifice ecological benefits as peasants are allowed to treat trees freely. The solutions such as training peasants by professionals have been described in chapter 2. 10.2 Reasonable harvesting modes Harvesting of economic forest with leaf-utilization, fruit-utilization and bark- utilization would not influence water and soil conservation basically. Harvesting and cutting of firewood and timber forest, cradle and graze of water and soil conversation grass, harvesting of crop and herbal medicine in intercropping modes of tree-crop and tree-herbal medicine especially harvesting of herbal medicine will induce severe water and soil loss if the process is not well controlled. Harvesting of water and soil conservation forest should control water and soil loss. Harvesting of firewood can be suggested to process combining pruning. It is suggested to utilize branches but not to cut branches. Harvesting of timber forest should consider mode of thinning. When intercropping with modes of tree-crop and tree-herbal medicine, proportion of plantation should be controlled for plants harvesting by digging. Digging area must not exceed 50% of forestland. Meanwhile inter-planting perennial bushes and herbs with crops by belt or strip can effectively reduce water and soil loss availably and conserve water and soil well. Grazing intensity of water and soil conservation grass should be controlled. It had better not graze directly for water and soil conservation grass or graze in turn by divided into several patches. Harvesting of water and soil conversation grass should control times of cradle first. Secondly it had better fertilize after harvesting in order to avoid soil degeneration that would influence grass growing after harvesting and reduce ground covering. Third, harvesting intension should not too strong and definite cover should be ensured or divide the grass into small patches, harvesting in turn and keep cover degree above 40%. 11 Storage, processing transportation and sale Products after harvesting need to be stored, processed and transported except that fewness will be sold or utilized directly. Most regions of this project belong to underdeveloped area in western China. Large and advanced equipment, locale and enterprise for storage and processing are lacking. The investment of road and purchase of transportation tools are limited by poverty and inconvenient transportation. The relatively closed life style makes local farmers know little about the market and sale of products. Most of them still pin one's hope on sale of bazaars. In the light of these questions, the project offices of all levels should actively contact corresponding department of government to settle transportation, locale and equipment of storage and processing, attract correlative enterprise to invest, entrust experts to research and forecast the market, and to regulate the production in the 84 project, educate local farmers with correlative techniques and ensure economic profits of farmers. 11.1 Product storage 11.1.1 Let farmers master some simple storage techniques by education There are store by stacking directly, cache and sand storage. To store by stacking directly is suitable of small-sized seeds and dried fruits, dried traditional Chinese medicinal herb’s and forage products. 11.1.2 Cold storage As a kind of large-scale storage establishment, refrigerators can be built by local government, trade organization or individuals if products form scale production. Anniversary supplying and storing of products can be carried out easily if techniques are mature and establishment is perfect. Common farmers can hire refrigerator to store their products or they can sell products to the proprietor of refrigerator. In this way, they can get the profits and avoid loss by improper storage. Cold storage is suited to regions with a large amount of products and mature local market. The running cost of refrigerator would increase and benefit would decrease or even the refrigerator cannot run normally if the amount of products is too low. 11.2 Product processing Price of product after harvesting is decided by market at that time. Products harvested concentratedly will come into the market concentratedly too, so the price will decrease. But the price will rise in off-season. Proper storing and processing can postpone the time of coming into the market. Furthermore proper processing can prolong storing time and reduce storage cost. Common farmers can only do simple roughing and deep processing should still depend on corresponding processing enterprise. 11.2.1 Quick freezing Quick freezing is a simple processing method in most common use and can be combined with refrigerator. It suits for Chinese toona, fern vegetables etc.. 11.2.2 Pickling and smashing are simple processing methods suitable to farmers Pickling is a processing method in common use for vegetables and preserved fruits. It is suited to process simply apple, peach, plum, apricot, Chinese toona and fern vegetables etc.. Farmers can do it by themselves without special equipment and prophase investment. Smashing is suited to simple process feed products. The proper management type is water and soil conservation grass for most mountainous region in Yunnan and Guizhou tableland of project. Smashing is a good measure to upgrade values and make sale and storage easy. Fresh products after harvesting, drying and bundling would occupy large space, easily rot and are eaten by insect, while it would be easier to store and sell after smashing. 11.3 Transportation of products 11.3.1 The basic establishment of transportation----road 85 The overall condition of the transportation of the project area is not quite good, particularly in the project area of Yunnan and Guizhou provinces, where the road condition is very bad. In some places, vehicle cannot go through once it rains. Products still need to be carried by shoulders and backs of peasants in some places. That has limited the management scale and the choice of the species extremely. The management range and scale can be enlarged in places convenient to transportation. Especially vegetables and fruits whose storage period) is short cannot be developed if the traffic is inconvenient and processing techniques are lacking. Farmers can ask the local project office to remold corresponding roads. 11.3.2 Conveyance The first method is to make use of existing personal conveyance. The second is to purchase new conveyance. The third is to attract other local and out-of-town conveyance. The incomes of most people in the project area lag behind the average level far too. The possession quantity by individuals is few. The transportation of agricultural products depends on shoulders and back. And it is impossible to purchase new conveyance in a short time. So drawing on other conveyance powers is the key. The perfect solution is to take advantage of purchasers to solve the problem. But the precondition is that road should be unimpeded and the product should be attractive. 11.4 Product sale 11.4.1 Main sale system at present 11.4.1.1 Sale by professional market It is to sell farm products collectively through founding the professional wholesale markets of farm products with tremendous influence and strong radiating capacity. Sale by professional market is attaching more and more importance everywhere because of a good many advantages. To be specific the sale by professional market has the following advantages: Firstly, products can be sold collectively and in large quantity. So it is suited to plant in large-scale and then sell concentratedly. Secondly, this method can respond to the information quickly. It makes it possible to collectively analyze and deal with market information in time and to make out correct decision. Thirdly, this method can realize speedy and collective transportation, appropriate storage, processing and fresh-keeping to some extent. Thus it can resolve the conflict between production which is separate, local and seasonal and consumption which is collective, national and perennial. But this method has to rely on the strong professional market, near the producing area. For example, the Chinese prickly ash market in suburb of Jiangjin county of Chongqing city enlarges the plantation scale of the Chinese prickly ash of Jiangjin county. It is also feasible to build corresponding professional market by a large-scale plantation of products in the direction of local government. 11.4.1.2 Sale by companies It is to purchase products from farmers then export through local selling company of farm products. The relation between companies and farmers can be confirmed by contract. It resolves the conflict between small supply of individual farmer and large demand of the market to a certain extent. In practice, sell farm products by 86 professional company has following advantages: One is to alleviate the conflict between small supply of individual farmer and large demand of the market effectively. So farmers can concentrate in producing. While the sale company can concentrate in sale, analyzing the information effectively and predicting the market. The second advantage is that the sale company has the ability to put farm products together. This makes some multiplication service such as fresh-keeping and processing for products possible. This is also named producing by order for foods. It is suitable for products with stable sale quantity and hearty market demand. But in recent years, the phenomenon has occurred repeatedly that the company or farmers violated the agreement for one side. Generally speaking companies did that for more times than farmers. The main reason is the fluctuation of the market price: If the predicted price is higher than the actual market price, the company would violate the agreement; If the predicted price is lower than the actual market price, farmers would break the contract. 11.4.1.3 Sale by organization Sell products by integrate or local community cooperate organizations such as circulation combo, traffic cooperation and professional association etc.. The advantages of this sale method are: One is benefit to resolve the conflict between small supply of individual farmer and large demand of the market and reduce risk. Secondly, these associations can collect disperse farm product together, provide the possibility for deep processing and achieve value added, and establish the base of industrialization development. This needs voluntary organization by farmers and rational guidance by local government. In general, it is too difficult to realize. 11.4.1.4 Sale directly by farmers Sale directly by farmers is to sell products to districts around the producing place by manpower and material resources of farmers themselves. This is the commonly used measure of the project area at present. But the phenomenon of no-sale would occur because of limited market capacity. 11.4.2 Approaches of avoiding sale risk To carry out the final value conversion of the product, the farmers can adopt actively way of getting around the risk and attain the purpose of increasing yield and incomes. 11.4.2.1 To select new, rare and unusual species and varieties It’s better to reach the extent that I have the species when others haven not, and the quality of my products is better than others when others have the same species. It’s preferable to stagger the mature time and develop early-matured and late-matured varieties. This measure is suited to the area where there are no professional market around, the traffic is inconvenient and scale and yield are not enough to attract sellers and companies. The market is consumption-oriented in nearby area. 11.4.2.2 To sell flexibly In areas with certain producing scale, order for goods can often be signed with the sale company before producing. But the order for goods is not certificate of insurance, the company and sellers may break their promise. What can be done in order to 87 reduce the risk of production and sale to the lowest? It is suggested to pay attention to market of products at any moment. The price of last year will not be the price of this year and the price will be changed according to the yield and quality. Make various preparation, do not wait and hesitate. In generally, at the beginning, the price is high and the profit is also high because there are few people growing the product. Later there are more and more people growing with rapid growth of yield, so the price descends and the profit also descends. To accept lower price is also a method of reducing risk as long as there are profit margin. Especially for fruits, under the premise of having no appropriate hoarding and fresh-keeping measures, to wait for rising of the price is not as good as to sell with lower price. Otherwise the loss would be greater when products rot in large quantities. 11.4.2.3 To master some simple techniques of storage and processing For herbal medicines and feed plants, the preservation time can be prolonged greatly and annexation values can also increased by some rough processing. 12. Monitoring and evaluation of forestry projects The main object of this project is to realize the improvement of environment of the project regions, growth of economic income of farmers and active influence on the area. So monitoring and evaluation after implementation of the project are very important. The project offices should organize experts to confirm indexes of monitoring and organize department of forestry and environment to monitor on the spot. The results of monitoring should be fed back to the project offices at last as the important gist for management and evaluation of the project. 12.1 Actualizing quality evaluation of forestry project It mainly refers to the main contents are standards of each link during the process of implying the project, including quality of soil preparation, quality of seedlings, quality of afforestation, quality of pruning and standard of harvesting. The quality of soil preparation should meet the standard of not bring new water and soil loss and according with the request of the World Bank and this guideline. Standards of seedlings and afforestation are according to national and local laws and regulations. Standards of pruning can consult the criterion of pruning techniques for fruits and trees because pruning techniques vary with tree species and management aims. The standard of harvesting is to ensure definite cover degree of plantation on the floor and not to result in new water and soil loss. If there are no corresponding national and local regulations or standards, the project offices should organize correlative experts to draft out criterion and put it in practice. It is noticed that the standards are different with management types, such as fruit picking of orchard, cutting of trees and harvesting of grass for water and soil conversation. We suggest that the actualizing quality evaluation of forestry project should be done by experts organized by the project offices and local forestry department. In order to improve actualizing quality of the project, some special education is needed in each link of the project, especially in soil preparation, afforestation and pruning 88 which need more techniques. Experts educate some backbones of farmers at first and then in turn they train all other farmers who participate in the project. 12.2 Cost and output monitoring of forestry project The cost and output should be recorded in detail from the beginning of the project‘s implementation in order to check and control the cost of the project. The cost of each chain of the project should be controlled strictly by budget and accorded with the budget according to the request of the World Bank. The output is an important index to evaluate benefits of the project at last. But it should be noticed not to leave out especially conversion of ecological effects of the project, such as effect of water and soil conservation, effect of fixing carbon and releasing oxygen. And it should also be avoided that effects of the output are calculated repeatedly. The calculation methods from ecological effects to economic effects follow the current convention. 12.3 Monitoring of water and soil conservation effects of forestry measures Main indexes of monitoring are quantity of runoff and module of soil erosion. This can be done with the monitoring of effects of water and soil conservation at the same time through setting up runoff field and runoff spots. 12.4 Monitoring of Plantation The main monitoring indexes are long-term dynamic change of plant cover degree and growing dynamic change of plantation to weigh effects of water and soil conservation and carbon fixing and oxygen releasing. They are important indexes to valuate whether if the aim of the project has been realized or not. Sample plot can be set up in area of different forestry measurements. The plantation cover degree and productivity level of plantation can be monitored for a long time. 12.5 Monitoring of biodiversity Monitoring change of biodiversity of plant community after the implementation of the project’s mostly done by investigating variety of plant species at time passes. The increase of biodiversities is a symbol of improvement of environment and increase of productivity level. Disappearance and subrogation of plant species should be noticed: Is it normal succession of the community or decline of local species or new invasion by importing of foreign plants? It is suggested to do an investigation before the implementation of the project, and the result can be background material used easily to compare afterwards. 12.6 Monitoring of plant diseases and pests Monitoring diseases and pests of main plants in forestry project can be accomplished by local department of forest prevention. It can be combined with education of disease and pests prevention and cure for farmers. The education can adopt the form of classroom-teaching. The main content of education is symptom identification and prevention methods of main diseases and pests of mostly plant species in forestry project. The importance and economization of biology prevention 89 and pesticides forbidden to use should be emphasized. 90 Annex 1: Requirement of pesticide use for producing green food 1.1 The requirement of pesticide use for producing green food of grade AA 1.1.1 Pesticides forbidden to use Synthetic organic pesticides are forbidden, including chemical pesticide, acaricide, antiseptic, antieelwormcide, herbicide, plant regulator and re-compound biogenic pesticides and fossol original pesticides containing of synthetic organic pesticide; varieties (products) and product of genetic engineering are alsoforbidden to use. 1.1.2 Pesticides allowed to use Insecticide, antiseptic, materials of avoiding and driving insects, materials of increasing effects from plants under medium toxicity are allowed to use. For examples, pyrethrum, derris ketone, tobacco water, allicin, toosendanin, azadirachtin and seamin etc.; sex hormone of insect and attractant are allowed to use in catcher of insect; product of mineral oil and plant oil are allowed to use; sulfur product and copper product of pesticide from mineral are allowed to use; other pesticides allowed to be used for producing green food of grade AA; pesticides can be used in a limited degree by sanction of special organization; micro-pesticides can be used, including fungi product, bacteria product, actinomyces product, antagonistic bacteria product, pathogen eelworm and protozoa, antibiotic for agricultural use such as kasugamycin, agricultural antibiotic 120, Zhongshengmycin and streptomycin etc.. 1.2 Requirement of pesticide use for producing green food of grade A 1.2.1 Pesticides forbidden to use Pesticides with high toxicity (including virulent pesticide), high residue or three- cause (causing cancer, causing abnormal and causing mutation) are forbidden to use during growing and storage, including high toxicity biogenic pasticidesand pesticides of fossil origin; and some pesticides are also forbidden to use for other reasons. Thereinto, DDT, BHC, sulphonamides, methoxychlor, endosulfan, phorate, disulfoton, monocrotophos, parathion, methyl-parathion, methamidophos, isofenphtos-methyl, sulfotep, omethoate, phosphamidon, fenamiphos, carbofuran, isazofos, methidathion, terbufos, sebufos, fenamiphos, phosfolan-methyl, aldicarb, carbofuran, methomyl, carbosulfan,, chlordimeform, dibromoethane, ethylene oxide, dibromo chloropropane, methylbromide, arsenic zinc methomyl, arsenic calcium methomyl, arsenic ammonium methomyl, thiram, ziram, thiphenyltin acetate,dithiopiperidyl carbamate, EMC, PMA, quintozene, quintobenzyl alcohol, N,N9-methylene-bis(2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole), compound of 2,4-D, nitrofen, dipenyl-therherbicides and synthetic organic plant regulators are forbidden to use for all the crops of green food producing. Dicofol is forbidden to use for vegetables, fruit trees and tea tree. Avermectim and propargite are forbidden to use for vegetables and fruit trees. Blasticidins and kitazin P are forbidden to use for rice. Pyrethroid pesticides are forbidden to use for rice and other hydrophily crops. Any herbicides are forbidden to use for treatment of stem and leaves after germination. Regulations mentioned may be revised or improved with the publication of new regulations of state. Varieties ( products) of genetic engineering products are strictly prohibited to use. 1.2.2 Pesticides allowed to use 91 Botanical pesticides, zoological pesticides and microbial pesticides under medium toxicity are allowed to use. For examples, pyrethroid, derris ketone, nicotine, plant oil, allicin, toosendanin, azadirachtin and seamin etc.. Sex hormone of zoological pesticides and agricultural antibiotics, jinggangmycin, streptomycin and polyoxin etc.. Sulfur products and copper products of fossil original pesticides can be used such as lime-sulfur, wettable sulfur of sulfur products and bluestone, Cu(OH)2, Bordeaux mixture etc.. Synthetic organic pesticides can be used in a limited degree and each pesticides can be used only once during plant growing duration. The usage of synthetic organic pesticides allowed to use for some crop should obey the quantity and interval regulated by “Safe using standard of pesticide” and “Rule of using in reason of pesticides 1 to 6”. The finally residue should not exceed the standard regulated by “Safe using standard of pesticide” and “Rule of using in reason of pesticides 1 to 6”. 92 Annex 2 Main plant diseases and pests and the prevention and cure methods of the project area Plant Name of disease or Main control measures Pesticides name pest Black-light trapping Pyrethroid, Benzoylphenol urea Caterpillar of pine inoculation bacillus Pine thuringiensis and beauveria chemical control Pestalotia funere chemical control 40% carbendazim wp 500 times Caterpillar of Japan inoculation bacillus Fenvalerat Japan cedar thuringiensis and cedar beauveria chemical control Homona issikii inoculation bacillus 2.5% Deltamethrin Yasud thuringiensis and 40% Omethoate beauveria, 50% methamidophos light trapping and smoking, extirpate by manpower, chemical control Scolytidae insect of Burning plant living by Chinese fir pests fir Leaf-beetle of fir Chemical control BHC dichlorvos or :dipterex emulsion Long-horn beetle of Burning plant living by fir pests Polychrosis Burning dried tips fenitrothion cunxinghamialola collectively, emulsion dipterrex L.P. Trapping by blacklight 40 omethoate emulsion or solution of sugar and 80%dichlorvos emulsion vinetar, chemical control Etiolation of fir Improve conditions of soil, air and fertilization Chinese Glomerella Burning infected plant 1 bordeaux mixture fir cingulata on the spot 50 Carbendazin wettable powder Pestatotiop sos Improve soil and control foedans density Anoplophora Species arrangement, glabripennis, entrap by manpower, apriona gemari inoculation bacillus Carbofuran etc. Poplar (Hope) thuringiensis and beauveria, smoking, chemical control Dothiorella Resistant varieties, 50% carbendazin gregaria Sacc. Chemical control 70%thiophanate-methyl 93 Batocera horsfeldi Catch and kill, emulsifiable solution of 50% Privet Chemical control is not phoxim, effective 40% omethoate, and 80% dichlorvos Trichoferus Burn plant living by 50% dichlorvos emulsifiable campestris pests, solution Smoking grubs, Light trapping, Acacia Chemical control Chrysobothris Burn or soak plant living 80% dichlorvos emulsifiable affinis Fabricius by pests, solution Shake branch and collect Acacia pests then killed, Chemical control Napocheima Catch by manpower, 5% phoxim granule robiniae Chu aerosol, 25% parathion tiny capsule, Chemical control 2.5% decis emulsifiable solution Batocera horsfeldi Dipping dichlorvos withtampon and filling in wormhole 0. 3 degree of lime-sulphur, Chinese Myssopsora Cleanup defoliate and 15% triadimefon wettable toona cedrelae destroyed by fire, powder, Chemical control 50% carbendazin wettable powder Collect defoliate and 0.2- 0.3 degree of lime-sulphur destroyed by fire or 1: 1:200 times of boadeaux Uncinula necator burying deeply, mixture, prevent drought, 15% triadimefon wettable chemical control powder, 50% fungicide wettable powder Pull out infectedplantat Root rot once and treatment the hole with 0.5 to 1kg limewater Cleanup weed, 50kg plant ash+200L water and Aphides Cradle in proper time, filtrate after soaking for 24h Protect and utilize then add 4kg crystal dipterex predators every 50L filtrateto be mother solution then add 200L water for every 1kg mother sollution Cleanup weed, 40% omethoate emulsifiable Thrips Chmical control during solution, Purple florescence 50% malathion, medic 90% dipterex Cradle during early 40% omethoate emulsifiable Mirid bugs florescence, solution, Chemical control 50% malathion, 90% dipterex Peronospora Bordeaux mixture, aestivalis Chemical control 65%mancozeb, 50% fungicide 94 Resistant varieties, 75% chlorothalonil, Brown patch Cradle, 70% thiophanate-methyl, chemical control 79 mancozeb Resistant varieties, fertilize P and Ca more Powdery mildew of but decrease N, Mancozeb or Bordeaux mixture Alfalfa Irrigation properly, Chemical control Splash with dipterex before Ryegrass Cut worms Chemical control sowing and after seedling coming out Covered with bags, Lime-sulphur, Acarus Chemical control abamectin Extrirpate by manpower, 40% omethoate emulsifiable Contarinia citri cleanup weed, chemical solution, Barnes control fenitrothion Sooty moulds Covered with bag, Lime-sulphur Chemical control Covered with bags, Avermectin Orange Moths Light trapping Chemical control Scrap by 1 Organic-phosphor pesticide manpower,destroyed by + 50 petroleum +2000-2500 fire collectively, water, Citrus coccids biological control, lime-sulphurof 3-5 degrees, Chemical control 50% phoxim emulsifiable solution, 40% omethoate emulsifiable solution Colletotrichum Keep aeration Lime-sulphur, gloeosporioides Chemical control Mancozeb, Sacc. carbendazin Chestnut Endothia parasitica Cleanup infected plant and and destroyed with fire, Scrap affected part Nongkang 401, and daub pesticide 40% arsenical fungicide Cleanup defoliate, 50%fenitrothion, Moths of chestnut Trichogramma Spp., 80%dichlorvos, Chemical control decis, parathion Cradle before explosion, 2.5% deltamethrin emulsifiable Forage Armyworm graze with high density, solution, 10g benzoylphenol grasses kill grub with pesticides urea no.3dissolved in 30kg water, 2.5% dipterex powder 95 Annex 3: List of plant species Trees: Acacia auriculiformis Magnolia dawsoniana Acacia farnesiana Magnolia officinalis. Acacia mangium Melia azedarach Ace Metasequoia glyptrobides Ailanthus altissima Morus alba Alnus crenastogyne Myrica rubra Armeniaca vulgaris Pinus elliottii Amorpha fruitcosa Paulownia fortunei Pistacia chinensis Bambusoideae Pinus kesiya var.langbianensis Cassia siamea Pinus massonian Castanea mollissima pinus taeda Castanea sequinii Pinus taiwanensis Castanopsis fargesii Pinus yunnanensis Catalpa bungei Phellodendron amurense Cercidiphyllum japonicum Phyllanthusemblica Cerasus pseudoceerasu Platycladus orientalis Cinnamomum camphora Platycarya strobilacea Citrus reticulata populus Citrus sinensis Prunus armeniaca Corylus mandshurica Prunus davidiana Cryptomeria fortunei Prunus persica Cunninghamia lanceolata Pterocarya stenoptera Cupresses funebris Pyrus L. Diospyros Quercus aliena var. acutiserrata Eucalyptus camalculensis Quercus acutissima Eucalyptus citriodora Quercus variabilis Eucalyptus robusta Rhus typhina Eucalyptus.urophylla Robinia pseudoacacia Eucommia ulmoides Salix babylonica Fagus hayatae Salix matsudana Koidz.Ulmus pumila Fagus longipetiolata Sapium sebiferum Ginkgo biloba Schima superba Gleditsia sinensis Tamarindus indicus Juglans regia Toona sinensis Larix mastersiana Toxicodendron verniciflum Leucaena leucocephala Trachycarpus fortunei Liquidambar formosana Trema orientalis Litsea cubeba Vernicia fordii Macrocarpium officinale Zanthoxylum bungeanum Shrubs: Cajanus cajan Lespedeza bicolor Camellia Oleifera Rosa L. Callellia sinensis Rosa roxburghii Dodoneae viscose Vitex negunde var. heterophylla Fraxinus chinensis Vitex negundo Hypericum chinense Vitex trifolia 96 Herbs: Agave Americana Medicago falcate Agropyron crastatum Medicago L. Astragalus membranaceus Medicago Satiya Astragalus sinicus Melilotus officinalis Avena sativa Melilotus suaveolens Bromus inermis Ophiopogon japonicus Canna indica Oregneria kamoji Coronilla varia Panicum maximum Crotalaria assamica Paspalum notatum Cynodon dactylon Paspalum wettsteinii Eleusine indica Pennisetum purpureum Elymus dahuricus Phaseolus radiatus Elymus sibircus Phragmites communis Eulaliopsis binata Spartina anglica Euphrasia transmorrisonensis Symphytum peregrinum Festuca arundinacea Trifolium repens Imp erata cylindrical Vetiveria zizanioides Iris confusa Vicia dasycarpa Lolium multiflorum Vicia sepium Lolium perenne Vigna sinensis Macroptilum atropurpureum Zoysia sinica 97 98
World Bank Group · Environmental Assessment
Forestry guidelines (Lignes directrices de foresterie),المبادئ التوجيهية المعنية بالحراجة والغابات,Directrices forestales,云贵鄂渝水土保持世行贷款项目林业指南
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World Bank Group
Document type
Environmental Assessment
Country
China
Source
World Bank