r ~ - ~ yV~V'**~* ~ . .~*.. El 009 Volume 2 Government of Tanzania CIUP STAGE 3 REPORT Community Environmental Management Plan August 2004 Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program in Dar es Salaam under LGSP Financed by the World Bank UCLAS DHV CONSULTANTS University College of Lands THE NETHERLANDS and Architectural Studies TANZANIA L ,-,[ * \ .j) a , i Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program Table of Contents Executive Summary of the CEMP ......................................................... IV Acronyms and abbreviations ......................................................... VIII I Introduction to the CEMP ..I 1.1 Rationale and objectives .1 1.2 Initial scope of the anticipated impacts . 1.3 Methodological approach .2 1.4 Participatory approach .3 2 Environmental profiles of the selected sub-wards .5 2.1 Bio-physical properties and environmental status .5 2.2 People, infrastructure and urban services in the CIUP area . 6 2.3 Public health in the CIUP areas .7 3 Assessment of the environmental impacts related to the proposed infrastructuLre upgrading interventions ................9 3.1 Implications and approaches to identify the aggregate potential impacts .10 3.2 Sectoral assessment of the key environmental issues in the CIUP areas...1 1 3.2.1 Poverty and linkages to environrnental degradation . 12 3.2.2 Inadequate drainage and flood control .13 3.2.3 Unsafe and insufficient water supply .14 3.2.4 Poor road conditions and accessibility .15 3.2.5 Inadequate sanitation .16 3.2.6 Inadequate solid waste management .1 8 3.2.7 Safety and security problems .22 3.2.8 Air, noise and dust pollution .23 3.2.9 Lack of environmental awareness and education .23 3.3 Identification of the environmental priorities among the communities ... 24 3.4 Screening of the proposed investments for potential env. impacts ............ 26 3.5 Screening results of the preliminary environmental impact assessment ..27 3.5.1 Assessment of the positive environmental and social impacts .......... 27 3.5.2 Preliminary identification of possible negative env.impacts ............. 29 3.5.3 Highlighting and addressing specific environmental impact risks .... 31 3.5.4 Determination of level of environmental appraisal ........................... 33 3.6 Analysis of the none action alternative ...................................................... 34 4 Environmental management and risk mitigation plan.. 4.1 Proposed risk mitigation measures and adjustments related to design and pre-construction phase .................................................. 35 4.2 Proposed risk mitigation measures relating to the construction phase ...... 42 4.3 Proposed mitigation measures relating to the operation phase .................. 45 Community Environmental Management Plan II Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program 5 Institutional arrangements and responsibilities for implementing the community environmental management plan ............................................ 48 5.1 Institutional and management arrangements ............................................ 48 5.1.1 Approach ............................................ 48 5.1.2 Roles and responsibilities ......................................... 50 5.1.3 Possible roles of NGOs/CBOs . ........................... 51 5.2 Environmrental monitoring activities during different program phases .53 5.2.1 Safeguard responsibilities during pre-construction phase .. 53 5.2.2 Environmental safeguard responsibilities during construction phase 53 5.2.3 Environmental safeguard responsibilities during post-construction.. 54 5.2.4 Summary of environmental monitoring tasks and responsibilities.... 55 5.3 Ensuring the environmental effectiveness of the CEMP. 556 6 Capacity building and technical assistance to the communities . .58 6.1 Enviromnental capacity building - gap identification ............................... 58 6.2 Environmental management support ............................................. 59 6.3 Training of TST trainers ............................................. 60 7 Environmental awareness and public hygiene campaign . ....................... 644 7.1 Raising public awareness for improving environmental conditions .......... 64 7.2 Community-based public hygiene program ............................................... 66 7.3 Linkage to similar activities in the sub-wards ........................................... 66 8 Costs estimates for the proposed environmental management activities ........ 668 9 Work plan sunmmary of the proposed environmental management activities for CIUP ............................................... 71 ANNEX I REVIEW OF THE POLICY AND LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK RELEVANT TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE CIUP - PROGRAM ................................................... rI ANNEX 2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AND PRIORITIES OF THE COMMUNITIES IN THE PROJECT AREA (SUB-WARDS) ............................. XIH ANNEX 3 SCREENING OF THE COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE UPGRADING PROGRAM IN LINE WITH TTIE 'ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMFWORK' OF THE LOCAL SUPPORT PROGRAM LGSP ....................................................XTX ANNEX 4 CONTROLS ON THE CONTRACTOR .............................................. XXI ANNEX 5 METHODOLOGY TO ASSESS THE ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTION WITHIN THE COMMUNITIES ................................................ XXIV ANNEX 6 ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS SHEETS FOR ALL SUB-WARDS SELECTED FOR THE COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE UPGRADING PROGRAM IN PHASE I ................................................... xxX ANNEX 7 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING FORM ............ XLVI Community Enviromnental Management Plan III Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program Executive Summary of the CEMP Chapter I of this document gives the background, methodological approach and objectives of the Community Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) for the Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program (CIUP). The CIUP aims at - improving the productivity and well-being of low-income urban residents in Dar es Salaam by upgrading infrastructure and services in selected unplanned and unserviced settlements, - strengthening the municipal systems for upgrading and maintaining infrastructure and services, and - building community capacities to participate in planning and maintaining infrastructure in coordination with the Municipalities. The specific objectives of the Community Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) for this program aim at: - ensuring that all planned interventions to upgrade infrastructure and services are carried out in an environmentally sound manner; - ensuring that the proposed infrastructure upgrading will result preferably in a healthier environmental condition and will not exacerbate the current poor environmental status in the sub-wards; - setting the path for a consultative participation of each community in properly addressing and monitoring the key environmental issues; - addressing the deficits of environmental awareness and hygienic practices among the residents in the unplanned settlements. An overview (Chapter 2) describes the existing environmental profiles in the sub-wards. From this descriptive part it is evident that the current environmental status indicates sub-standard and hazardous conditions, which are reflected both in the occurrence of hazardous areas (flood- prone), large-scale poverty, hardship, pollution, alarming health situation and periodic outbreak of epidemic diseases. The analytic part starts with a sectoral assessment of the key environmental issues in all selected unplanned settlements (Chapter 3), focusing of the main environmental sectors that will be addressed by the upgrading program, i.e. road and drainage system, solid waste management, sanitation and street-lighting. The sectoral assessment is followed by the assessment of the potential impacts associated with the proposed investment. The method used is a comprehensive "environmental and social checklist" prepared for the potential project-specific risks. This section also gives an account on the broad participative consultation of the affected communities, and the ranking of their environmental concerns. It appears that the ten main environmental priorities of the communities (in order of ranking) are flooding, poor road accessibility, poor drinking water quality and supply, improper solid waste disposal and burning practices, soil erosion, poor sanitation, high and contaminated groundwater, mosquito-breeding pools, incidence of epidemic diseases, and especially malaria. Of secondary ranked concerns is public security, air and noise pollution, dust, general cleanliness, nuisance by rodents and insects, road safety and roadside encroachment. As this part of the CEMP also serves the purpose of identifying the required level of EIA, a screening procedure has been adopted in line with the Environmental Management Framework provided for LGSP. Based on this matrix all anticipated impacts are validated. The result is that the CIUP project is categorized as "Category 2" in accordance to the national legislative framework (e.g. the EIA guidelines of the National Environmental Management Council, 1997), and as category B according to the OP 4.01 of World Bank. The general finding of this EA is that the number and magnitude of the identified positive (beneficial) impacts generated by the proposed program far outweigh the anticipated negative Community Environmental Management Plan IV Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program impacts and risks associated with the project implementation. Most if not all identified risks can be avoided or mitigated to an extent that their impact will not be residual or significant. The few irreversible impacts (e.g. land acquisition, resettlement and removal of some trees) will be compensated either by cash or, as in the case of involuntary resettlement, by orderly procedures outlined in the Resettlement Action Plan which is developed independently from this CEMP. As for the other impacts, environmental enrichment actions are planned. Special attention has been given to assess negative impacts (e.g. floods) that would affect adjacent areas. Three cases have been identified where specific technical solutions need to be included to avoid such impacts. In specific, solutions are proposed to reduce or offset the risk of back flow in under-dimensioned or derelict drainage structures leading to nearby river valleys, treatment ponds or trunk infrastructures. The overall conclusion of this screening exercise is that the CIUP interventions only require a preliminary environmental assessment report (= this document) to be submitted for review and approval by the national and local authorities. The "non action alternative" to the CIUP has been rejected, as this would worsen the existing acute and hazardous environmental conditions in each sub-ward, which are the prime targets of the program. The core of the CEMP is the elaboration of a detailed environmental management and risk mitigation plan (Chapter 4), using the "environmental and social checklists" mentioned above. The guiding principles for devising appropriate management measures were (i) impact avoidance to the extent possible, (ii) minimisation by applying a set of specific mitigation measures, (iii) compensation where applicable, and (iv) exploration of compensation measures such as enrichment planting and filling up of waterlogged depressions acting as breeding habitat for water-borne disease vectors. The latter activities are designed to include community works. By mobilizing the communities it is believed that the safeguarding of the environment is likely to be sustainable. The proposed mitigation measures relate to all aspects during design and planning, construction and O&M / post-construction phases of CIUP. Based on previous experiences with similar programs it is assumed that all suggested mitigation measures are capable to offset or minimize the risks identified. It is also maintained that these measures will contribute significantly to the amelioration of the environmental conditions in the unplanned settlements. All mitigation measures imply technical solutions which have been thoroughly discussed witi engineers, planners and, as applicable, with the communities. The CEMP foresees that all technical requirements will be incorporated in the specific clauses in the bid documents, BoQs and the contractor's contract. Chapter 5 provides information on the institutional arrangements and responsibilities for implementing the proposed environmental management plan. Given the shortage of qualified personnel in terms of environmental safeguard and EIA procedures, the CEMP pursues a more direct linkage of the monitoring tasks with the local authorities at municipal level through the Technical Support Teams (TSTs). After completion of the project preparation stage, the Community Planning Teams (CPTs) will continue their activities as formal Community Planning Team sub-committee in each sub-ward. This CPT sub-committee will conduct the environmental monitoring as guided and instructed by the TSTs. Other linkages are proposed with NGOs and CBOs operating in the environmental sector in the selected sub-wards, and to link them into the proposed public awareness programs and to mobilize the communities for concerted environmental actions. The chapter also describes the environmental safeguard and monitoring activities at different stages of the project, as well as two environmental household surveys that will serve as basic analytic tool to identify the overall environmental effectiveness of the CIUP and the CEMP. While the first activity is mainly carried out by the CPT sub-committees as community-based monitoring groups, the latter will be entrusted to an environmental expert contracted by the Community Environmental Management Plan V Community InfrastructLre Upgrading Program construction supervision consultant. This expert will also be responsible for the compliance monitoring of the contractors. The monitoring will rely on verifiable indicators to determine the overall environmental effectiveness of the CIUP and the CEMP, such as: - the degree of beneficial or negative impacts as predicted in the planning documents - the benefits of the CIUP for the community, in relation to the respective rankings of their environmental concerns - the overall environmental impact of the execution of construction works - the overall environmental status in relation to the CIUP investments - the specific environmental situation in areas pre-defined as hazardous (e.g. flood-prone areas, areas with vulnerable soils and slopes, illegal dumpsites etc.) - the health situation, both at household and communal level - the acceptance of the local residents to participate in the community-pay actions (e.g. clean-up operations in drains, waste collection, water supply, tree planting activities) - the impacts of the environmental awareness and hygiene campaigns. A variety of monitoring tools are elaborated to conduct the environmental effectiveness monitoring twice during project duration (at phase I and at the O&M phase). The major tool will be a sample household survey using an environmental questionnaire. The monitoring will also employ a set of defined and verifiable indicators to assess quantitatively the project's impacts. Chapter 6 relates to the capacity building to implement the suggested monitoring activities. The chapter identifies beforehand gaps in the environmental assessment and monitoring capacities at different governmental levels. All three municipalities have only limited in-house environmental expertise. Environmental engineers are mostly engaged in solid and liquid waste management. Community based environmental management and monitoring is a new phenomenon for the municipalities. As part of the institutional development program, an environmental management consultant will be employed to support the municipalities in general and the TSTs in particular to develop and establish appropriate management and monitoring procedures and systems. The environmental management advisor will provide both formal and on-tie-job-training to municipal staff. In view of the ongoing LGSP program it is concluded that the CEMP should only embark on a simple and focal environmental training program to put the community-based environmental monitoring groups in action. Therefore, facilitators need to be trained under the proposed program (train the trainers). The trainees will be selected from the three TSTs and the respective wards. Two training packages are offered, each relating to specific environmental monitoring requirements during different project phases. The training emphasizes the integration of community-based monitoring solutions and includes both formal training sessions and on-the-job training. The training will be entrusted to the environmental management advisor. Chapter 7 addresses the overall awareness deficiencies. An environmental awareness program is developed to ensure the environmental safeguard support by the communities. Tn addition, an education campaign will be put in place. The rationale for these campaigns is to raise awareness for the individual's responsibilities for environmental and communal well-being. Focal points to address in these campaigns are (i) sensitization for environmental problems, (ii) littering versus adoption of the new waste collection system, (iii) keeping the drains clean, (iv) protection of soils prone to erosion hazards, (v) observance of the ROW, and (vi) tree-planting activities. The public education campaign focuses on hygiene issues and aims at making people aware of health hazards in their living environment. The main objective of this program is to educate people on reducing health risks and preventing diseases. Common hygiene practices will be discussed in small groups, addressing primarily women and schoolchildren. Main points of this program are (i) household hygiene, (ii) defecation practices, (iii) advice in making and managing pit latrines, (iv) domestic waste management, and (v) prevention of stagnant water pools. Community Environmental Management Plan VI Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program Responsible for implementation of the campaigns is the municipality, but many activities will be initiated at the ward and sub-ward level. A number of NGOs have been identified with capability to deliver this type of awareness building. NGOs will be recruited to prepare and implement the campaigns under the guidance of the ward health officers and under the responsibility of the municipal planning and coordination department. Chapter 8 provides cost estimates for the proposed environmental management actions, which are summarised in the following table. Table Summa of the Environmental Miti ation and Monitorin Cost Estimates Item Costs ($) Costs (Tsh.) Environmental household survey 54,000 57,240,000 Advisory services and delivery of on-the-job-training: 94,500 100,170,000 - Environmental management advisor TST Environmental management and monitoring training 8,100 8,586,000 (training of trainers) - Workshops O&:M performance monitoring and reporting 81,000 85,860,000 Workshops - O&M trainers Environmental awareness and public hygiene campaign - Workshops - Health trainers (NGO) 40,500 42,930,000 32,400 34,344,000 Total 310,500 329,130,000 Costs that bear environmental implications that are not included are resettlement costs and costs for the construction supervision. These costs are born by other budgets. The final chapter (10) presents a time chart for the work plan of the CEMP, indicating the types of different environmental management activities described above, their anticipated start and duration and gives particulars on the assigned responsibilities. Community,Environrmental Management Plan VII Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program Acronyms and abbreviations CBD Central Business District (of Dar es Salaam) CBOs community-based organizations CBP Capacity Building Program CDA Community Development Association (eg at Hanna Massif Sub-Ward) CEMP Community Environmental Management Plan CITES Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species CIUP Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program CPT Community Planning Team CUP Community Upgrading Plan CWS City Water Services Ltd. DAWASA Dar es Salaam Water & Sanitation Authority DC District Council DCC Dar es Salaam City Council DEC Distrct Environmental Committee DEnv.O District Environmental Officer DWSSP Dar es Salaam Water Supply and Sanitation Project (2003) EA Environmental Assessment EAF Environmental Assessment Framework EAR Environmental Audit Report EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan EP Entitled Person EPA Environmental Protecting Agency ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework (for the LGSP) GRC Grievance Redress Commiffee GoT Government of Tanzania HH Household IDA International Development Organisation ILO International Labour Organization LGSP Local Government Support Program MNRTE Ministry of Natural Resources, Tourism and Environment MOA Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security MOL Ministry of Lands and Human Settlement Development MRALG Ministry of Regional Administration and Local Government NEAP National Environmental Action Plan NEP National Environmental Policy (1997) NEMC National Environmental Management Council (1983) NGO Non-governmental organization OD Operational Directive (of WB) ODA Oversees Development Administration (British Development Aid) OP Operational Policy O & M Operation and Maintenance PAF project-affected families PAP(s) project-affected person(s) PEA Preliminary Environmental Assessment PMU Project Management Unit PO-RALG the President's Office - Regional Administration and Land Government PWC Price Water Cooper (Consultant) Community Environmental Management Plan VIII Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program RAP Resettlement Action Plan RCP Refuse Collection Point RoW Right of Way RPF Resettlement Policy Framework SUDP Strategic Urban Development Plan (financed under the "Sustainable Dar es Salaam Project, 1999) ToR Terms of Reference ToT Training of Trainers TSh Tanzanian Shilling ( = 1050 TSh to 1 US $, as per Dec.03) TST Technical Support Team UCLAS University College of Lands and Architectural Studies, Dar es Salaam UNCHS United Nations Centre for Human Settlements UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNV United Nations Volunteers V/MC Village/Mtaa Council WB World Bank WDC Ward Development Committee WEO Ward Executive Officer WHO World Health Organization WTB willingness to pay (for infrastructure and communal services) Community Environmental Management Plan IX Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program 1 Introduction to the CEMP This Community Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) outlines environmental issues and actions for the Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program (CIUP) phase I communities. Phase I consists of 16 communities (sub-wards) in each of Dar es Salaams three Municipalities. Environmental management plans for the remaining 15 communities will be prepared during phase IT preparation following the procedures outlined in the operational manual. 1.1 Rationale and objectives The Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program should be based on environmentally sound designs and common environmental safeguard practices in line with national policies and legislation, as well as in line with the operational directives provided by the World Bank. The community-based approach includes a participative role of the communities in managing and monitoring the environmental conditions that are tackled by this program. Special emphasis is given to address the environmental priority concerns forwarded by the communities themselves. The general objectives of the CIUP aim at: - Improving the productivity and well-being of low-income urban residents in Dar es Salaam by upgrading infrastructure and services in selected unplanned and unserviced settlements; - Strengthening the municipal systems for upgrading and maintaining infrastructure and services; - Building community capacities to participate in planning and maintaining infrastructure in coordination with the Municipalities. The specific objectives for the CEMP aim at: - Ensuring that all planned interventions to upgrade infrastructure and services are carried out in an environmentally sound manner; - Ensuring that the proposed infrastructure upgrading will result preferably in a healthier environmental condition and will not exacerbate the current poor environmental status in the sub-wards; - Setting the path for a consultative participation of each community in properly addressing and monitoring the key environmental issues; - Addressing the deficits of environmental awareness and hygienic practices among the residents in the unplanned settlements. 1.2 Initial scope of the anticipated impacts The CIUP has been categorized as a category B project, using the guidelines of the World Bank OP 4.01 on environmental assessment. According to this operational policy, a proposed project is classified as Category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas - including wetlands, forests, and other natural habitats - are less adverse than those of Category A projects. These impacts are site-specific; few if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases mitigatory measures can be designed more readily than for Category A projects. Commtnity Environmental Management Plan 1 Community Infrastrmcture Upgrading Program The vast majority of the anticipated impacts are likely to be short-termed, site specific confined and reversible through the application of the mitigating and monitoring measures devised in this CEMP. As specified in section 2.1 the project is merely in urban areas and not have any impacts on wetlands, forests or other habitats. 1.3 Methodological approach The CIUP will upgrade community infrastructure in 31 selected sub-wards; 16 in phase I and 15 in phase II. Typical for the CIUP is the use of participatory methods. Communities are consulted to establish their priorities, are involved in identifying environmental impacts and in the development of mitigation measures and this monitoring plan. The Community environmental monitoring plan outlined below has been developed using the following assessment methodologies and procedures: - Screening of the environmental situation and the identification of environmental and social impacts in the sub-wards'. Incorporation of the information from the baseline environmental surveys in the sub-ward areas selected for upgrading, was used to carry out the environmental and social screening to determine potential environmental issues by the technical support teams (TSTs) in each sub-project area, in close consultation with both the consultants and the communities. - A sectoral envirorunmental assessment has been carried out to identify the main environmental issues at stake (see section 3.2). An environmental and social checklist has been prepared. - Environmental issues requiring mitigation have been identified using preliminary environmental assessment (PEA) procedures, using the ESMF checklists, using experienced consultants and responding to the concems/ priorities forwarded by the cormmunities during the participative consultation process (section 3.3). - Where necessary, specific environmental impact assessments have been carried out. These EIAs assess the environmental implications of specific interventions to be applied in each sub-ward (sections 3.4 and 3.5). Special attention was given to scrutinizing potential impacts associated with the new or rehabilitated drainage as they might affect neighbouring sub-wards which are not part of the CIUP. - Mitigation measures have been elaborated2 to alleviate or minimise identified environmental impacts (section 4), and specific monitoring objectives have been defined. - Institutional linkages and responsibilities (section 5) for all required steps (technical assessments, monitoring, consultation, etc) have been identified, as have capacity building needs, including training (section 6). See chapter 2: information and procedures are in compliance with the latest recommendations of the ESMF, Annex I (Environmental Screening Form) 2 The applied procedures took into due consideration the recommendations and checklists of the ESMF, Annex 2 Community Environmental Management Plan 2 Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program A public hygiene campaign is developed to address overall lack of household awareness of environmental health and hygiene an educational awareness program including (section 7). Cost estimates and a general work plan are set out in the final sections 8 and 9. 1.4 Participatory approach The proposed mitigation and monitoring measures for each of the selected sub-wards are designed in close consultation with the affected communities and within the full context of local, national and international environmental and natural resources management policies and regulations3. The strong inclusion of the communities in the environmental management scheme as well as the country's institutional and legal support are assumed to provide a conducive environment to minimize and/ or offset the environmental and social impacts and ensure the workability of investments made under this program. Community participation in the CIUP is designed as an iterative process. The Dar es Salaam local authorities determined the stages of the program where community participation is most critical and the level of participation required. This includes involvement in planning and decision-making and responsibility for (environmental) monitoring of construction and operation and maintenance. The focus of the participation process is on the sub-ward level. Each CIUP area has its own directly elected group of representatives. The selection of community representatives to participate in the CIUP preparation process included the following main features: - First a public meeting was announced and organised in each CIUP area to elect community representatives for the CIUP preparation. The group of representatives was named community planning team (CPT). - The CIUP areas were subdivided in clusters of about 30 to 40 houses (geographical zones) from where the residents elect representatives. This creates a balanced geographical representation, ensures equity and eliminates favouritism to particular areas. It also facilitates direct communication between residents and representatives, because the clusters are small enough to ensure that people know each other well. - Housing clusters were defined in accordance with geographical features and existing street patterns. Gender equity was achieved by election of one male and one female from each housing cluster. - The sub-ward chairman and the sub-ward secretary participated in the process by virtue of their administrative position. The various communities could also opt to invite specific stakeholder representatives to participate in the process, such as NGOs and CBOs, the business community or religious institutions. 3see Annex I Community Environmental Management Plan 3 Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program The planning process The CIUP participatory planning process was designed in a number of sub-sequent steps, including: 1. Formation of technical support teams (TST) for each municipality, consisting of municipal government staff and experts of the consultants' team; 2. Project launch at the ward and sub-ward levels, including presentation of the objectives, principles, roles and responsibilities of all actors in the participatory process, budget ceiling, time frames, and institutional aspects of the CIUP; 3. Elections and actual formation of community planning teams (CPT) for each CIUP area; 4. Preparation of maps for each area; 5. Joint field visits (TST and CPT) for orientation, identification of priorities, identification of infrastructure deficiencies, proposed infrastructure interventions, initial identification of environmental issues and priorities and need for resettlement; 6. Discussion and clarification of identified issues and cost implications; 7. Adjustment of the upgrading program as necessary to avoid resettlement and to reduce initially identified enviromnental impacts; 8. Preparation of draft initial investment programs and cost estimates; 9. Costing and finalization of the initial investment prograrns by the CPTs, assisted by the TSTs and drafting of a community upgrading plan (CUP); 10. Fornal approval of the CUP and the investment programs by the sub-ward committee and the ward development committee. Steps 3, 5, 6 and 7 of the process were followed by internal consultations between representatives and residents of the respective housing clusters to obtain feed back on proposed interventions, priorities and preferences. Such meetings were instrumental in disseminating informnation and receiving ideas. and views on ways to prioritise community needs and (environmental) concems. In some instances, when crucial decisions had to be made, the elected leaders (councillors, etc) were mobilised to participate in the process. This facilitated not only the decision-making process but also demonstrated commitment and a sense of ownership on behalf of the elected leaders. The community upgrading plans provide a full listing of all major community consultations and meetings in each sub-ward. Community Environmental Management Plan 4 Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program 2 Environmental profiles of the selected sub-wards 2.1 Bio-physical properties and environmental status General topography and landscape morphology The 16 unplanned settlements selected for upgrading tmder CIUP phase I are relatively uniform in their topography and morphology. The sub-ward areas are located in Ilala (4), Temeke (6) and Kinondoni (6) municipalities. They are densely populated, with an average population density of 370 people per hectare. Terrain and soil types The CIUP areas lay on a rather flat, sometimes gently sloping terrain. Some sub-wards e.g. Mtambani have some local depressions while in some CIUP areas slopes, especially close to riverbanks and even gullies (Mtambani) are found. The dominant soils type in most areas, i.e Malapa, Chang'ombe A, Chang'ombe B, Toroli, Sandali, Mpogo, Mwembeladu and Uzuri, are sandy soils. Other sub-wards are dominated by sandy-clayey soils, occasionally with mixed coralligenic substrates. The permeability of the soil is in general good except where clay soil prevails. Most soils are highly vulnerable to erosion, partly because of their consistence, partly because they lack a stabilizing surface soil with vegetation. Slopes Lack of storm water drains in many of the sub-ward areas has resulted in flooding and water ponding in any kind of local depression. Pools of stagnant water, frequently found in the eroded sections of the roads and in defunct drainage channels are a common sight. These become mosquito-breeding habitats that may persist depending on the amount of rainfall. In some sub-ward areas e.g. Malapa, Mnyamani and Mtambani heavily eroded slope sites are found especially near riverbanks. Ground- and surface waters The groundwater table is generally high. There are high risks of groundwater contamination due to defunct pit latrines, unsafe cleaning practices of latrines and indiscriminate dumping of solid waste. The situation becomes worse during the rainy seasons when overflow of pits occurs and solid waste is transported into rivers and drains. Surface waters, if present, are generally heavily polluted by wastewater originating from households, road surfaces, drains and small-scale enterprises. Vegetation Except for some small patches of open spaces and in local cemeteries, vegetation in most sub-wards is almost absent due to overcrowding. A few CIUP areas have adjacent open spaces or wooded areas. There are no sensitive ecological habitats within or adjacent to the CILTP areas. In some sub-wards, for example in Madenge, the only natural item that comes close to a habitat is isolated solitary trees. In low laying parts of Mnyamani sub-ward there is a marshy wetland overgrown with reed grass vegetation (Typha latifolia). The low-laying marshlands have developed due to frequent flooding in this area. In many sub-ward areas some individuals grow on a rather small-scale vegetables such as maize and spinach on their individual plots. A more pronounced urban agriculture is practiced in Mpogo sub-ward. The type of vegetation that is grown in this sub-ward area includes spinach, cassava, sweet potatoes, and peas. Most of the cultivation is carried out along the bank of river Community Environmental Management Plan 5 Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program Yombo. However, -the scale of this type of urban agriculture in the unplanned settlements is too small to be considered as environmentally important. Fauna Wild animals have not been recorded. Animal life is limited to goats, rodents, chicken and craws. These are a common sight in the illicit dumpsites within the settlements, together with cats and stray dogs. This problem is a particular nuisance in market sites where organic litter proliferates. These animals are likely to contribute to the spread of epidemic diseases. In general, these littered sites abound with insects, above all flies and malaria-transmitting mosquitoes. 2.2 People, infrastructure and urban services in the CIUP area Population, housing and social facilities The total population in the phase I project areas is approximately 167,000, comprising a total number of houses of 13,670. High densities (370 people/ha) are illustrated by the inadequate spacing between houses. There is a wide range in the quality of housing - from very primitive squatter structures to 4 room houses constructed of cement blocks. In general, there are very few multi-storied houses in these areas. There is no open space available for development of new social facilities or recreational facilities. The existing social infrastructure such as schools and clinics is overcrowded. Infrastructure and services Almost all unplanned settlements lack even the most basic infrastructure and urban services. Drainage is in general through natural run-off. Very few constructed drains exist. Often, the residents dig informal unlined drains. Overall the quality and capacity of the drainage networks in the CIUP areas is far from adequate to absorb the storm water in case of heavy rains, which results in frequent flooding especially during the rainy season. Local depressions become pools and stagnant water provides a breeding ground for mosquitoes. Only a marginal network of constructed roads is found in the CIUP areas. Generally only the major access road is gravelled, all other access is via earth roads and tracks. Public open spaces in between the haphazardly built houses serve as informal and unpaved roads and footpaths. Vehicular access is very limited because of numerous narrow passages. In the rainy season the public space transforms in a muddy area, making access even-more difficult. Lack of proper access could become disastrous in case of fires, because fire-fighting vehicles cannot reach large parts of these areas. There is limited availability of water supply, which also presents problems for fire fighters. Piped water supply networks are almost non-existent in the CIUP areas. As a result many of the CIUP areas depend largely on shallow wells, boreholes or water supplied by vendors. Insufficient water quality combined with poor sanitation poses potential public health risks. Water borne diseases are common. Conununity Environmental Management Plan 6 Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program Sanitation There are no sewerage systems in the CIUP areas. The most widely used sanitation system is private pit latrines serving about 70% of the population. Very few households use waterborme systems (septic tank- soak away pit), mainly due to absence of piped water supply and because of the costs involved. In general households residing on the same plot share a pit latrine. It is estimated that 15% of the houses have either very temporary or no private sanitation facility at all. Also there are no public toilets in the CIUP areas. Most people without a private toilet facility use their neighbours' toilet. Solid Waste Dar es Salaam is estimated to generate approximately 2.200 tons of solid waste per day, out of which only about 35% is properly disposed at a final dumpsite. The situation in the unplanned settlements is even worse. Most C1UP areas make a dirty impression. Illegal dumping of solid waste and indiscriminate burning of garbage is widely practised and adds to the overall air pollution in these settlements. Contractors, employed by the municipality, collect solid waste. Some contractors perform very well, others very poor. The situation is different in each unplanned settlement. Because of limited accessibility of most areas, waste is normally collected with handcarts and transported to transfer stations from where the municipal solid waste trucks haul the waste to the final disposal site. Street lighting Most houses in unplanned areas are connected to the power grid. Electricity is primarily used for lighting. Street lighting is not available. Public safety is a major concern in most of the unplanned settlements. 2.3 Public health in the CIUP areas As a consequence of unhealthy environmental conditions the public health status has reached alarming levels in most of the unplanned settlements. The problem is aggravated by a number of factors: - The shortage of adequate health facilities; - Many households cannot afford to pay for medical services. - The widespread lack of hygiene and relevant precautionary measures e.g. how to reduce the risk of epidemic disease transmission (including HIV); - Most households do not have access to a reliable supply of safe water; - Inappropriate or lacking sanitation facilities; - Open-air defecation and the malpractice of "flying toilets" (faeces in plastic bags, deposited in the open space) - High population densities which accelerate the risk of rapid spreads of epidemic diseases; - Lack of adequate drainage resulting in pools of stagnant water serving as breeding habitat for Anopheles mosquitoes, the main vector of malaria. Outbreak of epidemic diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever are common. Further indicators, although not quantified in this study, are elevated illness rates and low life expectancies. Malaria is considered both by the communities and the local authorities as the number one killer disease. Community Environmental Management Plan 7 Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program The magnitude of the problem is illustrated in table 2.1 'Mortality causes in Temeke Municipality (year 2000)' quoting records from the Temeke municipal council. It is likely that the overall health status in the unplanned settlement is worse as the council report covers the entire municipality, both planned and unplanned areas. The table also shows that malaria is the main threat for both children and adults. For the year 2000 a total of 33 cases (3 of which lethal) of cholera patients were reported in Temeke health centres. Table 2.1 Mortality causes in Temeke Muni ipality (year 2000) Death caused by under 5 years of 5 years and above (%) age (%) Malaria 62 41 HIV/AIDS 0 28 Tuberculosis 1 21 Pneumonia 18 5 Diarrhoea 11 0 Anemia 2 1 Other 6 4 total % 100 100 Source: "Status of Current Service Delivery ': Temeke Municipal Council, 2001 Community Environmental Management Plan 8 Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program 3 Assessment of the environmental impacts related to the proposed infrastructure upgrading interventions The CRIUP will improve the community infrastructure in the selected areas to appropriate functional standards, affordable and responsive to community demand. Upgrading of infrastructure and urban services will take place in a period of 4 years (2005-2008). The first phase of implementation starts in the year 2005, covers 16 unplanned areas, and benefits 167,000 people. For each CIUP phase I area a community upgrading plan (CUP) has been prepared in a participatory, demand responsive way. Upgrading involves the following infrastructure and services: - Roads and footpaths; - Drainage; - Sanitation; - Solid waste; - Streetlights. Water will be supplied to all CIUP areas under a separate, but synchronized scheme to be implemented by City Water Services (CWS). Infrastructure standards have been adapted to local needs and allow for future upgrading in a gradual, incremental process commensurate with increase in affordability of target beneficiaries and subsequent changes in lifestyle. Minimum basic space standards would avert unnecessary demolition and need for resettlement. Standards depend on population density. Densely populated settlements require in general more infrastructure than low-density areas. Previous upgrading experience shows that once an area is upgraded, the population densities will increase because the area has become more attractive for people to settle. For planning purposes future densification of upgraded areas is anticipated. Standards have been developed for three typical densities: 250, 350 and 450 inhabitants per hectare. The standards have been related to three different levels of service for each type of infrastructure: basic, intennediate and full service level. Starting point for the discussions with the communities was the basic CIUP service level. During the consultation process it appeared that for various reasons the basic service level was often either not feasible or not acceptable. Table 3.1 'Service levels and standards' summarises the proposed CIUP infrastructure standards and service levels. The result of the consultation process is that the actual service levels will become as indicated in italics. Table 3.1 Service levels and standards Service Basic Intermediate Full Sanitation Multi-house VIP latrines to VIP latrines I per 12 - 13 Sewer connections to serve 50 people or 4 houses. people or approx. I per inspection chambers per i.e. 5 - 9 per ha. house, i.e. 20 to 36 per ha. compound or plot (privately paid). Shared septic tanks/ soakaway to serve 4 plots or 50 people. i.e. 5 - 9 _systems/ha. Community Environmental Management Plan 9 Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program Roads Grade and gravel vehicular Grale and gravel roads and All roads and major roads and footpaths to flexible footpathts, and paved major footways (20%) paved, ROW and widths, avoiding access route i.e. for public say 96 m paving per ha, demolition of structures at transportl emergency plus 20% increment for approx. 200 m per ha plus 2 service velhicle. Say 20m footpaths for increasing culverts. per ha paved, plus 2 density, plus 2 culverts. culverts. Drainage All secondary drains lined. No All secondary drains lined All secondary drains tertiary drains. (60mn//a); lined (60m/ha); Major 20m/ha lined major secondary Major tertiary drains lined tertiary drains lined drains; 40m/ha lined mfnor (30m/ha). No minor Jertiar (30Qmha); Minor scdaran drained m r(ain. ry tertiary drains lined secondary drains. . drains. (I I Om/ha). Solid Waste Communal masonry Communal masonry Door to door handcart Collection containers at 250m walking containers at lOm walking collection to masonry distance or I per 10 ha, plus distance or I per 4 ha, plus containers household drain cleaning equipment. drain cleaning equipment. bins, (privately paid) plus drain cleaning equipment. Street 3 - 5 Llghts/ha on existing 7 - 13 Lights/ha fixed on 9 - 17 Lights/ha along lighting poles and buildings along all buildings and existing or all major access roads major access roads. new poles along all major fixed on buildings or access roads new poles. 3.1 Implications and approaches to identify the aggregate potential impacts As in any infrastructure upgrading program, some of the envisaged activities of the CIUP will invariably have negative, direct or indirect impacts of different time scale on both of the bio-physical and the human environment. The purpose of this environmental assessment is to assess the nature of these impacts, their predicted likelihood and magnitude, and their occurrence at different stages of the CIUP interventions in the sub-wards. The possible impacts will be analyzed and the potential measures to either mitigate (beneficial impacts) or to exacerbate (negative impacts) these problems will be identified. It will be discussed whether these impacts will be short-lived because they will only be felt during the construction stage, or they will pertain after completion of the works. The ESMF lays out procedures for assessing the need for preliminary of full environmental assessments. The procedures for preparing PEAs outlined in the ESMF have therefore been followed and modified in accordancc to the general and the specific objectives: The general objectives of the assessment of the overall environmental implications of the CIUP relate to: - A sectoral overview of environment in the city's unplanned urban settlements; - A specific impact examination for the single sub-project components that are prepared by the technical team of this preparatory program in close consultation with the beneficiary communities and local government authorities; and - the consolidation of these project-specific examinations into Community Environmental Management Plans for the selected sub-wards. Community Environmental Management Plan 10 Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program The specific objectives relating to the site-specific assessments and management plans are: - Ensure consultative participation of each community in properly addressing the key environmental issues; - Analyze the likelihood of both adverse and beneficial impacts, and incorporate the findings into environmental management plans for the specific community; - Ensure that all planned interventions in terms of infrastructure and services upgrading are carried out in an environmentally sound manner. Following the findings and conclusions from the preliminary assessment provided in this document, it is clear that no full fledged EIAs are required for phase I communities. Almost all of the negative impacts caused by this infrastructure upgrading program are moderate, 'Minor, manageable and short-term. No key environmental negative impacts have been identified. In contrast, the positive beneficial impacts are suggested to be of significant magnitude. These benefits are likely to reach the entire community in each sub-ward and are assumed to be long lasting once the proposed O&M scheme will be adopted. Envirornmental conditions in resettlement areas offered by govenmmental programs are separately discussed in the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP). 3.2 Sectoral assessment of the key environmental issues in the CIUP areas The environmental issues and infrastructure deficits summarized hereunder are common to almost all unplanned urban settlements of Dar es Salaam: - Unsafe and chronic shortages in drinking water supply, contaminated ground- and surface waters and lack of wastewater treatment facilities causing an unhealthy environment; - Inadequate or absent sanitation facilities; - Inadequate and derelict status of road net within the sub-wards, poor access for pedestrians and vehicular traffic (e.g. to facilities, emptying latrines, emergency); - Inadequate or missing storm drainage causing frequent and severe flooding; - Unsanitary and inadequate solid waste disposal and collection arrangements and limited access to improved facilities; - Limited electricity supply impeding social and economic development and productivity, combined with poor street lighting that is inadequate for security and safety; - Poor understanding of the public to address environmental problems at individual level. The overall unhealthy environmental conditions in the unplanned settlements are compounded by rising poverty and inadequate social and health services. The urban poor suffer disproportionately from mortality, illness, low productivity, low education and low capacities caused by these inadequacies. Community Environmental Management Plan 11 Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program 3.2.1 Poverty and linkages to environmental degradation Current status The majority of the hazardous environmental conditions encountered the CIUP areas are indirectly linked to the prevailing poverty of the populations. Poverty is manifested in the failure of meeting basic needs in housing, health and education. Poverty is also manifested in the form of malnutrition, crime and strong competition in informal sector activities in the project area. Significant (non-income) indicators of poverty are positive correlations with: - The extent and growth rate of unplanned settlements and structures; - The size of population occupying hazardous lands that should not be used for human habitation; - The number of houses built on hazardous lands; - The number of people having no or limited access to safe water; - The degree of malnutrition among children; - The incidence of illnesses related to poor environmental conditions (e.g. waterbome diseases); - Mortality rates; - The extent of garbage littering and unprotected/ unorganised dump sites; - The lack of awareness for environmental safety, including hygiene and preservation of natural resources; - The illiteracy rates; - The crime rates and exposure to criminal activities; - The general living standard and prospects to find adequate jobs and sources of income. Among the urban poor there are certain groups are who are even at a higher risk of exposure to the above issues. Among such vulnerable groups are single women households, widows, elderly, handicapped, chronically ill persons, homeless youngsters, orphans and children. Other types of specific urban poor are those who were affected by natural catastrophes loosing either their entire assets or crops, or who succumbed to severe illness and accidents. Environmental implications There is a vicious spiral placing the poor both as main victims and as generators of environmental hazards. The poor have no other choice than to live in unhealthy and unsafe environments or in hazardous areas. Urban poor are often the victims of pollution caused by industries and traffic. Equally these poor cannot afford to be sensitive about the environmental when their only thrive is coping with the immediate challenge to survive. The poor themselves adversely affect the environment as a consequence of their incapability to afford basic amenities like firewood, building material, latrines, the basic fees for safe water and solid waste collection, etc. By the incremental and detrimental use and pollution of natural resources they tend to worsen the already adverse environmental conditions. This is manifested in e.g. cutting of vegetation, burning garbage, indiscriminate littering and defecation, encroachment into sensitive and hazardous areas. Community Environmental Management Plan 12 Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program The conclusion is that in many aspects poverty and environmental degradation are entangled in a brutal spiral in which the degradation of the environment increases poverty and poverty increases environmental degradation. High population density and growth rates coupled with bleak prospects for their future makes poor people both catalysts for the depletion of natural resources and victims of environmental degradation. Poor people often depend heavily on natural resources, many of them already in a highly deteriorate state (e.g. unsafe drinking water). Their sources of income, if at all, conflict in many cases with environmental conservation planning. It is therefore that poverty alleviation is seen as most important to improve the overall environmental conditions in Dar es Salaam's unplanned settlements. Upgrading the infrastructure in these environs aiming at environmental and economic benefits for the general public is but one means towards this goal. 3.2.2 Inadequate drainage and flood control Current status Formal storm water drainage serving the unplanned settlement hardly exists. The drainage in unplanned settlements is through natural run-off which discharges into gullies, open water bodies and ultimately into the Indian Ocean. Only some of the sub- ward trunk roads are aligned with rudimentary drains (standard depth 0.8 - 1.0 m and width 0.5 - I m). The existing drainage networks are generally undersized to absorb the storm waters in case of heavy rains. Culvert structures are equally in poor condition or missing. Most common are conditions where drainage structures have ceased to function because of poor road and drainage maintenance, and lack of proper solid waste management. Most drainage structures are filled up with debris deposited deliberately by people, and by accumulated sand and other material breaking off from unsealed roads. As a whole, the drainage system in the unplanned settlements is in most cases insufficient. Environmental implications Inadequate drainage has a number of hydraulic effects that result in environmental hazards, such as - Increased local erosion of vulnerable soils and slopes; - Damage to structures of low-laying houses and other buildings, usually affecting mainly the poorer and most vulnerable residents inhabiting those areas; - Undesired transport and spreading of floating garbage. Apart from severe effects on public health, inundation causes considerable inconveniences and impacts on the economic and social life to the residents, entails traffic congestion, disrupts communication, compounds to road maintenance costs, school and business closures, production losses as well as damage and occasional abandonment of houses. Community Environmental Management Plan 13 Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program In a wider regional context, problems in drain maintenance in low-laying urban valley areas may result from uncontrolled and undesired upstream land-use development (e.g. agriculture, forest clearing, slash burning), leading to increased run-off and siltation in the drainage structures. A number of environmental hazards like temporary floods and landslides on erosion- prone slopes are exacerbated by the fact that proper drainage systems are missing. Flooding due to drainage congestion and inundation with unhealthy waters mixed with garbage and overspills from defunct latrines is a widespread problem in the city's unplanned settlements, particularly in the peripheral low-laying lands that are classified as hazardous - with innumerable implications on the health of people living permanently in these environs. Backflow flooding, often compounded with rapid raise in the shallow groundwater table are common impacts in the unplanned settlements. There are cases (e.g. some of the Temeke sub-wards) where backflow flooding occurs in low-laying areas from estuarine sites where drainage is congested due to the accumulation of debris and sediments. The intentional blockage of drainage structures is seen as one of the problems leading to local flooding and impacts on the groundwater table. In Chang'ombe in Temeke backwater into the residential area is attributed to walls constructed by the downstream industries that block the drains. 3.2.3 Unsafe and insufficient water supply Current status Dar es Salaam city's water demand currently stands at about 400,000 m3/day, while the amount of water that is treated at Upper Ruvu, Lower Ruvu and Mtoni treatment plants and transported to the city is 273,000 mn3/day. Some unknown amount of water is tapped to supply Bagamoyo and Kibaha towns in coast region and 18,000 m3/day of water is used to supply residents in villages and settlements along water transmission mains. The water quality is not guaranteed and hence the water authorities advise their customers to boil drinking water. Due to leakages, unrecorded consumptions along the transmission line and distribution losses, on average only 44% of the water produced reaches the consumer. Domestic water consumption is estimated to amount to 70% of the total demand while industrial and commercial demands are 20% and 10%, respectively. Table 3.2 'Water sources at household level in Dar es Salaam' shows that less than 50% of the household in the city have a house connection, while 31% of the household obtain water from their neighbours and 16% from the public taps. The rest of the households depend on vendors or wells. See table 3.2 'Water sources at household level in Dar es Salaam'. Community Environmental Management Plan 14 Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program Table 3.2 Water sources at household level in Dar es Salaam Water source Accessibility (%) of population) Private tap 44 Neighbour (piped water) 31 Public tap 16 Vendor 6 Other sources (shallow wells) 3 The key problems associated with insufficient water supply in Dar es Salaam city are: source limitations, obsolete pipes and leakage, unreliable supply due to low pressure, inadequate distribution networks and illegal connections. In relation to water quality, the groundwater sources are constantly being threatened by poor sanitation and waste disposal practices, especially in unplanned settlements. Environmental implications Safe and adequate water supply is a basic requirement and essential for day-to-day activities of human beings. Most of the unplanned areas are not served with piped water and thus people depend largely on shallow wells, boreholes or water supplied by vendors. Studies carried out in the 16 sub-wards earmarked for CIUP in phase I have indicated that even when water supply pipe networks do exist, most of the taps have no running water. Water vending is more common in Ilala and Temeke Municipalities than it is in Kinondoni Municipality. Due to the obsolete status of the pipes and widespread illegal connections, intrusion of polluted groundwater into the pipe system is another potential source of severe hazards for local water consumers. Insufficient water quality combined with poor sanitation, and the prevalence of latrine use poses frequently acute public health risks associated with water-borne diseases. Unsafe and insufficient water supplies, especially in the unplanned areas, have also been identified as causes for a number of other ailments such as skin diseases, diarrhoea and typhoid fever. 3.2.4 Poor road conditions and accessibility Current status The restricted access and general poor conditions of roads in the uriplanned settlements attribute in a number of ways to the overall poor environmental status. Most of the unplanned settlements are situated not far from the city's business centre, nourished by the hope of millions of new settlers to find some kind of income opportunities. Therefore, most unplanned settlements are close to and served by national trunk or major roads that are well developed to paved standards and have good drainage systems, main water pipes and power lines along them. From these trunk roads, access roads branch into the unplanned settlements. These access roads are mostly worn-out gravel and earthen roads. There are in general only marginal and dilapidated drainage facilities along these roads. The quality of the access roads varies with the topography and soil condition. In high laying areas on sandy soils the road condition is generally better than in low-laying lands on sandy/ Community Environmental Management Plan 15 Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program lateritic and muddy soils that are frequently exposed to flooding and receive more stormn water run-off. Commonly maintenance is long overdue. The main access roads generally represent the economic active centre with markets and religious buildings. On both sides of these access roads small enterprises are prevailing. Many of them establish during daytime selling stalls that directly border the edge of the carriageway of these roads. All other access to the unplanned areas is in general via unsealed earth roads and tracks. These side roads are narrower and generally without drainage facility. A common feature in the unplanned settlements is an irregular net of narrow earthen footpaths between the dense housing clusters. Environmental implications Lack of vehicular accessibility and severance due to poor road conditions is a widespread problem in the city's unplanned settlements, including hazardous environmental conditions as well as reducing the overall economic potential and commercial activities. Poor road conditions and accessibility have an impact on a number of environmental issues in the affected communities, such as: - In case of emergency like fires or other accidents requiring swift contingency actions (both on communal as on individual level) inadequate access is likely to pose substantial perils to the persons and assets afflicted; - Although not documented, there are community concerns that delayed or impeded access to maternity care or dispensaries has had fatal consequences; - Potholes serve as breeding grounds for water-borne pathogens; - Impediments for development of the local economy, e.g. provision of services and supplies, customers access, limited choice of location for small-scale enterprises, petty trading and street vendors; - Health implications (e.g. respiratory infections) due to increased dust and emissions4 from vehicular traffic, including increased noise levels; - Increased wear and tear of vehicles; - Access constraints for latrine emptying service providers; - Access constraints for proper waste collection service; - Security and safety issues, linked to police patrolling efficiency. 3.2.5 Inadequate sanitation Current status Dar es Salaarn has an off-site sanitation sewerage system that covers only 16% (some 400.000 people) of the population. A network of 11 sewerage networks exists in the city area of which some have sewage treatment facilities (stabilisation ponds), and some discharge directly into the sea. None of the unplanned settlements has a central sewerage system. The most widely used sanitation system is private pit latrines, serving about 70% of the population in 4The problem of local air pollution (indoor pollution) is compounded with the poorly maintained vehicles, waste burnmig practices and cooking with hydrocarbons, charcoal and green wood. Community Environmental Management Plan 16 Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program the C]UP areas. It is estimated that less than 10% of the population has a private VIP latrine. Few (less than 5%) of the households use waterborne systems (septic tank- soak away pit systems), mainly because of absence of piped water supply. It is estimated that 15% of the houses in the CIUP areas have either very temporary or no private sanitation facility at all. This means that in the CIUP areas approximately 25,000 people (about 2,000 houses) have either very poor or no private sanitation facility. Also there are no public toilets in the CIUP areas. In the unplanned settlements different arrangements for using and sharing toilet and bathing facilities are found. Few households have their own facility. Most common are shared latrines where several families in a rented house share the same facility. This implies that on average three households share one latrine. Most people without a private toilet facility use their neighbours' toilet and a few others use toilets in guesthouses. Details of sanitation base data in are presented in table 3.3 'Sanitation base data CIUP areas'. Table 3.3 Sanitation base data CIUP areas Facility used % of population Septic tank <5% VIP latrine 10% Pit latrine 70-75% Neighbours latrine 15% Public toilet 0% Many of the CIUP areas have a high groundwater table. As a consequence pit latrines in these areas get filled after a relatively short period of time. The situation becomes worse during the rainy season when the pits frequently overflow. By and large, pit latrines are poorly Inaintained. For most residents in these settlements the use of a desludging truck is prohibitively expensive (at least Tsh.25,000.-) or simply impossible because many houses are not accessible by truck. 'The most widely used way to desludge full latrines is a method locally known as 'kutapisha' or 'kupakua'. It entails digging a new pit adjacent to the full pit to discharge the wastewater. Another worrisome method is to discharge wastewater into the drains and rivers. In places where no drains exist, residents often splash wastewater haphazardly on the open ground. Environmental implications The key environmental problems resulting from inadequate on-site sanitation facilities are imminent risks and high potential for groundwater contamination and subsequent health implications. For that reason water-borne infections and epidemics like diarrhoea and amoebic dysentery are common in these areas. The most vulnerable groups in this respect are children and women who mostly come in contact with water contaminated by pollutants, faecal bacteria and other pathogens. Frequent outbreaks of cholera 5 are attributed to both sanitation and hygiene practices combined with low water quality water supplies in these densely populated areas. Public awareness towards hygiene and cleanliness show alarming low standards. 5such as the 1998 and the 2003 outbreaks Community Environmental Management Plan 17 Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program The majority of residents in the unplanned settlements has no access to safe water and is not linked to the city's water supply system. The shallow wells dug by the residents are frequently in close proximity to the on-site sanitation facilities. Most wells are crudely constructed, not lined, topped with rubber tires and not covered against any items falling in the well, including garbage. Methods for abstraction of water from these wells are equally hazardous as many people use old lubricant containers or buckets that are not cleaned. Due to the overflowing and leaking pit latrines highly polluted water sloughs are a commnon sight in the low-lying parts of these settlements. In recent years there were increased records of elephantiasis in urban Dar es Salaam spread by Culex and Anopheles mosquitoes breeding in puddles of domestic effluents. In addition, most parts of the sandy soils are heavily infiltrated with contaminated liquid waste water that gets in immediate contact with the ground water table6. The problem is worsened by the fact that the groundwater table is very shallow in most of the unplanned areas, and there is frequent incident of flooding because of the rising of the groundwater table above soil surface during or after heavy rains. Other environmental issues relate to the dubious practices of emptying the pit latrines contributing to high contamination of both surface and groundwater, particularly during rainy conditions. It is mainly then when pit latrines are intentionally flushed, causing extreme hazardous conditions and nuisance to the households in low-laying areas once they get in direct contact with such drains. The common blockage of drainage structures creates similar conditions also in more elevated areas. 3.2.6 Inadequate solid waste management7 Current status Dar es Salaam is estimated to produce solid wastes at a rate of 2.200 tons per day, out of which only about 35% is properly disposed at a final dumpsite. The remaining 65% of garbage is dumped in open, unsanitary collection sites or, as in most cases, is littered or burnt within the settlements. Within the unplanned settlements in the CIUP areas, the following different types and composition of waste are generated (Source: Field surveys in the CIUP sub-wards): Household waste Composition: 70-80 % is bio-degradable, the rest is rest non-degradable and few percent of hazardous materials such as medical wastes, batteries and insect sprays. The 6 An assessment from shallow wells in Vingunguti Ward between March and May 2003 by an UCLAS study showed over 90% faecal contamination. DAWASA's examination of general drinking water quality in boreholes in DAR city revealed that there was not a single sample meeting all standards for drinking water stipulated by the WHO or the Tanzanian Temporary Standards, particularly those set for faecal and total coliform and chloride permissible concentration limits. Details on hw to address these problems were followed in accordance with the Waste Management Guidelines (Aug.2003) of the Ministry of Health. Community Environmental Management Plan 18 Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program volume of domestic waste varies between 0.4 and 0.6 kg/capita/day8; variations depend on the family's income level. The composition of the major part of domestic waste is predominantly food leftovers, food preparation remains, ash, sweeping waste, garden waste, old cloths and paper, newspaper, obsolete appliances, plastic and package materials. Market waste Waste material produced at street market sites, consisting of prevailingly (60-65% degradable/ vegetable) waste, and degradable packing materials (grasses, fibres) and paper. Food leftovers and plastic wastes may be generated from canteens and food stalls operating on market places. Market wastes are commonly mixed with household wastes as nearby residents tend to dispose their garbage at market waste collection points. Street sweeping waste Relative minor waste generation from street sweeping (confined to trunk roads) is mostly absent or not carried out at a regular scheme in most of the unplanned settlements. This type of waste is mainly domestic garbage littered indiscriminately along streets, with a high proportion of plastic materials. Waste generated by the informal sector and small commercial enterprises Commercial waste can be classified as originating from the following main sources: (i) restaurants and food stalls, producing food leftovers, paper and packaging materials, (ii) carpentries, producing wood pieces and saw dust, (iii) small unofficial garages "miembeni" producing hazardous waste materials such as lubricants, oil and metallurgic solutions, (iv) charcoal vendors producing carbon particles and dust, (v) small vendor shops producing plastic packages and paper wastes, (vi) home markets "magenge" producing degradable wastes. Institutional waste Waste materials generated by e.g. primary schools, kindergartens and religious institutions. The waste consists mainly of papers, plastics and sweeping waste. Medical waste Hazardous waste originates from health care facilities (health centres, maternity homes and dispensaries) within the sub-wards. The waste is composed of cotton pads, sharp instruments (needles, surgical blades, blood lancets), syringes, blood giving sets and tins with various remaining medical substances. Due to problems of environmental consciousness, accessibility and law enforcement, medical wastes are durmped on site, either on open pits or crudely bumed in improvised burning places amidst human settlements. A study9 in 1999 reports that over 70% of dispensaries investigated in Dar es Salaam perform such hazardous practices. The same study estimated that 41% of the city's medical waste is disposed in an unsafe way, i.e. in open spaces or low- laying, flood-prone lands. 26% are disposed in open pits. 8 JICA, 1998: Study on solid waste management for DCC in the united Republic of Tanzania,.77 pp. 9 Mato R. & M.Kaseva, 1999. A study on problems of management of medical solid wastes in Dar es Salaam and their remedial measures. Elsevier: Journal of Resources, Conservation & Recycling 25, p.271 -287 Community Environmental Management Plan 19 Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program At the present, medical waste appears no issue in the CIUP intervention locations. However, should this problem arise, arrangements will be met at appropriate level for the implementation of Tanzania's National Medical Waste Management Plan. Junk waste Junk waste seems only a minor problem in unplanned settlements as almost all re- usable material like old appliances, cars and machinery is collected and recycled by private enterprises. Solid waste collection Each municipality employs contractors for the collection of solid waste in the CIUP areas. The contractors' performance is varies considerably in each sub-ward. However, most areas give a dirty impression, with garbage indiscriminately dumped at open spaces or in drains. If so, waste is normnally collected with handcarts due to the limited accessibility of most CIUP areas. In some areas residents bring their waste to designated places within the neighbourhood, which is then collected by the refuse collectors. In other areas handcart operators collect the refuse at door site and bring it to designated garbage transfer stations - mostly open spaces without specific protective structures. In some cases (e.g. Bugurini-Mnyamani) this type of door-to-door collection is operated by local CBOs. The collection charge for these service varies between Tsh.500 and Tsh.1000 per house per month. The contractor collects the fee and is allowed to keep 75-95% of the fees collected (depending on the contract with the municipality), while the remaining is remitted to the municipality as a contribution towards the off-site costs for solid waste management. Municipal solid waste trucks collect the waste from the transfer stations and haul it to the final disposal site. Insofar the City Council has been unable to provide efficient off-site collection servicesl. The transfer stations are not emptied frequently enough therefore waste is often piling up - bringing about all negative consequences for the human and natural environment. Solid waste disposal Final disposal The final disposal site for all solid waste collected of DAR is Mtoni, about 10 km from the city centre. This is a new site following a court order to shift it from the Vingunguti area. The waste is crudely disposed at this dumpsite located near a stream that flows into an estuary. Given the unsatisfactory disposal procedure it is assumed that this site has immediate and long-term negative effects on the marine environment receiving these impacts. With less than 35% of the solid waste collected in the CIUP areas, most of the waste is disposed by one of the following methods. 10 key constraints are lack of adequate number of collection trucks, poor technical status of trucks, poor accessibility to main garbage dump sites, poor management and co-ordination, poor revenue collection system, poor cost-recovery Community Environmental Management Plan 20 Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program Illegal dumping Illegal dumping is common practice in all unplanned settlements. An estimated 20- 30% of the waste generated in the CIUP areas is dumped indiscriminately outside the resident's properties in an area where such activity is prohibited. The waste is consistently disposed in open spaces or in drainage ditches, as well in hazardous and low-laying areas (e.g. slopes, gullies, river valleys, swamplands). Self-disposal Self-disposal is practiced by an estimated 40-50% of the population living in unplanned settlements. This method involves burying or burning of waste within the property of the source that generated it. Both types of waste disposal are not acceptable in densely populated areas as these practices result in public nuisance and air pollution. Environmental implications As a consequence of the inadequate"1 and inefficient solid waste collection system the city's overall environmental conditions are deteriorating with growing population and expanding unplanned settlements. Rotting or buming wastes cause unpleasant and dangerous emissions, eventually causing respiratory ailments to the community exposed to these impacts. Inspection of illegal garbage dumps in gullies (e.g. in Vingunguti Ward) indicate that industries and small enterprises also dispose potential hazardous waste material at these sites, which obviously causes additional hazards when these are burnt in an uncontrolled manner.12 Illegal solid waste dumpsites create environmental hazards in times of flooding and when set on fire. The other principal vulnerability associated with uncontrolled garbage littering results from the risk of diseases through direct or indirect contact. A specific problem in the unplanned settlements of Dar es Salaam is the use of scarce land that could better be utilised for other purposes. Domestic (degradable) refuse tends to attract myriads of flies and scavengers (rodents, craws, chicken, goats, cats, dogs) who ferret around the heaps of garbage and distribute it as well as promulgate diseases. In turn, these animals are at risk to get readily poisoned and then become further sources of infection and nuisance. Recently, the increasing volume of plastic refuse is becoming an increasing environmental problem: - Micro-breeding habitats for vectors of water-borne diseases; " inadequacies in the waste collection service relate to: - insufficient fands - slow mode of hand loading of garbage - difficult road conditions and access to refusal collection sites 12 According to a JICA report from 1992: In 1 991 industries regularly dumped hazardous wastes at the Tabata landfill where spontaneous fires and deliberate burning caused extensive smoke in the adjacent residential areas, including contamination with dioxin. The site has also been identified as a potential risk for explosions due to the generation of methane gases. Community Environmental Management Plan 21 Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program - Poor people may use this garbage material, using for example old lubricant containers as w9ater containers and generally expose themselves to pathogenic infections and detrimental pollutants. However, the main impact of plastic refuse is the blockage of drains, thus locally increasing flooding problems and extending the flooding periods, thus increasing the development of habitats for pathogenic waterbome disease vectors (mosquitoes, flies, vermin). The accumulation of hazardous waste materials spread in the surroundings of health facilities (dispensaries) gives reason for specific concern for public health (e.g. HIV, hepatitis, tetanus). Last but not least uncollected solid waste in residential neighbourhoods is an eye sore, affecting the overall environmental and aesthetic quality of the surroundings. 3.2.7 Safety and security problems Current status No specific study has been made in the framework of this study to quantify the extent of public safety and security issues at sub-ward level. The respective communities claim that the CIUP areas are generally unsafe in many respects. This is attributed to: - High unemployment rates, particularly among the younger population, leading to creation of street gangs, thefts and assaults; - Lack of funding for social programs at community level; - Insufficient integration of unemployed community members in social programs; - Limited education and social awareness among the majority of population; - Lack of street lighting; - Insufficient enforcement by police, government agencies and privately engaged security services. Environmental implications The poor security and safety situation has a marked impact on the living environment and the well-being of people. Absence of street lighting has a negative impact on the security and safety situation: - Darker places in residential areas may become operating and hiding places of street bandits commonly know as "vibaka"; - Dark streets are particularly notorious for damage and theft of parked vehicles; - Dark solid waste transfer stations tend to be more visited by scavengers than those that are well lit; - Waste is often dumped illegally in dark areas; - Dark streets result in more traffic accidents. The visual impact of a maze of power lines dangling over the streets is considered as marginally affecting the aesthetics concept of most people. Community Environmental Management Plan 22 Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program 3.2.8 Air, noise and dust pollution Current status Air, noise and dust pollution are apparent in the immediate vicinity of trunk roads and garbage dumps and where large industrial complexes are situated nearby residential areas (e.g. CIUP areas in the Temeke Municipality). The traffic induced air pollution mainly results from notorious traffic congestions in the trunk roads where potholes, street vendors and debris chronically hamper the traffic flow. During heavy rains, the roads become barely passable for any vehicle, thus traffic movements often become extremely tiresome. A good part of the traffic-related toxic emissions is attributable to the poor mechanical status of the vehicles, over-use and over-loading. During dry weather periods traffic on the earthen and gravelled local access roads generate clouds of dust, which easily penetrates into houses, because of the general poor construction quality and absence of glass windows. Other serious problems with polluted air are attributed to the indiscriminate on-site burning of domestic waste, together with various kinds of plastic. At household level, indoor pollution poses great health risks mainly for women using firewood and inferior quality charcoal for cooking. Traffic is also the main source for noise pollution that is particularly felt along the densely populated access roads and near markets. Environmental implications Air pollution attributes to the overall week health condition of the population. Health implications for people exposed to high levels of traffic-related pollutants range from respiratory to cardio-vascular defects, cancer and skin diseases. The problem is compounded by the fact that there is few or no vegetation in these densely populated areas that would act as natural absorbents of air pollutants. As the majority of the squatters have no proper windows but mesh screens, indoor noise and dust levels are felt in immediate relation to the distance to the sources. Although this EA did not have the scope for quantitative measurements it is argued that the local traffic-induced noise level often exceeds the permissible levels of continual exposure that would show negative effects on the people's health, such as physiological irritability, deafness, infant diseases and cardio-vascular ailments. 3.2.9 Lack of environmental awareness and education Current status Site visits and consultations with the community through the Community Planning Teams (CPTs) indicate that environmental awareness in the project area is still very low. Indicators are the common sight of scattered waste dumpsites and indiscriminate Community Environmental Management Plan 23 Community InfrastructuLre Upgrading Program disposal of any kind of garbage in the drainage channels. This situation is first of all attributable to the quality of the solid waste collection system, but also to absence of environmental responsibility among the population. Other indicators for lack of awareness both in terms of environmental safeguard and hygiene are the status in which the latrines are maintained. It is frequently observed that people deliberately accept wastewater from the latrines and toilets flowing directly through the residential area into storm water drains or in adjacent creeks. Environmental implications It appears that the communities in these unplanned settlements do not adequately understand most if not all of the above environmental issues. Street interviews showed that people are generally unaware of the direct and indirect implications of the above mentioned environmental problems affecting their health and life standards. The consequence of this lack of conscience is a spiral of ever increasing degradation of the living environment in these settlements. To bring this spiral to a halt, the CIUP includes a campaign to increase the overall public awareness and to intensify education at grassroots level (refer to chapter 8). 3.3 Identiflcation of the environmental priorities among the communities One of the major goals in the CIUP community participation and consultation exercises was to find out the people's concerns, priorities and judgement of their physical and social environment, and to react correspondingly in design solutions for upgrading of communal infrastructure. The participatory approach and the planning process are described in chapter 1.4. Based on an assessment of the environmental situation in each CIUP area, the municipal Technical Support Teams (TST), assisted by consultants, prepared a table summarizing the environmental problems. This summary table, prepared in line with the exigencies described in the ESMF, was discussed with the Community Planning Team (CPT) in each specific sub-ward. The checklists have been continually modified in accordance to the feedback received from these field discussions. In communal and individual sessions, meetings and interviews the severity of site-specific problems was discussed with the CPT and with the communities in their respective zones. The results of these community consultations and details about the meetings are presented in the individual Community Upgrading Plans (CUPs). The result of these consultation activities was a list of identified environmental problems faced by the community, ranked according to severity as perceived by the community. It is emphasised that most of what has been analysed in chapter 3.2 under "environmental implications" of the key environmnental issues results from the feedback of the concerned communities. Table 3.4 'Summary of the ranking of environmental problems in the CIUP sub-wards' summarizes the communities' ranking of environmental problems in their immediate environs. The detailed results of this consultation process for each CIUP area separately are presented in Annex 2. Community Environmental Management Plan 24 Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program Table 3.4 Summary of the ranking of environmental problcms in the CIUP sub-wards Environmental Issue Ranking Availability of inhabitable land'" not ranked Flooding I Accessibility + poor road condition 2 Drinking water quality + supply 3 Solid waste disposal practise + buming 4 Soil erosion and related hazards 5 Poor sanitation facilities 6 High groundwater table and quality 7 Stagnant water/ mosquito breeding 8 Incidence of diseases/ epidemics 9 Water borne diseases 10 Discharge of sewage 11 Safety/security 12 Destruction of flora and fauna 13 Air pollution 14 Nuisance of Dtist 15 Nuisance of odours 16 Noise nuisance 17 General cleanliness 18 Nuisance of rodents 19 Nuisance of insects 20 Danger of calamity (fires) 21 Surface water quality / pollution 22 Soil pollution 23 Road safety 24 Encroachment by street vendors 25 Source: DHVIUCLAS Consultants field surveys May-November 2003 Interpretation of the results There are obvious differences in the peoples' perception and ranking of environmental problems in the different CIUP areas (refer to Annex 2). It was found that the individual concerns and observations, and thus the rankings, are largely influenced by: - The type and magnitude of environmental problems recently experienced (e.g. flood, house collapse, family illness, specific shortages, steady nuisance by rodents and mosquitoes etc); - The type and nature of impacts that occur frequently (e.g. inundation, outbreaks of epidemic diseases etc.); - Expectations regarding the CIUP with respect to upgrading of specific types of infrastructure and services; - Imminent personal needs (e.g. habitable land, water supply, latrine); - The sense of responsibility for communal affairs; - The degree of education and information; - The degree of environmental awareness; - The skill of the interviewers to forward discussion points and recording the results. 13 It is observed that the issue mentioned as number one ("availability of inhabitable land") is not an environmental concern per se, but it is due to the nature of the interviews and the level of skill of the interviewers that this issue has been understood as prime environmental requirement of most people interviewed. Community Environmental Management Plan 25 Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program 3.4 Screening of the proposed investments for potential environmental impacts In the following all sub-project activities of CIUP are scrutinized and evaluated with respect to environmental and social impacts that could occur during site selection, before construction starts, during construction and during operation. For the sake of replication and straightforward application by planners in similar conununity upgrading programs the CTUP has adopted a simple set of procedures in line with the screening forns and environmental checklists provided in Annex 2 of the ESMF. The field assessment of the environmental impacts of the CIUP is summarized in table 3.5 'Proposed simple matrix for preliminary assessment of potential environmental impacts associated with CIUP interventions' below, showing that the overall impact of the project is considered to be positive. Besides, most of the positive impacts will be sustained after project completion, while most of the negative impacts will only be felt before and during the construction period. Table 3.5 Proposed simple matrix for preliminary assessment of potential environmental impacts associated with CIUP interventions Environmental Issue Pre- During Post- construction construction construction SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT House rental prices and offers 0 + I +3 Land and property values +1 +1 +3 Business I employment opportunities 0 +1 +3 Accessibility 0 -1 +2 Road safety 0 -1 +2 Demolition of buildings -2 -I 0 Safety and security 0 -I +2 Availability of inhabitable land 0 0 0 Land ownership 0 0 0 Resettlement I 0 0 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Soil erosion 0 -] +1 Fire hazards O -1 t2 General cleanness 0 -1 +2 Status of Flora and Fauna 0 0 0 Flooding 0 -l +2 Nuisance of dust 0 -2 +2 Air pollution and odour 0 -1 +1 Soil contamination 0 -1 + 1 Noise and vibration 0 -2 0 PUBLIC HEALTH Surface water qualitv 0 1+ I Ground water qluality O O tl Stagnant water! mosquito breeding 0 -1 +2 Incidence of diseases 0 0 +2 Water borne diseases _ . 0 +2 Solid waste disposal practise 0 +1 +2 Quality of sanitation service 0 0 +1 Sewage disposal practise 0 __
Группа Всемирного банка · Environmental Assessment
Tanzania - Local Government Support Program Project : environmental assessment (Vol. 2 of 2) : Community environmental management plan - CIUP stage 3 report
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