S Tobacco Production and Trade in Africa FACTSHEETS
WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publica on Data Status of Tobacco Produc on and Trade in Africa – Factsheets 1. Tobacco. 2. Commerce. 3. Tobacco Industry – sta s cs and numerical data. 4. Tobacco Industry - trends. 5. Africa. I. World Health Organiza on. II. United Na ons Conference on Trade and Development. ISBN 978 92 4 156512 7 (NLM classifica on: HD 9130.6)
© World Health Organization 2015 and United Na ons Conference on Trade and Development All rights reserved worldwide. Publica ons of the World Health Organiza on are available on the WHO web site (www.who.int) or can be purchased from WHO Press, World Health Organiza on, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: bookorders@who.int). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publica ons – whether for sale or for non-commercial distribu on – should be addressed to WHO Press through the WHO web site (www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/index.html).. The designa ons employed and the presenta on of the material in this publica on do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organiza on and the United Na ons concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authori es, or concerning the delimita on of its fron ers or boundaries. Do ed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The men on of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organiza on and the United Na ons in preference to others of a similar nature that are not men oned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are dis nguished by ini al capital le ers. All reasonable precau ons have been taken by the World Health Organiza on and the United Na ons (UNCTAD) to verify the informa on contained in this publica on. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpreta on and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organiza on and the United Na ons (UNCTAD) be liable for damages arising from its use. Design and layout: WHO (NMH Department), Switzerland
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements Foreword Abbrevia ons Introduc on I Trends in Tobacco Produc on II Trends in Tobacco Trade III Key Observa ons
2 3 4 5 5 8 13
References and data sources General disclaimers from the main data sources Glossary Annex I Annex II Country Factsheets
14 15 16 20 21
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Acknowledgements
This report was developed by the Department of Preven on of Noncommunicable Diseases (PND) of the World Health Organiza on (WHO) and the Division on Interna onal Trade in Goods and Services, and Commodi es (DITC) of the United Na ons Conference for Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Geneva, Switzerland. The WHO and UNCTAD gratefully acknowledge the contribu ons made to this report by the following individuals: WHO Regional Offices: Special thanks to Regional advisors Ahmed E. Ogwell Ouma (WHO African Region) and Fa mah El Awa (WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region) for their collabora on and support. WHO Headquarters and UNCTAD: Vinayak Mohan Prasad, Project Manager, Preven on of Noncommunicable Diseases, WHO, and Ahmad Mukhtar, Economics Affairs Officer, Division on Interna onal Trade in Goods and Services, and Commodi es, UNCTAD conceptualized and supervised the development of the report. Douglas William Be cher, Director of the Department of Preven on of Noncommunicable Diseases at WHO, Edouard Tursan D’Espaignet, Coordinator, Unit of Comprehensive Informa on Systems Tobacco Control at WHO, and Guillermo Valles Galmes, Director, Division on Interna onal Trade in Goods and Services, and Commodi es at UNCTAD, provided vision, guidance, support and valuable contribu ons to the report. The report was developed by consultants Shakhnoza Djuraeva and Surabhi Joshi. Luv Sharma reviewed and updated the report for latest data. WHO and UNCTAD collaborators involved in development and produc on of this publica on were Sameer Pujari (WHO), Ralf Peters (UNCTAD) and Guillermo Abramowitz (UNCTAD). Special thanks to Vera Luiza da Costa e Silva and Maria Carmen Audera-Lopez from the World Health Organiza on Framework Conven on on Tobacco Control Secretariat for overall comments on the dra . Thanks also to Benn David Mcgrady who, among others provided much appreciated inputs. Administra ve support was provided by Zahra Ali Piazza. Produc on of this document has been supported by a grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Founda on.
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Foreword
We are pleased to present the factsheets on tobacco produc on and trade in Africa, jointly prepared by the World Health Organiza on (WHO) and the United Na ons Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). The factsheets present tobacco produc on and trade related informa on for Africa. We hope this report will not only enable policy-makers and public health experts to develop a be er understanding of the impact of trade liberaliza on on the domes c produc on and consump on of tobacco, but also of tobacco control measures such as WHO’s Framework Conven on on Tobacco Control (WHO-FCTC). The country factsheets will help policymakers, civil society, researchers and other stakeholders strengthen support for full implementa on of the FCTC. This collabora on between WHO and UNCTAD has also advanced the work of the UN Interagency Task Force on the Preven on and Control of Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which the United Na ons Secretary-General established in 2013 and placed under the leadership of WHO. Repor ng to the United Na ons Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the Task Force is coordina ng the ac vi es of UN organiza ons to support na onal NCD responses. The joint work demonstrates the benefit of collabora on between UNCTAD and WHO in terms of accessing and u lizing the technical resources and databases of these organiza ons, and in effec vely dissemina ng relevant data and analysis available in the UN system. Data in this publica on are drawn from mul ple sources already published by WHO, UNCTAD, United Na ons Interna onal Trade Sta s cs Database (UN COMTRADE), Food and Agriculture Organiza on Corporate Sta s cal Database (FAOSTAT), World Integrated Trade Solu on (WITS), World Trade Organiza on (WTO), UN Sta s cs Division, UN Popula on Division and the World Bank. These country profiles include trends in current tobacco use, tobacco produc on, crop yield, and tobacco trade (including tariffs and non-tariff measures). We hope that this publica on will be useful to Member States, other partners and stakeholders.
Dr Oleg Chestnov Assistant Director-General World Health Organiza on
Mr Joakim Reiter Deputy Secretary-General United Na ons Conference on Trade and Development
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Abbreviations
CTS FAO FAOSTAT
Consolidated tariff schedules Food and Agriculture Organiza on Food and Agriculture Organiza on of the United Na ons (FAO) sta s cal database Gross domes c product Harmonized systems Non-tariff measures Most-favoured na on United Na ons United Na ons Commodity Trade Sta s cs Database United Na ons Conference on Trade and Development United Na ons Economic and Social Council World Health Organiza on WHO Framework Conven on on Tobacco Control World Integrated Trade Solu on World Trade Organiza on
GDP HS NTM MFN UN UN COMTRADE UNCTAD UN ECOSOC WHO WHO-FCTC WITS WTO
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Introduction
The factsheets on tobacco produc on and trade present summary sta s cs1 on tobacco produc on and trade in the Africa region2 between 1993-95 and 2010-123. Average values of produc on and trade data from 1993-95 and 2010-12 are reported as 1995 and 2012 data respec vely to buffer against year to year fluctua ons and provide a more accurate representa on of facts and trends. Data on tobacco produc on and trade used in this report is a subset of the data provided by the African countries to UN COMTRADE, World Integrated Trade Solu on (WITS), FAOSTAT and other WHO and UN sta s cal data sources, covering the period 1993–2012. Fi y four country factsheets have been developed with the objec ve to support policy makers, researchers and public health advocates to: a. b. Increase awareness of trend in tobacco produc on and trade in Africa U lize evidence from the country factsheets towards advocacy for implementa on of tobacco control measures, especially those related to Ar cle 17 and 18 of the WHO Framework Conven on on Tobacco Control (WHO-FCTC).
I.
Trends in Tobacco Production Table 1: Area harvested under tobacco crop (hectare)
Region 1995 World (total) Africa (total) 4 569 479 375 298
Year 2012 4 086 242 620 330
Source: Food and Agriculture Organiza on of the United Na ons Sta s cal Database
From 1995 to 2012 the area under tobacco cul va on decreased globally by 10.6%, while in Africa it increased by 65.3% (see Table 1).
1 2
All trade data in this report was accessed from FAOSTAT as of June, 2015. Of the 54 African countries included in this report, 47 are included in WHO’s African Region and the remaining seven are included in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Country categoriza on within the UN system and WHO is available in Annexes 1 and 2. The summary sta s cs presented in this report are based on actual figures and is not adjusted for increase in popula on or infla on.
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5
During this period, tobacco leaf produc on increased globally by 2.27% and in Africa by 35.7%. In 2012, global tobacco leaf produc on was 7.2 million tonnes and in Africa it was 620 613 tons, represen ng 8.6% of global produc on (Fig. 1).
Figure 1. Africa's share of world tobacco leaf producƟon, 2012 Africa 8.6%
Rest of the world 91.4%
Figure 2. African Tobacco Leaf ProducƟon by region, 2012 2.5% 2.1% 2.4% 6.7%
East Africa accounts for 86.3% of tobacco leaf produc on (Fig. 2).
North Africa Central Africa South Africa 86.3% West Africa East Africa
Figure 3. Top 10 tobacco leaf growers in Africa, 2012 140134 112102 103633 63811 60389 28861 17233 14770 14385 10299
The main tobacco leaf growing countries in Africa are Malawi (22.6% of Africa’s output), Zimbabwe (18.1%), Tanzania (16.7%), Mozambique (10.3%) and Zambia (9.7%) (Fig. 3)
Source: Food and Agriculture Organiza on of the United Na ons Sta s cal Database
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In 1995, there were only two major tobacco leaf growing countries in Africa – Malawi and Zimbabwe. However, in the past decade, Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia have substan ally increased their tobacco leaf produc on (Fig. 4 and 5), whereas Zimbabwe has seen a decline in leaf produc on. Figure 4: Tobacco leaf growing, 1995
Rest of the World 93.5%
Africa 6.5%
Zimbabwe 2.7% Malawi 1.7% Others 2.1%
Figure 5: Tobacco leaf growing, 2012 Zimbabwe Others 1.9% 1.6% Zambia 0.8% Tanzania 1.4% Malawi 2.0% Mozambiqu e 0.9%
Rest of the World 92.1%
Africa 8.6%
Source: Food and Agriculture Organiza on of the United Na ons Sta s cal Database
Figure 6: Tobacco crop yield per hectare (hg/ha), 1995 – 2012 20000 15000 10000 5000 0
World + (Total)
Africa + (Total)
During the period from 1995-2012, the tobacco crop yield has increased globally but has either stagnated or declined in a number of African countries. In 1995, the average tobacco crop yield was 12 739 hg/ha, declining to 9938 hg/ha by 2012 (Fig. 6).
Source: Food and Agriculture Organiza on of the United Na ons Sta s cal Database
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II. Trends in Tobacco Trade Global trade liberaliza on has increased access to new tobacco markets. More than 70% of African countries are now members of the World Trade Organiza on (WTO). Between 1995 and 2012, the tobacco leaf import in Africa increased by (244.1%) as compared to the world (107.9%) (Fig.7).
Figure 7: tobacco leaf import (US$) 1995 – 2012 14000 12000 10000
12 725
Millions
8000
6 121 6000 4000 2000 0 1995 2012
Africa World 1 207
351
Figure 8: Tobacco leaf import (US$) 1995 – 2012 14000 12000 10000
11 498
From 1995 to 2012, the volume of tobacco leaf exports from Africa also increased, from US$ 804 million to US$ 1883 million. (Fig. 8).
Millions
8000 6000 4000 2000 0 1995 2012
5 055 1 883
Africa World
804
8
Millions (US$)
Although both the import and export of tobacco leaf has risen (Fig. 9), Africa con nues to be a net exporter of tobacco leaf, thus showing a favourable trade balance of approximately US$ 677 million in 2012.
Figure 9: Tobacco Leaf Trade in Africa $2,000 $1,500 1207 1883
$1,000 $500 $0
Exports 804 677 424 351
Imports Trade balance
1995
2012
Africa’s main tobacco leaf exporters and importers in 2012 are shown in Fig. 10 and 11.
Figure 10. Main Tobacco Leaf Exporters, 2012 34.2% 32.9%
10.7%
7.5%
6.6%
2.9%
1.7%
1.3%
1.3%
Source: Food and Agriculture Organiza on of the United Na ons Sta s cal Database
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Figure 11: Africa's main tobacco leaf importers, 2012 22.0% 17.3% 13.3% 7.6% 6.7% 5.2% 5.2%
4.5%
3.9%
2.7%
Figure 12: CigareƩe exports, 1995 – 2012 $25,000 $20,000 $15,000 $10,000 $5,000 $0 95 409 14 353 19 487
By 2012, the export value of cigare es from Africa was US$ 409 million, reflec ng a fourfold increase since 1995 (Fig. 12).
1995 Africa World
2012
Figure 13: Africa's cigareƩe trade, 1995 – 2012 $1,000
795
Exports $500 219 95 $0 1995 $124 $500 2012 $385 409
Imports Trade balance
Between 1995 and 2012, volume of Africa’s trade in cigare es increased. The increase in imports surpassed exports leading to a 210% increase in trade deficit in 2012 when compared to 1995. (Fig. 13).
Source: Food and Agriculture Organiza on of the United Na ons Sta s cal Database
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The main cigare e exporters and importers of Africa in 2012 are shown in Fig. 14 and 15. Figure 14. Africa's main CigareƩes Exporters, 2012 25.3% 18.1% 11.9% 10.3% 9.2%
7.1%
4.2%
2.9%
2.2%
1.9%
Source: Food and Agriculture Organiza on of the United Na ons Sta s cal Database
Figure 15: Main cigareƩe importers, 2012 11.59% 9.72% 7.05% 6.65% 5.20% 4.97%
4.00%
3.84%
3.80%
3.44%
Source: Food and Agriculture Organiza on of the United Na ons Sta s cal Database
WHO African Region countries (see Annex 1 and 2 for lists of country groupings) account for 15% of the global area under tobacco cul va on and contribute to 8.6% of tobacco leaf growing in the world. Within Africa, the top 10 tobacco-growing countries are part of the WHO African Region, accoun ng for approximately 98% of African tobacco leaf produc on. Most of the top tobacco growers export tobacco leaf to other countries. Top tobacco leaf exporters include Malawi (US$ 644 million), Zimbabwe (US$ 621 million), Mozambique (US$ 202 million), Tanzania (US$ 141 million) and Zambia (US$ 125 million). Only five countries –South Africa (US$ 104 million), Kenya (US$ 74 million), Senegal (US$ 49 million), Zimbabwe (US$ 42 million) and Nigeria (US$ 38 million) accounted for 75% of Africa’s cigare e exports in 2012.
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Status of tobacco trade in African countries within WHOs EMRO region: Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, Djibouti, Somalia This region accounts for less than 2% of tobacco leaf growing in Africa. In 2012, the top growers of tobacco leaf in EMRO African countries included Morocco (2,063 tonnes) and Tunisia (1,974 tonnes). However the import share of tobacco leaf by EMRO African countries is significant, with Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia accoun ng for almost 25% of total tobacco leaf imported by Africa in 2012. The top leaf importers include Egypt (US$ 209 million), Morocco (US$ 54 million) and Tunisia (US$ 33 million). Likewise, EMRO African countries account for a large share of cigare es imported by Africa, with Libya, Egypt and Tunisia accoun ng for 28% of Africa’s total cigare e imports. Top importers of cigare es are Tunisia (US$ 93 million), Egypt (US$ 78 million) and Libya (US$ 54 million). Table 2 shows the tariff structure for the top 10 tobacco-trading countries in Africa. The first column shows the applied rate, which means the actual customs du es applied at the border, while the second column shows bound tariffs – the maximum binding these countries have undertaken for this tariff line with the4ir WTO obliga ons. Table 2: Tariffs applied by 10 top tobacco trading countries in Africa for tobacco leaf and cigare es COUNTRY TOBACCO LEAF Simple average MFN 4applied Cote d’Ivoire Democratic Republic of Congo Kenya Malawi Mozambique Nigeria Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe 5 10 25 18 2.5 5 25 25 15 80 Bound tariffs 17 30 100 125 100 150 120 80 125 150 CIGARETTES Simple average MFN applied 20 30 35 25 20 35 35 35 25 0 Bound tariffs 64 30 100 125 100 150 120 80 125 150
4
Most Favoured Na ons (MFN)
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III. Key Observations 1. Notwithstanding the ra fica on of WHO-Framework Conven on on Tobacco Control (FCTC) by most countries in Africa, tobacco produc on trends are rising in most of Africa. 2. Tobacco leaf produc on in Africa increased by 35.7% between 1995 and 2012. 3. The country profiles provide a snapshot of tobacco growing and tobacco trade as a percentage of GDP; in most countries they account for less than 1% of GDP. This suggests a negligible role for tobacco produc on and trade in all but a few economies where tobacco leaf export is more than 5% of GDP, such as in Malawi (11% of GDP in 2010) and Zimbabwe (8% of GDP in 2012). 4. Northern African countries that comprise WHO’s Eastern Mediterranean Region have li le or no role in tobacco produc on, though they have significant trade volumes in the import of tobacco leaf and/or cigare es. 5. As per the WHO Report on Trends in Prevalence of Tobacco smoking (2015), the prevalence of smoking in Africa increased from 13% in 2000 to 15% in 2012. With a 37% increase in popula on for the same period this amounts to an increase of 32 million smokers. Further, this increase is in contrast with a decline in current smoking globally, from 27% to 21%.
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References and Data Sources
Data were collected from the databases of the following organiza ons: 1. Consolidated Tariff Schedules database (CTS): http://tdf.wto.org 2. Food and Agriculture Organiza on of the United Na ons Sta s cal Database: http://faostat.fao.org/
3. UN COMTRADE Database: http://comtrade.un.org/db/default.aspx 4. UNCTAD-TRAINS: www.unctad.info/en/Trade-Analysis-Branch 5. UN Sta s cs Division: http://data.un.org/Default.aspx 6. WHO, 2012, Mortality a ributable to tobacco, Geneva. 7. WHO, 2013, WHO Report on the global tobacco epidemic, Geneva. 8. World Bank, 2014, World Bank list of economies: http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups
9. United Na ons Popula on Division, 2013, World Popula on Prospects – 2012 revision, New York. 10. WHO, 2015, WHO Report on Trends in Prevalence of Tobacco smoking: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/156262/1/9789241564922_eng.pdf.
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General Disclaimers from the Main Data Sources
The designa ons employed and the presenta on of material on this internet site do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Na ons concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authori es, or concerning the delimita ons of its fron ers or boundaries. U N COMTRADE Where the designa on “country or area” appears on this internet site, it covers countries, territories or areas. The data of the UN COMTRADE database shown on this internet site are copyrighted by the United Na ons and are provided for your internal use only. They may not be re-disseminated in any form without wri en permission of the United Na ons Sta s cs Division.
The designa ons employed and the presenta on of materials in FAOSTAT do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organiza on of the United Na ons concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authori es, or concerning the delimita on of its fron ers or boundaries. Where the designa on “country” or “area” appears on this internet site, it covers countries, territories or areas. FAOSTAT The data of the FAOSTAT database shown on this internet site are copyrighted by the Food and Agriculture Organiza on of the United Na ons and are provided for your internal use only. They may not be re-disseminated in any form without wri en permission of the FAO Sta s cs Division. All references to FAOSTAT data will have to be men oned with the proper URL and the access date.
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Glossary
AREA HARVESTED ‘Area harvested’ data refer to the area from which a crop is gathered. Area harvested, therefore, excludes the area from which, although sown or planted, there was no harvest because of damage, crop failure etc. It is usually net for temporary crops and some mes gross for permanent crops. Net area differs from gross area insofar as the la er includes uncul vated patches, footpaths, ditches, headlands, shoulders, shelterbelts etc. If the crop under considera on is harvested more than once during the year because of successive cropping (i.e. the same crop is sown or planted more than once in the same field during the year), the area is counted as many mes as harvested. By contrast, area harvested will be recorded only once in the case of successive gathering of the crop during the year from the same standing crops. With regard to mixed and associated crops, the area sown rela ng to each crop should be reported separately. When the mixture refers to par cular crops, generally grains, it is recommended that the mixture is treated as if it were a single crop; therefore, area sown is recorded only for the crop reported. Unit of measurement is “hectares”. Source: Food and Agriculture Organiza on of the United Na ons Sta s cal Database
AGRICULTURAL AREA Agricultural area is the sum of areas under a) arable land – land under temporary agricultural crops (mul ple-cropped areas are counted only once), temporary meadows for mowing or pasture, land under market and kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow (less than five years). The abandoned land resul ng from shi ing cul va on is not included in this category. Data for “arable land” are not meant to indicate the amount of land that is poten ally cul vable; (b) permanent crops – land cul vated with long-term crops which do not have to be replanted for several years (such as cocoa and coffee); land under trees and shrubs producing flowers, such as roses and jasmine; and nurseries (except those for forest trees, which should be classified under “forest”); and (c) permanent meadows and pastures – land used permanently (five years or more) to grow herbaceous forage crops, either cul vated or growing wild (wild prairie or grazing land). Data are expressed in hectares. Unit of measurement is “hectares”. Source: Food and Agriculture Organiza on of the United Na ons Sta s cal Database
BOUND TARIFFS The bound tariff rate is the most-favoured-na on tariff rate resul ng from nego a ons 16
under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and incorporated as an integral component of a country’s schedule of concessions or commitments to other World Trade Organiza on members. If a country raises a tariff to a higher level than its bound rate, those adversely affected can seek remedy through the dispute se lement process and may obtain the right to retaliate against an equivalent value of the offending country’s exports or the right to receive compensa on, usually in the form of reduced tariffs on other products they export to the offending country.
COMTRADE UN COMTRADE is the short name for the United Na ons Commodity Trade Sta s cs Database. Over 140 repor ng countries provide the United Na ons Sta s cs Division (UNSD) with their annual interna onal trade sta s cs data, detailed by commodi es and partner countries. These data are then converted into the United Na ons Sta s cs Division standard format with consistent coding and valua on. UN COMTRADE is the largest depository of interna onal trade data. Commodi es are reported in the current Harmonized System (HS) classifica on and revision, and are converted all the way down to the earliest classifica on Standard Interna onal Trade Classifica on (SITC) revision 1. The data are permanently stored in the UN COMTRADE database server (http://comtrade.un.org/). Source: WTO ITC UNCTAD “World Tariff Profiles 2012”
CONSOLIDATED TARIFF SCHEDULES DATABASE (CTS) The Consolidated Tariff Schedules database (CTS) contains all WTO members’ concessions on goods in a standardized format. The database has been established as a working tool only, without implica ons as to the legal status of the informa on therein. All members’ CTS files (approved and provisional) were made available to members on 28 June 2002 through the Integrated Data Base IDB/CTS Internet File Transfer Facility. For each WTO member there is a CTS file containing its tariff commitments and, if applicable, its specific commitments in agriculture. The informa on contained in the CTS is available on the WTO web site. Source: WTO ITC UNCTAD “World Tariff Profiles 2012”
CROP YIELD Crop yield refers to the harvested produc on per unit of harvested area for crop products. In most of the cases yield data are not recorded but obtained by dividing the produc on data by the data on area harvested. Unit of measurement is “Hg/Ha”. Hg = hectogram (100 grams) and Ha = hectare. Source: Food and Agriculture Organiza on of the United Na ons Sta s cal Database
CURRENT TOBACCO SMOKING PREVALENCE Percentage of survey respondents who currently smoke tobacco daily or occasionally. Daily means smoking at least one tobacco product every day or nearly every day over a period of a month or more. Tobacco smoking includes all forms of smoked tobacco, examples: 17
cigare es, kreteks, pipes, cigars, cheroots, water pipes. Rare instances of smoking or experimental smoking (tried once or twice in life me) should be counted in the NOT AT ALL category. Source: http://www.who.int/tobacco/publications/surveillance/en_tfi_tqs.pdf
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) GDP is the market value of all officially recognized final goods and services produced within a country in a year, or over a given period of me. GDP per capita is o en used as an indicator of a country’s material standard of living.
MOST-FAVOURED-NATION (MFN) TARIFF MFN tariff refers to the normal non-discriminatory tariff charged on imports (excludes preferen al tariffs under free trade agreements and other schemes or tariffs charged inside quotas).
NET WEIGHT Net weight refers to the net shipping weight in kilograms excluding the weight of packaging or containers. Source: Food and Agriculture Organiza on of the United Na ons Sta s cal Database
NON-TARIFF MEASURES (NTMs) NTMs refer to the barriers, other than tradi onal custom du es, which make exports to a par cular country difficult and costly. NTMs may take the form of quotas, charges, discriminatory labelling and health standards and other restric ve condi ons. They may result from government or private sector ac on. Source: Glossary on Trade financing terms of the Interna onal Trade Centre (ITC)
TARIFFS Tariffs refer to tax imposed by a government on goods as they enter (or leave) a country. It may be imposed for protec onist reasons and/or to generate government revenues. Tariff types include ad valorem5, specific, variable or some combina on of these. Source: Glossary on Trade financing terms of the Interna onal Trade Centre (ITC) TOBACCO LEAF PRODUCTION Tobacco leaf produc on data refer to the actual harvested produc on from the field or orchard and gardens, excluding harves ng and threshing losses, and parts of the crop not harvested for any reason. Produc on therefore includes the quan es of the commodity sold in the market (marketed produc on) and the quan es consumed or used by the producers (auto-consump on). When the produc on data available refers to a produc on 5 (of the levying of tax or customs du es) in propor on to the es mated value of the goods or transac on concerned.
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period falling into two successive calendar years and it is not possible to allocate the rela ve produc on to each of them, it is usual to refer produc on data to that year into which the bulk of the produc on falls. Crop produc on data are recorded in tonnes (t). In many countries, crop produc on data are obtained as a func on of the es mated yield and the total area. If such a compila on method of produc on sta s cs is enforced by the country, it must be ensured that the total area does not refer to sown or planted area, which would then give the ‘biological produc on’, but to the area actually harvested during the year. Unit of measurement is “metric tons”. Source: Food and Agriculture Organiza on of the United Na ons Sta s cal Database (FAOSTAT)
TRADE VALUE Sta s cal trade value is the sum of the transac on value of goods (or its subs tute), and the value of the services performed in delivering the goods to the border of the expor ng (or impor ng) country, and not included in their transac on value. Source: Food and Agriculture Organiza on of the United Na ons Sta s cal Database
TRAINS – UNCTAD UNCTAD–Trade Analysis and Informa on System (TRAINS) is a comprehensive computerized informa on system at the HS-based tariff line level covering tariff, para-tariff and non-tariff measures, as well as import flows by origin for more than 140 countries. The system is operated by World Integrated Trade Solu on (WITS) so ware, developed jointly with the World Bank, which is also a gateway to other databases such as UN COMTRADE and WTO IDB/CTS. WITS is a simple to use yet powerful so ware which gives access to trade and tariff related sta s cal informa on and includes some simula on and analysis tools. (http:// unctad-trains.org for TRAINS and http://wits.worldbank.org/witsweb for the WITS so ware). Source: WTO ITC UNCTAD “World Tariff Profiles 2012”
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ANNEX 1. African countries in UN Sub-Regions
The United Na ons system broadly categorizes countries in Africa as follows: 1) Eastern Africa: Burundi, Comoros, Djibou , Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauri us, Mozambique, Reunion, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe. 2) Middle Africa: Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Democra c Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, São Tomé and Príncipe. 3) Northern Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, Western Sahara. 4) Southern Africa: Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland. 5) Western Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Saint Helena, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo.
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ANNEX 2. Country list as per World Health Organization classiϐication WHO African Region (WHO/AFRO) Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo Côte d’Ivoire Democra c Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Eritrea Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauri us Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone South Africa South Sudan Swaziland Togo Uganda United Republic of Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region countries in Africa (WHO/EMRO) Djibou Egypt Libya Morocco Somalia Sudan Tunisia
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20 Avenue Appia CH-1211 Geneva 27 Switzerland www.who.int/tobacco/mpower