Rearing and colonization of Simulium damnosum complex and related investigation: January-June, 1981

}{Ho 0NC[IoCERCIASIS CoNTnot PE0cnAMIr{E EESEARCH REFONTING. FearinSubj eot : Instituti on: Per sonnel : Date of submission: Peliod covered: Signsture of reEponsibl e offi oel: and colonization of Simulium damno sum compl ex an I a ed ]-nv e 8a OII r wiio/ocP. J.N. Rsybould. 3rd August , 1!8 1. J3nu,.4r,y - June, 193 I, CONTENTS A. INTROUJCTICN AND SuTlIiiARy. B. fHE E'I/ALUATI0N AND IMPROVEMENT OF REiiRIijc TICLNf dJES. 1. Blood-feeding S. demncsurn s. f . in th s ] a,bor 3t ory. (r) Membrane feeding. (t) Feeding or man and animals. 2, Hearing 16s F1 gryreratic,n of laborstory emerg_.d flies. 3. ALternative techt:ique for influcing oviposition. INSECTI CIDE SUSCEPrIBILITY TESTS. sruDl-,S oiv t[INc rUFT CCI,C,UEATICN OF S. SdIAIVIOSU]I. THE IDUITIFICATICN OF FIETD COILECTEN S. DA]"}TCSUM CO}TPLE( L ARV45. STUDIES ON T.TIE ECLOilCN CF S. NAIIIICSUI'f COMFTU( SPECIES. FTJRTHEN EUALUATIOtr OF SIIIMIC BEPEI.,IS[T. STUDIES ON T}IE EGGS OF }iEST AFRICAN .SIMULIIDAE. INUNDATICN OF SBTCHI NAPINS. PI]BI,ICATIONS. SUPPTY OF MATSBI.AL TO CTF]EN IIOBKERS. TRAINING, VISITORS AND MEE;Tri{cs. PNOCNAIV]I'IE PLANNED FOR }IH(T QPARTEB. ACIff{CWf,EDGEtr/IENTS. RET'ERBICES. TAELES. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. Lr M. A. 2- INTNO]USIION ANN SUMIIANY The expansion of our researoh team at akoscinbor desoribed in my previcus reportl soofl resulted in a marked increase in our activities. Mole recentlyr a further increase in output has followed an agreement between ltHO and VFA undrr ishich ftfu. J.H. Adiamah, of tliis IaboratorJr is oarlying out insectioide susocptibility tests i-- Chana fol O.C.p. No signs of ternephos resi stance (in the S. flsmnosiljn com Pl e:c) have been deteoted so far, not even in the Volta River neal Akosombo afte3 nearlJ eight Jears of disoontinuous treatment. Eecent rrr earing workrf has concent rat ed on the adur t fry wl th - Palticular lef eyence to bloo&-f eeding in s3ptivityr a pr *requisite to colonization. Two me;irbrane f eeding t echniques were compared in collaboration with Mr. H.P. lllirtz of the Tubingen fnstitute of Tropical Medi oine. The r esult s wer e interestiii8 but not iri ghly successf ul. However, qtuctr better results were cbtained with anirnal s. Tiie hiBtrest feeding rates occurred on rabbits, guinea-fowI and man. [IiId caugfrt flies also fed weII on chickensr as did labor3tor; emerged females on Soats if offered the ears. Laboratory srnsrged flies failed to feed on shsgp but wild caught irrdividuals fed well at least on thenows3 abdomen. Compl ete generati on r earing of S. fls,nnosuill s. str. has been achieved but only on e very small scale. have been obtained in tae Uniied Statesr of Mssssohu set t s. It i s iroped t hat thi s Mr. Simmons f rom rrUmasstr vi sits Akosombo Further progress has been made in colour3tion of S. squamosum and on the tirning of adult eclosion in S. damxosum oomplex species. Our studies on Simno Repellent have resurted in the manufaoturer producing a new formuration giving improved resurts. Mrch new infolmation h3s been obtains6 in the Meanwhil e, out standing resrrlt s espsslally at the University sucoess can be repeat6d when in the near future. invsstigations on the wing-tuft B. sturdy of S. damnosum large aggregations of ?IiE EVALU ATI0lrT t- coinpl ex eSesr Parti cul ar]"y on the dev elpeinent of EE6 S. AI'JD IIVIPROVEII{5}TT OF NEARING TEC}"NI EJES. 1. Blood-feeding NC ils. I. in the laborstory..t This was the maj-n subject of lecent rnvestigation. Females f rorn a mixed popul ation of S. damnosurn s. str. and S. sirbanun , from the Senchi Rapids near Akosombor were used rn al1 f eedrng trialsr ttre former sPeoies being clorninant tlrroughout. The teo.iir:,iques employed may be divided into two main categcriesg It{embrane f eedinfi t echni etr€so(") From January to April tiris Jea! lfu. H.P. i,lirtz, from the Tbbingen Institute of Tropical l[edicins, worked at Akoso.abo using the feeding technique of Grunewald and Wirtz (fgfA). The spparatus concerned both heats and stirls the blood and incorporates (in the latest model) six separate membrane feeding, chambers. The opportunitJ, was taken to ooinpals thiE apparatus with tho portable electr,trlically heated membrane feeder (pur') used by Dukes and Bussur (r9sr) ror tsetse flies. rn arI trial-s preserved human blood was used. Results with the PIvtr are given in Tabl e 1. The very thick silicone membrane supF,lied wi.th the sppalatus €l31ze expectedly pc,or resu1ts. Nevertiierl ess, a f ew individual s sornei}ow mana6ed to f eed. It{hen a t..,in silicc,ne membrane was usodr over 15to of wild caught females f ed but far fewer laircl,rtory s;terled flies tcoll bf ood. lfhether the membranee faced up ol down sppsared to have 1itt1e influence on the r esul t s. The best resul ts were obtained using tls (n3'bural) Baudruohe membraner especialljl feeding laboratoyy emer€led flies; betwsen 6 euarter and a thild of vr.[ich took bIood. .?esults with wild caught fli es were about the same as with the tirin sili cone rnembrane. Onoe again, the direction in whi ch ths memuane f aced appeared to have litt]e c,ffect on the results. The Baudluche,rembrane was found to be 4- r sth er r'i short lived, partly because/9fdama5e caused by the feedinB flies. In eeneral , resuL ts with the PivlF were rather di sappoint:.ng usi-ng the Baudruche memblane for feeding labor3tory emergedex cept fIies. the six separate f eedind cha,nbers in ttre rrTubinl'en feedettl er-abled I'{r. i'{irtz to ocmplete sevqlsl hundred tlial s at Akosombo. His aPParstus u;uaI ly f zv.+ bett cr resdl :'-r i.a.: the Pl'tr' except Baudruche membrane lliti: labcra.toly emerged flies. Besult'6, with a thin siliccne membrane were nuch bett er usinS 'Lne Tubinf en apparatusr especially f or feeding laboratory emer,-ed females. Cupp et al. (f9Bf) ttood-fed fo,nales resred from eggs from the Senchi f3pi.Js tirrgugh Baudruche and ciri oken skin membranes but obtained feeding rates of onl; 9ii. In'view of the cornparatlvel-y poor les*l ts [iven by membrane fgsdings, the use of bIoodr/sugar mixtures to increase feeding rates is being furttrer invsstigated. The proportion of flies tirus fed producing eg1's1 a;ld tire nu.lber of epg s deveopr-rlg pe r fIy r ?re being compared for different guentities of sugar dissoved directl; in the bl ood. (r) . Feeding on man and domestio ani,nals. FeedinS tri eI s on man and doinesti6 3itinal s were carried out using the same simnlii d popul ation &s i,I i:he msn'rbr2ne f eeding experiments. Botii laborst,-'ry em,,lged and wild caulht flies were tested with each animal iriv estig,ated inoluding m3n. Elithel ca!,es or sl eeves were used during the 30 minutc f eeding trial s but tlte techniques employed valied witli tt.e individual a,nimal. Skin and air tsmperstur es were measur ed using a "ecrinot"r*(n) digital rrlnstant action thelmomsts3rr iryith thermocoupls probes. AI 1 trials I^Iere carried out in an air conditioned room at sub-ambient temperatur es. The result s ob-iained {urirrg these investi5;atrons wers much better thnn witir mennbrane feeders and are trerefore Presented in scme det aiI. tr)- Han In feedt,-r.g tlrals on mrn tjte fli3s,Iere fed on lhe forrarm usrnil a fine-netting. sleeve or a srl']aIf ca€.e. The Iatter co,nprised a smal 1 PI astic c,ri:-jrcrer heI d in posi hrcn, :-:,n{ 61 osed above, by a strip of f ine nettr:ri.' -[,i pd sround the ".rr. it ti:.c beginning of each feeding trial 8 - 1! females wete rel:ased lntc tl-e cage or sleeve from a sucking tube. Skin te,rpgrztures ran,.,eC f rom 3t tc a4oC. The r',sl;Its of 62 tri ,l- s usln; a totll of' eight hundred and f our f emal es are . iven ii'- T1-[[ s 2. ji me.r:r of 5J.i. of I,:borstory einereied f er,rales tc.ok bI ood vrh.ile the fieu:e f or wtlC c.r,;.6,ht f_t ies ,uras p/". Similar f eedinB lrt es c)n ;ian for I a lor:borJi _oi;r:lg._ed fl i.rs lv,:re obtains6 by Cupp (f98f). fhe f emales tcor 4orrialstirU blor:d-meais like wild flies tubed f eeding j-n riio f i e1d. (tni s wns al str r.r€ c&se wrth f eodrng trisl s on domestic aninnals). The caie gave bettel res,,:1,'ts trta.n tlie sIee're i^rith lat,or2toly emerEed f 1i es bat nct vrith wil d c:.ug1rt f e,,r,;.1es (TebI es 2 b i. i{owever, results wrth wrld-cru6ht flits rrrgls r.,ery 1/ari:bl e and f :.r fewer tests v/ere coxnplets4. Th,: ca€le h:d the lnaJor ad-.,.a:r.aaa ti:at tire arm ooild be used for olher pLl-rpose d';::rn6-- [rre tr]aIs v,r.-ioc rrJis uot possible lvith th e sl eeve wi, t.rerut squashi:iE tii e fI i :s. In 'he case of l-:-iol-.tor-g ,mer,,:.J f e,:i,-Irs et:u6;h tesrs were ccm''Iet'd f'ol res..l-ts i'rc'n the hwc v:lunreer.i orr h':r,icii tj:e fl ies nele f ed (T:b]e 3) . It rni.j be .;een tr:at consi jera'rI-. bett er result s were oLtaii:ed 'ry F. iriordzif a t.il..ln by J.\r. Rayr:i:ul c. This i s :l so the c'rse wi.en wild flie g rie corlected i;r tire freld. Chi ckens altd g"11nea-f c'.v1 s. Four diff erent c,,ickeus - tuvo ,ir:l_ es -r-tC trwo f e..r-,1es - - Wele dsed during t.ie course of 1.4 f eed:-ng trial s. T;e flies were f ed on the uiper 1eg whi ch was f it: r:d wi th a sI eeve of f rire l;.ett rng. af t:r some of the -6- feathers had been cut-off with scissors. The bird rnras ireld by hand duling eac, f eeding trial and pr evenr ed f rom rnoving. The chi ckensr skin t omper atur es r ang ecl f r om xbout j6. 'l io N. ? oC. The rnea,l f eedin8 rate for wild cau5ht t'Iies on a cti cken was 4.flo but only 26'/" of laboratory einerccC f ennrles tooh blood (TabIe 4). fhe same t ecllnique was Ised tnii "u.r thre guine-f owI but bett er results were ob-l.aingtr; j7.7'i, ir.,r 1.r.lorl,Lory e,nerfied flies and 61.1.1; f or wil d-caught f emal e= (f uUI e 4) . Trvo bi rds I cne male. an I cn.+.f einal e were used durln8 tfie trrals and sltin tefiaperatures were the sar.re as for the ohicken. The mean results witr labolatory emer,,ed flies was identical..l to th3t obtained on man and the figure fcr v,ritd-oaught females was the best for any of rjre aniryals tested except the rabbit. Guinea-fow1s tend tc be 13ther difficult to catoh, but are Parti cul arlJ sui tabl s f or thi s work b rca.us e ance, liel d in positron, they keep still and ralely struggle. Fabbit s. Drring f eedr.n6 trials r^rith a rabbit, the animal was restrained with l.trirtz's ( t976) modification of Buhmt s ( t95B) device. A tight fitting sleeve of netting wss pulled over the earr so that the edges of the pinna were broutht together to form a closed cavity. FIies wele bI own into ths ca,vit.,, from which they were unable to escape if the ear sleeve was propelly fitted. C:rtain mcCifi_cations of the technique hrere also tes;ed. One malc and one young fenrale rabbit were used during the f eeding tlial s. fhe la'bititsr ear temper3tures ranged betwegr about 34 - 38oC o., different parts of tne pinnae. A mean of l8l" of wrLd caught flies took blood while the figur6s for laborstory ernerged f emel_es was 6Ji; (TabIe 5). In spite of these excellent results, hor^iever, sorne of the trrals attsrnpled had to be rejected because too nany flies escaped or l,rere killed when the rabbit shook its head and €ars. 1The two raboits gave almo;t the same resul_ts in tiie trrals presented in fable 5. I{owsvs1, earl-ier trials by I{r. Irtriltz resulted in a feeding rate of onlJ ryia (+/lq. Tlii* mal have been due to a looser sI eeve betnt used wi,ich f ail ed to cci:f ine tlie fIies insiCe tire Btrr. Altnough the rabbit gavo tire bsst results, it r+3s more difficult to handl e titau the oth.,r anj-rna1 s t es: eC. Ancthel di sadvanta6e i s that rabbits c.:.nnot be taken to tne fi.:1 6 ;5 tiieJi quccurabtc high temperatures when tr3veI 1ing. UnIike th: othrrr airi,nafstestedr ii]rej,:re not usual Iy availf,bte in ths villages. Goat s. Two dif ,. erent techiriques r{ere t:sted on a ;;oung f emal e goat: a netting sI eeve f i tt :d aro1rs6 the crlr 3nd a c:,4.e .reI d against a shaved area on the an:-ma}I s flank. The ear sIeeve Lras fairly trElt fitting and prevented the fI ies frcm reac.1lil€, tl,",6Lr1 s1 side of the pinna. The cage'vlas hc.ic in position, arrtl 91 osed at the top, by a srrip of netting tied around tile animsls trunk, Skin temperatures ranged from 33.0 - 37.20c. The ,rnean fceding rate wes Nl, usin6 the eat sleeve but only 19.Zft using the cage (Tabf" 7). 1"fo613tory emereed fomales gave considelably better results wrth lrotii teclinigues than wild cxught flies (f atf e 6 A 7). The f eeding rate f or -the f ormer using an ear sl eeve was st hi gr as 57/o, The goat u;ed in tite triaLs was \I .ry Cccile and easy to handle. &!. Feedin€ trials were carried out on three male sheep uslng ear sl eeves and cages. The f'ormer hrele f airlj' tigltt fi uting and the lstter wele he1d against the exposed skin of the Iower abdomen near the groin. Skin temperatures vsnfled flom ll.{ - 39,OoC. AImost no f eeding occurred except wi-th wil d caught flies using a cage wiren the mean f eeding rate vsas as hj-ih as 54/, (fabIe B). o2. Rearing the F I generation of 1a'borator y emerged fli:s. Numerous laboratolJ/ emerged femafes cf S. damncsum s. str. and 8. sirbanum from tite Senchi Rapids were bloo d-f ed nainly on man arld e tubes or using ths e€,8s wero P1acod in cott1 d be rea.red. Thi s was re taken f ol onl;. a,bout emerg,erlce cages. (tnis ] ster induced to oviposit, either in sepal .t technique described in section I below. The Iearing systems sO thst anJ 1ar\t.,^e :m:rging, done on a consrderable scale1 but recorc.is i;e 700 f emelas thus, treated (tatf e 9). No mabing ws5 observed in 3ny of ti.e contrasted vJr-t]; the observed behaviour of s. soubrense whi ch rnak e s frequent attempts to mate although felv spermatophores trre actually passed). The exact numbel of egg batches l_aicl could not be ascertainsd because some flies were sti,nul ,ated for oviposition on m3s56. However, the figure r.Ias in the regr on of 240. The fate of fll egg batches was followed un,l-r the rnicroscope and 32 of il.ear ivere later observed to ccntain at l east one cleveloping egg. The cevelcpi-ng eggs derlcened aild nanJ, produced ey e spo ts. In spit e of tjie unexpect edI.v 1 arBe num'bel of ef f bat ch es that showsd soine d e.rel- opment , howsvsl , the number of eggs involved was verJ smaIl. Of the 32 bstches, 20 contsing6 enly between l and 4 developilg ei_l,s and the remainiirg 12 cont3lns6 beti+een 7 and 32. All egg batches with some Ccve)-oping e€gs vJrre placed in rearing systems. It is not known how rn3ny e.:..s actrially hatchedr but later sclutiny und,:r the microsoope indio,+.eC ti1at onl;. a f ew did so. Larvae developed in only one of the re3ring sJste,ns and a tiotal of 35 males and 12 f emal es were r€ar€d. l{one of tirs 1srne,1 es took blood. Two of the larvae removed and fixed in carnoyts r;ere later identrfied as S. damnoSum S. str. These results are not easy to explairr. The number of egg batches in which eggs cleveloped ( 3z/ lll) *r= reil-,r-lbbty nigl considering that no matin5 w3s observed. The Par ent i-'ernel es 'wer e tiler ef or e pr eselved to be checked 1a-[ el f or sperm in tlie sper;;ratheca. /lnother unansvrered t -9- {uestion is wiry so inany of the e8€js that developed failed to hatch 3nd why most of the few that dlC so dred. In-hhe single rearing syst ern in wlii ch successful larvaI develol:ment occurred, more adi:1 ts were produced t;rarr :he nucnber of developing eg€,s coun'led. [his would suggest other egg. developed 1a,rer. n few of the reared larvae were later identified as S. damnosum s. str. Althougn m3ny probl encs remain to 3e exr lained, this is the first time th2-[ the wjrole life cyole of' S. damnoSLlil S.1, iras been coinpleted in captivity in !lost 1f rica. In the Unit ed Stat esl howsysl, the same f eat Itas al r eady been ach.,i gv3d twi ce b.y Orpp et aI . ( f 98 f ) and by Si tr,rons and Jdman (p"r". conrm) startrn6 f lcm eggs seitt f rom Akosombo. The latter llorkers rccentl_,'es'r; ao1 isned a coI ony of S. damnosum s.1. which compieted filre generati-u.ns before petering out due to a sriortaC.e of n-,1 es. It is hcped that t-ris achievement can be repeated durrng Mr. Simmonsr vi-sit tc Akosombo later this month. . Arr aIternative technicrue for indu cin€, cvipo sition.J The teciinique of inducin8 ovi-position by indirzidual females in sepa.rat g tubes enables the developmeilt of each egg bat'ob to be f ollowed separately. Hovrevel, the metirod i s too laborious when 1ar5e number of flies are involved. An alternative tecnnique has recently been developedT thereforer in which numerous females mal be stinulated together. The flies are released into a siiallovr container (such as petri-dish) at tire bottom of which is placed synthetic cloth-netting covergd with a thin film of watel. The fl-ics get wet and lay e8gs on th e nettr ng whi ch m.ay then be su spendecl i n .a r earing trough. 4. Rearing work aw ay from Ako sombo. No learing work at other stations l'ri1l. be c,trrled out thi s year beoause of the need to give prrority to the insecticide susoeptibility testing programme. IIowever, it is appropriate to mention here that since rny previous report t^l3s writ b en, 3n im.:'ort ar.l' t eport has been presen'led by Mr. R. SawadoSo ( f 98O) on iris llork at Bouak6 in which Ialvae wele successfully Dass-teared for susceptibility tests. 10 C. IIIJ 559X.1 CI DE SUSCEPTI II LITY TESTS. The alPearance of temephos (nta'ue) resistance wit,rrn the 0Cp arear stressed tne nee,l f'or relialrl e infor.,nsti.cn on insecticicle suscopr_ tibility level s thrilughout the tr,,e,.t,ne1tt ar€a.rrd i, pIaces f.urther south. .,lh agreement l+3s therefor: reached for l\lr. J.ij. Adiamah of the Vol ta River iuthori ty, togetrr.3r 'v.rith an assr stsnt 1 to oarry out suscep_ tibility tests rn chana in collabol:tion wrth cop 3nd r,^ritji particular reference tr bhe volta Hegicn and +,he i(intarnpo 3re3. Tiris work has been under my 1ocal supsrvisic:, i, a Len:raI and ad:linistrative senseo 41 I t eohni cal ,1 et 311 sr howover, h 3ve he cn f ul ther checked by Dl' n'C' KurtaI< tc ensure adequa-te st-ln,lardisation and comperability with the results of tlle three other.te"rins jtow Ccrng similar tss1. eI sewher e. Tests in bho Vol+.a Regj-t,n t^r,jre carried out i_ri lf3y and June in the Asukawk:w Rivcr system (pri..-r tc-, exp:rrj-inental temepjros tleatrnent) and in a nu,,'lbel of rivers rn thc'lohce ,)rea. Extreme difficr:Ities were experienceC in obtaining enough flrvae because of inadequate rivcr fIow. Noverthelessl in the Asulcawkaw sys.r,em, bes.ts r^/ere completed at two sitss near Asuk;1r.Ikaw Felr; and at Dorlo-irr e on tne isukawkaw; at l,ienuso and Kute on tire I'lerru ancr at nJodji on the -!,r2ws (q1 Gb3n i{oua). i,ests nearer Hohoe were carried out at Tsat sadu FaIIs, l,legbe (on the Dayi) a,Ed at Wli Fa1ls orr s tributary of tile Duboi. Most tests have been with temephos but a few have been carried out wifli chlorfoxim or methoxychlor. nr. Kurtah participated rr: a numbel of the tests. AIl larvae tesied at aIr sitss investigated uiere founc to be fuIly susceptibre. Further tests will be done after thr experimental treatmgrt period to rletermine wh,:ther anJ tesistance has developed at the sites in the Asukawkaw riv.r systern. In tlie meantime ]fu. Adiamah will be working in the Kintampo area. 11 - D. In aCdition to the wolk irl tne Vclta_ Iegion, sev,lraf '[ es-ts wrth temephos were completed with larv:.e froir thc Scnchi FapiCs in the VoIta River near Akosombo (fatf e 10). Ttrese',,..:sts wers carried out by F'Ir. J.H. i\diamah and his assi stant, tlr. D. Kessie, and bJ two Tanzaliien sci cnti s-b s, i\rE. A. I sr-reI and I"[s. ts .rtrta l]aegta, lvho tn:rde separ ite training visits to OCPr Tests were carried out at clifr':rent timss when S. dannxo sum s. 1 . , Sr sil l:anum, S. sou Or c,ris€ arld S. sanctipauli were pr esent i,r the rapi.1 sr aI I f our sp-cies w€re f ound to bc f urIy susceptible. Tne LCJO and LC95 valu_3s obt3rned in so.ren tes1s are given in TabIe 10. The r esult s f rcnn the Senchi iapiCs lre of p2rti cu1 a,r int slss{ in view of the fact that 'l,emepho5 tre,.t're:lt hls oeen goin6 on thero since 0ctober 197 3. ilowever, tr.:atttrent has b-.,en irregLrlar and di soontinuous axd the speoies composrtion of -+,i:e breedin6 poput --r.tion has been v ily va.Iia'll,e. The selectiuro Fiessure oli any o11 e mcrir'oriI of the S. damnosum comPI ex, therrefor€1 h35 Ooubtless b,:en lord. This is p3rticularl.y true of S. soubrenso and Sr satlcti-pauli whicl, on1 v occasi..nally inv3,6s tire rapids. LAIIORATCNY STUDIES O}I W -}TG-TUFT COLCUFAT]ON IN S. SOIJAI/IOSUM This v;ork is being carried out in collaboratron wrth Dr. Kurtak. Baokground inforlnatron i.s given i:r .3ar1ier quarterly reports and bJ Kurtak, RaJbould and Vajime (t9Bt). The resulrs of all single egg batoh rearings to date are given in TabIe 11 (p,"pr.ed by lr. Kurtak). These results are almo;st adequat e to compl et e the pr esent studJ a1though a f ew rnore t est s with fqnalss with mixeci or fl3rk wing-tufts arc desirdable. In additicnr a fulther short-term investi&ation is requiled to detelnine whetiter water temperature affects the r"sul-ts. This remaining work has been dolayed by Iate resumption of brcediitg at Boti tr'aIIs. F. 12- E. TliE ITU{TIFICAT]ON OF ITIELN COLLSCTED S:-D,'li,/ilJOSuill C6MLg1 LlnVAE. A r-:cent errilpr ehensi"re report by LIr. G. tr'iasorgbcjl ( t93 f ) includes identificatlo:rs of all materi-al colleoted in our c-buC;'area during the p::riod under revir'w. netailed res*I ts wiLl therefcre not be pr, esented here and tire f cl lowing co ilrnenll s s..;ouiC, be r eacl in conjunction with I4r. Fiasorgborl s report. :tIthough a f evr coll eotiLlns r.s:re nade jroli ncw Ir:,cationsr most matelial ,;as obtainerf by fre:luent s3inp1 ing of ou.r,naln sturlJr sites. The f act th:rt tlre speci:s connpositi:a of ';.rr: brcedi:rg populatic;r in the Sjenchi BapiCs remained constant tnrcogho;lr tl:e p:ri_od of our f eedi.ng trials1 trrI 1s P,:.rticul ,:l1y i'ortun,he. Tlre i,rc5t unexpected result was the crange fron S. yahense to S. amosum at Tsat sadLi Fsl1s. For the Past f'ew y,3315 t.i:1 s site h:s beer, r ja ar ded as a reIi".b1 e soulce of the former speci es. STUII.'S Cli ll.lE ECLoSIa,'; Crr S. nAMlosulii COI{PLID( SPECIES. This studJ l'i'r,s describecj i":. som,: cletail in my previcus reporto Idr. Boakye is nor.,r analysing ;he lesLrlts obtai_n,:d so far. ?he identical patterns of ecl osion shcwn .oy tvhat was be1ir:ved tc, be S. yahense f rom Tsatsadu Fall s and 3. sTuamosuir f rom Xoti FaIt s r aI e novi exPl ain ed by the fao*, tha"b botir populations investigated have sinco bt-:en identified as S. seuamosq! ( see section E) . Stuiii es on the e cI osion of S. J::hense are :herefore stil I pcnding as is the c,se ru:-tli S. sanctipauL r. and and S. Eoubrense. ft is now 3pp31 ont from the results, thi;t a nlinor differonce between the mixed population of the two sar/anrrair species studiod and S. squamosum , i s that the f ormer s.rovls a s,nal 1 secondary peak of emergenoe in the late aftorn:)on. Studr es orr S. sirbanuq aI lone would eI uoidate the question of whstirer or not tni s minor s:cond3yy, peak was caused by tltg snrarl ploport ion of -$:--g:-bag*S Present in the mlxed popul ation investi gated. :lI G. 13 - FUNT}IER EV,ILUAIiON OF SITI'JC NEPELLBIT Ear]i3Iinves.[i8stionsonsimnoEepe]lentiiavebcenlepoiaued irr my qutrrterLy Iepolts and pI esen.hed fcr infor"ral publication as a 'uiHO mimeoBraphed dcclr.ment (0poku, Rayb,;u1cl and Kessie, t98t). simno Rep.,J.r ent cro.rm ,.,;as f ound tc ile of valiarl e Iro ricncJi but the basroi1was1oci3eff.:ctive:,gain'.:tL-@S.1.forat1east t en hours. To test w|ether the base-oi} retains its effioiency fol a complete daJ, trials of 12 hours d,uration vuele Iecently callied out' It maJ- be seen from Tabl e 12t tirat throe ciff erent plt eparatir ns of bas+oil were a1:1. frilly effective for the ful]- 12 hours. Of pa,rticular intcrest w?.s the f act thst ono s3,xp1 e tosted w:rs sti-1 I f ul Iy potent after seven ycars storage. Attompts bJ tire manufacturer to irr'iprcve Sinno lepel-lent cream wele nob =o-s€,tssfulI r but in response t: our findr-ngs lte prepared an ointrn:nt i* p1ace of the cream. In a sil€Ie 12 hour biting catcir, tho ointment w-rs 1OO;b effective against S. da,rnosurn s.1. (fatfe 13). Fulthor trials await the teturn of adequate numbers of biting females. Tests with the biting midSe Forcipo,ii;,'ia (!ep1i!ulSe)_f efa4g1 showed the repellent to be completely effcotive ag,airr5t this i-ns-sct. Samples of Si;n:ro h-rve bccrr sent to Dr.'rJeiclhaas of tho Insects Affoctlng j)lan aild rtrnimals Iesearoh I.aboratory, Gainesvil-ler FI oridar for iurthcr -tests wrth -' wider r?i1le of bitru5 insects. sTi,nrgs 0TT '!liE EGGS 0lr i'jilit AFRrci.' sTlfl.jflllEi The r^lork of Mr. Cha,rles l(yorkul :-tn lrt.Sc. staient lrom Logon Univorsity under my supcrvrsion, ccirti:,ues tc p.lofl,ress wol 1r liis invesiigation on the develoPmerrt of larfe eg{ lllasses of S. flsrnnosulll s.1o is now ncarinfl completion. The results of this stud'; are like1y to be of great interest to OCP 3nd will ce discribed f'.:rti:eI in my next report. Other studies have included the ei',i morphologJ and moCe of H I14- hat ching of co.nmon C*ranaian si;nulii ds lncluCing S. dxinno sum co mp1 ox speci es. The numbel of r3S[.s produced i:;v r:ulliFarous S. dami]osrrrn s.1e has bcennfound to be closely related to tj:e size of the btood-mcaI and det3l1ed obsorvations have bcat maci orl tire various stages of oogonesis. IIT}IDATI0N 0F 'ITIE SUr,lCilI lilPI )S The Se.ichi Rapids in t.li,:r Vol t a Riv -r 11 eal Ai:o:joinbo have bcen an importciu-t sollr ce of Ies(rarcj- m.lt:rial f or -tj-e past f ew years and a biting mennce -io t.rie 1ocal popul ;tl-on. It r,.r:.s preoict ed by tire arrthorities that inundation of tiie rapicls l.sith the cl o.,ur e of the Kpong lsm would sI ow the water f1oiv to 3, rate beI ow tnet requlred by S. danurosum s.1. In the event , tire ,dat er l evel in the h,rad pond reached its mr(imum on 2nd June and thc bitrng population of S.damnosum s.1. f eI1 rapidly. liovrsvsl, the I e',reI jr ^s been fluctuating gleatly since tirat time and 1?rvae mal weli have been kilIed mainlj, by d es si cati on. At the t-r-me of wri.ting it is strll not possible to know whether pooket s of br eeding will oontini;3 to exi s'b wlien the lJat eu l eveI stabilises. Certainty tho flow late is strIl considerable at cFrrtain points vlher: -hhe wat.r is channcled between isIands by no means totally submerged. If the rate proves tc hc too lorr for S. damnosum s.I.r species such &s S. aCersi will most ,'rob3bly find conCitions to their I iking. Although tii.: situatlon in thc Scnchi rjapiCs rerl:rins uncertain, thore is no doubt that furthi,r br,:eding wrI1 not take ptace downstream in the Kpong Rapids. PUtsI I CiiTIcNS fho f cllowing papers l:.av: been prcsen ied f or pub,l-ioationss- Raybould, J.N. , Barro, T. , SawaCogo r B. and ltriordzif a I'. A new simpl e t ecnnioue f or rearln8 F1 progcn;- f rcm f emal es of the Simulium dar-nnosuin fheohald compl ex. J. K. L. 15- Rsyboul d1 J.I. , Iaviesl J.B. anC l'{ordzif a F. .t new simpl e t ec-nique f or r earing F1 poogury f rcnr ,i orr-1 es of the Simulium d.innosum Thecbald complex. II A modified aPFaratus to protec-b aSainst Pow.3Y f a,ilur es. SUPPLY OF MTT:RIAL TO COLL.I;CR:TING I,IOFKINS L nunnber of consiSnmcnts of S. da.irlnosum s.l. ,3gts for rearing work hav€ b.:eil -.ent to tho University of l,ia.s-qaciiusettsr CorueII University and the Institute of Tr'-prcal Meclicine st Tubin6'en. ([he successful r,:suI t s obtalne d lilrth Irii:l mat eria]- .tre describ:d in section B 2). nried adults !or cuticul-ar c;.rboiudr;te studies lverc supplied to Mr. i'Jal sh ju:t bef or e he 1 :f+. tlir: Pro€ramme f :l Salf orfl ilniversity. Preserved l.[est lfrican simulricl s for various sitccies havc been sent to nr. Crosslcey at the N,atural:-iistorJ i"',u:eum, Lcndcn and species in the )rosophila simulivora Sloup (tir:.lt eat si:lulium eggs) h...ve been dlspatched to Dr. 1,. Tsac,:s in Falis. In adCition to entomologicel tna,t erlal r repel .1. e;rt has rf so been dispatciied ior t estrng ( see secti on C) . TBTIINIIIGT VI SITCnS .U'1D IUEE{'TIIGS Contributioiis to tralrIr,ng i:.:,rg i,."rud,,d the local supervision of Mr. J..i. rCiamahrs important vrcrlt on insecticide su,sceptibility ( section C) and thc sup-irvi si.rn of i,lr. C. Kyorku ( srct ic.n II) . Mr. ll.P. v,iiltz, from ths Tubin€,en Institute of '!ropical Medicine, spent a successf uf tiirec ,lontns p,t i:l;osombo t est-Lng, a membrane f eeding apparatus ( see scction B, 1a). I'lr. i.. Israel I a Tanzanian Ieseelch entomolo{i st I mrle a tr grnin$ vi sit during vriri ch he carried out i'nseoticide susceptibility tests. Short term visitcrs clurrn6 ths Ij''iriod und':r revicw included: Prof.,I. Gitlesr nean of the Liverpool Scrrool of Tropical l''iedicrnei Dr. C.p. Bamachandrall ,I1R/1'JHO; Prof. J. Pembertorl of Sheffield Ivi. 16- UniversitT; Scientists from several countlics att3ndinS an International Bio soi ences Network Symposiuml ?,nd lne;nl)cr s of the Volt a Basin Research Project Board of Governors. I attended the ,:reoting of v.o.u. plof essiotlal staff at Ouagadougou between 16 - 13 Febru:rJr 193t' FHC t,ii tlI'il/t5 FCR I'lD(T +IiRTEN ( f ) Now tnat muCr blood f eeding work has be3lr cornpl et edr smphasi s will be pI ac.,rd on laborstcry ma,ting and ovi-posrtion in oo11ab'-'ration with Mr. K. R. Si nmols of I[assachuset t s Uni v':r si ty. St udi -3 5 will be undertaken to det ermine wiiether t eoiinirfue s used i'n tne U' 'S' '-' f ol rrldstural ovipositicnrt inplove rates of eg! develoPment' (Z) To aiC and abet {hs work of nr. Cooter of C0PR during t'}re prriod of his collsul'tantshi-p to be spent at /ikosotnbo' (l) Local supcrvisicn of ins,:ctrcide srrsceptibility tes'us. (+) Tho oompletion of unfinished asP-:cts of culllent investiga-tions and presentation of result s f or publi ctltion' ICKNOTILEDGEI{ENTS 1 aal most gratef uI to ali tho:e acknor'';I''dged in the body of this roport w.ro colla.borated with me or prorzir.r ed va] uable 'rdvice, heIP oI suppo rt . Iamindebtedtotngr/oltaEiver.lil.thcrity".ndtheVoltaLake Research .:rId nevelopinent Pro ject i'or l abclatcrJ aocoinnodati on et Akosombo atld in Particular to !r. L.K.,r. nerbanl nI' E'K' obeng-'53moo and Mr. J.H. .[diamah for thcir continuing support i-n t]iis respeot' fheprovisionofalese,-,roirassistantbytheG:anal,linistry of H;al tir i s gr eatly apPr eciiit ed' 17- EEFETIET'ICES Cupp, E.i''t ., Lck; J.B. 1 Bernsrdo, Li.J., Brenner, n.J. r PoIlackr R.J. I and Soo1r^sr Gr.r. ( f98f ). Co,iipletc generation rearinA of Simulium darnnosum s.1. (Dipt era: SimulLi dae) in the labor 3tory. Tropenmed Palasit. In pl ss5. Drkss, 1'-. and nussul-l r J. ( tg8o). ii p,.,itail e inombrane r;Jls'bem f or the smalI- scal e in-vitro f eedr,rC c.f t sct se f I i es. Trans. R. Soc. trgp: tled. & I{yg. , b.6te . Fiasorg'bor, C.K. ( f9E r). Cytotaxonoin-.' of S. Llp mno Sum COmpI eX unpub) i shed report to i'IHO/OCP for Janu,arJ to .vlay t9B 1. Grunewald, J, and r':irtz, H.F. ( f lZa;. I(unstliche blutfutterung einiger afrikenischer and palaarktischer Simulriden ( lentera) Z. ai18. E1t. 8 5, 425 - 435. Kurtalc; n.C., Raybouldl J.,',i., Vajimer C. (f9Bf ). tjilg tuft colours in the proi,eny of singl e indiviC:_ral s of Sirnulium squamosum Erdell ein). ','rans. F. Soc. trop. ni,ed. & Hey. , 7 5, 125. 0poku r .i.l(. r F,.jbcul d, J.iy. arid K,:ssi o, ,.i(. ( r9a r). 1 pr eri oina.ry evaluaticn of the repe:l-l ent simno agains', i,cst ,if rican onchocelciasis v ectcr s and orher bi ti-ng insect s. pr *pub1 i c"..ti c.n r eport. Ruh;n, ii. ( f 963). Ein gorat zuin f ixi:..jlcn von kaninchcn bci v,rrsuohen mit brutsaurcnaro.i sin,rli-idcnr tn6cr.J. parasit. r 9, 4l - M. Sa',sado8o r -i. ( r98O) . ilappcrt dc mi ssion .3, Bo,-ial<'c. Unpubli sh;d rcport pr escnt cd to I,'JI1C/OCP. l,iirtz, iJ.P. ($76). Untclsuchunl,on ubcr Ccn oinfluos Ccr blutnahrung auf di c i.,;i entwi cl(l un€ von Boophtbola crythroce Phala de Gccr and'vrlilirgfmia Iin.:ata l{ci Een (Diptcra, Simuliidae). Diplcmarbcit dem fachbcreich brologie dor Unrv:rsitst Tubingen. CO \t r- LT\ N@ o IFI .f'I l0l.)l'aE ll-.lfrl IH .8 ?< .H P. L) I,{ trl ilH t-I LzL) HHEdETHID CO =+ tr\ NLnN cv o N ra\ CV :o co a c\l o O o\ (\J \o\.o rn c\J o Frl .Ll' tqFC .lii-i F-.iE{tl t.-- ot-co\o t--H,rt- F F-l Fi ln| .f'Ilq)l-+ii lF-$1 Itl A Fl H oi . t'll P,l .51 -{ rE Fl Fll l"'l r\ .Ft\ . l--{o.() t r; ! 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N CN r.- r- <7) ra\ a.l .; \ ;-(v cc --$ C\J irl C\Jo O \o .a =+. |.-- o\ (D N ..() .\T ar) ;\ h co ! l.r\- e. CO C\J 6 o Fr FI c] Fr o+ oF N .:o o ,,c a?") c\l O $ c\l CN \t @ =r c! ,'o CO CO d^) O lrd hn, .rl .d .d d .d o d a r' r-l P. oi i-- F (1", (\l c!r 1- c! NN iTt'-N rlr o-) lrc\ l---*Jlv \- l---rlN I I $ Cr)\_ o\N (\ co r.) (>\ c. F-.{ F( l.:I ,r, I -l -(.3 l aY)\\ l-\-r.)ld) --.t--\\-tt r -ir-)I co ^'(-) t! E ."1 'a1 rc .d .t o Fd \c (f) \c t=- ; a.) (J l|: aa) .a- (\] \o N .c, ..{ .d E a) O f ai ol P[1 a -{ P () +,C) Er Fq n B H H trl =.1H .n C! C() CU ,k a(- sl C, F-12OFI P{ I'r e EJ l 'Fr 1l c| Ha Fr iiA :1 0Cr r. (- !-l!.: (r a_ E-r () E-, o trlE l! 1.1'-, Op,il l-r Q cl H .i .i e/il r.'l rrt [--s l-r CJ itrO .F, :--, pq L, H Er F-{ tr'I r-n ErCtr {:f H O trl L:l [-r () trlf.l frr Ll F;i a E- H H E{ o. 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PEHCITYI ,GES 0r" JIiilC TUFT CC[CLrri Cl 13JI]3 ,',]l{CllG oil',SlRIlrG OF I}'}IVINU)L STI,IULTiJS ;fU'UCSi]M Tq,I LES + F ar ctrt I wing tuft col our * Place and dato of co1 I cction of paront f l{ing tuft colcur offspring ita] es iemal;s BCDE total numb,;r sCDl total number ,i Boti F:l I sfl/3/1e Boti Fi,.11s fi/j/so Fazzo pl 5/so Fazao 13/1/80 L-Lnda mcmo 14/7 / so Landa mono 14/1 /Ba L:,nda mcno tq/t /ao L:nda mcno tt/t /aa -doti F:l1s 22/ 9/ 80 ia\al* lI':l z ao \ z3/ 6/so t Boti Fal 1 s 1e/7 /1 e 3oti 1e/1/ 1OO;, 2 lOO7c 9 1,u gnio .a ' rO,rO 1. ll/u -l rl tl 48'i, 42','; 10 ut,, 11 Z,b 11p 3ji-. 2f i 29t" 52 21 6q 12 3 22 19,i 62,', 17i, 4i, 26 91 i" 3, 2g 1l .i A 3 10J, zl,. 4D ,', tii. ]i 13i 15 1oo) T!. 33/6 33ib 10k 1O;L 1o',. p; ^^4luu/c 1o 2c U 51b j5;;/b z\;, 15./. Zo ri )1,: 9p - (J B a: B B 1OO,): TO oifsprinp. combined t1, 4oi. $f, 18/. 57 '2 7 5P 25'/' 4 1OO,:i, 4 - ,')', 'oi) z 100ir 2 - 5O)" 9';'" 2 1OOl, 4 10,. 4O,' Zol, 1O',1 zO,,- 10 1OO'/. 7 1OO',i 1 1 1C0,. 1 o - *-i!fil 2 1oo.-, 32 38i- 29,, 33i- 21 B u B B C c Fall s 7Cl-/ ;lotr Fa.l 1s 15/ 5/ 60 Boti FaII s ,<t 5ip,o r'a lao 'zs/ 6180 3oti Fal I s zz/e/Bo Boti Fal1 s 22/ 9/80 1c0,, - :1 1 T-a bI c 11 cont I d. Parent I wing tuft coL our Placc and dato of co11;cticn of Prre:rt 9 l'ling tuft co,r uu-r of f spling l'{a1 c s Femal cs BCDE tot:.I numb r-r iBCDE total number c n D , E E E Boti Fal I s zq/ p/Bo Boti FaII s zq/ p/80 Bcti Falls zilf p/Bo Boti Fall s fl /B/1e Boti .TaI1s 22/ 9/ 30 Boti -r-aI 1s 22/ 9/ so Scti lral] s z"/ p/Bo 14: 15,'. 100;'" 1l 1oV', 56 100,^ 72 d/ 'oor' ( E 5i.. 1l 100,1 9 100,, j2 r a: - /.1 45 r. 11 i, 3oi- 1 1 2?,' 11,', 5lf, 9 n'. p/, 887. 42 st $f, 71/' 22 loq. 1 1oo'i' 22 loop 5 * Kcy: + aII PeIe hairs; 3 = p:ri\..j 1,',rrti, up to 5 :l .rk hairsl dark hairsl D = lark r^rith up to 5 p.r1e -r-:irs; .t = C mixcd P.rl e and C, rk. by iir. I-1. lc1 e. .r1L Sevor,aI of the ref,rlnes incjuj,:d i:r tl is rtol _r id;lt j Carrj- _rl cut o() H f:l gi ta t: C\ Fl H Q * rr-l ra rn e l--l Flo i'i- t-HIr t-i I:, O -: f - fr.-:,1i. 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