Index medicus for the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: with abstract: IMEMR current content

Index Medicus for the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region with Abstracts IMEMR Current Contents September 2006 Vol.5 No.2

Table of Contents IMEMR Current Contents ..................................................................... i Subjects Index .................................................................................1 Adenoma, Pleomorphic...............................................................................................................................3 Agriculture...................................................................................................................................................3 Algorithms ...................................................................................................................................................3 Amebiasis ...................................................................................................................................................3 Anti-Infective Agents ...................................................................................................................................3 Antibiotic Prophylaxis..................................................................................................................................4 Antigens, CD...............................................................................................................................................4 Autoantibodies ............................................................................................................................................4 Benzodiazepines.........................................................................................................................................5 Biomedical Research ..................................................................................................................................5 Blood Donors ..............................................................................................................................................5 Botulism ......................................................................................................................................................5 Breast Neoplasms.......................................................................................................................................5 Breast Self-Examination .............................................................................................................................6 Candida albicans ........................................................................................................................................6 Cardiomyopathies .......................................................................................................................................7 Cholestasis .................................................................................................................................................7 Cholestasis, Intrahepatic.............................................................................................................................7 Cobalt..........................................................................................................................................................7 Conservation of Natural Resources............................................................................................................8 Crystallins ...................................................................................................................................................8 Death, Sudden, Cardiac..............................................................................................................................8 Delayed-Action Preparations ......................................................................................................................9 Diabetes, Gestational..................................................................................................................................9 Diptera ........................................................................................................................................................9 Disinfection .................................................................................................................................................9 Drug Therapy ............................................................................................................................................10 Echinococcosis .........................................................................................................................................10 Electrocoagulation ....................................................................................................................................10 Enterobiasis ..............................................................................................................................................10 Esophageal Neoplasms............................................................................................................................11 Facial Bones .............................................................................................................................................11 Fasciitis, Necrotizing .................................................................................................................................11 Fasciola.....................................................................................................................................................12 Fever.........................................................................................................................................................12 Fishes .......................................................................................................................................................12 Flavanones ...............................................................................................................................................12 Fluorides ...................................................................................................................................................12 Foriegn Body Reaction .............................................................................................................................13 Genitalia, Female......................................................................................................................................13 Glutarates .................................................................................................................................................13 Gossypium................................................................................................................................................13 Growth Disorders ......................................................................................................................................14 Health Policy .............................................................................................................................................14 Hearing Loss.............................................................................................................................................14 Hematologic Neoplasms...........................................................................................................................15 Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean....................................................................................................................15 Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral ........................................................................................................................15 Hepatitis B Vaccines .................................................................................................................................16 Hepatitis C ................................................................................................................................................16 Hepatitis C, Chronic ..................................................................................................................................16 HIV Infections............................................................................................................................................17 HLA Antigens ............................................................................................................................................17 HLA-DR2 Antigen .....................................................................................................................................17 Housing, Animal........................................................................................................................................17 Hypothermia..............................................................................................................................................18 Hypothyroidism .........................................................................................................................................18 Immunization.............................................................................................................................................18 Influenza in Birds ......................................................................................................................................18 Iron............................................................................................................................................................19 Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute ....................................................................................................................19 Lung Diseases ..........................................................................................................................................19 Malaria, Falciparum ..................................................................................................................................19 Mandibular Fractures ................................................................................................................................20 Mangifera ..................................................................................................................................................20 Marek Disease ..........................................................................................................................................20 Maternal Mortality .....................................................................................................................................20 Mathematics..............................................................................................................................................21 Meat-Packing Industry ..............................................................................................................................21 Meckel Diverticulum..................................................................................................................................21 Meningitis..................................................................................................................................................21 Mercaptoethanol .......................................................................................................................................22 Multiple Myeloma......................................................................................................................................22 Musculoskeletal Diseases.........................................................................................................................22 Nasal Polyps .............................................................................................................................................23 Neuronavigation........................................................................................................................................23 Nigella sativa.............................................................................................................................................23 Oils............................................................................................................................................................23 Oocytes.....................................................................................................................................................24 Oral Hygiene .............................................................................................................................................24 Permethrin ................................................................................................................................................24 Photosensitivity Disorders.........................................................................................................................24 Plant Extracts............................................................................................................................................25 Plants, Medicinal.......................................................................................................................................25 Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic...........................................................................................................25 Prostatic Neoplasms.................................................................................................................................26 Pyelonephritis ...........................................................................................................................................26 Reproductive Techniques, Assisted..........................................................................................................26 Respiratory Tract Diseases.......................................................................................................................27 Rift Valley Fever........................................................................................................................................27 Salmonella Infections................................................................................................................................27 Sarcoidosis ...............................................................................................................................................28 Schistosoma mansoni...............................................................................................................................28 Schistosomiasis ........................................................................................................................................28 Schizophrenic Psychology ........................................................................................................................29 Semen.......................................................................................................................................................29 Septicemia ................................................................................................................................................29 Shigella flexneri.........................................................................................................................................29 Sinusitis.....................................................................................................................................................30 Smoking ....................................................................................................................................................30 Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic ...........................................................................................................31 Spermatogenesis ......................................................................................................................................31 Substance Withdrawal Syndrome.............................................................................................................31 Surgical Wound Infection ..........................................................................................................................31 Tetanus .....................................................................................................................................................32 Total Quality Management........................................................................................................................32 Trichomonas Vaginitis...............................................................................................................................32 Trypanosomiasis.......................................................................................................................................33 Tuberculin Test .........................................................................................................................................33 Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant.............................................................................................................33 Tuberculosis, Pulmonary ..........................................................................................................................33 Vagina.......................................................................................................................................................34 Vibrio cholerae ..........................................................................................................................................34 Water ........................................................................................................................................................34 Water Pollution..........................................................................................................................................35 Authors Index ................................................................................ 37 Journals Index................................................................................ 47

IMEMR Current Contents Rationale The Index Medicus for the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (IMEMR) was previously published as a retrospective indexing service. For the last two years we have applied a policy of indexing of journals as soon as they reach us. This has changed the whole concept of the Index Medicus from an archiving tool to a current awareness information tool. For technical staff of the Regional Office, health care staff and medical professionals they are able now to access heath literature published in the Region as soon as it is published. A document delivery service to support the Index has also been activated which will enable any user to acquire a copy of any article listed in the Index. The cumulative version of the Index Medicus is available now on the Internet as part of EMRO web site. A CD- ROM version of the same is also being considered. Scope and Coverage The IMEMR Current Contents is issued on a quarterly basis including articles added to Index Medicus for the Eastern Mediterranean Region (IMEMR) Database1. Indexing Level Each article has been indexed and assigned to a “Main Heading”, plus added headings according to the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) list of the National Library of Medicine (NLM). Up to five added headings (including the respective country) have been allowed. Subheadings (or qualifiers) are used in indexing to qualify MeSH headings by pinpointing some specific aspects of the concept represented by the heading, e.g. “LIVER-Drug Effects” indicates that the article is not about the liver in general, but about the effect of drugs on the liver. Organization of the IMEMR The main body of the Index The Index is organized in alphabetical order, according to the Main Subject Headings (MeSH). In most cases one main subject is assigned to each article. Under the main subject, entries are sorted by Subheading in alphabetical order also. Each entry includes the title of the article, author(s), Journal title, year (date of publication), volume number, issue number, number of pages, number of references, subject descriptors, geographic descriptors and abstract has been added and is searchable on the database on the Internet. (as shown in Figure 1) Author Index The IMEMR includes the author’s index which also indicates the subjects covered by each author. Computer facilities The Current Contents has been produced using the UNESCO WINISIS package. Countries or journals publisher interested in a subset of the database may be provided with data on WINISIS format upon request. Availability of photocopies Photocopies of articles cited in IMEMR may be obtained from EMRO Library, upon request. Availability on the Internet This issue, as well as all forthcoming issues, will appear in WHO/EMRO web site on the Internet, as part of the complete edition of the Index. Internet address is http://www.emro.who.int/HIS/VHSL/Imemr.htm 1 Including the countries of Afghanistan, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria Arab Republic, Tunisia, U.A.E., Yemen Arab Republic i Figure (1) : Sample of entry for one record from the Index Medicus Main Subject Heading Hyperpigmentation Author(s) Subheading Chemically Induced Cutaneous hyperpigmentation following nonpermanent henna tattoo. Bukhari, Iqbal A. Saudi Medical Journal 2005; 26 (1): 142-4 (10 ref.) Journal Title Year Volume No. of Issue Pages Title Descriptors Abstract Abstract: Decorative henna skin painting can provoke severe reactions in the skin. We report 3 cases of unusual and persistent hyperpigmentation following nonpermanent henna tattoo, which alerted us to identify an additional side effect. Keywords: Naphthoquinones-Adverse Effects; Tattooing-Adverse Effects No. of References ii Subjects Index

IMEMR Current Contents Subjects Index Adenoma, Pleomorphic Pathology Pleomorphic adenoma minor salivary gland tumor palatal area. Murad, Samir Muhammed PMJ - Palestinian Medical Journal 2006; 2 (1) (4 ref.) Keywords: Salivary Gland Neoplasms-Pathology; Salivary Gland Neoplasms-Diagnosis; Adenoma,Pleomorphic-Diagnosis; Head and Neck Neoplasms-Diagnosis Abstract: Pleomorphic adenoma can be defined as a benign mixed tumor composed of epithelialand myoepithelial cells arranged with various morphological patterns, demarcated fromsurrounding tissues by fibrous capsule Pleomorphic adenoma [mixed benign tumor] is one of thesalivary gland tumors affecting both Major and minor salivary glands. Parotid gland is the mostcommonly affected of the major group, and palate is the most common site of the minor salivaryglands affected. Agriculture Slope stabilization with Gleditshia caspica and Parrotia persica. Bibalani, G.H.; Majnonian, B.; Adeli,E.; Sanii, H. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2006; 2 (4): 381-5 (10 ref.) Keywords: Soil; Forestry; Trees Abstract: The stabilization roles of two species, Gleditshia caspica and Parrotia persica, werestudied on slopes in northern part of Iran. Landslides developed in this area because of incorrectland use and clear cutting of forest to change to agriculture land. Spread planting of Gleditshiacaspica and Parrotia persica can help to control instability of soil in this area. Bishop_s methodwas used to calculate the safety factor of slopes. This calculation was studied for the followingconditions with vegetation cover of Gleditshia caspica, with Parrotia persica and without vegetationcover. Parrotia persica helped to stabilize slopes with 45-60% grades and Gleditshia caspicahelped for slopes with 25-40% grades. Algorithms A new variable step size algorthm for solving initial value problems. Kamran, Khurram; Qureshi,M.Shahid; Touheed, Nasir Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2006; 2 (1): 37-44 (9 ref.) Keywords: Mathematics; Reference Values; Problems and Exercises; Problem Solving Abstract: Polynomials constructed by usual interpolation methods are less accurate as comparedto the tools due to Chebyshev. Hence the use of Chebychev's nodes to produce the solution ofinitial value problems promises more accurate results. In this work a new algorithm is developedusing nodes generated by Chebychev's method that are used as points where solution areproduced for a number of Linear and Non-Linear Initial Value Problems using classicalRunge-Kutta method. The improvement in accuracy is found even when the number of nodes issmall, that makes this algorithm better than other valuable step-size methods. Amebiasis Molecular characterization of 70 kDa heat shock protein [HSP70] gene in Entamoeba dispar.Rezaie, S.; Birami, A.; Rezaian, M. Iranian Journal of Public Health 2006; 35 (1): 11-6 (22 ref.) Keywords: Entamoeba; Heat-Shock Proteins; HSP70 Heat shock Proteins; Databases,Genetics Abstract: Amebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica is still mentioned as one of the major healthproblems in tropical and subtropical areas. E. histolytica has recently been redescribed as twodistinct species; E. histolytica and E. dispar. In the present study, we characterized the 70 kDaHeat Shock Protein [HSP70] of E. dispar at molecular level and compared it with that of E.histolytica. With these findings, we were able to distinguishe E. dispar from the infectious E.histolytica. Pairs of 21 nucleotide primers were designed from highly conserved regions of thesame gene in other eukaryotic cells. Mentioned primers were utilized in PCR by using isolatedgenomic DNA template of E. dispar and the PCR fragments were then sequenced. By the time,1020 nucleotides have been sequenced and characterized within open reading frame of this newgene which encode a polypeptide with 337 amino acids. Nucleotide sequence comparison in genedata banks [NCBI, NIH] for both the partial DNA and its deduced amino acid sequence revealedsignificant homology with members of the eukaryotic 70 kDa HSP family. Small parts of thementioned sequences from E. dispar were about 100% identical to the sequences of 70 kDa HSPfrom E. histolytica other eukaryotic cells. The new partial gene fragment and its encoded proteinhave been submitted to the gene data banks [NCBI, NIH] and registered under the accessionnumber of AY763790. Anti-Infective Agents In vitro antimicrobial activity of Borreria seniensis. Mohammed, TO.; Almagboul, AZ.; Omer, MAA.;Omer, MAA.; Ahmed, SOM. Omdurman Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2006; 1 (2): 188-99 (17 ref.) Keywords: Plants, Medicinal; Plant Extracts; Rubiaceae Abstract: The antimicrobial activity of the chloroformic, methanolic and aqueous extracts of Borreriseniensis were studied in vitro against. five standard bacterial species [Bacillus subtilis.Staphylococcus aureus. Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa] and twofungal species [Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans] by the agar diffusion method. The resultsindicated that the stem chloroformic extract was active against both Gram -positive andGram-negative organisms. The stem methanolic extract showed high activity against Bacillussubtilis, low activity against Escherichia coli and no activity against Staphylococcus aureus,Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The stem aqueous extract showed high activityagainst 3 IMEMR Current Contents Subjects Index both Gram-positive organisms, two Gram-negative organisms, namely Escherichia coli andProteus vulgaris, and was inactive against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All the extracts wereinactive against the two standard fungi. Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. The activeextracts were further tested against a total of sixty clinical isolates, fifteen of each ofStaphylococcus aurcus, Escherichia coli. Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa,collected randomly from specimens from Sudanese patients. The stem chloroformic extract ofBorreria seniensis at 200 mg/ml was more effective than Ampicillin 40 micro g/ml against Bacillussubtilis and Proteus vulgaris. Compared to Gentamicin at the same 40 micro g/ml concentration,the extract was more effective against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coil and Pseudomonasaeruginosa. The stem methanolic extract of Borreria seniensis at 200 mg/ml was almost similar toGentamicin 15 micro g/mi against Bacillus subtilis and Geamicin 5 micro g/ml against Escherichiacoil. The stem aqueous extract at the same 200 mg/ ml concentration was found to be moreeffective than Ampicillin 40 micro g/ml against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus.Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This aqueous extract was found to be similar inaction to Gentamicin 15 micro g/ml against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli and to Gentamicinat more than 40 micro g/ml against Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus vulgaris. The clinicalisolates exhibited low susceptibility compared to the standard organisms. Antibiotic Prophylaxis Antimicrobial prophyiaxis in obstetric surgeries. Wad Medani Teaching Hospital for Obstetric andGynecology [WMTHFOG], Sudan. Yousif, MA.; El-Sanosi, M.S. Omdurman Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2006; 1 (2): 149-58 (12 ref.) Keywords: Anti-Infective Agents-Therapeutic Use; Obstetric Surgical Procedures; Prescriptions, Drug;Cesarean Section; Postoperative Complications Abstract: A study of measuring differential descriptive and correlated drug prescribing coreindicators for surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis in obstetrics and gynecology was carried out inWMTHFOG. The study included some patients' characteristics indicators that showed [52.7%] ofthe interviewed ladies were urban residents, [44.0%] had a primary education, and [50%] withaverage income. The surgical obstetric deliveries were predominant [95.3%]. The majority of theprescribed postoperative therapies [97.3%] were closely supervised by the duty nursing staff thatled to high adherence rate [94.7%]. The study revealed that up to [75.3%] had receivedappropriate prenatal care throughout the course of pregnancy. Recommendations aimed atselection of the appropriate antimicrobial agents for surgical prophylaxis were proposed. Antigens, CD Analysis Murine Adherent CD34 [+] cell population expanded by single cell cloning. Eslaminejad,Mohamadreza Baghaban; Fathi, Fardin; Yazdis, Poopak; Asehara, Takoyuki Yakhteh Medical Journal 2006; 7 (4): 222-9 (29 ref.) Keywords: Antigens, CD34; Mice; Cell Adhesion; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Colony-FormingUnits Assay; Culture Techniques Abstract: Introduction: While human endothelial progenitor cells [EPCs] have been a subject ofsomehow extensive investigation, EPCs from adult mouse hematopoietic system were poorlystudied. Present investigation is focused on FVB mouse endothelial progenitor cells in terms oftheir isolation, purification, and expansion. Material and Methods: Mononuclear cells collected frommurine peripheral blood were cultured in fibronectin coated plate for two weeks, at which point, theadherent cell population were lifted and analyzed in terms of some surface markers. Using FACSVantage equipped with one-cell deposition unit, single CD34 positive cells were plated per wellalready containing medium optimized for single cell growth. Several clones were then emerged,expanded, and examined in terms of some surface markers. Furthermore, the cells wereinvestigated regarding ability to uptake DiI-ac-LDL and form capillary network on matrigel surfacesResults: Adherent population of mononuclear cells from mouse peripheral blood was appearedmorphologically heterogeneous. About 5% of the adherent cells were CD34 positive. Havingoptimized their culture condition, several CD34 positive clones were expanded. The cellscomprising the clones were DiI-ac-LDL+ and formed capillary-like tube when being seeded onmatrigel surfaces.Conclusion: The primary culture of the mononuclear cells from murine peripheralblood contains a very limited number of cells positive for endothelial lineage markers. These cells[adherent CD34 positive] could be expanded by single cell cloning technique. Autoantibodies Traditional islet cell autoantibodies in diabetic patients with and without long-term complications.Elhabiby, Mahmoud I.; Khattab, A. Hafiz; Elmahdi, M.A. Elmahdi; Bottazzo, Gian Franco; Fierabracci,Alessandra; Satti, Gwiria M H. PMJ - Palestinian Medical Journal 2006; 2 (1) (35 ref.) Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1-Immunology; Islets of Langerhans-Immunology; AntibodySpecificity; Insulin Antibodies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2-Immunology; Risk Factors Abstract: The aim of the present work was to demonstrate the presence of the traditional islet cellrelated autoantibodies in the diabetic patients with and without long term complications and toidentify relevant predisposing markers of pre-clinical diabetic complications. There was asignificant difference [P 0.001] between the percentage of islet cell autoantibodies [ICA], glutamicacid decarboxylase autoantibodies [GAD-Ab], and insulin autoantibodies [IAA] positive subjects inthe diabetic groups and their matched control and potential groups. Type-1 diabetic groups had ahigher percentage [P .0.05] of subjects positive for ICA, GAD-Ab, and IAA than Type-2 diabeticgroups. The concentration of ICA in the studied population strongly correlated with the duration ofthe disease [r=0.705, p 0.05]. There was no significant difference [P0.05] between the percentageof islet cell antigen-2 autoantibodies [IA2-Ab] positive subjects in the different groups of diabeticpopulation and their control. In conclusion the traditional islet cell antibodies have a role in thedetection and development of diabetes especially Type-1 rather than the 4 IMEMR Current Contents Subjects Index long-term complications.Other more specific autoantibodies and immune responses, which were not studied, may have arole in the etiology and pre-clinical appearance of these chronic complications. KeyWords:Diabetes,Autoantibodies, Complications. Benzodiazepines Synthesis of condensed dihydro-1, 5-benzodiazepines using Mannich bases exchange reactions.Abdel Karim, M.; Ramli, M. Omdurman Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2006; 1 (2): 170-5 (5 ref.) Keywords: Quinoxalines; Formaldehyde; Ethanol Abstract: The Mannich base exchange reactions of the Mannich bases [7, 9, and 11] with 3,4-diaminotoluene afford condensed dihydro1, 5-benzodiazepines instead of the expectedquinoxalines. Biomedical Research Practical guide for medical resurchers. W.H.O. YHMRJ - Yemeni Health and Medical Research Journal 2006; 3 (9): 9-23 (15 ref.) Keywords: Research Design; Cataloging; Periodicals; PubMed; MEDLINE; Information Storageand Retrieval; World Health Organization Sudanese Journal of Public Health : A New milestone in Health Arena. Badr, Elsheikh Sudanese Journal of Public Health 2006; 1 (1): 5-6 (4 ref.) Keywords: Journalism, Medical; Periodicals; Publishing; World Health Organization; PublicHealth Blood Donors Palestinian BTS experience in shifting towards voluntary non-remunerated blood donation.Suleinam, Hassan; Elaiwa, Najah M. PMJ - Palestinian Medical Journal 2006; 2 (1) (6 ref.) Keywords: Ethics, Medical; Voluntary Workers; Blood Banks; Voluntary Programs Botulism Epidemiology Outbreak of botulism type E associated with eating traditional soup in a family group, LoghmanHakim Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Vahdani, Parviz; Yadegarinia, Davood; Aminzadeh, Zohreh; Dehabadi,Mahmood Zare; Eilami, Owrang Iranian Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases 2006; 1 (1): 43-6 (11 ref.) Keywords: Botulism-Etiology; Botulism-Diagnosis; Botulinum Toxins; Disease Outbreaks; FoodMicrobiology; Food Contamination Abstract: Background: Botulism is a neuroparalytic illness caused by clostridium botulinium toxinthat is usually transmitted as a foodborne disease. It is manifested by cranial nerve dysfunctionand descending flaccid muscle paralysis. Patients: Eleven members of a family developed severeweakness, lethargy and other clinical manifestations compatible with botulism following theingestion of traditional soup. Stool, gastric fluid and serum samples were submitted fortoxicological evaluation with standard mouse bioassay, while, only one patient demonstrated typeE toxin. All patients received 3 monovalent antitoxins A, B and E, whilst most of their symptomsimproved within 12 hours, Conclusion: This study confirmed that prompt administration of antitoxincould prevent progression of the disease and may be a life-saving approach. Keywords: Botulism,Antitoxin, Outbreak. Breast Neoplasms Blood Plasma level of antioxidant vitamins and lipid peroxidation in breast cancer patients. Aghvami, T.;Djalali, M.; Keshavarz, A.; Sadeghi, MR.; Zeraati, H.; Yeganeh, H. Sadrzadeh; Negahdar, M. Iranian Journal of Public Health 2006; 35 (1): 42-7 (31 ref.) Keywords: Breast Neoplasms-Metabolism; Oxidative Stress; Lipid Peroxidation; Vitamin E; AscorbicAcid; Malondialdehyde Abstract: Oxidative stress arises when there is an imbalance between reactive oxygen species[ROSs] and scavenging capacity of antioxidants, and it can induce and progress many diseasessuch as breast cancer. The present study was conducted to investigate the status of plasmaantioxidative vitamins [E and C] and lipid peroxidation on 50 untreated breast cancer patients and50 healthy age-matched women. The results revealed that plasma vitamin E and vitamin Eadjusted for the sum of cholesterol and triglycerides decreased significantly in patients group [P0.05]. We could also observe that vitamin E adjusted for lipid was significantly different in variousstages of breast cancer. On the other hand, the level of malondialdehyde increased significantly inpatients as compared to the controls [P 0.05]. There were no significant changes in plasmavitamin C between two groups. According to the findings, attention to the level of plasmaantioxidant vitamins and lipid peroxidation is of great importance to promote the level of health inwomen suffering from breast cancer. 5 IMEMR Current Contents Subjects Index Pathology Histochemical study of N-acetygalactosamine containing glycoconjugate in intraductal carcinoma ofthe breast by HPA lectin. Arab, Mohammad Reza; Sepehri, Zahira; Eimani, Hossein; Karimi, Mehrbod; Aval,Fereydoon Yakhteh Medical Journal 2006; 7 (4): 216-21 (21 ref.) Keywords: Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating-Pathology; Glycoconjugates; Lectins; Histochemistry Abstract: Introduction: Glycoconjugates are a class of glycoproteins or glycolipids, their terminalsugars are responsible for cell-cell and/or cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Aberrantglycosylation of these compounds are one of the most important aspects of cellular transformation,metastasis and escape of tumoral cells from immune system and resistance to antineoplasticdrugs. Recent studies showed that patients with HPA [helix pomatia agglutinin] positive intraductalcarcinoma cells have worse prognosis compared to patients with HPA negative cells. The aim ofthe present study was to define the presence of GalNac terminal sugar in glycoconjugate ofdifferent grades of intraductal breast carcinoma and to compare the degree and the pattern ofreactivity of tumoral cells to HPA lectin. Material and Methods: The paraffin blocks belonging to 20patients of intraductal carcinoma was chosen from pathology archive of Khatam-Al-Anbia hospitalin Zahedan and 5-7 micrometer sections were prepared. Two expert pathologists determinedhistopathological grading independently. The lectin histochemistry was performed using HPA. Thesame observers determined histochemical grading. Data were analyzed by NPAR[non-parametric] test of Mann Whitney. Results: Results of this study revealed that the pattern andthe degree of histochemical reactivity of neoplastic cells differ in all grades of intraductalcarcinoma. Histochemical staining showed significant difference between grades of intraductalcarcinoma of the breast [p0.003]. The lowest reactivity was seen in grade I and the highest ingrade III. Furthermore, the reaction of tumoral cells was primarily confined to apical surfaces ofcells in grade I, to the Golgi zone in grade II, and to a diffuse cytoplasmic distribution in grade IIIConclusion: Our data suggest that the HPA reactivity of tumoral cells were different in all grades ofintraductal carcinoma. The tumor cells showed aberrant glycosylation, which occurred in thecourse of anaplastic changes. It seems that our data suggest a potential and clinically importantrole of HPA reactivity to predict the invasive nature of malignant tumoral cells of intraductalcarcinoma of the breast. Breast Self-Examination Self examination of the breast for early detection of breast cancer : The role of medical students inthe Faculty of Medicine - University of Gezira - Sudan. AbdElrahman, Samira Hamid; Yousif, Magda AlhadiAhmed Sudanese Journal of Public Health 2006; 1 (1): 36-42 (12 ref.) Keywords: Breast Neoplasms-Diagnosis; Students, Medical; Faculty, Medical; Evaluation Studies Abstract: Background: In Sudan, breast cancer is the most common type of cancer accounting for34.5% of all female cancers. Optimal chances for surviving breast cancer in it omen is by detectingit early, either by breast self examination [BSE], clinical breast examination by health staff or bymammography. BSE has an important role in the ear/v detection of disease and hence itsmanagement as it enables women to detect breast lumps of less than 1.0 cm in diameter.Methods: The existing knowledge, attitude and practices [KAP] of 200 students and 340 womenabout BSE were assessed. Students were trained as part of their undergraduate training on how toperform BSE and how to teach women. They conducted training of women in their assignedfamilies. KAP of students and women was again assessed at the end of the study. Results: In thepre-test, 66.5% of students have heard about BSE, 8.0% rated BSE as very important and only7.2% used to practice it. After the intervention, the last figures rose to 10000 and 73.9%successively. Prior to study, only 12.0% of women have heard about BSE. By the end of thestudents' intervention 60.5% of the women adhered to regular monthly BSE. No lump was detectedby a student, while 4 women were referred by students for self-detected breast lumps. All receivedcare at Wad Medani Teaching Hospital. Conclusion: The study revealed that medical students,through relevant curricula had a significant effect on the knowledge, practices and attitudes ofwomen in the community regarding early detection of breast cancer by regular BSE. Candida albicans Performance of five phenotypical methods for identification of Candida isolates from clinicalmaterials. Zaini, F.; shoar, M Gerami; Kordbacheh, P.; Khedmati, E.; Safara, M.; Gharaeian, N. Iranian Journal of Public Health 2006; 35 (1): 25-32 (32 ref.) Keywords: Candida; Candidiasis; Phenotype Abstract: Although Candida albicans is the most common etiologic agent of candidiasis, C.dubliniensis, has been emerged, as another pathogen resembles C. albicans in many phenotypicaspects and noted for its in vitro potential for fluconazole resistance. Since there was no evidenceof any report about detection of this organism in Iran, this study was designed to use of fivedifferent tests for identification of Candida species with special reference to C. dubliniensis among313 suspected Candida isolates in Tehran, capital of Iran. Overall, 199 [63.6%] C. albicans and114 [36.6%] Candida spp. were identified. All 199 C. albicans isolates were found germ tube andchlamydospore positive. Different shades of green color colonies were yielded on CHROMagarCandida of which 23 [11.6%] showed dark green color indicative of C. dubliniensis. All but four C.albicans isolates grew well at 45 °C. These 4 isolates beyond to 23 dark green colony producerswere suspected of being C.dubliniensis, later examined by API 20C AUX system. The resultsindicated that all 27 isolates were able to assimilate both xylose and alpha- methyl-D-glucoside,therefore these isolates were identified as C. albicans. Overall, C. dubliniensis had not been foundin present study. It must be concluded that no single phenotypic test has proven to be highlyeffective, and the use of several tests may be necessary of these two closely related Candidaspecies for definitive identification. 6 IMEMR Current Contents Subjects Index Cardiomyopathies Etiology The effect of different levels of sodium chloride on round heart disease in the Turkey. Jahantigh, M. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research 2006; 7 (1): 38-43 (22 ref.) Keywords: Cardiomyopathies-Chemically Induced; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Sodium Chloride-AdverseEffects Abstract: Round heart disease is a disease of unknown etiology in turkey. The objective of thisstudy was to examine the effect of different amounts of sodium chloride in inducingcardiomyopathy in turkey poults. There are some reports that hypoxia and furazolidone can inducecardiomyopathy in turkey. Two hundred 2- day-old turkey poults were wing-banded and placedrandomly into 6 groups and 24 replicates [4 replicates for each group]. The 6 groups receivedcommercial turkey starter diet contain 0.12, 0.17, 0.22. 0.27. 0.32 and 0.3 7% of sodium,respectively. They had access to food and water ad libitum. Suffering and dead birds wereweighed and examined for post-mortem study. Live body weight of turkey poults measuredindividually on days 1, 2, 5 and 19. To study the hearts for presence of cardiomyopathy, on the day19, all the poults were weighed and killed by cervical dislocation. The pieces of the hearts wereplaced into numbered tubes, flash frozen by liquid nitrogen and stored at -70°C for myoglobin andhemoglobin microassay. The assay was based on spectrophotometry and separated myoglobinand hemoglobin by ammonium sulphate extraction. For determination of cardiomyopathy the ratioof the inner cavity of left ventricle to the total diameter of the left ventricle [IC [IV]/TD [IV]] wascalculated. Myopathic ratio for groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were 0.1, 0.29, 0.3, 0.34, 0.35 and 0.36,respectively. Turkey poults which received excessive salts drank more water which producedvolume overload, more cardial muscle activity, needed more oxygen and were more likely todevelop myopathy. Cardiac muscle myoglobin and hemoglobin microassay showed that there wasno significant relationship between the amount of myoglobin and hemoglobin with the amount ofdiet sodium. Cholestasis Neonatal cholestasis Syndrome : An experience at Army medical college and Military HospitalRawalpindi. Ahmad, Mumtaz; Afzal, Saeed; Mubarik, Azhar; Roshan, Emran; Saleem, Nasir; Khan, DilshadAhmad; Ali, Salman; Aziz, Shahid Pakistan Journal of Pathology 2006; 17 (1): 16-20 (25 ref.) Keywords: Bile Duct Diseases; Liver-Pathology; Biliary Atresia; Liver Cirrhosis; Hepatitis; Jaundice,Obstructive; Splenomegaly; Hospitals, Military Abstract: Objective: To find the causes of neonatal cholestasis in our set up and to see the role ofliver biopsy in differentiating neonatal hepatitis from biliary atresia. Design: A cross sectionalsurvey. Place and duration of study: Histopathology department of Army Medical College andMilitary Hospital Rawalpindi from January 2000 to December 2004. Patients and Methods: A totalof 62 cases were studied with age range of 1.5 months to 5 years. The subjects selected for biopsywere children with persistent jaundice and hepatosplenomegaly. The biopsy was taken with thehelp of Surecut needle under the cover of diluted intravenous Ketamine. The fixed tissues wereprocessed under standard conditions. Result: Majority of the patients [62.90%] were of biliaryatresia followed by neonatal hepatitis [27.42%]. Paucity of bile ductules was seen in 3 cases whilethree patients were of indeterminate etiology. Cirrhosis of liver was noted in 10 patients; sixbecause of biliary atresia and two cases each of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and galactosemia.Amongst neonatal hepatitis cases most of the patients were idiopathic in nature [58.82%].Conclusion: In our set up, biliary atresia is an important and main cause of neonatal cholestasisand liver biopsy is a valuable diagnostic tool in differentiating biliary atresia from neonatalhepatitis. Cholestasis, Intrahepatic Congenital Byler disease progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis [PFIC]. Khalil, Anwar PMJ - Palestinian Medical Journal 2006; 2 (1) (10 ref.) Keywords: Cholestasis, Intrahepatic-Complications; Gallbladder-Pathology; Biopsy; Jaundice-Etiology Abstract: A 20-month old boy delivered to a consanguineous parents presented early in theinfantile period with deep jaundice, his investigations showed progressive cholestatic jaundice,high liver enzymes and high GGT. Hepatitis and metabolic errors were excluded. The liver biopsyshowed a prominent parenchymal bile stasis without features of bile obstruction or an evidence ofpaucity of bile ducts. These findings are going with the diagnosis of Byler Disease or progressivefamilial intrahepatic cholestasis [PFIC3] which is a chronic cholestasis syndrome that begins ininfancy and usually progresses to cirrhosis and hepatic failure in the first few years of life. Fewpatients have survived into the third decade of life without treatment. Liver transplantation is theonly effective treatment for this type of the disease. Cobalt Difficiency The status of cobalt in soil, plants and sheep in Shahrekord district, Iran. Kojouri. Gh. A. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research 2006; 7 (1): 66-9 (18 ref.) Keywords: Sheep; Minerals-Defficiency; Soil-Analysis 7 IMEMR Current Contents Subjects Index Abstract: Cobalt [Co] deficiency occurs in many parts of world especially in tropical andsubtropical countries. Primary Co deficiency occurs only in places where the soil is deficient in Co.The type of soil and the presence of other substances like manganese and lime influence theabsorption of Co [secondary Co deficiency]. To determine the Co status in Shahrekord district,Iran, several important farms were selected and the Co concentration of 80 different soils [beforecultivation] under cultivation of alfalfa, clover, barley and wheat and their cultivated plants [after fullvegetative growing] were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Moreover, blood sampleswere taken from 100 sheep fed the grown plants on those areas. The mean +/- SD Coconcentration in the soil of alfalfa, clover, barley and wheat farms were 0.14 +/- 0.04, 0.16 0+/-0.06, 0.10 +/- 0.03 and 0.1 1 +/- 0.05 mg/kg, respectively and the corresponding concentrationsin plants were 1.32 +/- 1.01, 2.2 +/- 0.08, 1.2 +/- 0.76 and 1.37 +/- 0.88 mg/kg dry matter [DM],respectively. The mean SI] Co concentration in sheep serum was 1.45 +/- 0.41 micro g/dl atvarious physiological conditions. Results indicated that in all studied areas, Co concentration in soilwas lower than the normal range and primary Co deficiency was noticeable. On the other hand,Co concentration in different plants and ration was higher than animal demands, but serum Cowas at marginal level and probably interfered with animal health. This study showed that the soilsof lands under cultivation of clover and alfalfa and its related plants contained more Co than that ofdetermined for barley [P 0.05]. Furthermore, clover soil had higher amount of Co than wheat soil[P 0.05]. There was a negative correlation between the amount of lead in soil of lands undercultivation of alfalfa and the concentration of Co in plants. Such a negative correlation was alsodetected between the amount of molybdenum and lead in soil and the concentration of Co in plants[P 0.05]. Presence of some interfering factors in ration such as nitrogen [1.24 +/- 0.3%],phosphorus [0.47 +/- 0.l8%], lead [2.87 +/- 1.58 mg/kg DM] and molybdenum [0.1 +/- 0.14 mg/kgDM] were negatively affected the uptake of Co and decreased serum Co concentration viasecondary Co deficiency. Conservation of Natural Resources Destroying hills in the northeastern part of Bangladesh : A qualitative assessment of extent of theproblem and its probable impact. Islam, Md. Sirajul; Hasan, G.M. Jahid; Choudhury, Md. Aktarul Islam International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2006; 2 (4): 301-8 (10 ref.) Keywords: Geology; Desert Climate; Risk Assessment Abstract: Indiscriminate cutting of hills in the Sylhet region has become a major environmentalissue. The nature and life style of Sylhet intimately related with the hills are thus under the threat ofa drastic imbalance in its ecosystem. Due to such hill cutting the mostly affected sectors of thisregion will be its weather and climate, geomorphology and hydrology, and the indigenous flora andfauna. As a result the frequency of natural calamities like earthquake, flash flooding etc mayincrease considerably. Deforestation and resulting increased soil erosion, decreased ground waterrecharge and deteriorated water quality might also be as consequences of such hill cutting. Thispaper investigates the cause and extent of the problem along with its probable impact and finallysuggests actions for conservation of hills for ecological balance of the region. Crystallins Comparison of optic lens proteins among animals at different stages of development. Aminlari, M.;Gholami, S.; Parhizgari, Gh.; Ranjbar, S. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research 2006; 7 (1): 1-7 (33 ref.) Keywords: Lens, Crystalline-Embryology; Embryology; Growth and Development Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to study and compare the electrophoretic patternsof optic lens proteins of different species of domestic animals at pre- and post-natal ages. Opticlenses were removed from the embryo or adult sheep, cattle, goat, camel and chicken at theslaughter-house then homogenized and subjected to sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis [SDS-PAGE]. In all animals, except chicken, majority of proteins had molecularweights of less than 33 kDa and their concentrations were not affected by the age of animals atpre- or post-natal stages. A 9 kDa protein which was present in adult sheep optic lens was absentin sheep fetal lenses at different age groups. Prominent differences were observed in camel andchicken. In camel, proteins with molecular weights of 30 and 38 kDa were present, theconcentration of which was much lower in other animals. A protein of 57 kDa which constituted themajor protein of chicken optic lens was absent in other species of animals. The concentration ofproteins in the range of 25-30 kDa increased with the age of chicken embryos. These proteinswere remarkably different from those of adult chicken lens proteins except the 57 kDa proteinwhich was also the predominant protein in the embryo. The 38 kDa protein disappeared and a 20kDa protein appeared in the chicken embryo lens as compared with adult chicken lens. Thesedata indicate extensive differences in the lens proteins of animals and suggest differentphysiological functions of lens proteins in different animals at different stages of development. Death, Sudden, Cardiac Sudden cardiac death - Morphological changes in myocardium and coronaries. Mushtaq, Sajid;Shafiq, Hamid; Sharif, Muhammad Ashraf; Mamoon, Nadira; Khadim, Tahir Pakistan Journal of Pathology 2006; 17 (1): 38-41 (19 ref.) Keywords: Heart Diseases-Pathology; Heart Diseases-Mortality; Atherosclerosis; Myocardium-Pathology Abstract: Objective: To determine the changes in coronary arteries in patients of sudden cardiacdeath. Materials and Methods: Observational descriptive study was carried out at Armed ForcesInstitute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, in year 2000 on autopsy of 58 cases with sudden cardiac death.Results: Coronary arteries of 56 out of 58 cases revealed varying degree of atherosclerosis. 38[65%] cases showed severe atherosclerosis. The percentage of cases below 40 years was 67%which is higher than the previous series on this subject. Left coronary artery remains thecommonest artery showing significant atherosclerosis [84%] and left anterior descending coronaryartery is the most frequent artery to be occluded by a thrombus. Conclusion: Coronaryatherosclerosis was the major cause of sudden cardiac death. Decreasing age in incidence forsudden cardiac death is a worrisome cause and should be addressed with public healthawareness. 8 IMEMR Current Contents Subjects Index Delayed-Action Preparations In vitro diclofenac sodium release profiles from different controlled-release matrices. Gargar, AAA.;Abdulkarim, AM. Omdurman Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2006; 1 (2): 125-34 (13 ref.) Keywords: Tablets, Enteric-Coated; Diclofenac-Pharmacology; Diclofenac-Pharmacokinetics;Pharmaceutical Preparations; Drug Implants Abstract: In vitro release profiles were studied for the controlled- release Diclofenac sodiummatrix tablets [MT2O. MT33. MT34], in comparison with Voltaren Retard r [V.R.], a well-knownDiclofenac sodium enteric-coated tablet from Novartis. The percentage release of Diclofenacsodium was studied in gradient pHs [1.2, 2.1, 4.2, 5.5, 6.5, 6.7, and 7.2] in accordance withgastro-intestinal tract [git] pHs, which are varying from pH 1 to pH 8. Drug release kinetics of theseformulations was also evaluated. Diabetes, Gestational Diagnosis Evaluation of post challenge Glucose Estimation For Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus[W.H.O. - Criteria 1999]. Shaheen, Sajida; Ijaz, Aamir; Khan, Farooq Ahmed; Dilawar, Muhammad; Khan,Muhammad Nadeem; Anwar, Masood Pakistan Journal of Pathology 2006; 17 (1): 21-4 (14 ref.) Keywords: Pregnancy; Cross-Sectional Studies; Glucose Tolerance Test; World HealthOrganization; Specificity and Sensitivity Abstract: Objective: To compare sensitivity, specificity and Positive Predictive Value [PPV] andNegative Predictive Value [NPV] of 75g Oral Glucose Tolerance Test [OGTT] i.e. WHO criteria1999 with 100g OGTT of National Diabetes Data Group [NDDG criteria]. Study Design:Comparative cross sectional. Material & Methods:The study was conducted at Department ofChemical Pathology & Endocrinology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology [AFIP], Rawalpindi.Duration of study: 1st January 2004 to 31st August 2004. Sample size: Approx one hundredpregnant ladies between 24 to 28 gestational weeks. Sampling technique: Non-probabilityconvenience. Data collection procedure: Patients consent for participation in the study was takenwith explanation of test procedure. Patient`s characteristics such as age, obesity, family history ofdiabetes, pregnancy induced hypertension, previous bad obstetric history [of still birth,macrosomia, recurrence abortion] was recorded on a predesigned proforma. Patients were firstcalled for 75g OGTT and then after a gap of 1-2 days for OGTT 100g. Both tests were performedaccording to standard protocols. Results: OGTT 75g was found to have 87.5% sensitivity, 97.8%specificity, and 77.7% positive predictive value and 98.8% negative predictive value, whencompared with 100g OGTT. Diptera The biological effect of Sepedon [Diptera : Sciomyzidae]fly larvae living on Lymnea snails.Motamedi, Gh.R.; Dalimi Asl, A.H.; Akhavizadegan, M.A.; Langroodi, Pilehchian R.; Abdigoudarzi, M.;Mohammadi, M. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research 2006; 7 (1): 62-5 (13 ref.) Keywords: Lymnaea; Snails; Pest Control, Biological Abstract: The present work was carried out to investigate first, the ecology of the Sepedon flies aswell as species of Lymnea snails and secondly, the biological effects of Sepedon fly larvae livingon Lymnea. In this regard the life cycle, death rate and compatibility of Lymnea species, as well asthe life cycle of Sepedon flies in breeding cage and the activity of the new larvae in breeding cageand the activity of the new larvae in the same ecological condition were investigated. The resultsshowed that Lymnea truncatula needs more sophisticated ecological and feeding conditions thanother species of the snails. Lymnea stagnalis was found sensitive to temperature variation and thismay lead to gradual or sudden death, Lymnea pregra and Lymnea palustris could well adapt withlaboratory conditions. The killing effect [P0.001] of the third stage larvae on snails [3 to 4 weeks]was more than the effect of first and second stages larvae. This effect was more in a containerwith 2 cm water depth than a container with 5 cm depth. Disinfection Control of disinfection by products formation potential by enhanced coagulation. Mesdaghinia, A.;Rafiee, M.T.; Vaezi, F.; Mahvi, A.; Torabian, A.; Ghasri, A. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2006; 2 (4): 335-42 (17 ref.) Keywords: Water Purification; Water Pollution; Humic Substances; Benzopyrans Abstract: Jar-test experiments were conducted to study enhanced coagulation effectiveness inremoval of disinfection by products [DBPs] from Zayandehrud River at Isfahan Province-the centerpart of Iran- in 2004. In this study, the removal of suspended and colloidal particles and naturalorganic matter [NOM] at various coagulant doses and coagulation pHs was assessed through rawand treated water measurements of turbidity, UV254 absorbance, TOC, and dissolved organiccarbon [DOC]. The trihalomethane formation potential [THMFP] was also determined by amathematical relationship with TOC. Results indicated that NOM removal was a function ofcoagulant type, coagulant dose, and pH of coagulation. In general, TOC, DOC, and UV254absorbance removal enhanced with increasing coagulant dose. However, further increases incoagulant dosage had little effect on disinfection by-products precursors removal. Ferric chloridewas consistently more effective than alum in removing NOM. Coagulation pH was appeared to bea determining factor for maximum NOM removal and the removal of DBPs precursors by enhancedcoagulation was significantly enhanced at pH 5.5 in comparison with initial pH of water.Furthermore, it is specified that preadjustment of pH with sulfuric acid reduced the coagulantdosage and thus, production of sludge. The reduction in THMFP was consistent with the trendsobserved for DBPs precursors removal data [i.e. UV254 and TOC data]. 9 IMEMR Current Contents Subjects Index Drug Therapy Adverse Effects A study of incidence of adverse drug reactions among tuberculosis patients, Omdurman, Sudan.Mohamed, AI.; Yousif, MA.; Otoa, P. Omdurman Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2006; 1 (2): 159-69 (9 ref.) Keywords: Antitubercular Agents-Adverse Effects; Cross-Sectional Studies; Incidence;Tuberculosis-Drug Therapy; Sex Factors Abstract: A cross sectional study was conducted in Omdurman 'Alkobra' Province with theobjective of identifying the occurrence of side effects among tuberculosis [TB] patients, treatedwith first line anti-TB drugs. Nine hundred forty one patients were selected randomly. Of theinterviewees, about 71.2% reported the occurrence of one or more adverse drug effects. Theoccurrence of dizziness [33.3%], nausea [26.5%], joint pain [23.4%]. burning sensation [15.0%].and numbness in hands/feet [16.0%] were observed. Certain groups of respondents complainedfrom these effects more than others, e.g. females [78.7%], and alcoholics [75.0%]; [71.8%] ofrespondents had other disease/s together with TB. and those who used other medication/s withanti-TB drugs [73.7%]. The principal factor responsible for the increased incidence- of theseeffects seems to be the observed over-doses of anti TB drugs. A set of recommendations wasproposed including revision of prescriptions to correct or modify doses, continuous training ofhealth care providers especially in counseling the TB patients about adverse drug reactions, andteaching them to recognize these effects and education of the public to recognize the anti-TBdrugs' adverse effects are needed. Echinococcosis Epidemiology Survey of echinococcosis and hydatidosis in Kashan region, Central Iran. Arbabi, M.; Hooshyar, H. Iranian Journal of Public Health 2006; 35 (1): 75-81 (26 ref.) Keywords: Echinococcus granulosus; Prevalence; Carnivora; Sheep; Retrospective Studies;Seroepidemiologic Studies; Health Surveys Abstract: Hydatidosis is one of the major zoonotic diseases that cause considerable economiclosses and public health problems worldwide. The present study was conducted to determine theprevalence of E. granulosus in domestic and wild carnivores and the infection rate of hydatid cystin slaughtered animals and people in Kashan area, central Iran. A total of 142 carnivores including70 stray dogs, 40 jackals, 22 red foxes, and 10 wolves were examined for the presence of E.granulosus, as well as, 170510 slaughtered sheep, 162665 goats and 13059 cattle for hydatid cystinfection. In addition, 500 inhabitants in rural areas were examined for antibodies to hydatid cyst.Results indicated that 43.7% of carnivores were infected with E. granulosus. Infection rate inslaughtered animals was 2.7%. Overall, the seroprevalence rate in human cases was 2.4%.Eighty-five patients including 47 females and 38 males were hospitalized. The mean annualincidence rate of hydatidosis in human was three cases per 100 000 populations. In general, thesituation of the hydatidosis in the livestock and human and echinococcosis in the carnivores of theKashan is similar to the other zones in Iran. Electrocoagulation Treatment of dye containing colored index acid yellow 36 by electrocoagulation using ironelectrodes. Kashefialasl, M.; Khosravi, M.; Marandi, R.; Seyyedi, K. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2006; 2 (4): 365-71 (21 ref.) Keywords: Water Pollution; Water Purification; Coloring Agents Abstract: The removal of pollutants from effluents by electrocoagulation has become an attractivemethod in recent years. This paper deals with the batch removal of the reactive textile dye ColoredIndex [C. I.]. Acid yellow 36 from an aqueous medium by the electrocoagulation method using ironelectrodes. The effects of electrolyte concentration, initial pH, current density, electrode area,interelectrode distance, dye concentration, and treatment time on the decolorization efficiencyhave been investigated. Iron hydroxypolymeric species formed during an earlier stage of theoperation efficiently remove dye molecules by adsorption and precipitation, and in a subsequentstage, Fe[OH]3 flocs trap colloidal precipitates and make solid liquid separation easier during theflotation stage. These stages of electrocoagulation must be optimized to design an economicallyfeasible electrocoagulation process. The increase of current density up to 127.8 A/m2 enhancedthe color removal efficiency. Our results showed that the optimum electrolysis time was 6 min. Theoptimum pH was determined 8. It was also found that the color removal percent [R.P.%] withincreasing of dye concentration, decrease. The optimum amount of electrolyte [NaCl] was found tobe 8 g/l when the dye concentration was 50 mg/l. Enterobiasis Complications Lymphadenopathy following enterobiasis. Salah, Muntasir TM; Elmardi, Khalid A. Sudanese Journal of Public Health 2006; 1 (1): 59-60 (8 ref.) Keywords: Enterobiasis-Diagnosis; Lymphatic Diseases; Lymph Nodes-Pathology;Mebendazole-Therapeutic Uses 10 IMEMR Current Contents Subjects Index Abstract: Human enterobiasis in the majority of cases in asymptomatic. Enterobiasis in this casewho presented with generalized lymphadenopathy was diagnosed by exclusion of other casuesand based on mother noticing worms in her child stool. Mebendazole treatment was prescribedand this was followed by returning of lymph nodes to normal size. Esophageal Neoplasms Diagnosis Transhiatal versus transthoracic resection for oesophageal carcinoma in Yemen. Alkuhati, SM.;Homesh, NA.; Alsabahi, AA.; Al- Agmar, MH.; Aiwashaly, AA.; Valenzuela, RE.; Alhadid, MA. YHMRJ - Yemeni Health and Medical Research Journal 2006; 3 (9): 35-48 (28 ref.) Keywords: Esophageal Neoplasms-Surgery; Prospective Studies; Postoperative Complications;Recurrence; Intensive Care Units; Length of Stay Abstract: Introduction: Cancer of the oesophagus is a major problem in Yemen, where most ofthe patients present with advanced disease. Curative oesophageal resection for carcinoma may becarried out by either the transhiatal or transthoracic technique. The aims of this study were tocompare the morbidity, mortality, short term outcome and long term survival of the two techniquesin the treatment of oesophageal carcinoma. Methods:- From March 1998 to July 2004,118 patientswith cancer of the oesophagus were studied. The tumours in 84 patients were resected bytranshiatal oesophagectomy [43] and transthoracic oesophagectorny [41]. Results:- The twogroups were comparable in terms of age, sex, location of the turnours, risk factors and stage of thedisease. There was no significant difference in the mean intensive care unit stay, bloodtransfusion and mean hospital stay. Anastomotic leak was higher in the transhiataloesophagectomy group than transthoracic group [21 percent versus 12 percent, p-value is equalto 0.001]. Recurrent laryngeal nerve lesion was present in 18.6 percent of the transhiatal groupand absent in the transthoracic group. The overall hospital mortality was 8.3 percent with nosignificant difference between the two groups [transhiatal 9.3 percent versus transthoracic 7.3percent, p-value is equal to 0.742]. Conclusion:- Transhiatal oesophagectomy was associated witha higher incidence of anastomotic complications and recurrent laryngeal nerve lesions, but therewas no significant difference in the mortality between the two groups. Facial Bones Injuries Pecularities of Nickel-Titanium mini-plates osteosynthesis in facial bones fratures. El-Majdalawi,Emad PMJ - Palestinian Medical Journal 2006; 2 (1) (11 ref.) Keywords: Skull Fractures-Surgery; Mandibular Fractures-Surgery; Fracture Fixation, Internal; BonePlates; Bone Wires; Jaw Fractures-Surgery; Zygomatic Fractures-Surgery Abstract: Retrospective analysis of 360 maxillo-facial trauma patients have seen a medicalassistance to the "Dar-Al Shifa" Hospital, Gaza-Palestine, has revealed they meet more frequently[in 74.7%] in male persons, in children and teenagers [in 71.8%]. Between maxillofacial traumateeth [in 32.2%] and soft tissues [in 38.6%] trauma prevailed, and between facial bones themandible fracture was [23.4%]. In the number of cases, maxillo-facial traumatizing were a fallings,including falling from height [in 53.9%] and road traffic accidents [in 15%]. Connected with theparticular regional situation the bullet wounds of maxillofacial area were met in 11.7% cases. Thepeculiarities of facial bones fractures have been studied, including combined maxillo-facial andcranial traumas were observed in 5.7%. Bullet wounds are meriting especial attention, includingsoft tissue's injures [in 83.7%], and facial bones' injuries [in 16.7%] were observed. Has beenrevealed a different clinic of the bullet wounds depending on the injury localization, wounded arms,and possible contaminations in patients. Peculiarities of clinical cause of maxillofacial injures haveinfluenced the choice of treating method of patient with trauma of such localization. Fasciitis, Necrotizing Etiology Necrotizing fasciitis : study of 20 cases in Shifa hospital. Kandil, Ahmed PMJ - Palestinian Medical Journal 2006; 2 (1) (19 ref.) Keywords: Fasciitis, Necrotizing-Diagnosis; Fasciitis, Necrotizing-Therapy; Fasciitis,Necrotizing-Mortality; Debridement; Anti- Bacterial Agents-Therapeutic Use; Fatal Outcome; Soft TissueInfections; Disease Progression Abstract: Necrotizing Fasciitis [NF], although uncommon soft tissue infection but it is a diagnosticand therapeutic challenge to the surgeons due to their higher associated morbidity and mortality.This aggressive infection caused by aerobic and anaerobic infections mainly affects thesubcutaneous fat and fascia, and later on the overlying skin, while the underlying muscles arealmost always spared. Our objective is to put a plan for optimal care of such patients. The currentstudy reviews our experience with 20 patients of NF admitted and treated at Surgery Departmentin Shifa Hospital in Gaza during the period from February 1995 to February 2003. They were 12males and 8 females with a mean of age 53.5 years. After establishment of the diagnosis of NF byclinical examination and intra-operative findings, all the necrotic tissues were debrided undergeneral anesthesia followed by minor debridement as frequent as needed under analgesia, whilereconstructive procedures e.g. skin grafting and secondary suturing performed according to thecondition. The mean time between the beginning of the disease and the operation was 4.4days.Among the 20 patients with NF, 13 patients [65%] had diabetes mellitus [D.M.]; the mortalityrate between the diabetics was 61.5%. The perineum was the most frequent site for primaryinfection, eight cases [40%] followed by the valvar region, four 11 IMEMR Current Contents Subjects Index cases [20%]. Seven patients diedout of the twenty giving a mortality rate of 35% in this study. In Conclusion: Recognition of theneed for early diagnosis and surgical treatment of this rapidly progressive surgical infection [NF] isnecessary for successful management, especially for patients with perianal or valvar infections. Fasciola In vitro anthelmintic activity of Peganum harmala L. against Fasciola gigantica. Koko, WS. ; Osman,EA.; Mohamed, A. Omdurman Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2006; 1 (2): 209-15 (13 ref.) Keywords: Peganum; Plants, Medicinal; Seeds; Anthelmintics; Plant Extracts Abstract: In the present work, the seeds of the medicinal plant Peganum harmala L.wereextracted by both water and methanol to evaluate their in vitro anthelmintic activity against fasciolagigantica. RPMI 1640 medium was used for maintenance of the parasite in culture. The highestconcentrations of the seeds aqueous extract of Peganum harmala of 15000 and 5000 ppm gave100% mortality one hour after the parasite exposure to the extract. The lower concentrations hadrevealed no effect against the parasite, except the concentration 1000 ppm which gave 25%mortality in the second hour and reached 100% mortality after the 6th. hour of exposure. The seedmethanolic extract of Peganum harmala was significantly [P0.001] potent and revealed mortality atboth 1000 and 500 ppm as follows: 17, 17, 83, 100 and 100% and 0, 0, 17, 66, 83% respectively,at the exposure times of 1, 2, 3, 6 and 24 hours. Fever Etiology A 40 years old woman with fever and pancytopenia. Jahromi, Maryam Keshtkar; Javadzadeh,Tofigh; Jodayri, Davood Salimi; Talaie, Ramin; Kazemi, Ali Iranian Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases 2006; 1 (1): 39-41 (15 ref.) Keywords: Fever-Diagnosis; Pancytopenia-Etiology; Pancytopenia-Diagnosis; Bone MarrowExamination; World Health Organization; Doxycycline-Therapeutic Use; Streptomycin-Therapeutic Use;Brucellosis Fishes Comparative study of body composition of four fish species in relation to pond depth. Ali, M.; Iqbal,F.; Salam, A.; Athar, M.; Sial, F. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2006; 2 (4): 359-64 (19 ref.) Keywords: Water; Body Composition Abstract: Fish specimen of Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala, Hypophthalmicthys molitrix and Catlacatla were sampled from three ponds of different depths [152 cm, 122 cm and 76 cm] to comparethe body composition of these species in relation to pond depth. There was significant [P 0.001]effect of pond depth on water, ash, organic, fat and protein contents [all % wet and dry bodyweight]. It was observed that pond depth has significant effect [P 0.01] on condition factor in pondB [122 cm depth] and no effect in pond A and C. Maximum mean values of body composition wereobserved in Labeo rohita in all the three ponds. Present study demonstrates that fish cultured inponds of different depths have different values of protein which can help guide the farmers toselect best pond depths to produce protein rich fish. Flavanones 6-Acetyl-3-O-acetyl-7, 4' - dimethoxy-5-hydroxy3', 5'- dimethoxyflavanone from the Bark of Khayasenegalensis. Karim, M.; Abdalla, AA.; El-Mubarakt, A. Omdurman Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2006; 1 (2): 176-8 (7 ref.) Keywords: Aglaia; Trees; Ultraviolet Rays; Spectrum Analysis Abstract: The flavanone: 6-acetyl -3-O-acety-7, 4'-diethoxy-5-hydroxy -3', 5'-dimethoxyflavanoneis reported for the first time from the bark of Khaya senegalensis growing in the Sudan its structurewas deduced from UV, MS, and NMR spectral analysis. Fluorides Adverse Effects Effect of flouorides on the respiratory system of rats. El-Agamy, Dina S.; El-Labban, Nasra H.;El-Kashef, Hassan A. Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2006; 2 (1): 11-22 (71 ref.) Keywords: Fluoride Poisoning; Lung-Pathology; Lung-Drug Effects; Trachea-Pathology; Trachea-DrugEffects; Rats, Sprague- Dawley Abstract: The effects of sodium fluoride [NaF] on the isolated pulmonary arterial rings and theisolated tracheal strips of rats as well as the effect of long-term oral administration of NaF on theresponse pulmonary arterial rings and tracheal strips to biogenic amines were investigated. NaFconcentrations of 3, 5 and 10 mM produced a concentration dependent contraction in isolatedpulmonary arterial rings and in tracheal strips of rats. NaF-induced contractions were reduced afterpretreatment with nifedipine or melatonin. Aminophylline produced significant decline inNaF-induced contraction of isolated pulmonary arterial rings. Phentolamine, atropine,chlorpheniramine, indomethacin, NDGA or L-NAME did not produce any alteration in theNaF- 12 IMEMR Current Contents Subjects Index induced contractions. Chronic oral NaF administration produced significant decline in theresponse of the isolated pulmonary arterial ring and isolated tracheal strips to serotonin [5-HT] andacetylcholine [ACh], respectively. Histopathological examination of iso1ated trachea and lung oftreated rats showed marked damage. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest thatcalcium channel and/or release of free radicals may mediate the contractile effects of fluoride inisolated pulmonary arterial rings and in tracheal strips. Furthermore, chronic oral fluorideadministration causes damage to tracheal and pulmonary tissues and thus, care should be takento avoid ingestion of large amount of fluoride especially in children. Foriegn Body Reaction Pathology Intraosseous foreign body creating osteolytic bone lesion mimicking malignancy. Shaik, Eyad;Hamada, Hosam PMJ - Palestinian Medical Journal 2006; 2 (1) (13 ref.) Keywords: Osteolysis-Etiology; Osteolysis-Radiography; Bone Resorption; ForeignBodies-Complications; Foreign Bodies- Diagnosis; Bone Neoplasms-Diagnosis; Tomography, X-RayComputed Abstract: Necrotizing Fasciitis [NF], although uncommon soft tissue infection but it is a diagnosticand therapeutic challenge to the surgeons due to their higher associated morbidity and mortality.This aggressive infection caused by aerobic and anaerobic infections mainly affects thesubcutaneous fat and fascia, and later on the overlying skin, while the underlying muscles arealmost always spared. Our objective is to put a plan for optimal care of such patients. The currentstudy reviews our experience with 20 patients of NF admitted and treated at Surgery Departmentin Shifa Hospital in Gaza during the period from February 1995 to February 2003. They were 12males and 8 females with a mean of age 53.5 years. After establishment of the diagnosis of NF byclinical examination and intra-operative findings, all the necrotic tissues were debrided undergeneral anesthesia followed by minor debridement as frequent as needed under analgesia, whilereconstructive procedures e.g. skin grafting and secondary suturing performed according to thecondition. The mean time between the beginning of the disease and the operation was 4.4days.Among the 20 patients with NF, 13 patients [65%] had diabetes mellitus [D.M.]; the mortalityrate between the diabetics was 61.5%. The perineum was the most frequent site for primaryinfection, eight cases [40%] followed by the valvar region, four cases [20%]. Seven patients diedout of the twenty giving a mortality rate of 35% in this study. In Conclusion: Recognition of theneed for early diagnosis and surgical treatment of this rapidly progressive surgical infection [NF] isnecessary for successful management, especially for patients with perianal or valvar infections. Genitalia, Female Abnormalities Acquired reproductive tract abnormalities of ewes in northwest of Iran : an abattoir survey.Saberivand, A.; Haghighi, M. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research 2006; 7 (1): 44-8 (13 ref.) Keywords: Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Abnormalities; Infertility, Female Abstract: Reproductive abnormalities cause major losses of sheep production. Abattoir materialswere used to determine the extent of reproductive wastage. Reproductive tracts were collectedfrom 524 ewes slaughtered at Urmia slaughter-house in Urmia, northwest of Iran, during a periodof 12 months. Overall, 30.10% of the ewes examined were pregnant. A total of 149 [28.44%] tractsdeveloped acquired reproductive tract abnormalities. Based on the observation of the tracts,abnormalities of the ovaries, ovarian bursa and uterine tubes and uterine lesions accounted for11.41%, 21.48% and 67.11% of the lesions, respectively. The most common ovarian lesion wasovario-bursal adhesions [47.06%]. Uterine tube obstruction was the most common uterine tubeabnormality [8.07%]. Pyometra [8.07%], uterine hemorrhage [6.73%] and endometritis [4.04%]were the most common abnormalities observed in the uterus. Two tracts [0.9%] containedmacerated fetal remnants. A large number of tracts [16%] had melanin pigment in the uterine wall.It is concluded that, firstly, the large number of pregnant ewes slaughtered highlights significanteconomic losses. Secondly, lesions such as hydrosalpinx, pyometra and metritis were likely toaffect female sheep reproduction. The acquired abnormalities were therefore more significant interms of individual animal infertility than as a major cause of infertility in flocks. Glutarates Urine Glutaric aciduria type II multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation deficiencies. Barqouni, Nabil PMJ - Palestinian Medical Journal 2006; 2 (1) (6 ref.) Keywords: Acyl Coenzyme A-Metabolism; Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase-Metabolism; Adipic Acids-Urine;Fatty Acids-Metabolism; Lipid Metabolism Gossypium Evaluation of twenty four new Gossypium hirsutum strains for growth, yield, fibre quality and CICuVressistance under environment of Punjab, Pakistan. Hassan,M.; Haq, M.A.; Aslam, M.; Alam,S.Sorwar;Akhtar, K.P.; Saleem,M. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2006; 2 (4): 319-25 (17 ref.) Keywords: Cotton Fiber; Quality Control; Evaluation Studies 13 IMEMR Current Contents Subjects Index Abstract: Twenty four new strains were tested for their yield, quality and Leaf Curl Virus [ClCuV]resistance. NIAB-111/S, NIAB-98 and NIAB-999 were significantly high fruit bearing varieties at 90days completing 59.54, 48.26 and 46.00% fruiting respectively. Seed cotton yield of VH-142 washighest with 5417 kgha-1 and 52 per plant boll bearing, DNH-57 and NIAB-999 remained secondand third with 5234 and 5095 kg ha-1 seed cotton yield, respectively. BH-160 and CRIS-467 werefound to be second and third highest boll bearing varieties with 50.97 and 40.20 per plant averagebolls respectively. Plant height in CRIS- 467, MNH-642 and SLH-224 was significantly higher incomparison to other varieties.NIAB-98, CIM-499 and CIM-506 were found short stature varieties incomparison with other but out of these NIAB-98 and CIM-506 were in high yielding position andCIM-499 was found medium yielder variety. GOT% of MNH-642 remained highest having value of45.00%. While GOT%. of NIBGE-1, CRIS-168 and CRIS-467 was at lowest position with 35.73,35.89 and 36.62% respectively. NIAB-111, CIM-499 and BH-160 were at first position in terms offibre fineness with micronaire values 3.98, 4.00 and 4.07 micro g/inch having fibre length 28.53,31.38 and 30.23 mm respectively. Out of 26 varieties, 16 varieties resulted maturity index in therange of 85.03% and 90.30% with highest maturity index in case of NIBGE-1 [i.e. 90.30%] followedby NIAB-999 and MNH-642 with 89.55 and 85.5% respectively.CRIS-168, CRIS-468 andCRIS-467 were found viral susceptible. Growth Disorders Genetics Sanjad Sakati syndrome [HRD syndrome]. Abu Draz, Samir PMJ - Palestinian Medical Journal 2006; 2 (1) (6 ref.) Keywords: Fetal Growth Retardation-Genetics; Hypoparathyroidism-Genetics;Hypoparathyroidism-Congenital; Syndrome; Phenotype; Microcephaly Abstract: We are reporting two cases with HRD or Sanjad Sakati syndrome from European GazaHospital in southern region of Gaza strip - Palestine. They are one boy and one girl from twodifferent families and their parents are consanguineous giving evidence of autosomal recessiveinheritance pattern. Both cases are presented with severe hypocalcemic seizures, severe growthretardation and dysmorphic features. Both of them have low parathyroid hormone and renalnephrocalcinosis. None of them has significant cardiac lesion or medullary stenosis in the longbones. Genetic test was not done in both of them because lack of facilities. Health Policy Internal market reform : Policy options for federal hospitals in Sudan. Mustafa, Salih Mustafa Sudanese Journal of Public Health 2006; 1 (1): 43-8 (15 ref.) Keywords: Hospitals, Federal; Health Care Sector; Marketing; Health Care Reform Abstract: This study discuses and focuses on the applicability of internal market reform within thecontext of Federal hospitals in Sudan. The objective of the study is to test the effect of internalmarket reform in remedying the widely acknowledged inefficiencies, while maintaining cost andaccessbility. The study is a prescriptive study; it critically analyzed the context of federal hospitalsagainst a wide range of internaitonal experiences from developed and developing countries . Thecountries experiences showed that there was no single right model for reform; the reform has tobe considered with respect to the country specific context. The study concluded the internl marketreform mechanisms on the supply side could be applied. A model was designed in which agoverning body of the federal hospitals could be entrusted as a purchaser of hospital services andfederal hospitals are to take trust status. The model adopted the concept of separation of financefrom provision, and patient choice of providers. Theoretical evidences showed that the model couldhave a positive effect on efficiency and acessibility to hospital care. Budget ceiling was proposedas an important factor to safe guard against cost escalation. The study excluded internal marketreforms on the finance side. Hearing Loss Genetics Autosomal recessive and sporadic non syndromic hearing loss and the incidence of Cx26 mutationsin a Province of Iran. Chaleshtori, M. Hashemzadeh; Zohour, M. Montaer; Rad, L. Hoghooghi; Pour-Jafari,H.; Farhud, DD.; Dolati, M.; Chaleshtori, K. Safa; Sasanfar, R.; Hosseinipour, A.; Andonian, L.; Tolouei, A.;Ghadami, M.; Patton, MA. Iranian Journal of Public Health 2006; 35 (1): 88-91 (13 ref.) Keywords: Hearing Loss-Etiology; Deafness; Connexins; Mutation Abstract: Despite the enormous heterogeneity of genetic hearing loss, mutations in the GJB2[connexin 26] gene located on _DFNB1_ locus [13q12] account for up to 50% of cases ofautosomal recessive non-syndromic hearing loss [ARNSHL] in some populations. This studydescribes the analysis of 100 autosomal recessive and sporadic nonsyndromic hearing lossindividuals from 79 families each having at least one deaf child in Chehar Mahal va Bakhtiariprovince in west of Iran. We have investigated the prevalence of the connexin 26 gene mutationsusing nested PCR strategy to screen the predominant 35delG mutation and subsequent directsequencing to detect other Cx26 mutations. Seven different genetic variants were detected fromwhich one novel variant was including 363delC. The 35delG was the most common mutation foundin 5 of 79 families [6.3%]. Cx26 related deafness mutations [35delG, [V27I; E114G]] and R127H]were found in 12 of 158 chromosomes studied [7.8%]. We conclude that the association of Cx26mutations with deafness in Chehar Mahal va Bakhtiari province is low and looks like most otherpopulations of Iran. 14 IMEMR Current Contents Subjects Index Hematologic Neoplasms Diagnosis Significance of bone marrow Trephine biopsy in the diagnosis of haematological andnon-haematological disorders. Afzal, Saeed; Ahmad, Mumtaz; Mubarik, Azhar; Khan, Saleem Ahmad;Zafar, Lubna; Khan, Dilshad Ahmad Pakistan Journal of Pathology 2006; 17 (1): 10-5 (25 ref.) Keywords: Hematologic Neoplasms-Pathology; Retrospective Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Biopsy,Fine-Needle; Bone Marrow Examination Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the frequency and document the histological pattern of varioushaematologic and non _haematologic malignancies and infections, which can be diagnosed byBone marrow trephine biopsy. Methods: A retrospective, cross sectional study was carried out atHistopathology department of Army Medical College Rawalpindi from January 2000 to December2004. The bone marrow trephine biopsies were taken with Jamshidi`s - type needle. The tissueswere fixed in 10 % formal- saline and then decalcified in 5 % nitric acid. These were processedunder standard conditions. Results: A total of 789 cases with age range of 9 years to 75 yearswere studied during a period of five years. Majority of the cases showed male preponderance[69.83%] as compared to females [30.16%]. The most common histological findings in order offrequency were reactive changes [22.43%], unremarkable marrow [16.09%], inadequate biopsy[9.63%], megaloblastic anaemia [7.73%], acute leukaemia [6.21%], erythroid hyperplasia [5.95%].The less common lesions were multiple myeloma [3.92%], lymphoproliferative disorders [3.80%],hypoplastic marrow [3.54%], chronic granulomatous inflammation [2.53%] and myelofibrosis[2.40%]. The miscellaneous group [5.70%] comprises rare diseases. Conclusion: Bone marrowtrephine biopsy is a valuable diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of various types of infections andhematologic and non_hematologic malignancies. Majority of our patients showed reactive changesfollowed by acute leukaemia and erythroid hyperplasia. It has also been proved useful in detectingmicrometastases when primary is not known with the other available diagnostic modalities. Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean Epidemiology Seroepidemiology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in the local and imported sheep in Isfahanprovince, Iran, 2002. Ataei, Behrooz; Touluei, Hamid Reza; Chinikar, Sadegh; Darvishi, Mohammad; Jalali,Navid; Izadi, Morteza; Eilami, Owrang; Mirkhani, Mehdi; Mardani, Masoud Iranian Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases 2006; 1 (1): 19-23 (22 ref.) Keywords: Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean-Diagnosis; Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean-Immunology;Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean- Veterinary; Cross-Sectional Studies; Hemorrhagic Fever Virus,Crimean-Congo; Sheep; Seroepidemiologic Studies Abstract: Background: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever [CCHF] is an arboviral zoonoticinfection with several reported cases in Iran. The present study was conducted with the aim ofestablishing effective ways to reduce exposure to the infectious agent and to organize appropriatepolicies for importing animals. Materials and methods: For this cross sectional study, 372 local and372 imported sheep were randomly selected and the presence of CCHF-related 1gG antibody andtick on their body were investigated. Results: Totally, 286 [76.9%] of local and 223 [57.8%] ofimported sheep were seropositive, however, their difference did not reach a statistical significantlevel. Ticks were found on the body surface of 115 [31%] local sheep, but imported sheep lackedany tick on their body. Conclusion: Our results revealed the endemic spreading of CCHF in sheepin Isfahan province. Further studies in other parts of Iran may pave the way for betterunderstanding of the CCHF epidemiology in Iran. Keywords: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever,sheep, Iran. Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral Overview of Sudan's Experience with Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever [1976]. Idris, Ali A.; Idris, Nadir Sudanese Journal of Public Health 2006; 1 (1): 49-55 (10 ref.) Keywords: Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola-Mortality; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola-Epidemiology; DiseaseOutbreaks; Ebola-like Viruses; Ebola Vaccines Abstract: A large outbreak of haemorrhagic fever [subsequently named Ebola HaemorrhagicFever occurred in the Southern Sudan between June and November 1976. There were a total of284 cases with 151 deaths: the overall case fatality rate was 53%. The outbreak appears to haveoriginated in the workers of a cotton manufacturing factory in Nzara. Although the link was not wellestablished, it appears that Nzara could have been the source of infection for a similar outbreak inthe Bumba zone of Zaire or vice versa. This paper presents information on the history of Ebolahaemorrhagic fever outbreak in Sudan and the experience learned from it as well as the futureexpectations based on the personal experience of one of the authors of this paper who was theDirector of Epidemiology Department in the Central Ministry of Health Sudan [1976] and the headof the team from the Central Ministry of Health to investigate the outbreak. Literature review, ofdocuments published teas also made and assisted in writing this paper. There are so manechallenges to answer the question that still remains as to the nature and origin of the responsiblevirus. With local and international collaboration a coordinated response will lead to successfulcontainment of the disease. 15 IMEMR Current Contents Subjects Index Hepatitis B Vaccines Immunology Comparison of immune response to hepatitis B vaccine between term and preterm infants at birth.Rostami, Nahid; Ghaffari, Vajiheh; Samaie, Hadi Iranian Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases 2006; 1 (1): 11-4 (13 ref.) Keywords: Antibodies; Case-Control Studies; Infant, Newborn; Hepatitis B Antibodies-Blood; HepatitisB-Prevention and control; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens Abstract: Background: Hepatitis B vaccination of the newborn prevents prenatal transmission ofhepatitis B virus. American Academy of Pediatrics [AAP] recommends that preterm infantsweighing less than 2000 grams at birth who born to HBS-Ag negative mothers should receive theirfirst dose of hepatitis B vaccine as early as one month of age. The aim of the present study was toassess and compare the immune response of preterm and term infants to hepatitis B vaccine.Materials and methods: Forty-eight preterm and 49 term neonates were enrolled for thiscase-control study. The vaccine was administered at birth, 1.5 and 9 months of age. Antibodiesagainst hepatitis B surface antigen [Anti-HBS] were measured in all infants at 15 months of age.Results: The study population included 24 boys and 24 girls with the mean birth weight of 1595.7+/- 388.3 g. The mean gestational age of preterm infants was 32.4 +/- 2.1 weeks. Immuneresponse to HB vaccine was protective and similar in both preterm and term infants [85.4 vs.85.7%, NS]. There was no significant association between the type of response and the infant'sbirth weight or sex. However, there were significant associations between antibody titer and use ofmechanical ventilation and sepsis [p 0.0l for both]. Conclusion: Preterm and term infants havesimilar and effective response to hepatitis B vaccine when given immediately after birth. Keywords:Hepatitis B vaccine, Preterm infants, Immune response. Hepatitis C Evaluation of a native preparation of HCV core protein [2-122] for potential applications inimmunization, diagnosis and mAb production. Ashasadeghi, MR; Sadat, SM; Budkowska, A.; Khabiri, AR.;Amini, S.; Bahramali, G.; Naddaf, SR.; Roohvand, F. Iranian Journal of Public Health 2006; 35 (1): 1-10 (50 ref.) Keywords: Hepatitis C Antibodies; Hepatitis C Antigens; Hepacivirus; Antibodies,Monoclonal Abstract: Infection with hepatitis C virus [HCV] is a worldwide problem. Among HCV proteins,core antigen [Ag], besides its importance for diagnostic application is a prime candidate forcomponent of a vaccine. Herein, we report results of studies on production of the hydrophilicdomain of core Ag [2-122] in native conformation by an arabinose induction system in E.coli andthe primary characterization of this recombinant protein for applications in diagnosis, immunizationand mAb production. Recombinant core [r-Core] was able to detect anti-core antibodies in HCVpositive serum samples in a dilution rate of 1/3200. It was also capable to elicit a potent anti-HCVhumoral immune response in BALB/c mice. Finally, we established two stable clones of hybridomawhich shown to produce specific and sensitive mAbs against the core protein. HCV core was ableto elicit a broad range of antibody specificities depending on the immunogen conformation.Therefore, it may be possible to get new mAbs with higher affinities towards native conformation ofcore Ag. Hepatitis C, Chronic Immunology The frequency of non-organ-specific autoantibodies in patients with chronic hepatitis C and itsrelation with disease severity and response to therapy. Daryani, Naser Ebrahimi; Bahrami, Hossein;Haghpanah, Babak; Jalili, Mehdi; Hashtroudi, Aliassad; Bashashati, Mohammad; Sayyah, Alireza Iranian Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases 2006; 1 (1): 5-10 (35 ref.) Keywords: Hepatitis C, Chronic-Therapy; Autoantibodies-Blood; Autoantibodies-Immunology;Interferons-Therapeutic Use; Ribavirin-Therapeutic Use; Treatment Outcome; Transaminases-Metabolism;Antibody Specificity Abstract: Background: Increased levels of non-organ-specific autoantibodies are frequently seenin patients suffering from chronic hepatitis C [CHC]; however, the etiology and its effects on thecourse of the disease and response to therapy are largely undetermined. Particularly, it seems ofutmost importance to define whether this increase is solely an insignificant coincidence or a majorfinding which have an impact on the course of the disease. Materials and methods: Fifty-twopatients with CHC [case group] and 52 aged- and sex-matched IBS patients [controls] wereenrolled. The sera of all subjects were checked for non- organ-specific autoantibodies, includingantinuclear antibody [ANA], anti-smooth muscle antibody [ASMA], anti-mitochondrial antibody[AMA], and anti-liver/kidney microsomal antibody [ALKM]. All cases underwent a liver biopsy andtreated with a 12- month course of combination therapy with interferon and ribavirin. Results: Themean age of cases and controls was 32.8 +/- 12.7 and 31.6 +/- 14.1 years, respectively. Theoverall frequency of non-organ-specific antibodies was significantly higher in anti- HCV positivepatients in comparison with controls [36.5% vs 7.7%, p 0.001]. Seropositivity of ANA and ASMAwas significantly higher in patients with CRC than in controls [11.5% vs. 1.9%, p 0.05 and 13.5%vs. 1.9%, p 0.027, respectively]. There was no significant relationship between seropositivity ofdifferent autoantibodies and patients' age and sex, duration of disease and serumaminotransferases levels. Nor this seropositivity had significant relationship with grade and stageof the liver disease and response to treatment, while serum globulin level was significantly higherin ANA positive patients. Conclusion: Seroprevalence of ANA and ASMA seems to be higher inpatients with CHC but its impact on the severity of disease and response to therapy is the subjectfor further investigations. Keywords: Hepatitis C, Autoantibody, Response to treatment,Aminotransferases. 16 IMEMR Current Contents Subjects Index HIV Infections Epidemiology Sudan National HIV/AIDS and STIs Control Programme [SNAP] The Role of SNAP in the nationalresponse to H1V Infection "We started late we need to compensate". Abdelgadir, Mohammed Sidig Sudanese Journal of Public Health 2006; 1 (1): 65-7 (3 ref.) Keywords: HIV Infections-Prevention and Control; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; SexuallyTransmitted Diseases; National Health Programs HLA Antigens HLA and Disease. Ahmed, Tahir Aziz Pakistan Journal of Pathology 2006; 17 (1): 1 (5 ref.) Keywords: Histocompatibility Antigens; Autoimmune Diseases HLA Frequencies in Pakistani Population in comparison with Caucasian, oriental and Negroidpopulation. Anwar, Masood; Iqbal, Muhammad; Ahmad, Tahir Aziz; Bashir, Mukarram; Ayyub, Muhammad;Naeeem, Muhammad Pakistan Journal of Pathology 2006; 17 (1): 29-33 (18 ref.) Keywords: Prospective Studies; Bone Marrow Transplantation; Kidney Transplantation;Ethnology; Anthropology; Population Groups; Ethnic Groups; Arabs Abstract: Objective: The main objective of the study was to determine HLA-A, B, and DRfrequencies in Pakistani population and their comparison with HLA frequencies reported forcaucasian, oriental and negroid population. Material and methods: Five thousand prospectivedonors/recipients of renal/bone marrow transplant who had undergone HLA typing were includedin the study. All subjects were of pure Pakistani origin. They included 1245 recipients [996 males,249 females] and 3755 donors [2740 males, 1015 females]. The HLA antigens were tested withtwo stage NIH micro-lymphocytotoxicity assay by using Terasaki plates. Separated T and Blymphocytes were used for class I and Class II antigens detection. Relative antigen frequencieswere determined and used to calculate the gene frequencies. Results: The HLA class I antigensA2, A11, A24[9], A1, A26[10], A3, A28, A33[19], B51[5], B35, B8, B57[17], B60[40], B44[12], B7,B61[40] were the most commonly detected antigens for the HLA class I A and B subclasses. Incase of HLA-DR, DR3, DR11[5], DR7, DR15[2] were the most frequently found antigens. Theseantigen frequencies were compared with the antigen frequencies reported for the Caucasians,Orientals and Negroid population. Conclusion: Comparison of common frequencies with otherpopulations indicates that Pakistani population is nearer to Caucasians and Orientals. HLA-DR2 Antigen Frequency of HLA DR2 in patients with severe and very severe Aplastic anaemia. Anwar, Masood;Iqbal, Hamid; Ahmed, Tahir Aziz; Bashir, Mukarram; Ayyub, Muhammad; Ahmed, Pervias; Hashmi,Khalilullah Pakistan Journal of Pathology 2006; 17 (1): 34-7 (24 ref.) Keywords: Anemia, Aplastic; Bone Marrow Examination; Biopsy, Fine-Needle Abstract: Objective: To determine the frequency of HLA DR2 in Pakistani patients with severe andvery severe aplastic anaemia. Introduction: In many cases aplastic anaemia is mediated by theimmune mechanisms. Increased frequency of certain HLA haplotypes in patients with autoimmunediseases have led to the investigation of HLA subtypes in aplastic anaemia. HLA DR2 was foundto be the most frequently encountered allele in aplastic anaemia. It has been reported that patientsof aplastic anaemia, who possess HLA DR2 show a good response to immunosuppressivetreatment. This study has been designed to establish frequency of HLA DR2 in patients of aplasticanaemia in our population. Setting: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and Armed Forces BoneMarrow Transplant Centre, Rawalpindi-Pakistan. Materials and Methods: Fifty two cases ofaplastic anaemia diagnosed at AFIP/AFBMTC during last 03 years [March 2001 to December2003] were included in the study. Laboratory investigations to establish the diagnosis includedblood complete picture, reticulocyte count, bone marrow aspiration and bone marrow trephinebiopsy. Cytogenetic studies were carried out in selected cases to exclude possibility of hypoplasticmyelodysplastic syndrome/Fanconi`s anaemia. LAP score, ham`s test, sucrose lysis test, urine forhaemosiderin and CD59 analysis were carried out in suspected cases to exclude paroxysmalnocturnal haemoglobinuria. All cases were tested for HLA DR2 by standard National Institute ofHealth two stage microlymphocytotoxicity assay. Results: Out of 52 patients, 35 were males and17 were females [M: F 2:1]. Median age of the patients was 17 years [3-35 years]. Twenty eight[54%] of the patients were of severe aplastic anaemia and 24 [46%] were of very severe aplasticanaemia. HLA DR2 was positive in 31[60%] patients compared to 4,1% in healthy population [p.0.007]. Conclusion: An increased frequency of HLA DR2 is also seen in Pakistani patients ofaplastic anaemia which is associated with a good response to immunosuppressive therapy. Housing, Animal Investigating the relationship between wind erosion and value of animal habitats in desert areas.Azarkar, S.M.; Ahmadi, H.; Khorosani, N.; Karami, M. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2006; 2 (4): 387-93 (10 ref.) Keywords: Desert Climate; Animals; Soil; Petroleum Abstract: Animal species in desert habitats are taken into consideration because of theiruniqueness and inherent value. 17 IMEMR Current Contents Subjects Index However the added pressures from climate and human have madeliving conditions difficult and acute for them. Wind erosion is one of the common phenomena indesert areas; this phenomenon can affect biotic value of those areas. Climatic constraints alongwith human development in such areas result in enhancing the effect of wind erosion, and as aresult, affect the value of animal habitats. Therefore, by estimating the rate of wind erosion in suchareas, the capability of environment for providing appropriate conditions for animal species_subsistence can also be estimated. The objective of this research is to find the relation betweenthe rate of wind erosion and value of animal habitat in Sarakhs as a representative of RazaviKhorasan Province. This research has been carried out in four steps: a] Approximate identificationof each animal habitat in the area. b] Estimating the wind erosion based on IRIFR model. c]Estimating the approximate value of each of the animal habitats in the area. d] Determining thecorrelation between the value of each animal habitat with the average rate of wind erosion in thathabitat. Investigating the relation between the average rate of wind erosion and the value ofanimal habitats which indicates that there is a significant correlation between them, that is to say,effective factors in increasing the rate of wind erosion have affected the quality of animal habitats,and proportional to their intensity, decreased the value of habitat. Hypothermia Hypothermia at birth and its associated complications in newborns : a follow up study. Nayeri, F.;Nili, F. Iranian Journal of Public Health 2006; 35 (1): 48-52 (10 ref.) Keywords: Infant Mortality; Prospective Studies; Questionnaires; Disseminated IntravascularCoagulation Abstract: Hypothermia is one of the main causes of neonatal mortality in developing countries.The aim of this prospective study was to determine the relationship between hypothermia at birthand the risk of mortality or morbidity among neonates born in Imam Hospital in Tehran, Iran.During a one-year period, body temperature was taken from all newborns using a low- readingrectal thermometer, immediately after their admission into the Neonatal ward of the above hospital.A temperature less than 36.5 C was considered as hypothermia. A questionnaire was filled foreach subject. Using logistic regression the risk of development of respiratory distress in the first sixhours of birth, hypoglycemia, metabolic acidosis, hyperbilirubinemia, scleroderma, pulmonaryhemorrhage, Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy [DIC] in the first three days of birth wereassessed and compared with the hypothermic and normothermic newborn infants. Nine hundredand forty neonates were enrolled into the study. A significant relationship was found betweenhypothermia and respiratory distress in the first six hours of birth and death, as well as withjaundice, hypoglycemia and metabolic acidosis in the first three days of birth [P=0.0001]. Logisticregression showed that, regardless of weight and gestational age, hypothermia at birth alone couldincrease the risk of neonatal death [OR=3.64, CI=1.85-7.18], Respiratory distress [OR=2.12,CI=1.53-2.93], metabolic acidosis [OR=2.83, CI=1.74- 4.59] and jaundice [OR=2.01, CI=1.45-2.79].Neonatal hypothermia at birth increases mortality as well as significant morbidity andhospitalization period. Hypothyroidism Physiopathology Effect of thyroid hypofunction on the masseter motor innervation pattern in developing rats. Ganji,Farzaneh; Behzadi, Gila Yakhteh Medical Journal 2006; 7 (4): 230-5 (43 ref.) Keywords: Hypothyroidism-Complications; Masseter Muscle-Innervation; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats Abstract: Introduction: The thyroid hormones have profound effects on the development ofneuromuscular system. These hormones exert their influence on both muscle fibers and relatedmotoneurons during development. The masseter is one of the most important muscles formastication in mammals. We attempted to evaluate the effect of thyroid hormone deficiency on themorphological characteristics of masseteric motoneurons in the period of alteration from sucking tobiting and chewing in the rat Material and Methods: To induce hypothyroidism, timed pregnantdams received 50 ppm antithyroid drug propylthiouracil [PTU] in their drinking water and PTU wasadministered to the pups during suckling period. Horseradish peroxidase [HRP] was injected intothe masseter [0.5-5 mecro lit, 40%] of normal and prenatal hypothyroid pups on postnatal days of1, 5, 13, and 21 [n=24]. 24 to 48 hours later, following transcardial perfusion and fixation thebrainstem blocks were cut to 50 micro m thick sections. After TMB histochemical reaction themorphological characteristics of HRP labeled motoneurons and their HRP labeling intensity wasevaluated. Student's t-test and two-way analysis of variance [ANOVA] were used for statisticalanalysis.Results: No significant morphological differences were observed at the end of first week oflife. On day 15, hypothyroid labeled masseteric motoneurons consisted of 70% small and 30%medium neurons versus 40% and 60% in normal pups respectively [p0.05].At the time of weaning,the number of large motoneurons dropped to 30% of normal value [p0.001] with few, short, anddisoriented dendrites Conclusion: The alteration in particular patterns of masseteric motoneuronmorphology and a severe delay in size transition could affect the development and plasticity of oralmotor behavior under congenital hypothyroidism. Immunization Immunization and BCG. Inam, S.N. Bazmi PMJ - Palestinian Medical Journal 2006; 2 (1) (17 ref.) Keywords: Vaccination; BCG Vaccine; Tuberculin Test; Tuberculosis-Prevention and Control;Immunization Programs Influenza in Birds Economic impact of avian flu pandemic of Asia. Mardani, Masoud Iranian Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases 2006; 1 (1): 1-3 (8 ref.) 18 IMEMR Current Contents Subjects Index Keywords: Influenza, Human; Influenza A virus, H5N1 Subtype; Birds; Developing Countries;Disease Outbreaks; Poultry Iron Administration and Dosage Effects of oral iron supplementation on haematocrit, live weight gain and health in neonatal dairycalves. Mohri, M.; Sarrafzadeh, F.; Seifi, H. A. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research 2006; 7 (1): 34-7 (25 ref.) Keywords: Iron-Therapeutic Uses; Hematocrit; Weight Gain; Cattle Abstract: Forty neonate calves were used in this study. The animals were divided into twotreatment [n 20] and control [n = 20] groups. In the treatment group, oral iron as ferrous sulphatewas supplemented to each calf at the dose of 150 mg/day for 28 days, from the birthday. Bloodsampling was taken from jugular vein immediately after birth and on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 afterbirth. Significant differences in haematocrit [PCV] levels were found between two groups on days14, 21 and 28 [P 0.05]. Total gain, mean daily gain and weight gain during 4th week of life wassignificantly higher in the treatment group than control group [P /. Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute Frequency of cytogentic abnormalities in patients of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia. Anwar, Masood;Ayyub, Muhammad; Iqbal, hamid Pakistan Journal of Pathology 2006; 17 (1): 25-8 (20 ref.) Keywords: Chromosome Aberrations; Cytogenetic Analysis; Bone Marrow Examination; BoneMarrow-Pathology Abstract: Introduction: Cytogenetic analysis performed at diagnosis is considered to be the mostvaluable prognostic factor in acute myeloid leukaemia [AML]. Cytogenetic abnormalities whichindicate a good prognosis include t[8; 21], inv[16] and t[15;17]. Normal cytogenetics carriesaverage risk in AML. Patients with AML that is characterized by deletions of the long arms ormonosomies of chromosome 5 or 7 or by abnormalities of 11q23 have particularly poor prognosis.Objective: To determine the frequency and type of cytogenetic abnormalities in Pakistani patientsof AML. Design: Descriptive study. Subjects and Methods: Thirty six patients of acute myeloidleukaemia were referred to the department of Heamatology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology,Rawalpindi for cytogenetic studies during the period from March 2001 to September 2004. Five mlof venous blood was collected by venesection in vacutainer containing sodium heparin asanticoagulant. Blood was cultured on RPMI-1640 medium enriched with L-glutamine and foetalbovine serum. Phytohaemagglutin was used as T-cell mitogen. The cultures were incubated for 72hours at 37°C. Mitoses were arrested in metaphases by colchicine. The cells were harvested andslides were made. Slides were aged and trypsin digestion was done. Slides were stained withGiemsa stain. Twenty metaphases were analysed under the microscope and the observationswere recorded. Results: In 10 patients` culture failed to yield evaluable metaphases. Out of 26evaluated patients, cytogenetic abnormalities carrying good prognosis were seen in 6[23%]patients t[8;21] in 3 cases, t[15;17] in 2 and inv[16] in one patient. Normal karyotype carryingstandard risk was seen in 17[65.4%] patients. Whereas abnormalities carrying poor prognosiswere seen in only 3[11.6%] patients. These comprised 2 cases of trisomy 8 and one of dup [3][q21;q26]. Conclusion: This study reveals that majority of Pakistani patients with AML belong to good[23%] or standard [65.4%] risk groups. Only 11.6% patients belong to poor risk group. Lung Diseases Radiography Imaging of lung disease. Daoud, Walid PMJ - Palestinian Medical Journal 2006; 2 (1) (10 ref.) Keywords: Radiography, Thoracic; Diagnostic Imaging; Lung Diseases-Diagnosis; Tomography, X-RayComputed; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Tomography,Emission-Computed; Bronchoscopy Malaria, Falciparum Drug Therapy Antimalarials During Pregnancy : A Review Article. Zaki, Zaki M.; Adam, Ishag Sudanese Journal of Public Health 2006; 1 (1): 7-12 (54 ref.) Keywords: Plasmodium falciparum-Drug Effects; Pregnancy; Chloroquines-Therapeutic Use;Sulfonamides-Therapeutic Use; Quinine-Therapeutic Use; Mefloquine-Therapeutic Use;Chloroguanidine-Therapeutic Use; Drug Combinations Abstract: Plasmodium falciparum malaria in pregnancy poses substantial risk to pregnant womenand their neonates. The WHO recommended that pregnant women with demonstrable malariaillness should he treated with effective and safe antimalarial drugs. Safety to the pregnant womanand her unborn child might be hampered by the spread of mutlidrug resistant falciparum malariaand limited literature concern their usage during pregnancy. Chloroquine is generally consideredsafe in all trimesters of pregnancy; sulfadoxine- pyrimethamine appears safe in the second andthird trimesters of pregnancy. Quinine is 19 IMEMR Current Contents Subjects Index the drug of choice for severe malaria and has beenreported to be safe even in the first trimester of pregnancy. Few reports are available concerningartemisinins usage during pregnancy although the World Health Organization recommended theirusage during pregnancy. While tetracyclines and primaquine are absolutely contraindicated duringpregnancy, halofantrine, amodiaquine, mefloquine are of questionable safety during pregnancy.The first trimester of pregnancy [the period of organogenesis] is the critical period: only chloroquineand quinine were reported recently to have safely profile in this period. However, due tochloroquine resistance, quinine remains the drug of choice. Mandibular Fractures Etiology Explosive facial injury comminuted crushed fracture of the mandible. Shaath, Osama PMJ - Palestinian Medical Journal 2006; 2 (1) (5 ref.) Keywords: Mandibular Fractures-Surgery; Fracture Fixation; Bone Screws; Bone Wires; Jaw FixationTechniques; Multiple Trauma; Explosions-Adverse Effects Mangifera Pharmacological activities of Mangifera indica fruit seed methanolic extract. Ahmed, AEE.; Eltyeb,IB.; Moharned, AH. Omdurman Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2006; 1 (2): 216-31 (14 ref.) Keywords: Plant Extracts; Pharmacologic Actions; Anesthesia, Local; Muscle Relaxation; Plants,Medicinal; Seeds Abstract: The present study is an attempt to investigate the pharmacological activities ofMangifera indica fruit seed as a Sudanese medicinal plant that showed significant antimicrobialproperties, with the hope that it will be a useful therapeutic agent. In this study, the methanolicextract of Mangifera indica fruit seed was investigated for its effects on many isolated tissuepreparations, including jejunum, heart and aortic strip of the rabbit, uterus, fundus and vasdeferens muscle of the rat, guinea-pig tracheal chain, and rectus abdominis muscle and footwithdrawal reflex of the frog. The methanolic extract of mangifera indica fruit seed showed a potentrelaxant activity on isolated rabbit jejunum that was refractory to the adrenergic blockers.propranolol and tolazoline. Furthermore, the extract inhibited the spontaneous activity of theuterine muscle and effectively antagnized the stimulant activity of acetylcholine on the muscle.Prior administration of the extract physiologically blocked the stimulant effect of histamine on ratfundus strip. The extract lacked any activity when tested on isolated rabbit aortic strip, isolatedguinea-pig tracheal chain and toad rectus abdominis muscle, but showed significant localanesthetic activity when studied on frog's foot withdrwal reflex, In addition, the extract, in a largedose, inhibited significantly the isolated perfused rabbit heart. Marek Disease Polymerase chain reaction for the detection and differentiation of Marek's disease virus strainsMDV-1 and HVT. Sadeghi, M. R.; Ghorashi, S. A.; Moakhar, Kargar R.; Morshedi, D.; Tabar, Salehi R.;Ghaemmaghami, S. S. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research 2006; 7 (1): 17-21 (23 ref.) Keywords: Marek's Disease-like Viruses; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Diagnosis,Differential Abstract: Marek's disease [MD] is a lymphoproliferative disease of chickens characterized bylymphocytic infiltration of various organs. The present study was an attempt to use polymerasechain reaction [PCR] to optimize a rapid and reliable assay for detection of MDV genome.Detection of serotype I of MDV [MDV-l] was confirmed by presence of a 200 bp DNA fragment asa PCR product. Differentiation of MDV- I and herpesvirus of turkeys [HVT] was also conductedusing specific primers from the glycoprotein A [gA] gene and a 388 bp DNA fragment wasamplified from HVT genome. The specificity of the test was confirmed by sequencing of PCRproducts. Results indicate that MDV-l can be diagnosed in clinical samples and inoculated cellcultures which is used for virus isolation. In addition, differentiation between MDV- I and HVTviruses was confirmed based on the size of PCR products. The test proved to be rapid and reliableand be performed as a robust diagnostic test in veterinary diagnostic laboratories. Maternal Mortality Maternal and childhood mortality in the Nuba mountains, Sudan : A pilot study. Bayoumi, Ahmed Sudanese Journal of Public Health 2006; 1 (1): 21-6 (13 ref.) Keywords: Child Mortality; Retrospective Studies; Prospective Studies; Mortality; Cause ofDeath Abstract: Background: The aim of the pilot study was to establish baseline levels for maternalmortality ratio [MMR] and childhood mortality rates measured prospectively in the NubaMountains, an underprivileged area of the Sudan, and compare them to previous nationalretrospective surveys. Methods: A communal vital registration system was established as a pilotstudy in a defined community in the Nuba Mountains area, Sedan, including two strata, Dilling andUm Ruwaba Provinces. Live events were registered for 6-months Results: 1.913 live births, 268childhood [0-4 years] deaths and 13 maternal deaths were registered daring the period of study,July 2001-June 2002. Childhood mortality rules per 1.000 live births were: Infant [IMR] 85, child[CMR] 55, and under-five [U5MR] 140. There was no significant difference between Dilling stratumand Um Ruwaba stratum in IMR [x[2] = 1.56; P 0.05]. CMR and U5MR were significantly higher inUm Ruwaba stratum [x[2] = 6.619; P 0.05 and x[2] 0.05]. All rates were much higher than thosequoted for the country by previous retrospective survey estimates. Conclusions: Prospectivelydetermined childhood and maternal mortality rates using a communal vital registration systemappear to be higher but more realistic for a disadvantaged area compared to retrospectiveestimates. The wide discrepancy indicates the need for 20 IMEMR Current Contents Subjects Index debating the limitations and relevance ofthe latter. Mathematics Some analytic solutions of the unsteady Navier-stokes Equations. Naeem, Rana Khalid; Khan,Waseem Ahmed; Ahsan, SM. Shad Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2006; 2 (1): 23-32 (4 ref.) Keywords: Solutions; Algorithms; Nonlinear Dynamics; Models, Theoretical; Rheology Abstract: The unsteady Navier-Stokes equations are transformed into steady state equationsusing lie group theory. The solutions of the steady state equations are determined for the flows forwhich the vorticity is proportional to psi perturbed by a uniform flow U y and or the flowscharacterized by y = R[x] + v[psi] and y = Q[x] v[psi]. For some flows streamline patterns are alsopresented. Meat-Packing Industry Study on the frequency of pregnant ewes slaughtered in Khorram Abad abattoir, Iran. Kheradmand,A.; Batavani, R. A.; Babaei, H. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research 2006; 7 (1): 55-8 (18 ref.) Keywords: Meat-Economics; Sheep; Pregnancy; Abattoirs Abstract: The aim of this survey was to evaluate the frequency of pregnant ewes slaughtered inKhorram Abad abattoir and estimation of their gestational age. Over a period of five months in falland winter, a total number of 3046 uterine tracts were collected. Pregnancy was detected in56.50% of ewes, 52.36% and 4.13% of which carried singleton and twins, respectively. The highestfrequency of pregnancy was detected in January [65.63%] and the lowest frequency was detectedin March [35.02%]. Among a total number of 1721 pregnant ewes, the most frequency ofgestational age [34.68%] was recorded to be between 2 and 3 months of gestation, while 5.05%was detected to be above 121 days. Overall, the number of pregnant ewes with a gestational ageover two months was considerable [59.83%]. It was concluded that reproductive waste resultingfrom slaughtering of pregnant animals is important in ewes in Khorram Abad and could beprevented by an improved antemortem examination. Meckel Diverticulum Anatomy and Histology Morphological studies on Meckel's diverticulum in the duck [Ansa ansa domesticus].Mohammadpour, A. A. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research 2006; 7 (1): 14-6 (11 ref.) Keywords: Meckel Diverticulum-Pathology; Ducks Abstract: This research was carried out to define the morphological features of Meckel'sdiverticulum [MD] in duck and to investigate whether the MD resides in a constant position alongthe intestinal tract. For this purpose, a total of 30 adult healthy ducks of both sexes, 50-52 weeksof age were used. After dissecting, some morphological factors such as: total intestine length aswell as the lengths of the intestine from the gizzard to MD [GMD], from gizzard to cloaca [GC] andfrom MD to the caecal opening [MDC] were measured. The weight, thickness and length of MDwere then recorded. By using t-test and analysing factors between two sexes we concluded that,the location of MD in total specimens was 91.52 +/- 8.09 cm far away from the gizzard. There wasno significant difference between morphological factors of MD [eight, thickness and length] in bothsexes [P 0.05]. There was significant difference [P 0.05] between GMD, GC in both sexes. Inhistological studies of MD, aggregated lymphatic follicles and thin muscularis mucosa wereobserved in tunica mucosa. Meningitis Epidemiology Epidemic meningitis in Khartoum State, Sudan : An epidemiological study of the 1999 epidemic.Mailk, Elfatih M.; Eltayeb, Elsadig M.; Elmusaad, Yousif; Elfadil, Tilal; Manoncout, Serge; Shears, Paul Sudanese Journal of Public Health 2006; 1 (1): 13-20 (26 ref.) Keywords: Meningitis-Diagnosis; Meningitis-Mortality; Vaccination; Mass Immunization; Statistics andNumerical Data Abstract: Background: Sudan is part of the sub-Saharan meningitis belt with major epidemicsexpected to occur every 8- 10 years cycles. This paper aims to through some light on the 1999epidemic in Khartoum state with discussion of vaccination strategy. Methods: Active reporting of allsuspected cases of meningitis in Khartoum state was established early during the course ofepidemic. For each case demographic information and data of disease onset was collected.Lumbar puncture was performed in a proportion of patients. Case reports from localities andprovinces were compiled and data was collated and analysed using Excel and Epi-Info software.Results: A total of 3232 cases were reported in Khartoum State from week 7 [February 13th 19th]to week 25 [June 26th - July 2nd] of the year 1999. The overall attack rate was 65.7/100 000population. The highest numbers of cases were reported from Umbada and Jabal Awlia provinces.Most of cases [81.1%] were from 2 to 29 years old and the most at risk group was 15-29 year's oldwith an attack rate of 105.2/100 000 population. A total of 282 deaths were reported, giving anoverall case fatality rate of 8.7%. The epidemic was caused by N. meningitidis serogroup A, clonalIII-I. Over 3 millions "A+C" vaccination doses were administered with an estimated coverage of73.9%. Conclusions: The 1999 epidemic in Khartoum demonstrated the typical pattern ofmeningococcal outbreaks in the African meningitis belt. The analysis 21 IMEMR Current Contents Subjects Index of data presented in thisstudy emphasizes the need for effective surveillance, improved laboratory facilities and thedetermination of the most appropriate thresholds to initiate mass vaccination. Closemicrobiological surveillance is of utmost importance especially with increasing threat of N.meningitidis serogroup W-135. Mercaptoethanol Effect of Beta Mercaptaethanol with and without BSO [DL-Buthionine Sulfoximine] on Resumption ofMeisosis, in vitro maturation and Embryo development of immature mouse oocytes. Eimani, Hossein;Hassani, Fateneh; Haeri-Rohani, Seyed; Esfahani, Mohammad; Dalman, Azam; Valojerdi, Mojtaba;Ashtiani, Saeed; Baharvand, Hossein; Shahverdi, Abdol Hossein; Yazdi, Poopak; Samani, Reza Omani Yakhteh Medical Journal 2006; 7 (4): 236-41 (38 ref.) Keywords: Buthionine Sulfoximine; Mice; Embryonic Development; Oxidative Stress; Apoptosis;Oocytes Abstract: Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluated the effect ofbeta-mercaptoethanol on resumption of meiosis, in vitro maturation of immature mouse oocytesand resulting embryo development with and without BSO [DL-Buthionine sulfoximine] Material andMethods: Germinal vesicle [GV] were recovered from 6-8 weeks old NMRI ovaries and cultured inmaturation medium in MEMalpha supplemented with 7.5IU/ml hCG, 100mIU/ml rhFSH, 5% FCS[control group] and adding 100 micro m beta-mercaptoethanol [group 1] or with 5mM BSO + 100micro m beta-mercaptoethanol [group 2] for 24h. The matured oocytes then were fertilized andcultured for 5 days. Fertilization and development were accomplished in T6 medium.Results: Thepercentage of GV oocytes reaching to metaphase I [or undergo GVBD] were 78.5%, 85%, 86% incontrol group, group 1 and group 2 respectively, that no significant difference was detectedbetween groups. The proportion of oocytes that progressed to the metaphase II [MII] stage wasminimum within 5mM BSO group [group 2] and maximum within beta- mercaptoetanol group [group1] with significant difference comparing with control and each other [P=0.05]. The percentage ofembryos reaching to morula stage within beta-mercaptoetanol group was significantly higher thanthe control group [5% and 12.2% respectively]. None of oocytes treated with BSO could pass the 8cell stage. Conclusion: beta-mercaptoetanol enhances IVM and improves embryo development.While adding BSO into the maturation medium even with beta-mercaptoetanol decreasesmaturation and declines the embryo development. Multiple Myeloma Arsenic trioxide compound modulates multiple myeloma phenotypes : Assessment on cell linemodels. Khorramizadeh, MR.; Saadat, F.; Allahyary, H.; Pezeshki, M.; Sarrafnejad, A.; Mirshafiey, A.;Safarifar, F.; Alimoghadam, K.; Ghavamzadeh, A.; Sadeghian, S. Iranian Journal of Public Health 2006; 35 (1): 17-24 (22 ref.) Keywords: Apoptosis; Angiogenesis Inducing Agents; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic;Arsenicals Abstract: Recent evidences suggest that multiple myeloma phenotypes [MMPs] are involved inthe infiltration of multiple myeloma-affected marrow foci. In this study, the effects of arsenic trioxideon the invasive and angiogenic phenotypes of multiple myeloma [MM] cell line were assessed on adose-response and time-course basis. Multiple myeloma cell line, Karpas 707, was treated withstep-wise elevated concentrations of arsenic trioxide compound at 24, 48, and 72 h intervals.Cytotoxicity was assessed with a colorimetric assay. Potential antiinvasive phenotype wasanalyzed with MMP-2 zymography. To verify directly the anti angiogenic effect, F1 endothelial cellline was also treated with arsenic and the dose-dependent cytotoxicity was assessed with acolorimetric assay. Apoptotic properties of arsenic trioxide compound were investigated usingTUNEL assay. The significant dose-dependent inhibitory effects of arsenic trioxide on MMP-2 wereseen at given concentrations. Cytotoxicity analysis revealed much higher cell death than untreatedcells [P 0.01], both in Karpas 707 and F1 endothelial cell lines. Colectively, this study showed thatarsenic trioxide might potentially elicit anti-invasive anti-angiogenesis properties in the treatment ofmyeloma dissemination process. In addition, the concurrent inhibition of MMPs activity andendothelial cell proliferation could compose the scenario of neoangiogenesis inhibition in themarrow-infiltrated foci. Musculoskeletal Diseases Assessment of risk factors of upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders [UEMSD] by OCRA methodin repetitive tasks. Najarkola, SA Moussavi Iranian Journal of Public Health 2006; 35 (1): 68-74 (12 ref.) Keywords: Upper Extremity; Risk Factors; Questionnaires; Data Collection; OccupationalDiseases; Evaluation Studies Abstract: The high occurrence of upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders [UEMSDS] in Iranianironwork industries indicates a need to assess the risk factors of the disorders at such workplaces.In order to prevent such disorders, the Occupational Repetitive Actions [OCRA] carried out toobtain an integrated assessment of the various risk factors, classify different jobs and suggestergonomic designing solutions. Four data gathering methods including Observational, Interview,Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire [NMQ], and OCRA were utilized. All 385 male workersoccupying in five various jabs [72 tasks] in Qaemshahre ironwork industry located in the north ofIran were studied. The percent of work tasks lain in low, moderate, and high-risk level were 6.14%,69.27%, and 24.59%, respectively. Mean of exposure indices between five jobs includingadministrative [0.69], lathing [2.87], welding [3.43], melting [3.58] and foundry [5.96] jobs showedsignificant difference [F= 4.881, P= 0.003]. In addition, the foundry job had the highest risk ofoccurrence of UEMSDS. The highest incidence of distal upper extremity was allocated to the handand fingers region. There was a significant relationship between surveyed work groups andincidences of upper extremities [chi2= 6.425, P= 0.008]. The OCRA Method could be a usefulmethod for evaluating risk factors of UEMSDS in repetitive tasks of the ironwork industry. 22 IMEMR Current Contents Subjects Index Nasal Polyps Etiology Fungi as Causative agent of nasal polyps. Kordbacheh, P.; Zaini, F.; Sabokbar, A.; Borghei, H.;Safara, M. Iranian Journal of Public Health 2006; 35 (1): 53-7 (18 ref.) Keywords: Sinusitis-Etiology; Sinusitis-Diagnosis; Fungi Abstract: Nasal polyposis is an inflammatory condition of unknown etiology that involves nasaland sinus mucous membrane. These polyps can impair a person_s quality of life by nasalobstruction, recurrent sinusitis, persistent postnasal drainage, hyposmia, anosmia, changes insense of taste and even bony destruction. It has been shown that chronic inflammation causes areactive hyperplasia of the intranasal mucosal membrane which results in the formation of polyps.Recently, fungal elements were suspected to be the causative agent of chronic rhinosinusitis and afungal etiology has been proposed to underlie severe nasal polyposis. The present study wasundertaken to determine the role of fungi in development of nasal polyps. In this study resectedpolyps from 100 patients were examined by mycological and pathological methods for thepresence of fungi. Fungal elements were shown in 9 samples by mycological methods andisolated fungi were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus and Rhizopus sp. Tissue invasion byfungi also was seen by histopathological examination in 6 patients. Therefore, fungi could beconsidered as the causative factor in the development of nasal polyposis in those patients andsince medical treatment of nasal polyps have become increasingly recognized in recent years, thepresent study also implying the benefits of topical antifungal therapy in such cases. Neuronavigation Morphological and stereotaxic studies of Iranian native goat's brain. Mohammadpour, A. A. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research 2006; 7 (1): 22-8 (10 ref.) Keywords: Stereotaxic Techniques; Brain; Goats Abstract: This study was conducted to find out the best outside points of skull to reach differentareas of brain that are essential for neuroendocrinological studies. In this research 30 heads ofIranian native male goats aged between 2-3-year-old were collected from Shahrekord abattoir.After collecting whole heads, they were fixed in 10% formalin and then many holes were made onthe dorsal surface of skull followed by median and transverse sectioning of the heads.Morphological characteristics of brain and distances from the bones of skull to different structuresof brain were measured using caliper device and needle and the best points were determined. Bythis method the best points to reach the hypophysis and lateral ventricle with 90° angle are indistances of 45.2 +/- 2.23 mm and 20.92 +/- 1.02 mm at bregma point. Nigella sativa Chemical composition of methanolic extract obtained from Nigella sativa L. Seeds. EL-Hadi, MMA;Hassan, KS.; Yousif, GM Omdurman Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2006; 1 (2): 179-87 (24 ref.) Keywords: Anthraquinones; Naphthalenes; Prednisone; Glycerol; Mannose; Xylose; Seeds;Plants, Medicinal Abstract: GC-MS analysis of the defatted acidified methanolic extract of Nigella sativa L. seedsshowed the presence of 16 compounds. The major components were anthraquinone [0.90%] andnaphthalenone [3.52%] derivatives and octylphenyl ether [4.44%]. identified as phenolics in theethyl acetate fraction [1.65%]. Phthalate dioctyl ester [33.85%] was found to be the dominatingcompound in this fraction. Dehydrocorticosterone [0.93%] and an alkaloid - dasycarpidine [2.43%]were also detected. The aqueous fraction [8.2%] of the defatted acidified alcoholic extract affordedthe simple plant sugars: glycerol [7.74%], mannose [20. 16%], xylose [8.04%] and glucose whichoccurred in the highest proportion [33.20%]: all were identified as siloxy derivatives by GC-MSanalysis. Oils Coupled solution of oil slick and depth averaged tidal currents on three-dimensional geometry ofPersian Gulf. Yazdi, S.R. Sabbagh International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2006; 2 (4): 309-17 (17 ref.) Keywords: Water Pollution; Biometry; Geology Abstract: In this paper, simulation of oil spill due to tidal currents in Persian Gulf is performed bycoupled solution of the hydrodynamics equations and an equation for convection and diffusion ofthe oil. The hydrodynamic equations utilized in this work consist of depth average equations ofcontinuity and motion in two dimensional horizontal planes. The effect of evaporation is consideredin the continuity equation and the effects of bed slope and friction, as well as the Coriolis effectsare considered in two equations of motion. The overlapping cell vertex finite volume method isapplied for solving the governing equations on triangular unstructured meshes. Using unstructuredmeshes provides great flexibility for modeling the flow in arbitrary and complex geometries, suchas Persian Gulf flow domain. The results of the hydrodynamic model for tidal currents in PersianGulf domain is examined by imposing tidal fluctuations to the main flow boundary during a limitedperiod of time. Finally, the developed model is used to simulate an accidental oil spill from a pointin Persian Gulf. 23 IMEMR Current Contents Subjects Index Oocytes Physiology In vitro survival rate of bovine oocytes following vitrification in glass capillary micropipette [GCM].Babaei, H.; Nematollahi Mahani, S. N.; Kheradmand, A.; Ayen, E. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research 2006; 7 (1): 8-13 (36 ref.) Keywords: Oocytes-Cytology; Cattle; Microtubules; Cryopreservation-Veterinary; ReproductiveTechniques Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of glass capillary micropipette [GCM]as a vessel for vitrification of bovine oocytes. Cumulus-oocyte complexes [COCs] were obtainedfrom slaughter-house and washed 5 to 6 times in the washing medium [TCM-199 + 20% FBS] andrandomly assigned to treatment and control group. In the first step of vitrification, COCs wereexposed to first vitrification solution [VS1] [l0% ethylene glycol [EG], 10% DMSO in holdingmedium [TCM-l99 + 10% FBS: HM]] for I min at room temperature and then placed in VS2 solution[20% EG, 20% DMSO in HM] for 25 sec and immediately were loaded into the GCM vessel. Thefilled portion of GCM vessels were placed in liquid nitrogen [LN [2]] for 3 to 5 sec and thencompletely immersed and stored there. The oocytes were thawed by immersing the capillary endof the straw in 1 ml of 0.25 M sucrose in HM and gently expelling the contents. After 1 min theoocytes were transferred into 100 micro l of 0.15 M sucrose in HM for another 5 mm and thenwashed with HM twice. For examining the in vitro developmental potential of vitrified- warmedoocytes, the oocytes were placed in 50 micro 1 droplet of maturation medium [TCM-l99 + 10%FBS - 10 IU/ml PMSG + 15 IU/ml HCG] covered with paraffin oil in a CO [2] incubator at 38.5°C for24 hrs. A high proportion of morphologically normal oocytes [90%] was recovered aftervitrification-warming. The percentage of live oocytes after 24 hrs when tested with trypan blue inGCM group was 85.18%, significantly did not differ from control group [90%]. The proportion ofoocytes which were found to have undergone nuclear maturation did not show statistical differencebetween the control and GCM group [61.29% vs 40%, respectively]. The results of present studydemonstrated that vitrification of immature bovine oocytes in the GCM vessels and EG + DMSOsolution have high survival rate. Oral Hygiene An evaluation of high school female student's knowledge and behaviour regarding oral hygiene.Haghighati, F.; Mofidi, F. Iranian Journal of Public Health 2006; 35 (1): 82-7 (15 ref.) Keywords: Oral Hygiene Index; Evaluation Studies; Schools; Students; Health Knowledge,Attitudes, Practice; Health Education, Dental Abstract: In today's world, due to incensement of communication and different social relationshipbetween people, oral health and aesthetic are considered more important than the past. The aimof this study was to assess the level of knowledge and behaviour of Gonbadkavoos, northern Iranhigh school female students regarding their oral hygiene and health status. In this descriptive studycluster, sampling technique was used to select 300 samples. The level of knowledge of eachindividual was assessed according to their information on the causes of caries, the preventiveeffect of fluoride supplement and so on. In terms of their oral health behaviour, tooth brushingfrequency, use of dental floss and regular dentist visit were recorded. Results revealed that 80% ofthe students were aware of the fluoride preventive action and 18% of them replied, "I don_t know",to this question. Parents were identified as their main source of oral health information by 68.3% ofthem and 12.6% identified the microbial activity as the main cause of dental caries. 44.3% ofstudents expressed lack of time as the main reason for irregular dentist visit and 70% of themstated, only upon dental problems, referred to the dentist. Sixty two percent of the studentsbrushed their teeth regularly. It is recommended to do similar researches on the level ofknowledge and behaviour, about dental and oral health in other populations. Permethrin Toxicity Comparison of Permethrin and Fipronil toxicity against German cockroach [Dictyoptera : Blattellidae]strains. Nasirian, H.; Ladonni, H.; Shayeghi, M.; Vatandoost, H.; Yaghoobi-Ershadi, MR; Rassi, Y.;Aboihassani, M.; Abaei, MR Iranian Journal of Public Health 2006; 35 (1): 63-7 (20 ref.) Keywords: Insecticides; Pyrazoles; Cockroaches; Blattellidae Abstract: Control of insect pests of agriculture, economic, and medical importance usuallyfocuses on the use of insecticides. The susceptibility levels of eleven strains of Germancockroaches, Blattella germanica [L.], were compared with a standard susceptible strain againstpermethrin and fipronil. The strains were collected from nine infested students_ dormitories andtwo infested hospitals in Tehran, capital of Iran. The susceptible strain showed LD50 of 0.43 μgand 0.96 ng for permethrin and fipronil respectively. Comparison of the resistance ratio of collectedstrain with susceptible strain showed resistance ratios of 8.6 to 17.7-folds for permethrin and 1.5 to2.6-folds for fipronil, respectively. The result of this investigation indicated that the all strains wereresistant to permethrin. Resistance spectrum of fipronil to permethrin showed different pattern ofsusceptibility to fipronil, indicating that there was no relationship between resistance to permethrinand fipronil. Photosensitivity Disorders The frequency of photosensitization in a dairy cattle herd infected by Leptospires. TalebkhanGaroussi, M. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research 2006; 7 (1): 70-2 (6 ref.) Keywords: Leptospirosis; Leptospira; Cattle 24 IMEMR Current Contents Subjects Index Abstract: Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease, which can induce hepatic lesions.Photosensitization [PS] maybe is the result of accumulation of photodynamic agents inunpigmented area of the skin exposed to sunlight which occurred due to hepatic lesions. Anoutbreak of leptospirosis was occurred in a dairy cattle herd complex with 760 dairy milking cowsin March [1990]. Totally, 412 cows [54.21%] showed clinical signs including fever, systemicmastitis, haemoglobinuria, jaundice, lameness, abortion and stillbirth. The microscopicagglutination test [MAT] was used for diagnosis of leptospirosis. The herd was infected withLeptospira interrogans grippotyphosa, L. interrogans icterohaemorrhagiae, L. interrogans pomona,L. interrogans canicola and L. interrogans hardjo. Only one [0.13%] cow showed PS in theunpigmented skin dorsum. MAT showed that she was infected with L. interrogans pomona, L.in!errogan.s hardjo and L of antibody. In spite of the high incidence of interrogansicterohaemorrhagiae with titre of 1:3200 leptospirosis, the frequency of PS was too low. Plant Extracts Activity of polyphenolic plant extracts as scavengers of free radicals and inhibitors of xanthineoxidase. Ahmad, Naseem Saud; Farman, Muhammad; Najmi, Muzammil Hasan; Mian, Kouser Bashir;Hasan, Aurangzeb Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2006; 2 (1): 1-6 (24 ref.) Keywords: Free Radical Scavengers; Enzyme Inhibitors; Xanthine Oxidase-Secretion; XanthineOxidase-Metabolism Abstract: The free radical scavenging activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts from six plantshas been evaluated, in vitro, using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] radical scavengingmethod and compared with ascorbic acid, quercetin. kaempferol and apigenin. Extracts of Pistaciaintegerrima leaves and galls exhibited highest DPPH radical scavenging activity among all theplants extracts examined. Carissa carandas from Apocynaceae and Vitex negundo ofVerbenaceae family also demonstrated DPPH radical scavenging activity. Inhibitory effectstowards the in-vitro reaction of hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase [XO] was also carried out in thepresence of plant extract, aglycones quercetin, kaempferol and apigenin along with allopurinol Theextracts from Pistacia integerrima galls exhibited highest XO inhibitory activity than leaves ofPistacia integerrima and other plant extracts, was comparable with aglycones but less thanallopurniol, a pharmacologically different structure. The increased DPPH radical scavenging andXO inhibitors activity by Pistacia integerrima galls may be partly exerted by flavonoids producedduring stress of an insect aphids [Pemphogus species] attack on the leaves. The results indicatethat Pistacia integerrima may be a good candidate for future studies in vivo models of gout andhyperuricemia. Plants, Medicinal Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory potential of some Pakistani medicinalplants. Khan, Rafeeq Alam; Bukhari, Ishfaq Ali; Nawaz, Sarfraz Ahmad; Choudhary, Muhammad Iqbal Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2006; 2 (1): 7-10 (21 ref.) Keywords: Acetylcholinesterase-Metabolism; Butyrylcholinesterase-Metabolism; Cholinesterase Inhibitors Abstract: The crude extracts of some selected Pakistani medicinal plants, namely, Acaciamodesta, Buddleja crispa. Carthamus oxycantha, Conyza bonariensis and Tanacetumartemisioides were assessed for their inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase [AChE] andbutyrylcholinesterase [BChE]. All the tested plant extracts exhibited dose dependent [0.25 - 1.0mg/ml] inhibitory effects against both these enzymes with more selectivity for BChE. A. modestaand C. bonariensis showed activity against BChE only. The plant extracts of B. crispa C.oxycantha and T. artemisioides caused maximum inhibition of AChE at 1.0 mg/ml with % inhibitionof 28, 34 and 48 respectively. In the BChE inhibitory evaluation all the tested plant extracts at 1.0mg/ml produced marked inhibition [68-80%] of the enzyme activity. The results show the presenceof selective BChE inhibitory constituents in the aforementioned plant extracts. Antimicrobial and phytochemical screening of three commonly used medicinal plants. AbdElMoniem, MA.; Mustafa, AF. Omdurman Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2006; 1 (2): 200-8 (8 ref.) Keywords: Plant Extracts; Anti-Infective Agents; Terminalia; Acacia; Tephrosia; MicrobiologicalTechniques Abstract: In the present study, antimicrobial activities of nine extracts from three medicinal plantsindigenous to Sudan and commonly used in traditional medicine, namely Terminalia brownie,Acacia seyal and Tephrosia opollinea, were tested against four standard bacterial strains: Bacillussubtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Eseherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and three fungalstrains: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans. The results exhibited that thechloroformic and methanolic extracts had prominent activity against most of the testedmicroorganisms. On the other hand, the benzene extract was devoid of any antimicrobial activityagainst all tested organisms. Due to the prominent antimicrobial activity of Terminalia brownie, itwas subjected to an in-depth phytochernical investigation. Column chromatography of themethanolic extract resulted in the isolation of a crystalline compound [Tb/1]. The chemicalstructure Tb/1 was elucidated by infra-red coupled with nuclear magnetic resonance [1HNMR and13CNMR] and electron impact mass spectrophotometer [ElMS] as beta-Lupeol. This compoundwas not previously reported from T. brownii. It exhibited a high antifungal activity against C.albicans. Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic Optimization of sample preparation for 1-hydroxypyrene as a major biomarker of exposure to PAHsprior to HPLC. Shahtaheri, SJ.; Ibrahim, L.; Golbabaei, F.; Hosseini, M.; Fouladi, B. Iranian Journal of Public Health 2006; 35 (1): 33-41 (21 ref.) Keywords: Pyrenes; Biological Markers Abstract: Urinary 1-hydroxypuren [1-OHP] is commonly used as a major metabolite and biologicalindicator of the overall exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs]. For evaluation ofhuman exposure to such compounds, biological monitoring is an essential process, in which,preparation of samples is one of the most time-consuming and error-prone aspects prior tochromatographic techniques. In this study, non classic form of liquid-liquid extraction [LLE] wasoptimized with regard to solvent type, solvent volume, extraction temperature, mixing type, andmixing duration. Through the extraction process, a mild 25 IMEMR Current Contents Subjects Index temperature was used to keep thecompound of interest as stable as possible. In this study, a high performance liquidchromatography, using reverse-phase column was used. The isocratic run was done at a constantflow rate of 0.8 ml/min, the mobile phase was methanol/water and a fluorescence detector wasused, setting at 242 nm and 388 nm. At the developed conditions, the extraction recovery wasexceeded 87.3%, achieving detection limit of 0.2 μg/l. The factors were evaluated statically and theprocedure was validated with three different pools of spiked urine samples and showed a goodreproducibility over six consecutive days as well as experiments. It was concluded that, thisoptimized method could simplify sample preparation for trace residue analysis of PAHsmetabolites. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Niger Delta Soil : contamination sources and profiles. Abbas,A.Olajire; Brack, W. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2006; 2 (4): 343-52 (30 ref.) Keywords: Soil; Soil Pollutants Abstract: The distribution and sources of PAHs in soil as well as PAHs profiles have beeninvestigated in areas with anthropogenic pollution in the Niger Delta [Nigeria] such as Warri andUghelli. PAHs were identified in 21 soil samples [0- 10cm upper layer] collected in May, 2003. Thetypical total PAHs level in Niger Delta soil ranged from 182 +/- 112 - to - 433 +/-256 ig/kg dw. PAHconcentrations in soil samples from Warri Refinery, Tanker Loading point and Ugboko via Rapeleoil field were quite high [ the mean OPAH concentrations were 433, 402 and 384 ig/kg dry weightrespectively]. The dominant PAHs in soil samples were pyrene, naphthalene and benzo[k]fluoranthene. The soil total PAHs [PAHtot.] concentration, normalized to organic carbon content[OC], ranged from 11.4 to 47.2 mg PAHtot./kg OC; and showed that organic matter of the soilsamples from Quality Control Centre, Ugelli West is highly contaminated with PAHs and had avalue of 47.2 +/- 31.2 mg PAH tot ./kg OC. Two and three ring aromatic hydrocarbonspredominated in soil samples from Ughelli West , Tanker Loading point and Delta Steel Company,which is indicative of petrogenic origin. Prostatic Neoplasms Pathology Relationship between Gleason's score and immunohistochemical staining intensity of tissue PSA inprostatic carcinoma. Hussain, Afshan Kamran; Riaz, Sabiha; Ur-Rahman, Saeed Pakistan Journal of Pathology 2006; 17 (1): 2-9 (34 ref.) Keywords: Prostatic Neoplasms-Diagnosis; Carcinoma-Pathology; Prostatic-Specific Antigen;Immunohistochemistry; Evaluation Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the usefulness of Immunohistochemical Staining of Tissue PSAin determining the severity of Prostatic Carcinoma. Material and Methods: An explanatory studycarried out at the Department of Histopathology of a Tertiary Care Hospital Lahore, from January1999 to July 2002. Sixty-two [62]- cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma were graded with Gleason`sscore and stained with immunohistochemical stain for tissue PSA. Intensity of staining wascorrelated with Gleason`s score and relationship was evaluated by ANOVA and simple regression.Specificity & sensitivity of staining intensity was estimated for specific Gleason`s scores. Results:Age of the 62 cases ranged between 50 _ 90 years and no significant difference was foundbetween age groups regarding tumor cell differentiation. Staining intensity was found to bepositively related to cellular differentiation [-2 51]. `Relationship between staining intensity andGleason`s score showed an inverse relationship with ANOVA / linear regression; F statistic of209.72 [p.0001] and R 0.882. Conclusion: Our study confirmed the findings of other internationalstudies exploring relationships between Gleason`s score and staining intensity of tissue PSA.Staining of tissue PSA with immunohistochemical stains is helpful in diagnosing the severity of thetumor grade as a complimentary tool along with Gleason`s scoring. Pyelonephritis Abattoir survey of bovine pyelonephritis. Karimi, I.; Shahgholian, M.; Ebrahimi, A.; Mahzounieh, M. R. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research 2006; 7 (1): 59-61 (10 ref.) Keywords: Cattle; Abattoirs; Kidney-Pathology Abstract: In order to investigate the prevalence and detection of etiological agents ofpyelonephritis in Shahrekord abattoir, 404 kidneys of slaughtered cattle [207 female and 197 male]were inspected. Kidney samples, which had gross changes were obtained for histologicalexamination. Urine and renal tissue samples were also collected aseptically for microbiologicalexamination. In histological examination pyelonephritis were observed in 3 cases [0.74%], one ofwhich occurred in a 7-year-old cow and the others in bulls less than 2-year-old. In microbiologicalexamination E. coil was isolated from urine and renal tissues in 2 cases and Staphylococcusaureus isolated only from renal tissue in the other case. Reproductive Techniques, Assisted The role of sperm chromatin anomalies on the outcome of assisted reproductive techniques. Razavi,Shahnaz; Nasr-Esfahani, Mohammad; Mardani, Mohammad Yakhteh Medical Journal 2006; 7 (4): 206-15 (119 ref.) Keywords: DNA Fragmentation; Chromatin; Spermatozoa; Pregnancy Outcome; Fertilization inVitro; Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic; Apoptosis Abstract: Sperm DNA is known to contribute one half of the genomic material to the offspring. Theintegrity of sperm DNA is important in fertilization, embryonic and fetal development, and postnatalchild well being. The nature has created multiple barriers that allow only the fittest sperm to reachand fertilize an oocyte. However, assisted reproductive techniques [ART], like IVF and ICSI, mayallow sperms with abnormal genomic material to enter the oocyte with minimal effort. This articledescribes 26 IMEMR Current Contents Subjects Index structure of sperm DNA and different mechanism involved in sperm chromatinanomalies and DNA damage. Furthermore, this study elaborates possible sperm selectionmethods that may improve the outcome of ART. Respiratory Tract Diseases Parasitology Leech infestation in oro-pharynx. Butt, Tariq; Saeed, Furrukh; Chohan, Arshad Muhammad Pakistan Journal of Pathology 2006; 17 (1): 42-4 (17 ref.) Keywords: Leeches; Oropharynx-Parasitology; Oropharynx-Pathology; Water Pollution Abstract: Leech can infest human as ecto- and endoparasite. Endoparasitism occurs mostcommonly in respiratory passage usually by drinking contaminated water. The most likelymanifestations of endoparasitism are haemoptysis, haematemesis, dyspnoea or blood stainedsaliva. We present a case of leech infestation in oropharynx in a young soldier resulting inhaematemesis and blood stained saliva. High index of suspicion must be entertained if patientbelong to some rural population where aquatic leeches are commonly found and presenting withsuch symptoms particularly unexplained bleeding from throat and or blood stained saliva. Rift Valley Fever Rift valley fever outbreak in Yemen 2000 : Disease Investigation and sero-survey studies. Thabet,Ahmed Ali K.; Al-Hamadi, Najib A.; Al-Hemiari, Amin; Al-Hanami, Mohamed; Imran, Jamal Sudanese Journal of Public Health 2006; 1 (1): 31-5 (14 ref.) Keywords: Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral; Disease Outbreaks; Seroepidemiologic Studies Abstract: A total of 1080 suspected cases of haemorrhagic fever including 140 deaths werereported in Tihama [Yemen] between September and December 2000. Laboratory, testingidentified evidence of acute Rift Valley Fever Virus [RVFV] in the outbreak areas. Of the 725persons enrolled in a serosurvey study.34 [4.7%] were anti-RVF IgM positive and 109 [15.0%]were anti-RVF IgG positive. The overall attack rate was 18.6% with an estimated 25,000 cases inAz-Zuhra district during the course of the outbreak. In multivariable analysis contact with animals'body fluids was the most important modifiable risk factor for RVF infection. Although cattle andcamels were also injected the most susceptible animals appeared to be sheep and goats but. Thestudy shows that RVFV occurred in close association with the Wadi systems and the infectionrates were particularly higher closer to the exit from the mountains to the alluvial friar. No positiveanimals were found South of Wadi Siham or East towards Taiz Province. Also comparatively fewpositive animals were found in the randy ecozones, which constitute most of the Tihama area, andonly very few in the highland areas of Taiz, Ibb and, Al-Jawf. There may have resulted from animalmovements or represents an evidence of some RVFV activity in these areas. Public healtheducation during epizootics may reduce human illness and deaths associated with futureoutbreaks. Salmonella Infections Microbiology Analysis of the antibiotics resistance detected in 415 strains of salmonella isolated in stool culturesof Turkish patients with diarrhea. Abo Asaker, Esmat; Yurdak, Kadriye PMJ - Palestinian Medical Journal 2006; 2 (1) (12 ref.) Keywords: Salmonella Infections-Drug Therapy; Diarrhea-Drug Therapy; Diarrhea-Microbiology;Feces-Microbiology; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Retrospective Studies Abstract: From May, 1987 to December, 1994 Antibiotic resistance to 415 patients withSalmonella gastroenteritis was studied. Seventy seven percent of the isolated Salmonella wereserogroup B, 21% were serogroup D and 2% were serogroup C. Serotypes were detected in 77%of S. serogroup B. Of these, 88% were S. typhimurium and 12% were S. paratyphi B. Generallyresistance rate to commonly used antibiotics [Trimethoprim -Sulphamethoxazole, Ampicillin,Sulbactam Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol and Gentamicin] were high. But it showed continuousdecreasing up to years 1992, 1993, except resistance rates to sulbactam ampicillin which shows acontinuous decrease up to 1994. Resistance rates to cefuroxime and ceftriaxone were generallylow, but there were a notable increase in resistance in the last years. No strains showedresistance to quinolones. The isolates of serogroup Bwere found to be more resistant to theantibiotics studied. Resistance of non typhiodal Salmonella to all antibiotics studied with theexception of cefriaxone and cefuroxime have significantly decreased during the interval from 1991to 1994 in comparison to that from 1987 to 1990. It's concluded that, although it is evident thatthere has been progressive decrease in resistance of non-typhoidal Salmonella strains tocommonly used antibiotics, Salmonella strains still have high resistance against these antibiotics.On the other hand, third generation cephalosporin have been used successfully in enteric feverand salmonella gastroenteritis in children when it's indicated. Our results, however, show thatresistance against third generation cephalosporins started to increase in the last years . Therefore, it is recommended that wide use of them should be avoided. 27 IMEMR Current Contents Subjects Index Sarcoidosis Diagnosis Sarcoidosis. Al-Astal, Amro PMJ - Palestinian Medical Journal 2006; 2 (1) (8 ref.) Keywords: Sarcoidosis-Drug Therapy; Sarcoidosis-Complications; Adrenal CortexHormones-Therapeutic Use; Pentoxifylline- Therapeutic Use; Thalidomide-Therapeutic Use; Drug Therapy,Combination; Treatment Outcome; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Schistosoma mansoni Nephrotic syndrome following Schistosoma mansoni. Saeed, M.K.; Ibrahim, M.; Nema, MA. Sudanese Journal of Public Health 2006; 1 (1): 56-8 (7 ref.) Keywords: Schistosoma mansoni-Complications; Nephrotic Syndrome-Diagnosis; NephroticSyndrome-Etiology; Prevalence Abstract: A young Sudanese female presented with features of generalized edema for the lastthree years. Examination showed anasarca, hepatomegaly and anemia. Investigations confirmedthe presence of Nephrotic syndrome with normal renal function. It also showed iron deficiencyanemia and leukamoid reaction, hypereosinophilia. Causes for hypereosinophilia were excluded.Renal biopsy showed the diagnosis of amyloidosis. Stool by concentration method diagnosed.Schistosoma mansoni as possible explanation for all the, manifestations. Leucocytosis,hypereosinophilia responded to steroids and antihelminthic therapy however the patientglomerulopathy progressed to end stage and the patient was put on regular renal replacementtherapy. Schistosomiasis Diagnosis Schistosoma mansoni associated mortaiity in Gezira : Determined by clinical and ultrasoundexamination. Saeed, Osman K.; Dessein, Alain J.; El-Wali, Nasruddin; Adeel, Ahmed A.; Mayzoub,Mubarak; El-Samani, Kamal A.; Youssif, Yousif M.; Qurashi, Mohamed A. Sudanese Journal of Public Health 2006; 1 (1): 27-30 (6 ref.) Keywords: Schistosomiasis-Epidemiology; Schistosomiasis-Mortality; Prevalence; Schistosoma mansoni;Ultrasonography; Splenomegaly-Pathology; Liver-Pathology Abstract: Background: Schistosomiasis is the most common problem in Gezira area. Theprevalence among school children could reach up to 90% in some villages. This study wasconducted in a small village in the Gezira area in central Sudan. This part of the Gezira is wellknown for its high endemicity of Bilharzia. Methods: A total of 428 individuals were included in thestudy. All were examined clinically and by Ultrasoungraphy for spleen and liver. Stoll specimenswere also taken from all the subjects and were examined for Schistosoma mansoni ova. Results:The prevalence of schistosomasis was found to be 72% in males and 68 3% in females. It wasalso observed that the overall prevalence of splenomegaly on the examined subjects was 35.8%.Males recorded higher prevalence of splenomegaly [38.8%] compared to females [32.7%] [p =/0.05]. The observed prevalence of hepatomegaly was 12.6%., with high prevalence among males[13.1%] compared to females [11.2%]. Out of the 406 subjects examined by ultrasound, 266[63.1%] were found to have evidence of periportal fibrosis. The hepatomegaly in the differentgrades1.2 and 3 are 12.6%, 3.8% and 0% respectively. Conclusion: It is clear from the above datathat the size of the spleen increases while the size of the liver decreases with the severity ofperiportal fibrosis. Immunology Correlation between cytokine expression levels and formation of symmers' periportal fibrosis inSchistosomiasis. Elobaid, EA.; Chesbro, J.; Bull, P.; Fonray, S.; AbdAlla, IB.; Hommeida, MM.; Gerlach, J. Omdurman Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2006; 1 (2): 135-41 (9 ref.) Keywords: Schistosoma mansoni; Fibrosis; Liver Cirrhosis; Cytokines; Tumor NecrosisFactor-alpha; Inter Leukins Abstract: This study has been conducted on 23 Sudanese patients with Schistosomiasismansoni, eight of whom were positive for Symmers' fibrosis. Twenty three DNA samples, obtainedfrom these patients, were examined for polymorphism in promoter regions. introns and leadersequences for various cytokines. The cytokines and polymorphs tested included: TNF- alpha,TGF-beta 1, IL-10, IL-6 and IFN-gamma. Cytokine expression levels obtained from hand analysison the electrophoresis gel allowed for profiling of the patients tendency to be pro- or antiinflammatorywhen challenged. Pro- inflammatory cytokines are TGF-beta 1 and IL- 10. As seen inthe results, the only noticeable difference between the two groups was in IFN-gamma levels,where nearly all the samples [87.5%, 7/8] positive for Symmers' fibrosis expressed high levels ofthe cytokine, whereas only 58.3 [7/12] expressed low levels of IFN-gamma in samples negative forSymmers' fibrosis. In conclusion, when comparing cytokine expression levels with liver fibrosis, nostrong correlation could be found The relative risk values obtained were low and implied that therewas no significant correlation between the expression levels ct TGF-beta 1 IL-l0 and TFN-gammaand the production of Syinmers' fibrosis. 28 IMEMR Current Contents Subjects Index Schizophrenic Psychology Level of schizophrenic thinking in adults and their visual-motor performance. Munaf, Seema;Rizwan, Muhammad; Aftab, Sobia Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2006; 2 (1): 33-6 (12 ref.) Keywords: Thinking; Schizophrenic Language; Confusion; Verbal Behavior; Problem Solving;Psychomotor Performance Abstract: The present study aims to determine the relationship between schizophrenic thinkingand Visual-Motor Performance of Adults. It was hypothesized that there could be a negativecorrelation between schizophrenic thinking and Visual-Motor performance. The sample consistedof 98 adults [41 males and 57 females], whose age range was from 19-45 years and all of thembelonged to middle socioeconomic level. In order to assess schizophrenic thinking andVisual-Motor Performance, Whitaker index of Schizophrenic Thinking test [Whitaker, 1980] andSlosson Visual Motor Performance Test for children and adults [Slosson, 1996] were administered.For the quantitative analysis, Pearson Product Moment correlation was applied. The results wereconsistent with the hypothesis, regarding the predictive relationship between both the variables,which indicates that adults with higher trends of Schizophrenic thinking, have lower Visual-Motorperformance and adults with lower trends of Schizophrenic thinking. have higher Visual-Motorperformance. Semen Analysis Seasonal variation in the characteristics of the Azarbaijani buffalo [Bubalus bubalis] semen.Alavi-Shoushtari, S. M.; Babazadeh- Habashi, B. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research 2006; 7 (1): 49-54 (15 ref.) Keywords: Buffaloes; Seasons; Spermatozoa; Sperm Motility Abstract: To study the seasonal variation in the characteristics of the Azarbaijani buffalo semen,three 2-4-year-old bulls of Azarbaijani water buffaloes, kept in the Buffalo Breeding Center, inUrmia, northwest of Iran, were selected. Semen samples were collected once a week for a periodof one year using artificial vagina and a buffalo cow as a dummy. Semen volume, colour, pH andmotility and spermatozoa motility, viability, morphology and concentration were examined. Duringone calendar year, 129 semen samples were examined. The mean values were plotted and acurve was drawn for the annual variations in each parameter. The comparison of the mean valuesin each sampling and in different seasons and the correlation between these variations andecological factors, such as temperature, rainfall and day length were also studied. Semen wascharacterized by a mean [+/- SEM] ejaculation volume of 4 +/- 0.14 ml, semen colour density scoreof 3.75 +/- 0.07, pH of 6.97 +/- 0.03 and motility score of 2.89 0.05. The sperm motility of 75.85%+/- 1.59% and sperm viability of 73.2% +-/ 1.56% were observed; 11.55% +/- 0.42% ofspermatozoa had abnoraml morphology. The mean [+/- SEM] sperm concentration was 1239.9 +/-34.11 x 10 [6] cells/ml. All of the studied parameters showed fluctuations throughout the year butthese variations were statistically significant only in some occasions and were mostly correlatedwith length of the day. Semen of better quality was collected in summer and autumn. Septicemia Etiology Increasing trend of antimicrobial drug-resistance in Pseudomonas aeruguiosa causing septicemia.Moniri, R.; Mosayebi, Z.; Morahedian, AH.; Mossavi, GhA Iranian Journal of Public Health 2006; 35 (1): 58-62 (20 ref.) Keywords: Septicemia-Diagnosis; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas Infections; Cross Infection;Drug Resistance, Multiple Abstract: The emergence of multi-drug resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa hascomplicated treatment decision and may lead to treatment failures. In this study, we describe thetrends of drug-resistant P. aeruginosa isolated in blood cultures from patients detected in a tertiaryteaching hospital and evaluated the prevalence of resistance to amikacin, ampicillin, carbeni- cillin,cefixime, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, imipenem, andtrimethoprim/ sulfameth- oxazole in sixty-nine strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from neonates withsepticemia in Kashan, Iran, from April, 2000 to June 2004. In assessment of the current breadth ofmulti-drug resistance in P. aeruginosa isolated from neonates with septicemia, 4.3% weresusceptible to all studied agents, 10.1% were resistant to a single agent. Multi-drug resistance[MDR] isolates accounted for 73.9% of isolates. The majority of MDR isolates [41.2%] wereresistant to three antimicrobial agents, which accounted for 30.4% of all isolates. Nineteen MDRisolates from fifty-one [37.3%] were resistant to four agents [19 out of 69; 27.5% of all isolates] and21.6% to five agents [15.9% of all isolates]. Statistical analysis confirmed that there were nosignificant differences between multi-drug resistance phenotypes of isolates with age, gender,gestational age, outcome of septicemia, and application of respirator in neonates. Continued localsurveillance studies are urged to monitor emerging antimicrobial resistance and to guideinterventions to minimize its occurrence. Shigella flexneri Isolation and Purification Determination of distribution of icsA gene and IcsA protein bands between Shigella flexneri isolatedfrom 3 hospitals in Tehran. 29 IMEMR Current Contents Subjects Index Vala, Mojdeh Hakemi; Nowroozi, Jamileh; Kazemi, Bahram Yakhteh Medical Journal 2006; 7 (4): 250-3 (16 ref.) Keywords: Shigella flexneri-Cytology; Bacterial Proteins; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Cell Separation;Hospitals Abstract: Introduction: Shigella is a facultative intracellular pathogen that uses the host actincytoskeleton protein for intra- and intercellular spread. The aim of this study was to determine thedistribution of icsA gene and IcsA expressed protein bands among Shigella flexneri strains isolatedfrom 3 clinical centers in Tehran. Material and Methods: Two hundred and seventy five isolatedShigella flexneri strains were identified by standard microbiological and biochemical methods.DNA isolation was performed using sodium perchlorate method. Hot start-PCR was done with 2pairs of primers and the products were separated through agarose gel [0.8%] in TAE buffer. DNAfragments were visualized by ethidium bromide staining under UV illumination. Whole membranepreparation was used to examine the protein profiles and identification of probable IcsA [120-kda]protein band by SDS-PAGE. Results: From 100 isolated Shigella flexneri strains, both bands of1600 bp and 1709 bp were detected in 46 isolates [46%]. A 120 kDa band which seems to berelated to IcsA protein was detected in 46 isolates [46%]. The protein bands varied between 30and 150 kDa.Discussion: IcsA is both necessary and sufficient for actin assembly in Shigellaflexneri. Since icsA gene and IcsA protein band were not found in all Shigella strains, it seems thatnot all strains have the same pathogenesis. On the other hand, since the demonstration of icsAgene by PCR in all Shigella strains [46%] corresponded to the presence of a 120 kDa protein bandby SDS-PAGE [46%], it seems that both tests may confirm each other. However, the PCR may bemore accurate than SDS-PAGE. Sinusitis Diagnosis Paranasal sinus mycosis in suspected fungal sinusitis. Jahromi, Shahindokht Bassiri; Khaksar, AliAsghar Iranian Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases 2006; 1 (1): 25-9 (20 ref.) Keywords: Sinusitis-Microbiology; Paranasal Sinuses-Pathology; Paranasal Sinuses-Microbiology;Mycoses-Diagnosis; Mycoses-Complications; Diagnosis, Differential; Paranasal Sinus Diseases Abstract: Background: Fungal infections of the paranasal sinuses in the immunocompetentpatients are being recognized with increasing frequency. Infections are assigned in invasive andnoninvasive forms. Materials and methods: In a retrospective study, a total 39 patients withsuspected fungal sinusitis were studied for causative fungal .agents between 1994 and 2001Dinagnosis was confirmed by demonstration of fungi in direct preparations and culture techniques.Samples were biopsy specimens taken from the sinuses or exudates from deep sinus tracts.Results: Paranasal sinuses mycoses were proven in 18 patients, including 12 men and 6 women,their age ranging from 17-58 years. The most frequently isolated organisms were Aspergillus spp.and Candida spp. Paranasal sinuses infections by Cladosporium trichoides [bantianum] andPseudallescheria boydii are reported for the first time in Iran from Pasteur Institute, Conclusion Inour series. Aspergillus flavus has been isolated more frequently than other agents. Keywords:Fungal infecrtion, Paranasal sinuses infection, Sinuses mycoses. Smoking First cigarette smoking experience among secondary-school students in Aden, Republic of Yemen.Bawazeer, A. A.; Hattab, A. S.; Morales, E. YHMRJ - Yemeni Health and Medical Research Journal 2006; 3 (9): 65-77 (14 ref.) Keywords: Tobacco Use Disorder; Prevalence; Schools; Students Abstract: The objectives of this study were first to estimate the prevalence of cigarette smokingamong secondary-school students and then to identify and analyse the demographic, social andcultural risk factors associated with the first cigarette smoking experience A sample comprising1000 student was selected randomly. Results showed that 19.6% of the total sample smoke;15.5% among females and 21.9% among males. Family and/or friends appeared to influence thefirst cigarette experience and thus prevention strategies should involve not only the studentsthemselves but the home, school and social environments also. Global Youth Tobacco Survey [GYTS] Republic of Yemen -2003. Bahaj, Ahmed Ali YHMRJ - Yemeni Health and Medical Research Journal 2006; 3 (9): 49-64 (5 ref.) Keywords: Tobacco; Tobacco Use Disorder; World Health Organization; Data Collection; HealthSurveys; Questionnaires Abstract: Introduction:- The global youth Tobacco Survey [GYTS] was developed by WHO/CDCto track tobacco use among youth in different countries. It is a school-based survey designed touse two- stage cluster sample to produce representative data on smoking among school-agestudents 13-15 years. Objectives:- GYTS-Yemen 2003 report describes the knowledge, attitudeand behavior of young people regarding tobacco use, their exposure to environmental tobaccosmoke [ETS], pro-tobacco as well as anti- tobacco advertisement. It reveals also the extent toyoung people receive anti- tobacco knowledge in the schools. Methods:- We conducted schoolbased,two-stage cluster survey in governmental and private schools in three governorates ofYemen [n 12658, age 13-15 years], using a standardized questionnaire based on the Global Youthtobacco Survey. Results:- 19.8% of boys and 10.6% of girls had ever smoked cigarette. ETSexposure is high, over 4 in 10 students live in home where others smoke in their presence, almost5 in 10 expose to smoke in public places and over 4 in 10 have parents who smoke. Over 7 in 10of students think smoke from others is harmful to them. Over 80% of current smokers want to stopsmoking and 70% of current smokers tried to stop smoking during the past year and failed.30.8%think boys and 21.5% think girls who smoke have more friends and 24.9% think boys and 17.9%think girls who smoke look more attractive. In the past 30 days more than 80% saw pro- tobaccoadvertisements in billboards and 18.6% have an object with cigarette brand logo. Less than half ofstudents [4 1%] had been taught in the class about the danger and effect of tobacco use and only20% had discussed why people in their age smoke Conclusion:- The prevalence of tobacco useamong students is quite high. Young students are 30 IMEMR Current Contents Subjects Index daily exposed to ETS, tobacco advertisementsand can access tobacco product easily. Immediate interventional prevention measures are neededto limit dangerous effects of tobacco on young population. Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic Effect of human sperm MTT viability test on outcome of intracytoplasmic sperm injection.Aboutorabi, Roshanak; Esfahani, Mohammad; Baharvand, Hossein Yakhteh Medical Journal 2006; 7 (4): 254-7 (17 ref.) Keywords: Fertilization in Vitro; Infertility, Male; Oligospermia; Spermatozoa; PregnancyRate Abstract: Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of human sperm MTTviability assay on outcome of intracytoplasmic sperm injection. MTT is a tetrazolium salt, routinelyused for cell proliferation and cytotoxicity assays.Material and Methods: 50microl of processedsemen was treated with MTT solution, while the remaining used as the control. Meanwhile, 109donated human oocytes [metaphase II] obtained from 12 patients were divided into two groups.Fifty five oocytes were injected using MTT positive sperms, while 54 oocytes were injected withsperms from the control group. Then the injected oocytes were cultured and observed at 18, 42,66, 90, and 114 hours pos- ICSI. Finally, the fertilization and embryo development rates werecompared in both groups.Results: No significant differences were observed between fertilizationand embryo development rates in the MTT and control groups.Conclusion: In future studies afterapproving that the MTT has not cytotoxic or teratogenic effects, then sperm MTT viability assaymight be useful for ICSI in patients with absolute or severe asthenospermia or in patients withhighly deformed sperm tails. Spermatogenesis Graft efficiency of Co-cultured spermatogonial cells using sperm assay in epididymal lumen ofrecipient mice. Anjamrooz, Seyed; Morahedin, Mansoureh; Tiraihi, Taki; Mowla, Seyed Javad Yakhteh Medical Journal 2006; 7 (4): 242-9 (42 ref.) Keywords: Fertility; Mice; Immunohistochemistry; Risk Factors Abstract: Introduction: Transplantation of germ cells restores the male fertility. Nevertheless, a lotof questions remain incompletely resolved. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitrocolonization efficiency of germ cells and sperm production capacity of spermatogonial cells beforeand after culture by sperm number assay in epididymis of recipient mice.Materials and Methods:We developed a Sertoli cell feeder in a co-culture system with spermatogonial cells and the cellswere co-cultured for 2 months. The cells were isolated from mouse neonates. Colony assay wasperformed during culture using light microscopy. The transplanted cells were traced using BrdUincorporation. Sperm parameters were assessed 2 months after transplantation.Results: Ourfindings showed that spermatogonial cells created colonies during culture. Transplantation of freshspermatogonial cells at a concentration of 2_10[5] cells/ml did not show significant differenceHowever, after transplantation of 2_10[5] cells/ml cultured for 2 weeks, the number of epididymalsperms in recipients increased significantly in groups with more fresh cells.Conclusion: Epididymalsperm number in recipient mice can be increased by enrichment of type A spermatogonial cellsusing an in vitro co-culture system. Other important factors include the source of donor cells andthe number of transplanted cells. Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Increase in serotonin-1A receptor responsiveness following haloperidol, withrawal. Shireen, Erum;Khan, Asma; Batool, Farhat; Haleem, Darakhshan Jabeen Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2006; 2 (1): 45-54 (45 ref.) Keywords: Haloperidol-Adverse Effects; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Serotonin-Physiology; SynapticTransmission; Serotonin Agonists Abstract: In view of a role of 5-hydroxtryptamine [serotonin; 5-HT]-1A receptors in the elicitation ofextrapyramidal symptoms [EPS], The present study was designed to monitor pre- andpostsynaptic responses to a selective 5 HT-1A ligand, 8-hydroxy-2- [di-n-propylamino] tetralin[8-OH-DPAT] following single and repeated [two times a day for 9 days] administration ofhaloperidol [5 mg/kg] in rats. The intensity of 5 H-T syndrome elicited by 8-OH-DPAT [0.5 mg/kg]was taken as measure of postsynaptic response. 8-OH-DPAT induced decreases of 5-HTmetabolism in the striatum and brain were taken as a measure of postsynaptic response.8-OH-DPAT induced forepaw treading and hyperlocomotion were smaller in haloperidol thansaline injected rats. The decreases were not observed following withdrawal from repeatedadministration of haloperidol. Flat body posture not altered by single injection of haloperidol wasenhanced following withdrawal from repeated administration of haloperidol. Haloperidol plus8OH-DPAT injected animals exhibited comparable levels of 5-HT metabolism in the striatum aswell as in the brain. Administration of 8-OH-DPAT significantly decreased 5-HT metabolism inbrain but not in striatum of repeated saline injected animals. Conversely, same dose of8-OH-DPAT injected to haloperidol-injected animals did not decrease 5-HT metabolism in thebrain but decreased it in the striatum. The results show an increase in the responsiveness ofpre-and postsynaptic 5-HT-responsiveness of post and presynaptic 5-HT-1A receptors may beinvolved in the greater incidence of EPS in patients treated with neuroleptics such as haloperidol. Surgical Wound Infection An experimental study on surgical wound contamination from distant infective source in rabbits.Sarrafzadeh-Rezaei, F.; Yousefbaigi, Gb.; Shariati, A. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research 2006; 7 (1): 29-33 (22 ref.) Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus; Rabbits; Risk Factors Abstract: Surgical wound infections are usually encountered due to the endogenous rather thanthe exogenous infective 31 IMEMR Current Contents Subjects Index sources. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a distantinoculated infective source on the contamination of surgical wounds. Thirty White New Zealandrabbits divided randomly into three control and three treatment equal groups. In treatment groups24 hrs before surgical intervention staphylococcus aureus was injected subcutaneously in rightthigh. In model animals, skin and muscles were incised 1 cm to the right of the vertebral columnand sutured, immediately. The relative frequency of staphylococcal contamination of tissuespecimens at 24 and 48 hrs after surgery in treatment groups were 20% and 60%, respectively.Statistical analysis did not show any significant differences in the rate of contamination betweencontrol and treatment groups at aforementioned times [P 0.05]. However, comparison at 72 hrsafter surgery, showed that the rate of contamination in treatment group is significantly more thancontrol ones [P = 0.004]. The presence of S. aureus in wounds of treatment animals at 72 hrs aftersurgery, suggested that microorganisms lodged in any part of body other than wound region couldcontaminate it, which could be important in wound healing. Tetanus Epidemiology Tetanus antitoxin levels and cutaneous anergy in hemodialysis patients in two university hospitals inIran. Aminzadeh, Zohreh; Yaghmaei, Farhad; Poorkazemi, Aydin; Gachkar, Latif Iranian Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases 2006; 1 (1): 31-4 (10 ref.) Keywords: Tetanus-Immunology; Tetanus-Prevention and control; Tetanus Antitoxin-Blood;Cross-Sectional Studies; Incidence; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Renal Dialysis; Immunization;Skin Tests Abstract: Background: The global incidence of tetanus is about I million cases annually. Tetanusantibody values decrease with age. Some patients with humoral immune deficiencies may notrespond adequately to tetanus toxoid vaccination. The incidence of infectious disease is increasedin patients with chronic renal failure. The purpose of this study was to determine tetanus antitoxinlevel and cutaneous anergy test in hemodiaksis patients. Materials and methods: A cross sectionalstudy was performed on 44 hemodialysis patients who had been on dialysis thrice a week for atleast 2 months. Quantitation of tetanus- specific antibodies was achieved by ELISA technique.Then, for Manteaux test 0.l ml of 1/10 saline diluted solution of tetanus and diphtheria toxoid wasinjected intradermally to the volar surface of the shunt-free arm. Induration was recorded 48 - 72hand 7 - 9 days after the injection. Results: Twenty-eight [64%] patients had induration //= 0.1 IU/ml.There was no significant correlation between age, sex, duration of dialysis, frequencies of dialysishistory of tetanus-diphtheria vaccination, and tetanus antitoxin levels. There was a significantdifference between induration size of anergy test results recorded on two separate observations[48 - 72h and 7 - 9 days after the test] [p 0.05]. Conclusion: Our results indicate that immunizationhistory was not consistent with protective antibody level, so monitoring immunization status andadministering the tetanus vaccine in hemodialysis patients are required. Keywords: Anergy test,Anti-tetanus antibody, Hemodialysis. Total Quality Management The role of total quality management in improving the quality of health care. Nassar, Abdallah PMJ - Palestinian Medical Journal 2006; 2 (1) (4 ref.) Keywords: Quality Assurance, Health Care; Health Services Needs and Demand; Health CareReform; Quality Indicators, Health Care Trichomonas Vaginitis Drug Therapy Invitro antitrichomonas activity of Allium hirtifolium [Persian Shallot] in comparison withmetronidazole. Taran, M.; Rezaeian, M.; Izaddoost, M. Iranian Journal of Public Health 2006; 35 (1): 92-4 (14 ref.) Keywords: Metronidazole-Therapeutic Uses; Metronidazole-Adverse Effects; Allium; Plants, Medicinal;Shallots Abstract: Trichomonas vaginalis infection is a sexually transmitted infection causing vaginitis andacute inflammatory disease of the genital mucosa. Although Metronidazole resistance in T.vaginalis is well documented, The only drug approved for the treatment of trichomoniasis in somecountries is metronidazole. Genus Allium plants including garlic; shallot and onion have had animportant medicinal role for centuries. Some study have proven antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral,antiprotozoal and antihelmintic properties of genus Allium plants. at first PSHE and PSDE [ persianshallot hydroalcoholic and dichlromethanic extract] was prepared in ethanol/water [50:50] anddichlromethane respectively at cool temperature [10°C]. genus Allium plants extracts were shownto decrease the oxygen uptake, reduce the growth of the organism, inhibit the synthesis of lipids,proteins and nucleic acids and damage membranes. In this study the Minimal InhibitoryConcentrations [MICs] of PSHE, PSDE and metronidazole respectively were 10, 5 and 2μg/ml.Persian shallot inhibited growth of T. vaginalis at low concentrations and in short times, thereforethis plant have some antitrichomonas components [including allicin, ajoene and otherorganosulfides] that antimicrobial properties of these was proven. 32 IMEMR Current Contents Subjects Index Trypanosomiasis Epidemiology Prevalence of imported West African Trypanosomiasis among prison inmates and displaced peoplein Khartoum state. Abd allal, IB.; Elnima, El.; Elobaid, EA.; Elkadaru, AY. Omdurman Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2006; 1 (2): 142-8 (9 ref.) Keywords: Trypanosomiasis, African-Epidemiology; Prevalence; Agglutination Tests; Prisons; Refugees;Age Factors; Sex Factors Abstract: The problem of sleeping sickness in the Sudan and its effect on the human population isa big worry to those working in the health care service. These facts directed the present work toestimate of the prevalence of Sleeping Sickness in prison inmates and displaced people ofdifferent age and sex groups in Khartoum state, and to evaluate and compare serologicaltechniques versus parasitological methods in the effective diagnosis of the infection. A total of 365individuals have been screened, during the period of August 1999 to February 2000 for sleepingsickness using serological technique [CATT = Card Agglutination Test for Trypanosomiasis] andconventional parasitological technique [3% Giemsa Stain]. Direct agglutination serology wasfurther investigated by a serial dilution of the serum using the CATT buffer [phosphate bufferedsaline solution, pH 7.2]. A total of 365 patients were screened 154 were prison inmates in the fourmajor prisons in Khartoum State. Out of the 365 screened individuals, 102 were positive by theconventional direct smear. The study has shown that prevalence of Sleeping sickness is 32% and26% among men and women, respectively. The prevalence of the disease among different agegroups in the four camps showed that it was high among people of the ages 15-45 years [38positive cases], and low in people of the ages 1-14 years [2 positive cases]. Tuberculin Test Evaluation of tuberculin skin test and booster effect in hemodialysis patients. Alimagham, Masomeh;Aminiafshar, Saied; Gachkar, Latif; Sharafim, Kamran; Farahbakhsh, Mohammad Iranian Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases 2006; 1 (1): 35-7 (10 ref.) Keywords: Tuberculosis-Diagnosis; Tuberculosis-Immunology; Tuberculosis-Epidemiology; RenalDialysis Abstract: Background: Tuberculosis is an endemic disease in Iran which may occur morfrequently among hemodialysis patients. We have evaluated tuberculin skin test [TST] inhemodialysis patients in a university hospital in 2003 - 2004. Materials and methods: Sixty-sevenhemodialyis patients were enrolled for tuberculin skin tests. Indurations were measured 48 - 72hours after the injection and then on the 7th day. Those with indurations less than 5mm in TST1were introduced for TST2. Results: Of 67 patients, 18 [26.9%] had indurations of less than 5mm inTST1 and were introduce for TST2 among whom 7 [39%] had an induration measured less than5mm. Of 18 cases, 11 [61%] were revealed to have booster effect that represent a ratio of 16% ofall studied hemodialysis patients in our study. Conclusion: It seems that the second TST is a betterindicator of infectivity in hemodialysis patients, especially for patients who require repeated orannual estimation for M. tuberculosis infection. Keywords: hemodialysis, Booster effect,Tuberculosis, Tuberculin skin test. Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis drug resistance patterns At SIUT. Jamal, Syed Asfar; Kamal, Mustafa; Rasool, SheikhAijar Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2006; 2 (1): 55-8 (22 ref.) Keywords: Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Utilization; Tuberculosis-Drug Therapy; AntitubercularAgents-Therapeutic Use; Risk Factors Abstract: Tuberculosis [TB] remains endmic in our population. The growing resistance to drugposes problems in treatment and prevention of this disease and transplanted patients. Immunestatus of many of the first group and majority of latter is comprised due to illness and drugsrespectively. There is thus a predisposition to TB in both these groups and therefore drugsensitivity testing is of extreme importance. At SIUT between Nov 2000 and Dec 2001 a total ofroutine clinical specimen were cultured for Mycobacteria by using Lowenstein-Jensen [LJ] slants.77.5% of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were susceptible to all five drugs. Resistance to any drugwas 22.5%. Highest resistance was against Isoniazid [13.75%] followed by Streptomycin [11.25%].Multi drug resistance [MDR] was only1.25%. Drug sensitivity testing has shown the Rifampicinremains resistant free and MDR remains low in our series of patients. However, such testing isnecessary in other populations groups since compliance, incomplete treatment and reinfection aremajor causes of everyday resistance in our population. Tuberculosis, Pulmonary Diagnosis Update on pulmonary tuberculosis. Al-Attar, Hussein PMJ - Palestinian Medical Journal 2006; 2 (1) (36 ref.) Keywords: Tuberculosis, Pulmonary-Radiography; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary-Therapy; Tuberculosis,Multidrug-Resistant; Antitubercular Agents-Therapeutic Uses; Drug Resistance, Bacterial 33 IMEMR Current Contents Subjects Index Vagina Surgery Total vaginal replacement with sigmoid colon experience at Gaza European hospital. Abudaia,Jehad PMJ - Palestinian Medical Journal 2006; 2 (1): 71-3 (10 ref.) Keywords: Vagina-Abnormalities; Colon, Sigmoid-Transplantation; Postoperative Complications Abstract: Absence of the vagina in the pediatric population most commonly results fromcongenital abnormalities.Vaginal replacement may be achieved by several techniques.We reiewour experience in the efficacy of using a segment of the sigmoid colon for primary vaginalreplacement. From 2001 to 2005 we evaluated five patients who required vaginal replacement. In 4patients the abnormality was suspected because of absent menstruation ,one patient wasdiscovered after marriage at the initial sexual approach .The diagnoses exclusively wasMayer-Rokitansky syndrome. The vagina was reconstructed using a 14 cm isolated sigmoidsegment . A minimum of 1 year of followup is available .The vagina had a good appearing introitus.Three patients already had an active sexual life[married] all reported to be satisfactory by thehusband and wife when asked separately.Stenosis at the mucocutaneous junction in one patientwas treated withY-V plasty. We conclude that our Experience with this group of patients leads usto believe that isolated sigmoid segments provides a cosmetic, self-lubricating neovagina with lowrates of failure and revision, and without the need for routine dilation. Vibrio cholerae Isolation and Purification Phenotypical analysis of vibrio cholerae 01 [Eltor and classic] biotypes by scanning electronmicroscope and transmission electron microscope. Goudarzi, Hossein; Bandehpour, Mojgan; Eslami, Gita;Fallah, Fatemeh; Heidari, Mohammad; Taheri, Sudabeh; Pourroshan, Roxana Khani Iranian Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases 2006; 1 (1): 15-7 (5 ref.) Keywords: Cholera-Microbiology; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Transmission; Microscopy,Immunoelectron; Vibrio cholerae-Ultrastructure Abstract: Background: Due to repeated cholera outbreaks in Iran and neighboring countries, thepresent study was performed to determine the prevalence of phenotypes of Ogawa and Inabaserotypes of Vibrio cholera 01 and classic Vibrio cholera 01 biotypes. Materials and methods:Scanning and transmission electron microscopy [SEM and TEM] were applied on 4 species, ofOgawa and Inaba serotypes and two classic serotypes of Vibrio cholera 01. Results: Membranediameter of Eltor was wider as compared to classic biotype. Number of ribosomes, proteinsynthesis, length and number of flagella were quite more in comparison with classic biotype.Conclusion: According to our findings, genome of classic biotype is more compact. Keywords:Vibrio cholera, Ogawa serotype, Inaba serotype, Transmission Electron Microscopy, ScanningElectron Microscopy. Water Alteration of macroinvertebrate community in community tropical aquatic systems in relation tosediment redox potential and overlaying water quality. Chakrabarty, D.; Das, S.K. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2006; 2 (4): 327-34 (23 ref.) Keywords: Water Pollution; Oxidation-Reduction Abstract: Limnological studies in two tropical Indian aquatic habitats showed thatmacroinvertebrate communities have greater diversity than other biotic communities present there.Sediment redox potential is found to be an important factor for alteration of macroinvertebratecommunities in aquatic bodies. Anthropogenic activities have influenced the changing of sedimentredox potential values of the studied sites and there by affected the macroinvertebratecommunities. The impact of farming on river banks on water quality of the rivers. Chimwanza, B.; Mumba, P.P.;Moyo, B.H.Z.; Kadewa, W. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2006; 2 (4): 353-8 (14 ref.) Keywords: Water Pollution; Agricultural Workers' Diseases; Fertilizers; Rivers Abstract: A study was carried out in a strip of a river in the dry and rainy seasons to assess theeffect of farming along river banks on the quality of water in rivers. The results showed that therewas an increase in the concentration of nitrate in the water downstream in both the rainy and dryseasons. In both rainy and dry seasons, the total nitrogen in the soil was highest [p0.01] in themiddle section. Significant seasonal differences [p0.01] were observed for phosphate in water,being higher in the dry season. In the soil, the concentration of phosphate showed significantsectional differences [p0.01] in the rainy season with the highest concentration observed in thelower section [1.74_0.01mg/l] and the least in the upper section [1.02_0.01g/l]. However, in the dryseason, the highest concentration was obtained in the middle section [1.69_0.01mg/l] and the leastin the upper section [1.15_0.02 mg/l]. The results suggest that the farms along the riverbanks havean impact on the water quality of the water in the river. It is therefore recommended that thereshould be close monitoring of the activities of the farms on riverbanks to minimise their impacts onthe natural ecosystems that they interact with. Frequent monitoring of the water quality in the riversrelative to the farming estates should be done. Synthetic vegetation : An ecosystem prosthesis. Woodley, M.A. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2006; 2 (4): 395-8 (9 ref.) Keywords: Trees; Ecosystem; Ecology 34 IMEMR Current Contents Subjects Index Abstract: In this paper, an entirely novel, theoretical restoration/conservation tool will bedescribed. This tool will take the form of self-sustaining _synthetic vegetation_ designed, throughthe use of solar energy, to generate Oxygen through the electrolysis of water and sequester CO2in a disposable form through the formation of Carbonic acid amongst other things; in short simulatemany of the major functions of living vegetation. The environmental role of synthetic vegetation asa terrestrial ecosystem _prosthesis_ is evaluated with a Carbon acquisition calculation and a costbenefit analysis reviewing the benefits of utilization in the context of material costs. It is proposedthat synthetic vegetation could greatly aid in conservation by regenerating degraded environmentsand speeding up the process of restoration. Water Pollution Chemical analysis of drinking water of villages of Sanganer, Tehsil, Jaipur District. Jain, P.; Sharma,J.D.; Sohu, D.; Sharma, P. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2006; 2 (4): 373-9 (12 ref.) Keywords: Water Purification; Water; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Electric Conductivity Abstract: Due to pressure of human activity, urbanization and industrialization, the groundwatersources are degraded gradually; therefore pure, safe, healthy and odorless drinking water is amatter of deep concern. There are many pollutants in groundwater due to seepage viz. organicand inorganic pollutants, heavy metals, pesticides, fluorides etc. In Rajasthan state, all 32 districtsare affected with high fluoride concentration in groundwater and among these Jaipur rankssecond. The drinking water samples were collected in clean polyethylene plastic containers fromvillages [Code No. 51-100] of Sanganer Tehsil of Jaipur District. The water samples were analysedfor pH, Fluoride [F-], Electrical Conductivity [EC], Total Dissolved Solid [TDS], Calcium [Ca],Magnesium [Mg], Total Hardness [TH], Chloride [Cl-], Carbonate [CO3-2], Bicarbonate [HCO3-],Alkalinity, Sodium [Na+], Potassium [K+] and Nitrate [NO3-using standard techniques in laboratory[APHA, 1985]. The results revealed that most of the water samples were below or out of limited;according to the WHO standards [1996]. The fluoride concentration ranged from 0.4 to 5.4 ppm,where 42% samples showed fluoride less than permissible limit and 48% water samples werewithin optimum limit i.e. 1-1.5 ppm while 10% samples contained Fluoride higher than permissiblelimit. pH of all the samples were within limit [6 to 9.2], while EC of all the water samples were out oflimit i.e. 300 μmhos/cm. The alkalinity was greater than permissible limit [200 mg/l] in 98% villagesand only 2% villages had below than optimum limit. The NO3- concentration was less thanpermissible limit [45 mg/l] in 64% villages whereas 26% samples showed higher concentration ofNO3-. However only 10% samples contain optimum level of nitrate. Moreover Na concentrationwas greater than permissible [50 to 60 mg/l] limit in 98% water samples whereas K+ concentrationwas below the optimum [20 mg/l] level in all the samples studied. The results revealed that thequality of drinking water of Sanganer is very poor, which can be used for drinking and cooking onlyafter prior treatment. Specific methanogenic activity of halophilic and mixed cultures in saline wastewater. Riffat, R.;Krongthamchat, K. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2006; 2 (4): 291-9 (11 ref.) Keywords: Water Purification; Waste Management; Sewage Abstract: Wastewater containing high concentrations of salt, are difficult to treat using biologicaltreatment processes, especially anaerobic processes. Limited information is available onmethanogenic activity in saline environments. The objective of this research was to investigate theactivity of halophilic methanogens, digester sludge and a mixed culture of halophilic andmethanogenic bacteria, at various levels of salinity, in terms of lag period and specificmethanogenic activity [SMA] at two temperatures. For the halophilic bacteria at 35 oC, the initialSMA ranged from 0.46 to 0.90 g acetate/g VSS.d, but decreased at higher salt concentrations.The maximum SMA varied from 1.2 to 2.08 g acetate/g VSS.d. High sodium chlorideconcentrations had a significant adverse effect on digester sludge. At 25 oC, at salt concentrationsof 30 g/l and above, the digester sludge could not acclimate even in 50 days. Little difference wasobserved in the maximum SMA of mixed culture and halophilic bacteria at high salt concentrationsof 40 -50 g/l. 35

Authors Index

IMEMR Current Contents Authors Index Abaei, MR PERMETHRIN (Toxicity) Abbas, A.Olajire POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS, AROMATIC Abd allal, IB. TRYPANOSOMIASIS (Epidemiology) Abd ElMoniem, MA. PLANTS, MEDICINAL Abdalla, AA. FLAVANONES AbdAlla, IB. SCHISTOSOMIASIS (Immunology) Abdel Karim, M. BENZODIAZEPINES Abdelgadir, Mohammed Sidig HIV INFECTIONS (Epidemiology) AbdElrahman, Samira Hamid BREAST SELF-EXAMINATION Abdigoudarzi, M. DIPTERA Abdulkarim, AM. DELAYED-ACTION PREPARATIONS Abo Asaker, Esmat SALMONELLA INFECTIONS (Microbiology) Aboihassani, M. PERMETHRIN (Toxicity) Aboutorabi, Roshanak SPERM INJECTIONS, INTRACYTOPLASMIC Abu Draz, Samir GROWTH DISORDERS (Genetics) Abudaia, Jehad VAGINA (Surgery) Adam, Ishag MALARIA, FALCIPARUM (Drug Therapy) Adeel, Ahmed A. SCHISTOSOMIASIS (Diagnosis) Adeli, E. AGRICULTURE Aftab, Sobia SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY Afzal, Saeed HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS (Diagnosis) CHOLESTASIS Aghvami, T. BREAST NEOPLASMS (Blood) Ahmad, Mumtaz HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS (Diagnosis) CHOLESTASIS Ahmad, Naseem Saud PLANT EXTRACTS Ahmad, Tahir Aziz HLA ANTIGENS Ahmadi, H. HOUSING, ANIMAL Ahmed, AEE. MANGIFERA Ahmed, Pervias HLA-DR2 ANTIGEN Ahmed, SOM. ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS Ahmed, Tahir Aziz HLA ANTIGENS HLA-DR2 ANTIGEN Ahsan, SM. Shad MATHEMATICS Aiwashaly, AA. ESOPHAGEAL NEOPLASMS (Diagnosis) Akhavizadegan, M.A. DIPTERA Akhtar, K.P. GOSSYPIUM Al-Agmar, MH. ESOPHAGEAL NEOPLASMS (Diagnosis) Al-Astal, Amro SARCOIDOSIS (Diagnosis) Al-Attar, Hussein TUBERCULOSIS, PULMONARY (Diagnosis) Al-Hamadi, Najib A. RIFT VALLEY FEVER Al-Hanami, Mohamed RIFT VALLEY FEVER Al-Hemiari, Amin RIFT VALLEY FEVER Alam,S.Sorwar GOSSYPIUM Alavi-Shoushtari, S. M. SEMEN (Analysis) Alhadid, MA. ESOPHAGEAL NEOPLASMS (Diagnosis) Ali, M. FISHES Ali, Salman CHOLESTASIS Alimagham, Masomeh TUBERCULIN TEST Alimoghadam, K. MULTIPLE MYELOMA Alkuhati, SM. ESOPHAGEAL NEOPLASMS (Diagnosis) Allahyary, H. MULTIPLE MYELOMA Almagboul, AZ. ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS Alsabahi, AA. ESOPHAGEAL NEOPLASMS (Diagnosis) Amini, S. HEPATITIS C Aminiafshar, Saied TUBERCULIN TEST Aminlari, M. CRYSTALLINS Aminzadeh, Zohreh TETANUS (Epidemiology) BOTULISM (Epidemiology) Andonian, L. HEARING LOSS (Genetics) Anjamrooz, Seyed SPERMATOGENESIS Anwar, Masood DIABETES, GESTATIONAL (Diagnosis) LEUKEMIA, MYELOCYTIC, ACUTE HLA ANTIGENS HLA-DR2 ANTIGEN Arab, Mohammad Reza BREAST NEOPLASMS (Pathology) Arbabi, M. ECHINOCOCCOSIS (Epidemiology) 39 IMEMR Current Contents Authors Index Asehara, Takoyuki ANTIGENS, CD (Analysis) Ashasadeghi, MR HEPATITIS C Ashtiani, Saeed MERCAPTOETHANOL Aslam, M. GOSSYPIUM Ataei, Behrooz HEMORRHAGIC FEVER, CRIMEAN (Epidemiology) Athar, M. FISHES Aval, Fereydoon BREAST NEOPLASMS (Pathology) Ayen, E. OOCYTES (Physiology) Ayyub, Muhammad LEUKEMIA, MYELOCYTIC, ACUTE HLA ANTIGENS HLA-DR2 ANTIGEN Azarkar, S.M. HOUSING, ANIMAL Aziz, Shahid CHOLESTASIS Babaei, H. OOCYTES (Physiology) MEAT-PACKING INDUSTRY Babazadeh-Habashi, B. SEMEN (Analysis) Badr, Elsheikh BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH Bahaj, Ahmed Ali SMOKING Baharvand, Hossein MERCAPTOETHANOL SPERM INJECTIONS, INTRACYTOPLASMIC Bahramali, G. HEPATITIS C Bahrami, Hossein HEPATITIS C, CHRONIC (Immunology) Bandehpour, Mojgan VIBRIO CHOLERAE (Isolation and Purification) Barqouni, Nabil GLUTARATES (Urine) Bashashati, Mohammad HEPATITIS C, CHRONIC (Immunology) Bashir, Mukarram HLA ANTIGENS HLA-DR2 ANTIGEN Batavani, R. A. MEAT-PACKING INDUSTRY Batool, Farhat SUBSTANCE WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME Bawazeer, A. A. SMOKING Bayoumi, Ahmed MATERNAL MORTALITY Behzadi, Gila HYPOTHYROIDISM (Physiopathology) Bibalani, G.H. AGRICULTURE Birami, A. AMEBIASIS Borghei, H. NASAL POLYPS (Etiology) Bottazzo, Gian Franco AUTOANTIBODIES Brack, W. POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS, AROMATIC Budkowska, A. HEPATITIS C Bukhari, Ishfaq Ali PLANTS, MEDICINAL Bull, P. SCHISTOSOMIASIS (Immunology) Butt, Tariq RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES (Parasitology) Chakrabarty, D. WATER Chaleshtori, K. Safa HEARING LOSS (Genetics) Chaleshtori, M. Hashemzadeh HEARING LOSS (Genetics) Chesbro, J. SCHISTOSOMIASIS (Immunology) Chimwanza, B. WATER Chinikar, Sadegh HEMORRHAGIC FEVER, CRIMEAN (Epidemiology) Chohan, Arshad Muhammad RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES (Parasitology) Choudhary, Muhammad Iqbal PLANTS, MEDICINAL Choudhury, Md. Aktarul Islam CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES Dalimi Asl, A.H. DIPTERA Dalman, Azam MERCAPTOETHANOL Daoud, Walid LUNG DISEASES (Radiography) Darvishi, Mohammad HEMORRHAGIC FEVER, CRIMEAN (Epidemiology) Daryani, Naser Ebrahimi HEPATITIS C, CHRONIC (Immunology) Das, S.K. WATER Dehabadi, Mahmood Zare BOTULISM (Epidemiology) Dessein, Alain J. SCHISTOSOMIASIS (Diagnosis) Dilawar, Muhammad DIABETES, GESTATIONAL (Diagnosis) Djalali, M. BREAST NEOPLASMS (Blood) Dolati, M. HEARING LOSS (Genetics) Ebrahimi, A. PYELONEPHRITIS Eilami, Owrang HEMORRHAGIC FEVER, CRIMEAN (Epidemiology) BOTULISM (Epidemiology) 40 IMEMR Current Contents Authors Index Eimani, Hossein BREAST NEOPLASMS (Pathology) MERCAPTOETHANOL El-Agamy, Dina S. FLUORIDES (Adverse Effects) EL-Hadi, MMA NIGELLA SATIVA El-Kashef, Hassan A. FLUORIDES (Adverse Effects) El-Labban, Nasra H. FLUORIDES (Adverse Effects) El-Majdalawi, Emad FACIAL BONES (Injuries) El-Mubarakt, A. FLAVANONES El-Samani, Kamal A. SCHISTOSOMIASIS (Diagnosis) El-Sanosi, M.S. ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS El-Wali, Nasruddin SCHISTOSOMIASIS (Diagnosis) Elaiwa, Najah M. BLOOD DONORS Elfadil, Tilal MENINGITIS (Epidemiology) Elhabiby, Mahmoud I. AUTOANTIBODIES Elkadaru, AY. TRYPANOSOMIASIS (Epidemiology) Elmahdi, M.A. Elmahdi AUTOANTIBODIES Elmardi, Khalid A. ENTEROBIASIS (Complications) Elmusaad, Yousif MENINGITIS (Epidemiology) Elnima, El. TRYPANOSOMIASIS (Epidemiology) Elobaid, EA. SCHISTOSOMIASIS (Immunology) TRYPANOSOMIASIS (Epidemiology) Eltayeb, Elsadig M. MENINGITIS (Epidemiology) Eltyeb, IB. MANGIFERA Esfahani, Mohammad MERCAPTOETHANOL SPERM INJECTIONS, INTRACYTOPLASMIC Eslami, Gita VIBRIO CHOLERAE (Isolation and Purification) Eslaminejad, Mohamadreza Baghaban ANTIGENS, CD (Analysis) Fallah, Fatemeh VIBRIO CHOLERAE (Isolation and Purification) Farahbakhsh, Mohammad TUBERCULIN TEST Farhud, DD. HEARING LOSS (Genetics) Farman, Muhammad PLANT EXTRACTS Fathi, Fardin ANTIGENS, CD (Analysis) Fierabracci, Alessandra AUTOANTIBODIES Fonray, S. SCHISTOSOMIASIS (Immunology) Fouladi, B. POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS, AROMATIC Gachkar, Latif TETANUS (Epidemiology) TUBERCULIN TEST Ganji, Farzaneh HYPOTHYROIDISM (Physiopathology) Gargar, AAA. DELAYED-ACTION PREPARATIONS Gerlach, J. SCHISTOSOMIASIS (Immunology) Ghadami, M. HEARING LOSS (Genetics) Ghaemmaghami, S. S. MAREK DISEASE Ghaffari, Vajiheh HEPATITIS B VACCINES (Immunology) Gharaeian, N. CANDIDA ALBICANS Ghasri, A. DISINFECTION Ghavamzadeh, A. MULTIPLE MYELOMA Gholami, S. CRYSTALLINS Ghorashi, S. A. MAREK DISEASE Golbabaei, F. POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS, AROMATIC Goudarzi, Hossein VIBRIO CHOLERAE (Isolation and Purification) Haeri-Rohani, Seyed MERCAPTOETHANOL Haghighati, F. ORAL HYGIENE Haghighi, M. GENITALIA, FEMALE (Abnormalities) Haghpanah, Babak HEPATITIS C, CHRONIC (Immunology) Haleem, Darakhshan Jabeen SUBSTANCE WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME Hamada, Hosam FORIEGN BODY REACTION (Pathology) Haq, M.A. GOSSYPIUM Hasan, Aurangzeb PLANT EXTRACTS Hasan, G.M. Jahid CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES Hashmi, Khalilullah HLA-DR2 ANTIGEN Hashtroudi, Aliassad HEPATITIS C, CHRONIC (Immunology) Hassan, KS. NIGELLA SATIVA Hassan,M. GOSSYPIUM Hassani, Fateneh MERCAPTOETHANOL Hattab, A. S. SMOKING 41 IMEMR Current Contents Authors Index Heidari, Mohammad VIBRIO CHOLERAE (Isolation and Purification) Homesh, NA. ESOPHAGEAL NEOPLASMS (Diagnosis) Hommeida, MM. SCHISTOSOMIASIS (Immunology) Hooshyar, H. ECHINOCOCCOSIS (Epidemiology) Hosseini, M. POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS, AROMATIC Hosseinipour, A. HEARING LOSS (Genetics) Hussain, Afshan Kamran PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS (Pathology) Ibrahim, L. POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS, AROMATIC Ibrahim, M. SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI Idris, Ali A. HEMORRHAGIC FEVERS, VIRAL Idris, Nadir HEMORRHAGIC FEVERS, VIRAL Ijaz, Aamir DIABETES, GESTATIONAL (Diagnosis) Imran, Jamal RIFT VALLEY FEVER Inam, S.N. Bazmi IMMUNIZATION Iqbal, F. FISHES Iqbal, hamid LEUKEMIA, MYELOCYTIC, ACUTE HLA-DR2 ANTIGEN Iqbal, Muhammad HLA ANTIGENS Islam, Md. Sirajul CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES Izaddoost, M. TRICHOMONAS VAGINITIS (Drug Therapy) Izadi, Morteza HEMORRHAGIC FEVER, CRIMEAN (Epidemiology) Jahantigh, M. CARDIOMYOPATHIES (Etiology) Jahromi, Maryam Keshtkar FEVER (Etiology) Jahromi, Shahindokht Bassiri SINUSITIS (Diagnosis) Jain, P. WATER POLLUTION Jalali, Navid HEMORRHAGIC FEVER, CRIMEAN (Epidemiology) Jalili, Mehdi HEPATITIS C, CHRONIC (Immunology) Jamal, Syed Asfar TUBERCULOSIS, MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT Javadzadeh, Tofigh FEVER (Etiology) Jodayri, Davood Salimi FEVER (Etiology) Kadewa, W. WATER Kamal, Mustafa TUBERCULOSIS, MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT Kamran, Khurram ALGORITHMS Kandil, Ahmed FASCIITIS, NECROTIZING (Etiology) Karami, M. HOUSING, ANIMAL Karim, M. FLAVANONES Karimi, I. PYELONEPHRITIS Karimi, Mehrbod BREAST NEOPLASMS (Pathology) Kashefialasl, M. ELECTROCOAGULATION Kazemi, Ali FEVER (Etiology) Kazemi, Bahram SHIGELLA FLEXNERI (Isolation and Purification) Keshavarz, A. BREAST NEOPLASMS (Blood) Khabiri, AR. HEPATITIS C Khadim, Tahir DEATH, SUDDEN, CARDIAC Khaksar, Ali Asghar SINUSITIS (Diagnosis) Khalil, Anwar CHOLESTASIS, INTRAHEPATIC (Congenital) Khan, Asma SUBSTANCE WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME Khan, Dilshad Ahmad HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS (Diagnosis) CHOLESTASIS Khan, Farooq Ahmed DIABETES, GESTATIONAL (Diagnosis) Khan, Muhammad Nadeem DIABETES, GESTATIONAL (Diagnosis) Khan, Rafeeq Alam PLANTS, MEDICINAL Khan, Saleem Ahmad HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS (Diagnosis) Khan, Waseem Ahmed MATHEMATICS Khattab, A. Hafiz AUTOANTIBODIES Khedmati, E. CANDIDA ALBICANS Kheradmand, A. OOCYTES (Physiology) MEAT-PACKING INDUSTRY Khorosani, N. HOUSING, ANIMAL Khorramizadeh, MR. MULTIPLE MYELOMA Khosravi, M. ELECTROCOAGULATION Kojouri. Gh. A. COBALT (Difficiency) Koko, WS. FASCIOLA Kordbacheh, P. 42 IMEMR Current Contents Authors Index CANDIDA ALBICANS NASAL POLYPS (Etiology) Krongthamchat, K. WATER POLLUTION Ladonni, H. PERMETHRIN (Toxicity) Langroodi, Pilehchian R. DIPTERA Mahvi, A. DISINFECTION Mahzounieh, M. R. PYELONEPHRITIS Mailk, Elfatih M. MENINGITIS (Epidemiology) Majnonian, B. AGRICULTURE Mamoon, Nadira DEATH, SUDDEN, CARDIAC Manoncout, Serge MENINGITIS (Epidemiology) Marandi, R. ELECTROCOAGULATION Mardani, Masoud INFLUENZA IN BIRDS HEMORRHAGIC FEVER, CRIMEAN (Epidemiology) Mardani, Mohammad REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, ASSISTED Mayzoub, Mubarak SCHISTOSOMIASIS (Diagnosis) Mesdaghinia, A. DISINFECTION Mian, Kouser Bashir PLANT EXTRACTS Mirkhani, Mehdi HEMORRHAGIC FEVER, CRIMEAN (Epidemiology) Mirshafiey, A. MULTIPLE MYELOMA Moakhar, Kargar R. MAREK DISEASE Mofidi, F. ORAL HYGIENE Mohamed, A. FASCIOLA Mohamed, AI. DRUG THERAPY (Adverse Effects) Mohammadi, M. DIPTERA Mohammadpour, A. A. MECKEL DIVERTICULUM (Anatomy and Histology) NEURONAVIGATION Mohammed, TO. ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS Moharned, AH. MANGIFERA Mohri, M. IRON (Administration and Dosage) Moniri, R. SEPTICEMIA (Etiology) Morahedian, AH. SEPTICEMIA (Etiology) Morahedin, Mansoureh SPERMATOGENESIS Morales, E. SMOKING Morshedi, D. MAREK DISEASE Mosayebi, Z. SEPTICEMIA (Etiology) Mossavi, GhA SEPTICEMIA (Etiology) Motamedi, Gh.R. DIPTERA Mowla, Seyed Javad SPERMATOGENESIS Moyo, B.H.Z. WATER Mubarik, Azhar HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS (Diagnosis) CHOLESTASIS Mumba, P.P. WATER Munaf, Seema SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY Murad, Samir Muhammed ADENOMA, PLEOMORPHIC (Pathology) Mushtaq, Sajid DEATH, SUDDEN, CARDIAC Mustafa, AF. PLANTS, MEDICINAL Mustafa, Salih Mustafa HEALTH POLICY Naddaf, SR. HEPATITIS C Naeeem, Muhammad HLA ANTIGENS Naeem, Rana Khalid MATHEMATICS Najarkola, SA Moussavi MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASES Najmi, Muzammil Hasan PLANT EXTRACTS Nasirian, H. PERMETHRIN (Toxicity) Nasr-Esfahani, Mohammad REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, ASSISTED Nassar, Abdallah TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT Nawaz, Sarfraz Ahmad PLANTS, MEDICINAL Nayeri, F. HYPOTHERMIA Negahdar, M. BREAST NEOPLASMS (Blood) Nema, MA. SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI Nematollahi Mahani, S. N. OOCYTES (Physiology) Nili, F. HYPOTHERMIA Nowroozi, Jamileh SHIGELLA FLEXNERI (Isolation and Purification) Omer, MAA. ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS 43 IMEMR Current Contents Authors Index Osman, EA. FASCIOLA Otoa, P. DRUG THERAPY (Adverse Effects) Parhizgari, Gh. CRYSTALLINS Patton, MA. HEARING LOSS (Genetics) Pezeshki, M. MULTIPLE MYELOMA Poorkazemi, Aydin TETANUS (Epidemiology) Pour-Jafari, H. HEARING LOSS (Genetics) Pourroshan, Roxana Khani VIBRIO CHOLERAE (Isolation and Purification) Qurashi, Mohamed A. SCHISTOSOMIASIS (Diagnosis) Qureshi, M.Shahid ALGORITHMS Rad, L. Hoghooghi HEARING LOSS (Genetics) Rafiee, M.T. DISINFECTION Ramli, M. BENZODIAZEPINES Ranjbar, S. CRYSTALLINS Rasool, Sheikh Aijar TUBERCULOSIS, MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT Rassi, Y. PERMETHRIN (Toxicity) Razavi, Shahnaz REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, ASSISTED Rezaeian, M. TRICHOMONAS VAGINITIS (Drug Therapy) Rezaian, M. AMEBIASIS Rezaie, S. AMEBIASIS Riaz, Sabiha PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS (Pathology) Riffat, R. WATER POLLUTION Rizwan, Muhammad SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY Roohvand, F. HEPATITIS C Roshan, Emran CHOLESTASIS Rostami, Nahid HEPATITIS B VACCINES (Immunology) Saadat, F. MULTIPLE MYELOMA Saberivand, A. GENITALIA, FEMALE (Abnormalities) Sabokbar, A. NASAL POLYPS (Etiology) Sadat, SM HEPATITIS C Sadeghi, M. R. MAREK DISEASE Sadeghi, MR. BREAST NEOPLASMS (Blood) Sadeghian, S. MULTIPLE MYELOMA Saeed, Furrukh RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES (Parasitology) Saeed, M.K. SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI Saeed, Osman K. SCHISTOSOMIASIS (Diagnosis) Safara, M. CANDIDA ALBICANS NASAL POLYPS (Etiology) Safarifar, F. MULTIPLE MYELOMA Salah, Muntasir TM ENTEROBIASIS (Complications) Salam, A. FISHES Saleem, Nasir CHOLESTASIS Saleem,M. GOSSYPIUM Samaie, Hadi HEPATITIS B VACCINES (Immunology) Samani, Reza Omani MERCAPTOETHANOL Sanii, H. AGRICULTURE Sarrafnejad, A. MULTIPLE MYELOMA Sarrafzadeh, F. IRON (Administration and Dosage) Sarrafzadeh-Rezaei, F. SURGICAL WOUND INFECTION Sasanfar, R. HEARING LOSS (Genetics) Satti, Gwiria M H. AUTOANTIBODIES Sayyah, Alireza HEPATITIS C, CHRONIC (Immunology) Seifi, H. A. IRON (Administration and Dosage) Sepehri, Zahira BREAST NEOPLASMS (Pathology) Seyyedi, K. ELECTROCOAGULATION Shaath, Osama MANDIBULAR FRACTURES (Etiology) Shafiq, Hamid DEATH, SUDDEN, CARDIAC Shaheen, Sajida DIABETES, GESTATIONAL (Diagnosis) Shahgholian, M. PYELONEPHRITIS Shahtaheri, SJ. POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS, AROMATIC Shahverdi, Abdol Hossein MERCAPTOETHANOL Shaik, Eyad FORIEGN BODY REACTION (Pathology) Sharafim, Kamran TUBERCULIN TEST 44 IMEMR Current Contents Authors Index Shariati, A. Yadegarinia, Davood SURGICAL WOUND INFECTION BOTULISM (Epidemiology) Sharif, Muhammad Ashraf Yaghmaei, Farhad DEATH, SUDDEN, CARDIAC TETANUS (Epidemiology) Sharma, J.D. Yaghoobi-Ershadi, MR WATER POLLUTION PERMETHRIN (Toxicity) Sharma, P. Yazdi, Poopak WATER POLLUTION MERCAPTOETHANOL Shayeghi, M. Yazdi, S.R. Sabbagh PERMETHRIN (Toxicity) OILS Shears, Paul Yazdis, Poopak MENINGITIS (Epidemiology) ANTIGENS, CD (Analysis) Shireen, Erum Yeganeh, H. Sadrzadeh SUBSTANCE WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME BREAST NEOPLASMS (Blood) shoar, M Gerami Yousefbaigi, Gb. CANDIDA ALBICANS SURGICAL WOUND INFECTION Sial, F. Yousif, GM FISHES NIGELLA SATIVA Sohu, D. Yousif, MA. WATER POLLUTION ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS DRUG THERAPY (Adverse Effects) Suleinam, Hassan Yousif, Magda Alhadi Ahmed BLOOD DONORS BREAST SELF-EXAMINATION Tabar, Salehi R. Youssif, Yousif M. MAREK DISEASE SCHISTOSOMIASIS (Diagnosis) Taheri, Sudabeh Yurdak, Kadriye VIBRIO CHOLERAE (Isolation and Purification) SALMONELLA INFECTIONS (Microbiology) Talaie, Ramin Zafar, Lubna FEVER (Etiology) HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS (Diagnosis) Talebkhan Garoussi, M. Zaini, F. PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDERS CANDIDA ALBICANS Taran, M. NASAL POLYPS (Etiology) TRICHOMONAS VAGINITIS (Drug Therapy) Zaki, Zaki M. Thabet, Ahmed Ali K. MALARIA, FALCIPARUM (Drug Therapy) RIFT VALLEY FEVER Zeraati, H. Tiraihi, Taki BREAST NEOPLASMS (Blood) SPERMATOGENESIS Zohour, M. Montaer Tolouei, A. HEARING LOSS (Genetics) HEARING LOSS (Genetics) Torabian, A. DISINFECTION Touheed, Nasir ALGORITHMS Touluei, Hamid Reza HEMORRHAGIC FEVER, CRIMEAN (Epidemiology) Ur-Rahman, Saeed PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS (Pathology) Vaezi, F. DISINFECTION Vahdani, Parviz BOTULISM (Epidemiology) Vala, Mojdeh Hakemi SHIGELLA FLEXNERI (Isolation and Purification) Valenzuela, RE. ESOPHAGEAL NEOPLASMS (Diagnosis) Valojerdi, Mojtaba MERCAPTOETHANOL Vatandoost, H. PERMETHRIN (Toxicity) W.H.O. BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH Woodley, M.A. WATER 45

Journals Index

IMEMR Current Contents Journals Index List of EMRO Journals Indexed in IMEMR Current Contents September 2006 Islamic Republic of Iran [62] International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology [14] Iranian Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases [10] Iranian Journal of Public Health [15] Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research [15] Yakhteh Medical Journal [8] Pakistan [19] Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences [8] Pakistan Journal of Pathology [10] Palestine [17] PMJ - Palestinian Medical Journal [17] Sudan [32] Omdurman Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences [12] Sudanese Journal of Public Health [12] Yemen [8] YHMRJ - Yemeni Health and Medical Research Journal [4] 49