WHO/V&B/01.31 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH DISTR.: GENERAL
WHO/V&B/01.31
: www.who.int/vaccines-documents/ World Health Organization Department of Vaccines and Biologicals CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland iFax: +41 22 791 4227iE-mail: vaccines@who.int i
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EPI coverage survey (WHO/EPI/MLM/91.10). Facilitator guide for the EPI coverage survey (WHO/EPI/MLM/91.11). Imaginative ways of raising immunization coverage (EPI update 32, November 1997). Monitoring immunization (WHO/VRD/TRAM/96.01). services using the lot quality technique
Monitoring immunization services using the lot quality technique – answer sheets (WHO/VRD/TRAM/96.01, Suppl. 1).
6.10 • • • Supplementary information on vaccine safety. Part 1: Field issues (WHO/V&B/00.24). Supplementary information on vaccine safety. Part 2: Background rates of adverse events following immunization (WHO/V&B/00.36). Surveillance of adverse events following immunization: field guide for managers of immunization programmes (WHO/EPI/TRAM/93.02 REV.1).
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1. Kane MA. Global status of hepatitis B immunization. Lancet, 1996, 348: 696. 2. Expanded Programme on Immunization. Global Advisory Group – Part I. Weekly Epidemiological Record, 1992, 67: 11í 3. Margolis HS et al. Prevention of hepatitis B virus transmission by immunization: an economic analysis of current recommendations. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1995, 274: 1201í 4. McMahon BJ et al. Acute hepatitis B virus infection: relation of age to the clinical expression of disease and subsequent development of the carrier state. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1985, 151: 599í 5. Margolis HS, Alter MJ, Hadler SC. Viral hepatitis. In: eds. Viral infections of humans. Epidemiology and control (Fourth Edition). New York, Plenum Publishing Corporation, 1997: 363í 6. Okada K et al. e antigen and anti-e in the serum of asymptomatic carrier mothers as indicators of positive and negative transmission of hepatitis B virus to their infants. New England Journal of Medicine, 1976, 294: 746í 7. Beasley RP et al. Efficacy of hepatitis B immune globulin for prevention of perinatal transmission of the hepatitis B virus carrier state: final report of a randomized doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology, 1983, 3: 135í 8. Wong VC et al. Prevention of the HBsAg carrier state in newborn infants of mothers who are chronic carriers of HBsAg and HBeAg by administration of hepatitis-B vaccine and hepatitis-B immunoglobulin. Double-blind randomised placebo-controlled study. Lancet, 1984, 1: 921í 9. Xu ZY et al. Prevention of perinatal acquisition of hepatitis B virus carriage using vaccine: preliminary report of a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled and comparative trial. Pediatrics, 1985, 76: 713í. 10. Stevens CE et al. Yeast-recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Efficacy with hepatitis B immune globulin in prevention of perinatal hepatitis B virus transmission. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1987, 257: 2612í6. 11. Poovorawan Y et al. Protective efficacy of a recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccine in neonates of HBe antigen-positive mothers. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1989, 261: 3278í 12. Lee CY et al. The protective efficacy of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in newborn infants of hepatitis B e antigen-positive-hepatitis B surface antigen carrier mothers. Pediatric Infectious Diseases Journal, 1991, 10: 299í 13. Beasley RP et al. Evidence against breast-feeding as a mechanism for vertical transmission of hepatitis B. Lancet, 1975, 2: 740í 14. Beasley RP et al. The e antigen and vertical transmission of hepatitis B surface antigen. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1977, 105: 94í WHO/V&B/01.31 41
15. Stevens CE et al. Vertical transmission of hepatitis B antigen in Taiwan. New England Journal of Medicine, 1975, 292: 771í 16. Barrett DH et al. Epidemiology of hepatitis B in two Alaska communities. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1977, 105: 118í 17. Leichtner AM et al. Horizontal non-parenteral spread of hepatitis B among children. Annals of Internal Medicine, 1981, 94: 346í 18. Whittle H et al. The pattern of childhood hepatitis B infection in two Gambian villages. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1990, 161: 1112í 19. Beasley RP, Hwang LY. Postnatal infectivity of hepatitis B surface antigen-carrier mothers. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1983, 147: 185í 20. Kashiwagi S et al. Transmission of hepatitis B virus among siblings. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1984, 120: 617í 21. Marinier E et al. Lack of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in Senegal, West Africa. Journal of Pediatrics, 1985, 106: 843í 22. Franks AL et al. Hepatitis B infection among children born in the United States to southeast Asian refugees. New England Journal of Medicine, 1989, 321: 1301í 23. Davis LG, Weber DJ, Lemon SM. Horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus. Lancet, 1989, 1: 889í 24. Botha JF et al. Hepatitis B virus carrier state in black children in Ovamboland: role of perinatal and horizontal infection. Lancet, 1984, 1: 1210í2. 25. Ko YC et al. Horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus from siblings and intramuscular injection among preschool children in a familial cohort. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1991, 133: 1015í 26. Craxi A et al. Transmission of hepatitis B and hepatitis delta viruses in the households of chronic hepatitis B surface antigen carriers: a regression analysis of indicators of risk. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1991, 134: 641í 27. Hurie MB, Mast EE, Davis JP. Horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection to United States-born children of Hmong refugees. Pediatrics, 1992, 89: 269í 28. Pon EW et al. Hepatitis B virus infection in Honolulu students. Pediatrics, 1993, 92: 574í 29. Mahoney FJ et al. Continuing risk for hepatitis B virus transmission among children born in the United States to southeast Asian children in Louisiana. Pediatrics, 1995, 95: 1113í 30. Van Damme P et al. Horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus. Lancet, 1995, 345: 27í 31. Martinson FE et al. Risk factors for horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus in a rural district in Ghana. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1998, 147: 478í 32. Hayashi Jet al. Hepatitis B transmission in nursery schools. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1987, 125: 492í 33. Nigro G, Taliane G. Nursery-acquired asymptomatic B hepatitis. Lancet, 1989, 1: 1451í 34. Shapiro CN et al. Hepatitis B virus transmission between children in day care. Pediatric Infectious Diseases Journal, 1989, 8: 870í
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35. Breuer B et al. Transmission of hepatitis B virus to classroom contacts of mentally retarded carriers. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1985, 254: 3190í 36. David E et al. Molecular evidence of transmission of hepatitis B in a day-care centre. Lancet, 1996, 347: 118í 37. Oleske J et al. Transmission of hepatitis B in a classroom setting. Journal of Pediatrics, 1980, 97: 770í 38. Cancio-Bello TP et al. An institutional outbreak of hepatitis B related to a human biting carrier. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1982, 146: 652í 39. Scott RM et al. Experimental transmission of hepatitis B virus by semen and saliva. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1980, 142: 67í 40. Macquatrie MB, Forghani B, Wolochow DA. Hepatitis B transmitted by a human bite. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1974, 230: 723í 41. Williams I et al. Hepatitis B virus transmission in an elementary school setting. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1997, 278: 2167í 42. Bond WW et al. Survival of hepatitis B virus after drying and storage for one week. Lancet, 1981, 1: 550í 43. Petersen NJ et al. HBsAg in saliva, impetigenous lesions and the environment in two remote Alaskan villages. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 1976, volume 32: 572í 44. Simonsen L et al. Unsafe injections in the developing world and transmission of bloodborne pathogens: a review. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1999, 77: 789í 45. Kane A et al. Transmission of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency viruses through unsafe injections in the developing world: model-based regional estimates. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1999, 77: 801í 46. Hutin YJF, Chen RT. Injection safety: a global challenge. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1999, 77: 787í 47. Alter MJ, Margolis HS. The emergence of hepatitis B as a sexually transmitted disease. Med Clin North America, 1990, 74: 1529í 48. Hsu HM et al. Seroepidemiologic survey for hepatitis B virus infection in Taiwan: the effect of hepatitis B mass immunization. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1999, 179: 367í 49. Sutanto A et al. Home delivery of hepatitis B vaccine to newborns in Indonesia: outreach immunization with a pre-filled, single-use injection device. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1999, 77: 119í 50. Otto BF et al. At-birth immunization against hepatitis B using a novel pre-filled immunization device stored outside the cold chain. Vaccine, 2000, 18: 498í 51. Courseget P, Kane M. Overview of clinical studies in developing countries. In: Ellis RW, ed. Hepatitis B vaccines in clinical practice. New York, Marcel Dekker, 1993: 209í. 52. Greenberg DP et al. Comparative safety and immunogenicity of two recombinant hepatitis B vaccines given to infants at two, four and six months of age. Pediatric Infectious Diseases Journal, 1996, 15: 590í .
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53. DaVilla G et al. Anti-HBs responses in children vaccinated with different schedules of either plasma-derived or HBV DNA recombinant vaccine. Research in Virology, 1997, 148: 109í 54. Apinall S, Kocks DJ. Immunogenicity of a low-cost hepatitis B vaccine in the South African Expanded Programme on Immunization. South African Medical Journal, 1998, 88: 36í 55. Hadler SC, Margolis HS. Hepatitis B immunization: vaccine types, efficacy, and indications for immunization. In: Remington JS, Swartz MN, eds. Current topics in infectious diseases (Volume 12). Boston, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1992: 282í 56. Andre FE, Zuckerman AJ. Review: protective efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine in neonates. Journal of Medical Virology, 1994, 44: 144í 57. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. General recommendations on immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 1994, 43(No. RR-1): 14í 58. Melnick JL. Thermostability of poliovirus, measles, and hepatitis B vaccines. Vaccine Research, 1995, 4: 1í 59. Van Damme P et al. Heat stability of a recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccine. Vaccine, 1992, 10: 366í 60. Harpaz R et al. Elimination of chronic hepatitis B virus infections: results of the Alaska immunization program. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2000, 181: 413í 61. West DJ, Calandra GB. Vaccine induced immunologic memory for hepatitis B surface antigen: implications for policy on booster vaccination. Vaccine, 1996, 14: 1019í 62. European Consensus Group on Hepatitis B Immunity. Are booster immunisations needed for lifelong hepatitis B immunity? Lancet, 2000, 355: 561í 63. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis B virus. A comprehensive strategy for eliminating transmission in the United States through universal childhood vaccination. Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 1991, 40(No. RR-13): 1í 64. Vaccine Safety Committee, Institute of Medicine. Hepatitis B Vaccines. In: Stratton KR, Howe CJ, Johnston RB, eds. Adverse events associated with childhood vaccines: evidence bearing on causality. Washington DC, National Academy Press, 1994: 211í 65. Ascherio A et al. Hepatitis B vaccination and the risk of multiple sclerosis. New England Journal of Medicine, 2001, 344: 327í 66. Confavreax C et al. Vaccinations and the risk of relapse in multiple sclerosis. New England Journal of Medicine, 2001, 344: 319í 67. Chang MH et al. Universal hepatitis B vaccination in Taiwan and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in children. New England Journal of Medicine, 1997, 336: 1855í 68. Mahoney F et al. Evaluation of a hepatitis B vaccination program on the prevalence of chronic HBV infection. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1993, 167: 203í 69. Viviani S et al. Hepatitis B vaccination in infancy in the Gambia: protection against carriage at 9 years of age. Vaccine, 1999, 17: 2946í
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70. Ruff TA et al. Lombock hepatitis B model immunization project: toward universal infant hepatitis B immunization in Indonesia. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1995, 171: 290í 71. Moulia-Pelat JP et al. A 5-year immunization field trial against hepatitis B using a Chinese hamster ovary cell recombinant vaccine in French Polynesian newborns: results at 3 years. Vaccine, 1994, 12: 499í 72. Al-Faleh FZ et al. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in Saudi children 8 years after a mass hepatitis B vaccination programme. Journal of Infection, 1999, 38: 167í 73. Chen HL et al. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in children: Ten years of mass vaccination in Taiwan. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1996, 276: 906í
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