Preliminary report of the informal meeting on the teletransmission of hydrological data within the context of Simulium damnosum s.l. control: Kara, Togo, 15-16 March 1985

.t' WCRLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION ORGANISATION }AONDIALE DE LA SAt'iTE (Keran), (Kpelou) ONCiIOCSRCIASIS COiTTROL P.tOCPIJ'fiE IN TI{E VOLTA EIVTN. ,BA.SIH A"R.EA Original; .Franqais P9TLI},iI}JAP..Y PXPO\.T OF THE II]FORJiTI ?:TNETII]G 4I'1 THE TELETTr'J{S}.,IISSION OF iIYD.D"OLOGIC/..L T'1.T.^ IJIT}II}.{ THE coI,tTExT oF sli{tillui.l p.\loitosu}{ s.L. coilTp.ol, i(ara, Togo, 15*15 )larch 1985 Two years after the f irst meetinq @CP/!.tCU(TEL/33.1) which had mad,e it possible to plan a pilot zone for the evaluation of teletransmission of hydrological data within the context of the control of the S. damnosum cornplex, human onchocerciasis vector in tlest Africa, a second meeting was held in I3ra to take an inirial stock of the situation anC plan future operation. 1. Transmission rnd receiving stations 1.1 Transmission stations The meetinr started with a vi.sit to two of the eight transmission stations(tspesside on the Kara and Kpesside on the Koelou) under the guidance of the two hy,lrologists in chgr.q.; of the net,.uork. This trip made it possible to 6ee thr excellent state of Ehe installations and materirl after a feruronthsl use. The main features of the transnission stations lrere then shor^rn and discussed. The eight selccted stationsrr havc been eouipned with limnigraohs to which Argos beacons which make it possible to tran$nit information on the water levels havc: been connecEe.d. Somc of these staticns necessiEated rnuch civil engineering work for Ehe constructicn of the tower rrhich constitutes the basic infrastructure. * They ar,:' 1 station at l{ango (Oti), 2 at Titira- and Nabculgou 1 at Koumongou (K-oumongou), 1 at Poude (Binah), 1 at Kpesside and 2 at Kara Kpesside (Ie-ara) . ilote: Annexed to this report are a fcw figures recalling the functionning of the Ancos systen. 0447 lv1u lrEcls . s 1"?.- The approximate costs cf a transmission station are as follows: -' construction of a tower .... CFh l 500 000 - Limnigraph cFA 500 000 --' coder . cFA 350 000 - adaptaticn to the ARGOS system CFA 1 700 000 That is a total cost of crA 4 000 000 (Us $A 000) for each transmissirun station" However, if the transrnission station is installed on a bridge, the construction of the support, i.e., the tower, becomes useless. In this case, rhe eosr of the starion would anount to cFA 2 500 000 (us $5 000). Transnis- sion stations which have necessitated Ehe construction of a tower are not easy to oove. In order to remedy this disadvantage, the hydrologists have recotme-nded the installation of Chloe-Elsyde sounding-lines as and when new stations are created. This new system consists of a sounding-line installed in the water, which transmists the data collected by cable (water level by gradient pressure) to a trsnsmission box, the installation of which does not require much civil engineering work. Frrrthermor€r this box can be moved easily if need be (see 3). This system which is much more flexible and much more mobile than thc present transmission stations because it does not necessitate fixed basic infrastructures, raould cost CFA 3 700 000 (US $7 400) and wculd be appropriate for the additional network of the national networks which OCP or any other sinilar programre might need temporarily during the attack phase (as in the early years of the Prograomre)" In addition to Eater IeveI, other parameters knovrledge of which could be usefut for research purposes (e.g. physico-chemical characteristics of the waters which influcnce the destiny of the insecticide, waEer temperature) can be incorporated into the sounding-line. Installation of transmission stations No major problem was reported, with the exception of the very short time for the installation of these stations which was in order to make up for the initial delay (one month for the installation of eight (8) stations). The excellent cooperative spirit of the national hydraulics service of Togo must be r,entioneC here. -3- Haintenance 0n1y routine maintcnance (changin3 or recording n,lper) is carried --ut on the stations. The hydrologists have* tlowever, advised against the use r-'f car batteries anC have reconr,ended rather the use of -rJ, 538 bacteries which are nore reliablc than the former fr:r the stationst power supply. The installaticn of solar boards the untt cost of which is CFA. 100 000 (US $200) has also been advised against not only because it would necessi-tatt a regulator but also bccause the boards vrould be exposed to damages. L.2 Receiv station The receiving station was installed by a CEIS-Espace technician within a record time at the OCP/VCU sector in Kara which is the transnissions netrvork centre. Ttre whole installation, including the multidirectional antenn3" costs cFA 15 000 000 (us $30 000). The Kara receiving station has a limited nelnory end c,an manage at present onLy 30 transmission stations. 3ut if its softtrare i.s nodified this capacity can be increaseC to 100 beacons. The cost of this mo<lification vrould be CFA 50 0C0 (US $100). The regulation of the progralrrres has been nade, t^rithout any nejor modification, with the help of the Nationat Space Studies Centre (CNES) based in Toulouse (Erance). Power supply There are frequenc powcr cuts in Kara, wh,:reas some of tire data of the receiving station can he lost through these cuts. To avoi.l these da-ta losses,. it was necessary to install a thyratron inverter the cost of which is cFA 1 000 000 (us * 2 000). Maintenance and nanag er ent of the receiving station Only routine maintenancc (starting, changing of paper, dustinir) is carriei out on the station by an OCP tcchnician who has been trained by the responsible hydrolcgists and whose work has been judged quite satisfactory. No problcm has been net as regards ttre transforrnation and distribution of the Cata collected by the station. -4-. rn case of an extension of the Argos systc;a, it rvculd be advisable toenvisage the connection of a micro"conr)utcr. rE wourd improve furthcr thecollection and processtng of the data. The capaci-ty of the recei.u,inq sratioiwould then be increase4 to 80 beaeons anc the cost of such a nnodificaticn ofthe present sration in l(ara rsoul4 be CFA 3 4CO 000 (tIS $d g0O) excludinq thecost of the micro'-cor0nuter' Tt shou.ld be noted that the Ikra station arrea.:lyregularly rcceJives trie rr.ata transmittec by the four stations of thr: irwciro-rJi_":rnetwork in Niger. 2. Functioni.nq and use of the netryork The Argos system (transnnission station/satc1li.tes/recei.ving station)makes possib!'e the instant'lneous receint of hycrrorogicar.iata, four time ncrday, which i.s nnore than enough for OCp,s neerls. i\t present the systern f.:nct:1.:rr.sas follovs: €ver) raorning, from ? a.m., nhen one of the satellites (satelliEeIto'1 0r 2) passes, the stati-on recerr.'.res the latest data corlected (those forthe night having be;:n stor':d in the mcmory) which cr.skes it possibr.c to calcu-r,.rtcrluickly the insecticide dosaies to be sprayc,i at each rroint. (see hnnex 3shor"inq a print'-out of 16 llareir 1985 2nl ,rrnnex 4 stior,rf.rrg the data receiverduring the night of 15 to 1$ tfarch 198s res:rectivery). The rlosages thus calcu-.lated can be i'qmediately incorporateri into the .taily treatrnent nlans of the pil0tsnho thus take off; vrith the Latest possible data. There is no radio freguoncy common to ocp and the ar:rial lar,.rici<Iingcompeny to enable permantlnt redio contact with the pilots in case of suddenhydrol0gicar changes. The installation of t,is cor,,non frequency (5 645 KIz)is, however, in i:rogress.nd r,riIl thus r:nable the fuil use of the Argos systen(dosages establisirec every day anc conraunicatec imnerliately to the pilot:. b;rradio). ?he r:eadinr; anJ interoretation of the data are carried out by ar. ccptechnician entornologist, chief of the sub-sector, wh.o devotes two hours dai-lyto this work. The sector chief also knows how to interpret the data. rt must be oointed out that a si.rultaneouE conparison of the rearlingsfrorn the ground and the ^rgos dets has shown an absolute corresponrrcnce Lot,p.eenthe tr"o' which confirms further the already arnply demonstrated reliabilit:r of -5- the systen. In addition to the i-nstantancous obtenti-on of the data, r^rhich r'ras the initial aim of the expcriment, other uses of the system have atready -nt:e: planned from the tlata collected by the thrce stations on the Keran For oth:r purposes., viz. : - deEection cf flash floo'Io, and thc speec with:ohich the jets of I'ie'ter arlvancer r.thich ",ro'.rld:nake it nossible tci postpone treatrrents on such'- anrl*such a r.ratercotrrse" This study will be rr.:sumed during the 1985 rainy season using a micro-coni)uter. Entomological evaluation r.,j.11 Le carried out by the sector (detection of larvae, catches and Bcllec trar, platcs) i .= destiny of the insecticide waves from the speeds of the jets of r.7at3r. 3. Future of the experimental network To sum up, the following should be recalleC : - the system is functioning perfectly in the conditions under which it is useC ; - it is reliable ; - it is easy tc use, ; - the use of the CCP/Viking frequency (5 645 KF.z) is necessary for a better handlinq of the data in order for the Argos system tc be morc cost-effective. It is possible to conclude that si.nce the srart of the systemts use (.{ugust 1984) ) treatments have been carried out witli greater efficacy thus avoiding ovcr-dosagcs rvhich are uselessly costly and harmful to the environment, as well as under-dosages r.rhich can lcs.d to insecticide resistance Dhenomena. This has already been confirmed in the ease of temephos but would be --ren rnore valid sirout.l nore toxic and less seleetive insecticides be used. I'Io reci.uction in the amounts of tenephos used has, hnwever., been observeci since tirr: over-closages and under-,losages ne:itralize each other. Ilith regarC to costs, it ruould be aJvisable above al 1 to aim at frost?onenenEs of treatments follolrin? r:rron the spates, which coul,i enable savings in fligtrt hours" An optimaL spacing of the treatment points from the uPstream to the dor^rnstream of the watercourse could rossibly bc sought since i.t is obrrious that *5* fcr security rea.sons the tre3tnent points arc at present too closc to each other. The resuLt of this initial exuerirnent ruhich covered only the last rr:irr of the 1984 rainy s.lason anrl the first parE of the 19:--14'-1985 dry scason is therefore highly positi.ve for it has made ir r'<.:ssiblc tc confirn the thre't"' hypotheses nentionecl abcve (efficac.7, reliability anrl sini:licity of usr:) an:- to Ciscover ad.ditional researeh 1,aths (spaLe pattet"rls, lropagation of insecticide waves). The seconc experimenE (i{arch-Deceruber 1995) vi11 nake it possiblc :- - to inprove thc corrnunication link fronn the transmission station to the aircrafE, through the receiving station, thanks to Ehe use of the frequency contrnon to oCP arrd IIikinB ; - to evaluaEe throughout one rainy season the edvantaqe of the use nl the systern, narticularly as regards the possibilities of treatment postponements ; srucy the effect of flas!'r floods on blackfly populations, i'rhicir ha-*-to so far been carried out ernpirically ; - to stur]y the propagation of i-rrsecticide vraT es, in relaEion to the ongoing studies orr the lower Bandama and the lower Sassan<ira (Ivory Coast) ; - to adiust, on the basis of Ehese res;rlts, the distance between onq spraying point an<i the other. ?ina[ly the entire rcsults will in all likcLihood make it pcssible to develop A ner.r mo.ie of treatfl'enE which r,lill be nore econonical , !ilore :rrecise an'"i- better aCantcd to snecif ic conrli-tions. In addition tc Ehe present network' it has been rrlanned to ter'rporarill' install a ChLoe-ElsyrJe sr:undirr'I-'1ine do'ornsEreai'i frorn the Kara in order tc - loolc for tlie best placr..: to install the beacons within the context of a possibl-e extension of the system ; .- test the chloe Hlsyde equipnent un.le:: ocP's conditions. Lastly, it has been Plannod to use a mic-ro-conpuger fot a hydrologica'l forecasting exercice on the I'.eran during the next rainy season" *7 4. Other llethcds In a,:ldition to the above.-rnentioncd acEi'rities, anrl with the ain of improving on Cosagcs in thc small wetercourses not hal'i-ng river-5i"''rgin;' station (e.S. thc Atakora zone where the Presenca cf blackIlies was obeerrreii' in October, which coulC mean Ehe trcatmcnEs i,Jere rrnsuitable)) the hyCr:ologists have propose<l the setting uf of visual mark-s r;hicli wouLd nak;': it possible for the pilots to adjust treatl:ents instanta-neously. 5. Possibilities of extension of the nilot zone to tlte national netr'rorks and tc 0CPe s network [rith ttre exception of Ghana, all the OCP countries are concerned wittr thc remote trans"nission of hydrological lata - it is planncd unCer H]rdro-Niger, to instaLL 65 transmissicn st.lticlle 2i1r.1 8 receiving stations in I countries" Sorne of these receiving staEio:rs have already bee:n or are beins installed (e.g" ltriacaey, Baflako, o'tl?:- ,lorrgou) (see ir.r /innex 6 'I.Ietr,-ork of stacions in the Niger basi-n - Hydrolor:ical forecastinli ProjecC') . The joint use of the transmission stations of the ilydro-lliger netr'rorlt would be particularly beneficial in Gui.nca. Hydrological data concernin$ th+ G.rinean part of the network coul<l be r.ickerl uD frorc the transrcission stations in Bareako oi OuagadouBou ancl transnritted by OCPrs radio coutrYrunic-ation neEwork', throughout the Progratmte area. .-under the'gnchocerciasis Control Progranne (OCP) (present pilot zone for Toqo) i - under a national project in Togo aimed at bringing the rsnote trarrsrnis^' sion networl'. into l,idespreaC use in the whole country ; - considering the interest manifested by Benin (feasibiliti' srudy) and the Ivory Coast for the Argos systen. As regards OCF r the situation is as follows : -.thc present exDerirBent has not been compl-cted and has not yc-t give:'all the results necessary for a olannin?, oC a possible extension- of t'itc network. -8- - in case of extension of tire network, ti:e locatiorr of ;he beaccils i..l wc1l as their ntrnbcr ciln only be det,,:r,.,i-n;rl after an.alysis cf t-:- results obtaine,r iuring thc Cifferent i:xDerii,rents.l * howevur, in case the s:xtznsicn of the A.rgos systen i.s apprc'zed, thr: beacons will nci tr': installerl o:r th: sr-.;r11 r.ratcrco!":rses wi:ere vrriatic'lr-.l in water l-evr:l &Etl Er-;e f::cquenl and su'f<lcn, which ruouLi be incorr',rrrt,itile r',ith the fre:uenc'r' of rp-ssaqe of the sltei-lites.; - rathe:.'than scattering t.he stations, it r,'crrrlC bc aC'.,i.sable Eo instr.il them on ri',rers with narticula; problens" Tn this context, the Chloe Elsyde sounding-lir.es vrould cbviously harre a 3reat a<lvantage over the fixed stations. The 'shole s]'stem shouLrj eviCenti.y remain flexible, r+hich would pr:rmit a proper ad.iustnent of rhe psfl:ork r-o the Proqra-ore?s reat needs. As regards tha number of receiving statiorrs., it can a1rc.a,ly'oe fi-xed a.t ?, distributcd as follows: * 1 station in Kara (Togc) for thc ccvertg.e o", the Phase II, I'l,:se IlI Et-;t and scluthern cxtension zones. - I station i,n OCienne (L'ror1, Coast) for thc cor.zerlfle oi the Phase i Phase III [7est and ruestern cxter.sion zones. The coupling of thcl rr:ceiving stations r..'i.th a micro-computer will pe:nit {:rick anaiysis of the data. r.rhich r+ilL ma.i<.e the Argc.s syste'n norc ef f icient. SU}fIIIIY CE COSTS PER. UIliiT - installation of a ne'r recci,rirrg station to r,il:ich a r:i.cro-corr:puter carr he connccted US $35 -('00 - nodification of the Kars receiving station in otder to connect a nicro-conputer ijs $ 5 730 us$8010 us$7400 - installation of a standa::,t transmi.ssion station - installation of a Chloe Elsyde transmission station *. UB This sulmnary does not inclrrJe the cost of the rni-cro-'ccmputers. -9- In regasl to the w'estern extension, the Chloe Elsyde system could lcad to a reconsirleration of the Claude report (191]1) and the present forecasts in OCP, If the extension of remote transmission is approved, there should be no fear in setacting easily accessible points, to bc calibrat-ed from 1985 sc as ro be equipped with Chlce Elsyde sounCing*lines right from the beginning of Ehe operations. I'urthermoree since the r^,csLern extension strategy" unlikr-: th."-t of the present OCP, r^'i11 not consist in settling in the area but in progrr,:ss1:i3 towards the r^rest and south-rvest, Ehe Chloe Elsydc sounding-line wil-l enable: flexibility which quite suiEs oCPts needs. 6. Association with .other networks The possibility of inter-connection or association with other netr'Eorks has been raiserl in point 5" It woul<i, however, be proper to eraphasize the gr:;at importanee of tire folloning undertakings to OCP : - at the inter-state level, Ilydro-IJiger which has an anpreciable nurnber of transmission stations in Ehe present or planned OCP area -.at the national level, in regard to Benin (Fl'C pro.ject: ''auEonatize for profitabi-lity"), Togo, Ivory Coast, i'{a.l i and Guinea, as mentioned ahove. Contacts with these national or regional projects have been recomurende,-i anci envisaged by OCP. 7 . Trairring A. technician from the l(ara sector, in To1ro, has been qiven on-the-job training in data handline (see point 1). Other technicians (a Togolese and a Beninese) have also been given a more formal training z - Hydro-Iliger (lliamey) offers training courses for the install-ation, maintenance anrl utilization of the tr.ensmission and receiving sL.etior's (next course: June-July 1-9.35 ; duration: 3 weeks). thg I'torld I'Ieteoro'- logical Orqanization (r,HO) of f ors f ellowships to each of iiydro-lliger's member states for the training of hieher technicians. - The Inter-State Centre for llater Studies (CIEII), in Ouagadougou, r:rqarrizes micro data processing courses in hydrology (duration: two ilonths)'"' -1C- - The training of OCPrs technicians and entomologists in river gauqing can be envisaged in the form of training courses orqanizeC in I'ara by OB.STI")1.{?s hy4roloqists anC the national hyCrologieal services. Negociations are to be sEarted between the Vector Control llnit (VCil) roul),.-toro6 for the training cf at least one technician ne;:and ORS sector. B" Miscellaneous The publication of the results will be carried out in conformity r+ith th* terms of the agreements betvreen ORSTOM and OCP. The next meeting is planned for March-.April 1986. A final and detailed eva.luation of the aCvantages, clisadvan- tages and possibilities of the extension of the system within OCP will be carried out during that meeting. Representatives could be invited from the national services, Ilydro-ttliger and CIEH (possibly f;66 t,It'rfl) to this neeting. 1) Institut frangais de Recherche scientifique oour Ie D6veloppement en Coop6ration. Annex 1 LIST OF PA.RTICIPANTS Gregoire Ale Chief , Hydrology Service/ilydraulics Eoard' Cctonou - Benin Georges Delfieu lllrdrologist" OR'STnI{, Lorne l.l. Gone Entomology Technician, Sub-'sector Chief, Kara P.A. Kabore Civil Aviation Engineer, Aerial Operations VCtl/Ouagadougou Arnetomouh Koudjou liycrology technician, oRSTol{, Lome Luc Le Barbe Hydrologist' O?STOlt, Lome Rene Le Berre Entornologi st, ECV /vnc /uilo/Geneva A.K. Opoku Aerial Ooerations, VCU/Kara B. Philiopon Entomologist, Chief , Vcu/ocP/OuagadouBou S.A. Sowah EntomologisE, Sector Chief" Kara, Togo Annex 2 PGITOTE TRANSIIISSIOI{ }METING Kara, 15-16 t'tarch 1985 Agenda- 1. InstallaEion of transnission stations and the receirrinq station 2. Functioning of the netr,rork Future of the experimental network Possible continuati.on of the experiment on the Kara and the Keran Other methods for the cotleetion, transmission an,1 reeeption of, hydrological data Possibilities for the establishment of a general OCP netrvork in initial Prograrnnne area and in the southern and western extensicn zones, on the basis of the preceding points on ihe agenda. 5. 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