A manual for aquatic monitoring in Ghana

v * f Oi{CIIOCE;iCIASf S COI'T'IROI .r.loGiii[..t iE A I'ianual for Aciuati-c I{onitoring 1n Ghana Dr. 5. Prahl *i.Sc.2 ii.3c., -L:h,D. Institute ofAquatic ,3iology, Accra itr. J. Sarmran, j.ic. Inst;;u-te of .rtquatic Biology,Accra. Dr. i'1. Pu6;h 'ithomas 1 .,,.1c.7 I,h.J.1 i'j.I. Biol. ';'Ior1d. Iiealth 0rganisation Consulrant second.ed.froni the De".:e,rtnent of tsioIogy, Uni_versity ofSalforcl. lst ::'d-ition .rpril L97, t wHo i'I I ; 1. a t CONT;II{[S General- Introd.uction fhe Selection of Sanplinsg Sanpling; .u'requency Changes in Sampling o..aaaa siteS...... Sites or method.s a a a a a a a a a aa. a a. a aa 4 6 7 (J 24 ), TecLrniques ReCOfdS . r........................... SUbStitUti-On Of ,Staff . . . .. o o ... o.. Appendix 1 Ad.d.resses Appendi:< 2 Details of Sampling Sites Appendix 7 Sub-sampling Append.i-x 4 ',,/ork load"ings a wHo 2. ,l -'-, :l')-ij, Irr l',iC,i.tL 0ilL,ti The Unchocercli.sj-s cor:trol i'ro.rr.iirri.-e hras initiateii l-r'te tt L')74 alnci ai.ns at controllin; the cj-j-sease ,'river bli-nclness" orr Onchocerce. volvulus iu 'Ehose savarrna re;ions of Ijirhonel., Ghana, lvory joast, i,.ial-i1 Ni5er aod. 11..,!.r€r r,/orta r',riiere th.e inciuence of the d.iseirse is hi5hest. fn an area of nearly ?uQrooo km2 it is es'bima.bed. ttlart over one mil-lion of the ten mi-l-l-ion inhabitants have the d_isease and that of these, seventy thoursand. i,tt l-east hiLve either serious impairment of vision or are bri-nC. -lbe control- of Onchocerclusls ls to be ahieved by attac-lring the arrua.tic, riverlne larviie of th* insect vector of the d-isease, the blacir or bufr'alo fly sirauLium d.amnosum. Ar least in the initlal suaues of tire twenty year programme the f1y larvae vuill- be a-utackecl vrirh the pesticid.e rAbater . In orcter to gu:rd. il6ainst unforseen ecological conseoruences an ecolo.rical uonitorino pro6r€iml1e was launched. in 1975. this p,ourr-l{,-c ,,vilL be baser1 on four monitorin6 centres; -'Lre Instituto of -Lquatic iiology at Accra in Gb.ana, *'hc oroanisiitionr;..t ;our:..ie in Ivory -o.:rst, &i ihe onchocerciasjs Control j-ro",ra",..re .,euctt_uerbci's at Cuuad.ouoou in liaute Volta ancr. at 'bhe r-)eir:'.rtilei,i-; of -io1ol,y i.it the I;niver,sity of larford. in 3rltain. *this inanual- ;,eiis out tite _u\roce lur.cs u;it-icl.r ,rt1Ll_ -lnitisilly be .rse; u to uonibor ti:i, efrec; of rAbirter on the ecolo5y o1' t::l'ce rlvcr; in "il:;rral uLr: ,jli,ck ./,-_,1-t,i^, .i;he '.iiri.i;e ,/o1ta aurct thc -.i'ver '.,ti. 'jetecterr r,-l-'[cs on.-iitele rivei.s l,'i1]- be nonitorecj. on i: onga ,,er tlori-uit i,,i,s1s. i'[ iu, Iio\revr]r', €x1)ecteu rrrr--b obi:;r rivers j-n ,iir;nr ,;i11 r,e visited. on a i-ess f :ec,ucnt oasls. t+ o.A"s r-. o" rvt . wHo 3. ri.! 3EI,ECTIOII O!. SAi,ti ]_,ING 3I,]ES Four of tire largest rivers in .].hana lvhich also flori tilror.:..;h the Onch.ocerciasis Jontrol zone !,rere seLeeted. for i-nvestigation as samplin; si-bes. fhese rivers l^jere3- 'Ihe l3l-aci< Volta, the ',,/hite Volta, the Daka and. the oti. rt !'ras found that the .iiaka cloes not rlovr throug;hout its 1en6th d.uring the dry season, 1t r',ias biierefore excl_ud.ed. from the regular san,,-rling probrarrre. (rt is possible that the Daka may be sampled- occasi-onalry during the wet season). rn sel-ecting samplin; sites on the remaining tb.ree rlvers, four criteria vlere used., g;od. accessibility at alr times of the year, the location had. to be as near volta Lake as possible, but the site hard- to be in the river and. not i_n the lake. '-'he site had. to be near a villai5e in ord.er to use locaL labour to obtain fish samples and. finally tbe site was also selecteo for lts suitabil-ity for sanpling using the tecirniques laicl d.orrrn in 'rr,rotocol for Acuuatic i{onitoringrt provid-ed- by the '"{orLd. }IeaLth Organisation. It was not possible to satisfy all'bhese criterj-a at anJr one site but after carefur field. lnvesti,rations the following samplj-ng stations j,vere seLected.: - l-. 'Ihe .Bl-ack ilo]ta. At the f erry be biyeen New Longorro and Bamboi, approxiinately 2o5,',1 BolC,,lf , luhenever the cond.itj-on of the ri-ver allotis, the sair_piin6 site to be approximatery 1kn upstrer.in of the iierry. 2. ?he ".',Ihite ilolta. I'he sa.:npling site is at the road. brioge over the 'Ihite Yo1ta at the vr-.r IaSe of Daboya, approximately 10 ?r, .,, 90 ti, l{, s&'"-:lcs norieally to be taken at the bri-dge. I wHo 4. ,, .lhe ;.iver t;ti. r'he saiui.lj-ni, s1'0e is 6jt the bricge snd. femy lvh.ere the road" mxuber ,,.1,) crosles the iiiver Qti. the nearest villarge is Siro:rri. the approximate position j-s Oo L| E.90 2Ot I{. ial;Ies are normally taken from tbe bri,-rge. ln the wet seilson i--U is sr1ir1_e sted- ttrat the ferry be used. If other rivers outlined. above shoulcl be stations. &re sa.riii:lecl the same criteria as used in selecting the sanpling I wHO 5' SAr"r.rLIi\TG I'IiE;U 0NCY It is expected. that saupling wiLl take place once per calend.er nonth and thi:.t the sarupling and sorting cycl-e will conmence on tire first l'londay of each month. rf the sampring; sequence is oelayed. by more than ten clays both the rnsti-tute of Aquatj.c Biolog.y, Accra and jlr. Douglas j'Iam at the t,Iorld- health organisatlon, Geneva must be lnI'ormed.. (For acld.resscs see Append.ix J_). A progr&irrrr.e for sarrrpling times has been worked. out for typical months rn lt)75 and- is given in the section on f ie1d. tecirniques, l)a6es t, to, g tt . If the completion of the main monitoring programrne u1Iows them, ad.di-tional rivers may be sampled.. It is sugdested. that either: - &, Saruples be takerr f rom the E.iver Oti, if it is flovring through.out its length or b. ,3aiiiples be taken from a river at a site near to whlch pesticitie tias recentiy been applied. (Ior teleptrone nurnbers oi" O.J.t. ii€ad,quarters ,Ougad.ougou see Api;enclix 1. ) . fhe clioice of ,ction to be t_eft to the field l-ead-er of tl.re uonJ-torin6 tear,ro . a wHo 6. rt wiLl not be posslble to use the same sampling nethod.s at any one site throu6hout the year. rt is most important that clranges i-n sar:plini_, nethocls be crearly noted. and ex1;lained. on the record sheets. rror instance, the change from the norual samlrrin6 site to the femy at Bamboi should- be noted. and. the reason for the charrge be given, i, e. higjh rlver f 1ov,r. If abnor:ual conditions lei^d. to a sa:npling; site being aband.oned fulL <letails of a neitr site selected. on the sarre rj-ver must be sent to the rnsitute of Aquatj-c Biology and. to Dr. .1i. I'larr at ,J.H.O., Geneva (see append.ix I for ad.oress). ,,y'hen the record. sheets for the new site are sent in, full notes of the situation should. be attached.. An established. sampling station should. only be given up in exceptional circumstances. T wHo 1. J'trC-:l{1.-L13. *. 'i'ime-.tabLe It is most int-,e35s.1 tira.t sai:ri,les .,re tal<en at S nel-r &S irsssibl-e to tl:e Sat.ie tj-nc eagh ilooth. rlhe rlonti.'lr prourar-- re oi sa..rlin- arld sortin; si-,oulci theref ore :rtal.t on the iir::t l.oncJ_a;- of eacil" non'bh. .ill proceaures, both fieid and. lriboratorjr, nuit be corni;leted by the end. of the i:er.ioa, i-.€. by thrl first l-onGi:." of the succeecllng rrionth. It is rnost ilrrrort:rr..it t.:t all proced_ules be kept ful1y up to date a;.nd uirat no b.^ckJ-og of ej-ther samplin6 or sortin- be alto',;ed to cleveloi:. ihis is particularly lmportant for the f iel-d. prouraruie. lrovj-sion has been m*d.e in the l-aboratory prouritrr-rie for Cealin6 r,rith back- 1og,5ed. meiterial by ltrovrcl.ini, one clear lveek on an approxi-ma'bely once ever). ui:ree month rotation. As this provision uses tirae whlch i,rcuLd. othervri-se be useii for active monitorino every at'beirrpt sb.ould be macle to keep ful1y up to d-ate each nonth. It is e>:pectei 'blrat will- be completed. uui'il1; i;he 'ilb.e pro.rariae si:cuici not 'be !r'oalreJ.-.,,e h:'.g to !rj c *t' ,'i-c d in nost nonths t,h.e field, work r ir;t ',,ie€-r of the cycl-e. L cl-isru,,tcu if the fj-elC sa;a'ilin- over i-ri.to 1;iie :econo week cf ' .-\ .,^-.';.-'.dL i*1;f'Urr,tiOn Ofy*(jv L uvI --, noi,i.Lie .i qS 3()OIr a.S -,o:r,ibl-e to ,-uj 7.97i, :ri',1 .,ivc:: Lrelou. ,.'l1e b, u*tjr-j al rrlt ..-u-e Cjiii-...ie3. u Lic ito ni, i-1;' i, tlo u r':,--- c i.,11 ;'E b e ng boiicr:rys puCi: :,.s -ri:.:-'ii.inas the ,. io.r, -l,ccra e'md. I 1-^ L u !l\/ q.L g !'v i ir u.--(. . "l JiL J.lrr v I trl Lr \- : b*;ed. oo,-i-,rc;-I -'-..;': al--{la,'l ..,nsv v L\-L 4\- * l,r v-J-'i.----...-; t i:.ilO. taken for :aonths contr.ini t wHo 8. and. 9aster and- durinc, perioJ.s i.;hen staf.l tiish to be away on loave. Holiuil_, s wii-1 have to be carefully sta56ered. in orCer to ensure the even i)rojress oi' tire roonitoring ..p106f0JlJ.lle. Sai:rp11n, si:.ould be clone between / &.rn. and. 12 noon du:rin6 the field. procjrarrlie. ?erious cleviation fron tb.is ti-me sLrould. be noi;ecl on tb.e reeord- sl.leets. t wHo 9. 'fYI,l.;:L iiCtv*'1.-tY I;L.Cn "1st-lnd. lrd 4ti1 it]tr 6th n!L( lrLL 8th-9th 10th-14th lrth-16th 17th-21st 2?nC-2)yd. 24th-28th zgt]n-lat]0 71st-4tIi "\.tJIL APIII 5th-btli 7t]n NOIItr: This is an ex:-:tijle of vlori; weel:s. if l-irb. end. of the thiru i,'e:i: be useCI. for vir";itin- i'i-r.rrir, Lc:75 Vt-I,tii Ll,-3. ttrf'li( 4 ,,,iEfil'iilD 3'I-1*.f !"ill, Jf ,.lL]," cr r.looth l;itir four lab. ,,,'orl: 1s u-' to d.ate at the tiren tiie finaL ',;eel: could. irn aCd.i-tionirl- site. I Y-Lrt; 0Ii wHo 10. ,Ll:iit-l l-et-4th )ttr-oth 7tb 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th-l_irh 14th-lBth 19th-20th 2Lst-25t]n 26tb.27t]n Zltla-Znd. I'IAY I'IAY Jrd-- th 5th IYI'ICAL I'I0N'r-11'1LY ynOGiilu-T Arii[ t975 rltD OF I'LLiCii SA.,-i LII{IG ',{EIKEi'lD GO 'I0 ','iiil .,"i VUIfA GO IO Ti,IUl.R O,II GO 'IO BfuU]C,I SALTTLE BLACIi VUL'IA A'I BAI'AOI IITTUiTN TO tsASE ',J"E5ii.0IU) l,AB. \,I]il]K I 'ilJ'-iK5wD LAB. i,J-5EK 2. .JD-TliErtD TAD -l-I,-rErlz- Z IJ4a!). ,1,-J,Jl'\ -) ;iErlirEi{D SI..Ltr I'i-{iY 0YCI3 i{0r1E: Easter is IikeIy to fall in i'iarch or jiprj-I. If it fa1ls on the first iioouay of Lpril then the pro6rt,.rnije siroulo start on the f'uesday i-nu:ecliaitely after'li,rster ..onoay. For exa.nple if in this uontii lrester i',ond.ay had. been on the /th, ti.re se:ni:Iing i)rourl(de noulul start on the 6ttr (luesoay'). wiro 11. i;Y Lst-2nd. )rd.-zttir 5th oth ItLt Eth 9th loth-11th 12th-l_5th 17th-r-8rh :-.9rln-?1rd. Z+tln-Zrtln 2otltr,-lot]n ]1st-lst JU}IN JUi'IE 2nd. ilOIS: This is probably' Laboratory ideeKS a t;'i:ical montir lti-tii three .'.s o.-;osecl to l":arch lvith T ZrIJ,']- jr0i'tili.r.,Y IrtLrG*i.irr^J i It iY 1975 -r-ilJ Or? Ar*.Ii, JICL"I .,:-i:liEI{D GO 1'C ,ii1l..r-'.1 V,-,!!'A ;C .'O il.I-'tr:.,.i UfI Gt, T0 -d-r',BLlI S.rirrl-,L,3i,|Ci' y'ur.,i;! A[ tsl.liBol rr:l'IUiil'l' ta Bi".3E :/EtrKEltD lAB. ',,IITK I . ilE:IKEi[D l,;i3. ',.iqXK 2 }r3lilEii3 lAll. i)a; 1 i.iTfi,Ii\D 3I:-.'I JUNE OYCI.E f ouI'. Durin,- fi,:1cr ,,,;or'i; -,niy tl,'o teci..nj"cj-ans need- to be presenil -bl.e otLer tivt-r ci.,.ri be startin6 nornal 1.'.i:or';rtor;r .,,roce.iure s . 12, r'.iotes on the iionthLy Iro;:ra:arne At the end. of the field. rrorli period. all sampling equipment must be cleaneo, maintained. and. stored.. A check shoul-d. be nad.e 'uha.t all equipment has returned. from the fierd.. Irlers should be lrashed. in tap r'rater, orled. erno. carefull-y insi:ected for hoLes. rf ciana.;ed. they slroul-d. be repaired. at once, preferably by sti-c-iin; cl.c]e puncture repair patches either slde of the hoLe. r.i:is lrork strould. be d.one on the first workinl; clay efte,,r the end. of field. work. 0n the last ,Iirursd.ay of each month al-l field. equipment must be prepared for the nevr cycle of fieLd. samp1in6. Cn the last irrida)' of each uoni;h all_ record. card.s and reports must be completed. ancl posted.. All sorted. material must be checliecl for correct }abeLs and stored. away from the saral.,le sortirr.,* benches. 'I1he possibilities of confusion in a progranme such as this are consl<ierabre and. every attempt siroulcl be mad.e to establj-sh a firrrr a:td- reco;niser-L ro;Ltine as soon as possible. wHo B. :ir^r.'!L.L,{G irlr'i^uJs -u'U.i ii[Vl-i.'r'3i3!dr,.irrra3 l, ;]J!OiL-I,I'{LTOI{ Suf f icient rope should be taken to m{i.ke a rope bri-cige across tile rive::, tiris is c.1',';a),s essenti-al at utmboi anci wil-1 also be need.ecl on the .ihite Volta and. l;he Oti, except at time of minlmal fLoi",r. &o ,ri-ft llet 'Jaup1es. lquir:ment 7 Crift nets (o for use, 1 spe^re). / len6ths of rope "for secur-in; drift nets. It j-s assluned th;.t fl-oaus ancl wei-hts wilf be attacheo "bo the neLs before lea.ving the laboratory and will be reiiioved. in the fielc1 as necessary. L bo"Utle of preservatlve. trorceps. 15 jars for sariri;Ies (12 + 1 spares). I'errcil and. La',"be1s. pH paper and. a therrnomet,':r strould fornl part of the general sa.r,rpling e<luipment. i'rethod. ir.scertain l^rlietiler' l;ei-h';s :.,.nd. flo:,ts ir.re to be left attacheu to tLie nets Er.ncl act a.ccord-inU1y. iecj-cre holv tong the nei;r. 3re -Uo be left inmersed and insbruct n,.jjibers of the tea-u l,.cc.orciinoly. -it jcucboi IiLr.Ke rope bri'li-,e ; a.t i;he .Ihite v'o1ta and" uti i,illke ro]le urii.;e only if neeci-ed. ihecli tlta t 'ui:e se;rr,Ie bot u le i t-re s€cl,ire in tire nc ts . '1 . ')pilce l-r,icc rrc"uJ ;ir;b ti^e,; are t,s n:.4.r &s --os-ible to uein., equally ;1:^ceti across [i:e itot.' of ihe river. lle;oi-e ;1i,cin; j-rr tLre ::iver checx Ltr.'rt tirel' aie secured I wHo 14. -Lo 1;kreir r,pe and. 'ui;,*i tkie rope 1s bricise. 1. reave in rive:: for lre corriL, errded see rhat -L;he net is marj-ntainin6 iis ? cro. 'belo',r ikre surface. attaci:eci to the 1; rr.te , cheokin; to r;oslii-on - i*bout L[.. i..eilove nets anci rei:lace rrj-Uh i;h.ree c]ean ones. ,. Tarl<ing care not to spilf i;he conl;ents r.;ash tb.e invertebrates cior,'n ibo 'bhe collecting jeir by a contination of im-mersln; the net to near its mouth in the river and. 6ent1y strokln., r,,rith the heincls to'.,,'ard-s the collecting jar. l,Ihen all j-nve;'tebrates elre in the jar empty this into the transport jar. iieirov€ emy enimals still ad-hering to the net and., vrj-th forceps, ad.d. ttrece to the 'i;ransport jar. 6. Add label ancL ^Jresclvative to eaich transport jar (10-12 d.rops formalinr/Z)L nl.). 7. Eeplace the coIlec-bin.5 jar in the net so that the net is reac)-y for re-use. B. i{ake a noi;e on bhe field recorcl sheet of the imniersion tlue of the nets. -Jhe proceclu.r'e is re:raued. until four nets of cl-rift san:ples have bcen uai:en. Ju..rplcs sl.ould be kept separate until after sortin5 and. countin.,. ,-,urj-rl., tlie sa:lr1in- i;j:re tlie rate of floi; shoul-o be ta"f.en at elci.;" ne. i;in.. - orrtion. * flo;.t si-oulci be timed ovcr 10 ::icircc ir-, uir..eU. -'tie iite:il: oi' ilil- rcaciin-,s si:.oui.-r be 'ua,ien :nu -i;ire vul-ue rccoroed on tiie reco.ri. sheeb beiir,, useci i'or rccoli^i .-r- f iel-cr- c.a.iu.. .'.,, tirr: :iLJ.-e iir,re tny o i;i:er ini'or-.:,uior L.,.rotit -ule f i-or,; o.'i ui:-r r'lvcr si,ouiqr be recor'uecr., Uo.,e"bi-cr t;irLi Jne liu-:e rsion i,ine f or ine net3. wHo 15- .li.t the erio of clrifr net s&.ri!.1in, re, eiuber to talle rrp 'utre rope briage if one ir:.r been u',ed.. It is a-'.rl'reci:teci. bhat at i,rcse r.rt (ipril L97r) it is not possi'b1e to folLo',.r biie ioove insi;ructions fulIy clue to the si:orta,,e of stand.a.r,J equip',rent. It is sug-ested- that until- such tine as full samplin6 ecjuipnent becomes available, f ive cir'if t net ,alri.rles be retlaraed. r.s the ininimr:.m acceptable nunnber. Ihe drift sa,'-rle.s are Lr very iu.,ortant part of the noni-torino pr'ogril.Irrlc as they fori.l. 1)art of one of the few method.s utiich can be useri a.t all seasons. iirift sampling shoul-cl" be givcn .-,riority in the sampling pro- glam-lle o b. Surber Sampling Sfficient llurbcr sc:r*rli-n., can only take place wb.ere there are stones anci ve:q.course -raveI in the river bed.. (The sibes of such locations L,.re shown in the d.etailed. site d.escriptions in Jippendix 2). iligh water l-evels and flov;s may 1ei^ci io substantially altered. river bed. topo- Eraptly. 3a.l:.i-,1irr., l-ocll'[icns may si.,.ifi ii.nd. a ,Surber saniplin6 polnt rnay airajear at lSaaboi; such changes should. be clearly noted" on the record. sheet. -len sa.:n*o1es should be col-l-ecteG if ,.osr-ibl:-.. Iquipment 2 iurber sr,r..j.,,le r! con91.-: ce l:icli cc'l lection conts,iners. 12 bottles for collection:; (10 -F L spi;.res) 'l brush: e .;. colrrsc nc.il brusir o:i scrui;Lin; brush. 1 lrni-fe 1 botUl-e o-[ formalin. -Lrorceps I,abels anC pencj-Ls. wHo 16. )a i,iAY i[o'i ?Ai;E ]uliBlil S*.rL:'3 ;1T l,oJ-.rro1,T: .il-.fr1E sAI.,btrI{G I1'tr'r5iitr'fiiE,JIi.'I1 DrtI-a-T i.l-3ir,Ii.,iG. until such tiue as the stand,ard. equi_pment becomes avaj-l-able use tb.e s(luare rnou,,ired. d_rift. net as a malce_ shift sarr:.p1er. rlease, nl..Jie a noie of ciran.,e of cecimique rvhen stanc.ard. aI:lraratus is available. I'tethoo the Surber salrpler is nel-d. firmlr. on the rocks cur'ing sa:.:p1in- r.ri-th the so.uze coverecl face d.irected. upstream. 3ee fj-gure belorr: frE'I UPENING GAUZE FACE . FI,OWz\ \ FRAI"E fhe collection is mad.e by brushi-ng the surface of the substrate startin6 at the upstrearn end. of the sampler ano rvoricint d.ownstrea:u. lach large stone is brushed and. scrai-,ed. thorou,,hly lvitb. a knife So as to dislod.ge all organlsms. ,i.he brushlng must occur so that all organisms :re ca,rieo inbc the net by the current. l"fte:: i.11 lrrr'5s stor:es are cleaned. erny 5rave] in uhe srbstrr:ue siioulo be thorou;l:.ly agitated. to remove organisms and. veg;etaiion. rf the net is renovable, take off fra:ire and- collcct or,;ri.nistis usin., lhe sa*rie rle.Uhocl as for dril't s3-d--'1es. lacii lirber sr..rrl,'l-c gLloul-cl be.!reLcrvec v;iuh fornalin soluiion ir1; Ehe rate oi' about ro-12 d.roi..,s per 250 ni. '-L'ire sair.;1es shour,r bc: kept eL.p;.rate un.uil after sor-[1n- and- counting. c. r Lrytoplankton lc,uipment 7 seuaple bottl_e s wHo 1?' Iquip.ment cont I o 2 100 ml. clip*.,ers. 100 nl. of cli-nical ioctine soluiion 25O rl.t. of leepoI or ouher deter;ent 100 l-m. of forrie.Iin sol-utior:.. Labels sLrou:"r'-L not be .;ut inli.le bhe .;lrp.to^orar&-t on bottles a.s or5eini s.Lns m'r;, a.clheL:e to tLre ;,r!.per. rhe 'bottles shoulo, the:c'ore, ei"h;r be label-ieo or:. trre outsicie or nur.mbcrect and note ue^u, in che fle1d. recc;os of the loca- tion of the saroplin., poin'bs. l.ethod. If posg j-bl-e, 'Lhe 1.,iiytop1anl<i,on sainlrl_es shoulo be ta".en a-t locations ec.,.uarly ,ll,.ced. across the frow of the river. rf 1t can be avoided si,rir*)1Gs shoulcl not be tal<en wj-ti:rin 1 netres or' uhe ban-l,;, ohus the rocation of the stations si:oulcl a_-r_ear as:- 'rr Il i\12 '1 a.r.rr. Irr1., .. .l- -i- U- -l L,:- Uo tJ Ll D5 N K .Li ,i 7. lLq/ 1oc a.t icns B A N 1\ 2^,)uJ .-1 Oa.11 rca ; t'1 )n\ .! fll -_l -{l r i(l t -tl Iil' rll --i r I zone ake h .... n !:c ]L, tr .oi i-::. lt wli i _-1. lc': .-(-t f,a ?a wHo l_n the ..,eirererl vegeta-bion 1;t...'i;te,:n of ttre ioceltion. -r-or in:tance ar.), lncrease in al;ae ;rol;iq. on roclcs or brid.6es. d.. -0ish samples. lhere are n"o co:urercial fish returns for the three locations serectetr for monitorin;. the tecirnique described b .Ioi,; irais becn o.eviseo to ;ive a fish catch related- to mani>o',ver input. rn 'bhis IIBT'1 it is hoped. that the sa:,rirles for eacli rlver i,rill be comiJilrabLe from one uonth to the next ano clurin-, i-rerioci-s of sirailar river floi.r. rtshoul-ci, therefore, be .cossible to comperre oti June l9?5 with oti June L976, but noi; rritir for instance the BLack volta at either cri.te L: 'uhe flshermen at the tuio rivers are d.ifferent cu:C. the biolo;ica] re,.,imes of the two waters also d.i-ffer. fquipment Fish l{easurin{1 ro€,rcl Record. Sheets Scissors. ',./e i5hin; I'iac irine I olythene ba3s. liethod.. lverl. month, et fisliennan of e;1;e,olished. abllity is to fish for cne noi:u1.l fishin_ c:ay usin; 'Uechniques most suil;aDle i'or.-i;he r_el,rrcn:.nil tile conciiion of the river. (it is sliu-e:tcd" l..i-,a.i; hc. bc r.rovid.ed. ',.;ith ne-bs by the rnsti'bute of -Lvuatrc .jiolouy). *'irc fi:liennijn must be no'bifieci irelL ln :.d-vc.nce oi' t.:c ,_-ure of rLre a;.r.i_val of tire lronitor';n., 'becu:. rjo t,",;t fish i-.ie :r"vi^rl abl_e wlren o--_ 19' th.e tea.u aryives. Ihis is uost liit.,ortant art tlr.e itiver oti ruirere r,he ter::.r lvil-l on1} be on tLre si-te for one clay and. r,lhere 'i;l-e clir:t;lnce from 'I;,.iir1e is too greu.t to justify a s;ceclal vehicle ;iour,ney to collect fish except in exceptionat ci-rci::nstances. I wHo 20. .rI'3Ii .i.{iiU..U C OUIi I',tI : GIl.*ir.ii ;fIWR! j3!,..-j,, VUL-IA Jri ( .l.I Xr..,, ) ,-;'J0: IQ . Li .'i5 -l'I'i,,. I^i ".=it : -:, . i,i-./l-ll liGirL'OH. : J . 3,ir.- -.,1. ',1i1-:.i'iJBA SI,IOIES: AlEriIS'3 J-L,,.fr.L'lE xl \,'i'I . 45o WO 21o t21 t24 t76 15a 400 *L lI. 258 L26 : 208 tic t25 128 22l- 2t|{ (Uypotnetic al vc.l-ue s ) (l.esn sizes Lirc after C.iscusuion "i,r. Lr'. ,rt'f . LI. a-rceci',;i i;Li f ishernen : hr.'l a. \rLLc+p ) . b,., DC and *1 x2 '.ie i,,irt j-n rie L:iic u-Ll:x . J-,en..-bI- irr lii-:-,t i- .e'iir','L . I wHo 2L. -ll:.c ii-:i, ,---i - L* 'u,., - cr'"t '")- i.n[', - .ro,.-] .:::i Lni;no'.,n i-, (jC1{j1.. 'L i., L_ ,lC-L("J :-l i.r;. .1.r.,. i,,,C.l "le in;-,eCteli. rjepLrfiitel)r. -ll.ci- -Cill" cri' P3.Ctr ii-' C j r.'-':: s[ou]-<r be ',iel.,lled. l,nc- ihe len.rti: tle i^i.ur'e ,r. -rirr: s]l.oub oi -bhc f lli. sl-:ul; 'Dc ;'rcs$€c. -.-it':r:1r' Lt,- 1,o ;.:e c1o;:t' j. :'Ic:- o jl l,iilj ,,1c i surin., boi-.rd i.nd tlir: I,o',,::1 1,.-:n.,t," oi t].:.r' fi,i .L;,u.l; b;: rCcoroe i f r'otit i;ir,' ii,. ,)j LL.:- rjr-our, i-rr) iirt' cn<L of iLe lonrest ;,;:t.rit; o.r- i;hc cl:t1i:.1 f ir"r. *. s'd.,oc-tcci foI.n of rc-col'ii sccet is .rlvcrr o-.., ouit,c. Unknoi.'n fisir" slioul-i be -ol:ted iuto p;'ob3.ble Species !ro ur1,rs o.l}ti Llc -.-'L^.r.' '., -:i ue Llcrir-;-l ci. abor,'c . In a;uiti-ori, reyTol,ci,.L. Uj-vi: iil-L si:.ouIe b': i,rreseiveC ior later iclentifici'Ui.orr in -Ll:.e lr..borirtory. upen a gap into the abd-ominil cl.vit, iiocl 1;0111' in lonie formalin then place f isir intr, i-)o..lr.h.reile bi^,,s (or' if not evall,ab1e, jars) containini ";eal< for"ilii-n soluticn. ( It is : bro:':.,ly .jt''ooi.l-.-(;n 1,,-' tnl. b a srnaIl refel:ence colrectio.r"r oi i''i --h br' e .'i;aLLi-li:ecl- at !aroale). itrb.en cLenic:.I i:touitut'i-n., - b...riJ,'-, f ish ti-ssue shouLcl ttr'e*. bc cclltlc lJ..L. L..rcor,:-ir;- uo tlie inl:lructions issued- :rt 'i;lie ,,:-i.,e. 3urplus f i:i: ct--l i-,(- 'ji-r-t1'otl?i o:. i:,fter invest- igrrr;ion. -Iicman ilu, 1e s it il no. el:. cct ;';. t-;-il'i.; 'i;L:"e S.t:i: .ll -,*'' i. ',iltl be r-i-;eii i c 1i-,::t o:' L. l;.-. r.'Jr-r i;-11-+ i: otti. l/ t.,cil : Uol.itt- a,r'o.tr:', :L'e . It r'Li.r' br-: ,;o,-;-j-J1,-:' to 'i;:-.,c -ll:lrin ^-,.:-* l- '- ; i; r-',Lr-ii - o-' -bi,.) :-.,;_;.itiOn;l *-' ,) :,-, Vil-i-;. _: g1r-s--i r.r.O ;iiu _,lC-,i'_*..-c ; l].J. t,-C.,e wHo 22. instructions should then be used.. Equipnent Grab ilope I'iessenger and. spare messen6er Bucket Si-eve Forceps 12 sanple container.; (ZrC m1.) 25O nt. of fomralin solution. Method. If the r,iater is shal-lolr it may be possible to operate the g;rab by hand-. In rvhicb. case the open grab shoul-d. be pushec finriy iuto the substraturn. and. the release mechanisu then op€l.r.t€d. d-irectly by band pressure. If the grab is to be usect from a rope, check that it is attached. to tb.e .irope anci that tb.e rope i-s also firnly attached. to i;he boat, brid.ge or other structure. ',Jhen tire jrad ha.s rea'.ched- the bottom of the river attach messender to lope anC release, thus operati-ng grab. I,url 6rab to surfa.ce anci insl:,ect contents through flap j-n the toi.. ff' l-es: ti:an hi:.lf fu1l, discard. if "bhe sam;ie is satisferctory, dil-rcbriree the c.-,n'i,enr,: inco a 'huc.lie-b 'bhen ge-,ar-.e fauni r'rom mud by ',;as'tring rnuo i;hrou;ir a sleve. -:. sieve of the recoruiencled- nesii should be half fii-ieci '','itir- r,iur;- a.nd ;ent}Jr roe-lcec and. rotatea at i,tre wait.:r sulface u-rr.tj-J- all the mud" hiasb.es through the neshes. *.epeit i;his until all of the sar"rple wHo II I i, t^ l I I hi-s been trcal-;ec-. -^-t -biiu erlal oi'eacii nr-Ld. por,tion transfer tlr.e fauna -uo a 22cr lr1. coLl"cc'bing bottLe "by thc-' carefr.tr uue oi' fo::ceps. jlcc fr.ori ', to l-u cir.ops of 4c',- forrna-l-in sofu'L'ioo,: ro each 2uo rrr1. of saa.,re. Ad.d a 1a-Ue1 to thc seJri-,]e .'.no se c]-lre f or tra.irsi)ort. rf it is .-oss,ibl-e 'bo ta&e 'rkmarr jr..b sainples then it is sLj;L,esti:cL thu.t lt) se:.rr-,J-es be ta,.!:en and. tl-rat these sa.r^rples be .L;e1rt uepari,te r"r"ntil_ ifter sortin6 and. countir4g. -\n L'kmcrn Grab ful-l of muc] acis iis e very i5ood. anchor and great care must be tal:e:r if one is useci from a village fishin; canoe! J. Ll,.tsO.LtIO.tt. r *1.t 0'ljiii,l t3 1. on the rcturn frorn ihe field";tLl sa,nrj-,les must be fully l-aibelled ancr .,,iaced" 1n 1ar:oratory jars. r-,he labels shoul-d shol';: - place, ,:rar,e ano roe u j-r.oci of collection, the name of the coJ-rector iinci" if used" che laboratory cod.e. labels sho;Icr be on or in the j;irs, preferably both. fhey slioulcL rrcver bc on -bhe lids. 2. It is si;rongl;r :,ecol.-.-eric.ec birlii e_lt iaateriaL from one r'1ver is fini.,1..er..L Lci'ole the next one i-s s'L'a::'bed.. wnly iac.-ccri-o-1 1r'o,,i orlc r'lrrer :,.rlc oae raetiroo si,ould" be on a l-lrborir bc::1' bcncu :.-u' i-"rd, ou.c tine. ,. -.t the ccnplc;ion oi bl:.o so::'bln. _.nd counting of the mi.rber -lrl i'or c:,cLr lil,cr i.ri :.e-re'',,i-nt rc;corc. siler:tsr siroulii bc cor:tpI':'i.;cu. --ir3r,e :i*c;i1l,* -oe, onc sirc:. b f o.r: ei',-cil me t,irou Ul,Oer i,I.r,.. iirG ;*.i.l-''b reC,or.d slre,:. r; siioulci. elsO cor:.tai:i ::.1-1 iL.i: ;.:-re i-rr-[or,:.li.uion. 23. b:.cli c i..eck I fully stor;',-:. month a.no 4. It uiIl ;..1r,ro;,'t cer.taintJ, be ncc?::-L.!,) some sr.rtiles. '-,he,' :rusu, uhereiol,<:, be Lt is s.u...Jc:-tcc tirr-,-b L;hi-s be Cone ilontt:, 'n-... 'do wHo 24. river by river. the cond.iti\.,1r. of storecr materi-al shouLd. be checkecl every three months and. preservative top1.red. up if necessal.Jr. 5. Regular ehecks must be mad.e by the teain Lead.er to insure that all- organisms are bcin6 removed. d.urlng soriin6. thls is of great importance. 6. ',Jhen not in use arl nicroscopes shoul<l be covered., they shoulcl also be carefully cleanecr" at the end_ of each month. 7. rt 1s most imi,'ortant tirat d.uring sorti-ng and- counting, material is not allot.eo. uo ciry out. If petri d.ishes containin8 orLanisus are l-eft ti,ey must be carefully covered. Every effort, ho,,,ever, should. be mad.e to complete eitner countin6 or sorti-n.- of material i_n petri d.ishes without a brealc. B. As soon as the progr€-i.,r-le is l,erl estabfished. it is. recomlnendeo 'bhat tire more eible technicians be tau6ht hovr to count organisms. !b.is r,iirl give the team Lead.er a greater flexibility in the use of his tj.:me. 9. As ihe nonltorin; proceecls the ilroUrariue will be ted-ious. rt is uost imr-.ortant 'uirab borec"om croes not encoLlraoe siaci\-_ness e.ncL riista_:es. L0. iorti-ng e.nd. 0ounting i:ethocls. a. ,.,rift ssir)l-eg ))3urber s€J.ii)le s ) )l--]xnan Grao se:;1,1es ) the sori;in,, ;.nd_ countiql, rroced.urcg for the .Uhr.ee collectrn., teclnic.ries r.re the saJ?e and. the laboratory proceciure: d.escripeci a1,_.1;, 1;o alI three . I wHo 25' ,i or-Linr I I-t is suo.,es'b':cr ti,.:'t 'circ lorti-n- -)1'occLtire is also use,i for the renovll of nltteriiil- froi.i fielcl containers to li.boratorX, cor:.l,aincr:. 'i,.,r-ripqc-nt (for z+ so;'.Lels) . zl l-ow po',.ie r blnociLl--'r -:ri-croscoi'eIi c.rti.' 1i.'-ltps. 8 tetri Cis"res i.i-th cellri-me-br(' ;r:.;it !i'.per stuck fin.^1y on "bb.e L-,o't,rou. ttrc s,-au..r'es nutbcr-ed. in a consecutive fclsirion. 'Ihe pe1;ri tiisi-'cs i.iust fit co:ifortabl;" on'oo btre sta-es oi 'ube microscopes. 4 coarse forcel-rs B moun-bed. neeCles el fine.f orceps A reserve of forualin soluction A supply of liboratory ja.rs. l{ethod. Take s,rri:.ll porticns of 'bi,e collected. material and place in a calibr:-.tecr petri C-isir. 'lover materj-al- l'rith rDreservative solutlon. )eparerte the or5anisms from the <Lebris by pusnin; 'r,iic *'etri ciislr uocier the field. of the microscope and. ex'brl.:c ui-rr- al-f ihe organisns f rom one square centimet-e :.1u c! ul-liie . (lhe na;ni-fici.tion shoul-<i be such as to al-loiv bbe invcs-ci.-iicol' to 5':.;e tire ';,'hole of a square at a 1;ii-re). - I:-,c,: ;itl orU€,.itltl,; j.rr 1;.'i:oratorX' jars reerd-y f'or counl,in.r. I-,-' ci.e siu^-1e cont:^ins il;n,'* siti:1I organisns Si.Ch 3.s il-i, i.occ.ia or Jcpc-,or"r:^ iisc'.rss iiith tea.:it lcader :-S to lrl:re'bho:: ;[c^.c. :iiol.1; be; ]-e ii, j-tr i;irc dc:uris for furbher ej.e]],lincitiofl or' :o::tcc. ia;o l:-,borabor;' ji rs. '..Ii:en i^l i- uiie sQ'Jir:-'e u h;ve becil e:<a:.,iit''-:ti, rluiolliy cirecle i;he sa.lple 'i;o scL' Li::.t no or--e'niLil.s [i.ve becl rni-c sed. HO 26. If the sori;in, is coinplete clis,,r6ss of the cj.ebris. If the d-ebris al-so coni;'-.ins snall oriJ;:nisns keelt it for further exarniaertion and counting. Countirrii If poss:ilble alJ- or6;anisms si:.ou1c. be counteo but vrith sarnples containinl lr,.rge numbers of organisns this lvill not be possible. Ihe nain saa4rle should. then be sub- sar-ipled. accord.i-n;; to tiie proced.ure oiven in append.ix 7. Eouipment (1 counter) I lovr por,rer binocular mi-croscope I bigh por.Ier microscope (the j-nverted. mlcroscope used. for phytoplankton ivorLr lvould. be satisf actory). 2 calibrated- petri Clshes 2 pairs fine, 2 pairs coarse forceps 1 pair mounted. need-l-es. Laboratory jt-..rs as need.ed. rreservative Ilethod Each fiefd sa:,irrle strouLu bc couniecl and. record.ed. separertell., a1, the encr oi. counting all the materj-aL from arly one field. raeul:od. can be reerged for storing. If this is d.one tirr: labe.'- si.o*ld" indlcite holr maqy fie1d. sauples form the 'botal s-i;orecr suu.,1:1e. Organi-sms siroul<., be countecL in calib::1.'r"ed petri Cishes. Ti:.e rrliribe r of' c:rj,rai.ls in e. i)ci;ri ai-sh e.t any one time siroulu no; be so ,.rcr^t ..s Jo ciruse confusion uo the counter. ,'in.r- e-.1 uove oroatti.snts 1r: ;euri cr.ish.cs do not count or soii rn .r orau;ht. Joun'u t,ire or,,a.nisms by;;roccccri}; fr,;;,r one SC*rlrr.re ro the next 1r} a nuabc}.e<l- sequenceo iounLs shoi-1l',i be. recorued :-rr F. lllbolatory note-boo.lr leau; i'o.:, treiiisfer. to tL,e rccord sLcets. ) wHo 27- _. otes on counrini: 1. 'ie:'r'esiriiir oi-crlisr.rii should be i_noreci. 2..idu,l-i,s of aqur.i.-i;rc in-ects shoiilci bc llnorecl for coun'cin5 but their prer.cnce no'c,:t: on the recc::d- shcet. i. 0i-;.scs o.t' eiquaitic o]-,j.-jtigus, e. _ o of .,riciroit-be:.,a lilrvae sirotilr.,- bc i;nor..a -i f ernpt)" :rnd counted- if occupied.. 4. If oro-ani-s:iis a,-r'c bloirenr irea.ac shourl-ci. be coun-ued ancl_ o i,her iJarts j--rrorcci . L: r...^--. !-). url!)ty e:rtcr'na:l s.:eleuons si.or_i.l_cL be countecl. (J. ;upa€ shouli be ccunbccl. 7. .:rish shoiLl_ci be coun.be cl. 8. rhe presence oi' C-- *.ala!: shoul-,.,- bc notecl 0n the airi),]opri:.,,c r.ecori. siteo-i, . '). o16anisns sho.,r-i br, ir^c:rtj.fieci i,.s f;,..i: c.s possJ_ble, e.1,. to spccies a.nci coun-Lecr accorCin_ly . r,his t^ril_l not always bc ;:ossible but er,rer;. e.fj'ori: shoul-ci be nad.e to ta-iie identific3r,-r.ons f.u iei:t ro the faritil;- and. preferably uo the $enus" fher'c i: ;-.--,rce cn thc record. shcets for aCcri'bional in:.'o,riie tion. b. .r'hrtoplan-kton 'Ithe f oi'::ru1l . 1 L rJ.._- i. ,_. ,ict-iv;.ti_ct:, nrunber Oi --i-; uo-,'l _.1__,.;on ci:._l-i - .,.,t Ii It OS;-ur.i:t. J ..i.. U :.-t. l. cJ--lf. .,--.i..Iu ', .:-r, i-,,-: tnic ro sco_t,c , i . ... 1, , ., : .l- Dk.c ..ii. ;:- i;u.i;,: or on one ii.err,; l-;...-L '.O i.,. _.i _,..r.-,-,,.- is used, Ciicc .;i,, i; ', 1,, ,-r.,ii.,L:ili ;.t:i.-l- cioer: ito b, rio- ii;" ,-o I - j_L i. ii.:. rlcl., :-. , ,, i-e u.-ocL ior calcr-11:,.ting the Lrc ir, ,i-ycn op _,osite. ucn:l on ,;he invertec o- ..,-u::t j-c ,;io1o-y, . .r' 'i, ,,c o i ,,.i c.ro 3c o,_ e i ,:,.-_,Iie :. ff i-b ,'-.:'',.'rus. ,e t:tly iJ..r i:C tiir. r- .lrr. 1o in -L; h., colloci;i1; j l, to -wH o-- II 28. iLr:rto i-,1 :.ni<toD Ji-:lcu.i :,tion -he radius of the countin., chcunber is 12.)nu. lherefore the alea oi' the base 1s: .\ G2: r)t ,,- t2 = i-2o.i) >: i? = rrgl.I}ua -T- T The area of one s1;ri.-r 1s 1.4!H.n. :: l_C.Or,rLt the wid-th oi' thc f ield ( a'b :iltic oi the raicroscope used.) x the len5tir of ttre strip = l4.J rut 1This represents Tq of th.e totar area of the base of the cha:aber. ?herefore the number oi' cells in a zJnl. counting chamber is the toter"L nr:-..ber of cel-l-s counted. ,c, x 7r.g 25ml is 1/20th of the iOO r,il. sample. 'Iherefore the nrlriber of ccl-ls per lltfe = 1r-;i.,.(.) -- 4O ) T\I-'? i.Tffi = 3;il;a"'40I frffoi*til*?f,,couNrED rf counting cells or othcr vol-*mes are used. the foruula must be moui-fied- accord.lnGly. ,3i-mirar]y, if the wid.th of the ;"bri;, is c,.;,n;ed. tb.e formula raust be correcteC. t wHo_- - 29. br'ini; ail pl;^::.;ton cc11: r,-'Lo !us. euuion. r]i1l the i) .t.:L. corr-n',j-tL c-.r.-:.1;1)r unril it over-iIo;:s, tl.ren sIi*c on r.*c Cov(if.;.r_:i-l , tl..--.1_n_ c:.._e rrot,-i,'o-bIi.1., l'.-1.:' bul-,blc-s. *11o-.,' Lo ;c: u i;l. io; : ,. l-., t,.,: J -'oLl. i-ouis tiicn br;.rrsfe-.r.'bo L.:t; -i:ri,t:r,o-col_() :,tr_._o. rs i;i:,:r'e is i1o r.J.j..ir:Ulile J-'i-'. ;.,.,.:i-1;i.;lt: for bhe nicroSCoi.e c,lLri.iL; tiLi' .n.-r.'t'Jc !. o:- c._l-is i n a. sir:-p lOi-r--r lon., anri ihe full iield in ::i.dtir :.-b I ntl^.,ni.fj-ctr,cion of iIlOO. ,*l&re ru-'i; br: taken :-:t t!rr,. ,l-._€.- of ihe fie1c" Ls it r.,il1 br: e a.ij to -.rj s: c,cilr: ,*Lic 'f o ;ooi orrtics. It 1s SUa-es i;i:u ijll-'t tr ,,i ecc cr' -u;ii'e be in'b3o]ucec1 into one of 'l,he ocul-l.rs ijo L;irr.'L'i; ib lj_c:; i.,.crosrj ttre nid. point of the fielti. i.I:rL:ton cclls can -l;lien be counteci srs the;, appe:.r, to croJj. b}is b:^r, 'v.'l,c:t -i;Lrc ctrip is moved.. -1,t least ir,;o stri-;,1 l,ii,..rulii be coun1,eci- from each fOO rnl. sLr.r:'ii-,lc c-nC. l:L'-r: .) sr-o.,:Ii. bc i.t ri;ht an.,Ies to ee.ci: otlrer. . hqo" -)1" It is 5'--r_.,c'.1'Ga,(,. il,,^; -',:,Lir s-br1.;u be coun'cr-:d- .,.tCr 5CC nl. f i:;lu ii-,r;,1s . The ?') il-. oi c.-,'Llrr-rjr)u ,J,:;---,1.-' :r-- uIc trc Ciscl.,a.::;ed- inuo ir l-i.;cjt...r-,r'J cont'-..j-nc,' oi' ;),' ..1-l_. in cl;_.::city s:rd- ltixcd. t,,"i ';1, Llir-, o,.,-r-. I' C,jun,i- * -.t.i, lr.,;-r. -,i,.. 7-) tt-L. of iir.:'.tci'r:.1 li.c,,u-l ." -h..., *:'.:*..t i'o', -'r-r-'-,'-.r.c rci'ci'circc, tLrc rc:t oi' -;i:.: ,-:.1 .. 1,.:,, r.,, , b,: di-l-c: L'u,.,J" iiote: *rbrc r l"; uo;-'-r-.-.:::;otl coi;n-i;in- ;.:.ol.l- l:c ricr.l"c oil a bcncir -,ri-.-),- il'.-,-,- b.r,-: o.. l-.:i l;o;:.1; :,) a..s 'bo 1-(:)LL,,,LCC tlr"lr f iS:. O: i-*.. 1:.,J L.)in , J-.,i..1r,,.n *",.i:in., settli_n,, " wHo 30. C. ! f JLT ;11 fisl: s;u:ipl-inu proced.ures for l;norrn species of fisir shoulC be complcted- in tire fielct. ff they are done irr t'oe luboratory thr:n fieId. i:roced.ures shouLo be used. Unknown srecies of fi.sh sbouL.L be ictentifled as soolr. as poscible on retu.r:r"L to the labor:tori, andt the species nane ad.ced- to boih the field rccorcl sheet anci the final record. sheet. It is possible -bhat speci-es eltirer nel" to Ghana will- be found. and. possi-bly ne',; to science. These fish should. tre given an id"entj-ficatlon cocie uhich vriLl enable th.em to be related- 'bo the relevant clata. It is sug6ested that a cod-e such as: llilii.{.r/tsVrl3p l-.Count::;r,iiver Specles oesignation be used. for fish byires l;tiictr reu&ir'L uniclentified. at the end of a monthly cycle. i wHo wHo-- countrv Gt\A A A. River/rriEGjIil 6r-Acx y0'Lx A. I,iid.h ar, b O,^^- Investigator \. s. Dare alrrt [-tS. .rB% t lv\rll,fl.cf; 1u flur.{iruitrfrc. Al ti tude ver co Loo Fauna anEfvs Taxa aty Nematoda Annelida Crustacee habitation HydrophiLidae Gyrinidae Pyralidae Bulinus Limnaea Physa Potadoma Pila thyroplankton otl^rr 0ligochaeta,i Tubificidae Hirudinea Amphipoda Cladocera Copepoda Concostracha Decapoda Microbrachir:m Caredena ighr O'5...^- apparent'trrEuu less than L.-n. D{\-1 A, 1-2 m.2-3 n.N more than 3 mr1ne collect -3 51 6 stance rom nearest Bq-$ts\ I Plecoptera Trichoptera Odonata Aeshnidae Gomphidae LibeLlulidae Lestidae Diprera t:Ia::;ffinidae SimuLi.idae Ephedridae Chironomini Tanytarsini Orthocladini coleoptera ;;l#:fi:: Elmidae Lepidoptera Ilydracarina l,Iollusea ? -- -Landestes Other conrrron taxa (specify) gv&tttettL ag4Ltl!e alr recorol snoulc De ln r herid column. Jlo,Aquatic i) (ii Rocks with sLiugysurfaces Algal bloons eVlS)el.t1 La(i 14, thin 1 km. o samp(ii Barren - mud Barren - sand Barren - rock Habitation Cultivated land Short grass Long grass Bush/scruh Forest 0ther Reservoir in local area Water transport.... .... ,-q(aa*(., G, S\. v(.q..-GQ Othgr. . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . ature (-C \5\r4{- "r-\- ^^^"\l*\ C\,\8. Lesslhan LO '81t 3o'c. 20-24 More than 25 ].ce co on only: evant inf ^\"\" -.Lo 1}.- J*I v I--,,,-\ ^-\ 1, ,\,- $4. \, r\ X*"\ JJ . fJr\{ A Narure of rivei-boEil Mud sand Gravet Stones Boulders Artificial debrie Other (specify).......... .... .. .. ..structure (f rick) naln$ Greater than^45o angle Less than 45o angle- More or less flat vegeration (1 tick) nafiE alI Velocity ^Standing ,-.;::I", r / s,._. hleir/waterf all + ++ +++ ++++ 0 - b..t '1. o - la'g wHo 32. It is suoirested_ biii,t a ful1 :o U oi' couplcte record_ sireets be kept in Ghl"na (tn crtLci.ition bo tirose sent to the i.IorLd. Health Lrui.rrlisu.tion). Jire location of the record. brn]< in Ghlna i;o be r,_recd. b;- ti:.e fnstj_tute of Aquatic Biolo";y. It is, ho',;ever., sLt!_esteci tLrat they be kept at the monitorin6 centre. Fi-eld. .tecor,'d.s. It is suLjested. '[irat a blernk record_ sheet be taken on each field visit and thar it be completeC j-n the f ield.. The 1nf ocmation thus gath. red. shoulcl- tiren be transfer-recl- to the .uiil.:-i, i,ECUI., ,Siltr-r[, for send.in6 to l,/.H.O. An exai:ir1e of tr conpleteci fie1d. record_ sheet ,iEC0ti.D0 fhe effici-ent and. ei-'ective moni-borin;; pro_rautne d.eoren"l.s on d-ate and. accurate recor<ls. Ls 8l-ven. NO'IE: 'IIiE OiIIiIi",-; iiirJ ITJIIiONJ r.O wor.[;in5 of 'bhe thc liee:tin., of up to Ut lru,-. Jrr\. I wHo Icountry qqA.\ A widrh (m) Ekrnan dredge sample lbdified Surber sampLe Drift net sanple PhytopLankton sample "9- T q Investiga.or J_S. st,ance rom nearest habitation mum apparent depth. less than 1.-m. L-2 m. 2-3 m. more than 3 m.Fauna analys Taxa Nematoda AnneLida otL,,r-i Crustacea Plecoptera Trichoptera odonata Diptera Coleoptera Lepidoptera Hydracarina I,loLLusca Oligochaeta'i Tubificldae Hirudinea Anphipoda Cladoibta Copepoda Concostracha Decapoda Microbrachium Caredena U\Ac\""^de Aesnnldae - Gomphidae Libellulidae Lestidae Agrionidae Ceratopogonidae Ephedridae Chironomini Tanytarsini 0rthocladini Tanypodini Dytiscidae Elmidae ?. *--. Hydrophilidae Gyrinidae Pyralidae (. Butinus Limnaea Physa Potadoma Pila - 'Landistes taxa (specify) €!o-ag ec 6 co 5 t L- Sehfcrr6'. Tt{ \S tlrttlrS A1 titude oil FACT I wHo tc L. I r \rtrvnr,\,.fJI\Uf,(foIO stance from aearest habitation DABII A r,Ui\ I IIU.L r rr li 'i i l Ulrli\ U. Investigator ). S. Dare g E C' S re-. Maximum apparent less t-2 2-3 more than 1"".m. lrrr[15 Tr^-l . I I*^., "^^.I\g- III o m. than 3 m.auna axaT tec 6 t"- l{esn\\Setsl Crustacea A d"-\h. aty I Nematoda Annelida ott^r-I 0ligochaeta,i Hirudinea Anphipoda . I ncostr Decapoda Microbrachium Caredena Aeshnidae Gomphidae Libellul,idae Lestidae Agrionidae Diptera Ceratopogonidae si Ephedridae Tanytarsini 0rthocLadini TanypodiniColeoptera Dytiscidae Elmidae Hydrophilidae Gyrinidae Pyralidae BuLinus Limnaea Physa Potadoma Pila Ptecoptera Trichoptera Odonata Lepidoptera Hydracarina Mollusca ? -. "Landastes other cornmon faxa (specify) =n*\arI*- I ,t * country q\C\"SA River/tributary Width (m) le method. Ekman dredge sample Modified Surber sampleDrift net sampLe Eoplankton sample LO L5 tr 1"} \1 t3 lr\ & .2 i+""su \"\*\o,,. g\.q . wHo Column 11) . Aquatic i) (ii - \- -r-., t -n -w - ..-..s lv-ssfaIf no dominant feature, all recordin \r/ t gaEEa s should be in rieh hand colrrmn. rgeuut sd ru rrrgttE rrano Rocks with sI.iogy eurfaces Alga1 blooms within 1 km.- 11 Barren - mud Barren - sand Barren - rock Habitation Cultivated land Short grass Long grass Bush/scruh Forest 0ther Waste disposal.c....... Rice or siniLar cropo r rFishing activitiee. o o o.Irrigation purposes.. r.Reservoir in 1ocal area Water trangport.. .. .... rature Lees than L0 10-14 15-I.9 20-24 More than 25 ormation: structure (1, Overhang Greater than Less than 45o More or tess vegetat Tree Shrub Herb Grass Barren 45o angle angle flat ture of river bottom. Mud sand Gravel Stones Boulders Artificial debrie Other (s a a a a a a a t o t a a a a aa o a a a vetoc].ty Standing SLow Medium Fas t tleir/waterf al1 jtry + ++ +++ ++++ rzr,.r(u, r cJb S .o^- . 6,*^U S*^,( o\ ,,^^\a *^ \LI a wHo ture of river bottom. Mud Gravet Stones Boulders Artificial debrie a a a a aa a a a a aaoa aa aa a a structure (1 tick) mainly: Greater than^45o angle Less than 45o angLe- More or less flat vegetatlon (1 rick) nainly- Shrub Herb Grass Barren rature Lees than 10 Standing fi*x", P Weir/waterfall + ++ +++ ++++ 0- 6.1 l.?- : llg dominant feature ari iecoiai should be in riglrt hand column.Aquatic i) (ii Rocks with slingryeurfaces Algal blooms aaaaaaa .o..... rlc*lt Ev c{ ndw n 1 km. of samp 11 Barren - mud Barren - sand Barren - rock Habitation CuLtivated Land Short grass Long grass Bush/scruh Forest Other (speci "[o\L a\ 1), J""\ .\\)*4 \,.*a,{^\ v try\ qV.H.[ $-r .f .il a wHo 35. *113ii ri].lu-.D CvUiiJ,i,Y: 1I_l I :., 4.1.i.i-L1\11 ,:ljl Lo,!t ,7, riiWl IIGAIOR i J .,i . .ilVllil: 3peci-es A. ta]:er:roLe li. J Z i'rcan .jei-i:.t loi trr. L-eiin lcn;'r,-h 779 .rn 1-U A h ,,Ir.i.iT3; -'otaL oo c j i x)'z el Iu \t C) c ,nni r",-'ui/\/vf,v'J val.ue's ior irlc..-isulterncnts iisl^ ;-'cr si;ecies. e.nd. total ( lhis f orn al!-liou;tr L:rse<i on f rct is pureJ.y fi;tionirl in,-.ctai1) . wHo 36.. THf "BASI0 shiET. l-i,LlU*il :1.[.-,[ i.llE t'Al'fi{ 'i'C 'i'lil .t,'i- 1l,ll. I,ab o rat o r.r,- tle c o rd.s 1-dxa:,rp1es of comi)-Letecl laboratory recorcl sheeus ire glv:n opposi'be, i'lote tii:.t ihc Crif 'c sE_L.irjle sireet norf contains a1]- the relevant field in-forrrration. If the mean of tbe total rmmber of animal_s is calcul;:.ted. arrd i-s lesu than 1, the mli:ber of orgaLnisms shoul-cr bc rei)recentecl as 1. 'Ilrro extra cohuons rnust bc provid.ed for ti:e figures from the clrift salrplin., as there a.re LZ sam}.'les. The section 'rOther relevant information" is important. the fieltr tezuts ir:rve Cir'ect ex1:eri_ence of what is happend.ing in "bhe ;3r'o6rei-lje &r€o. They are sure to Bee ecologiccrl sj-tuations vrhich o'cher people, looklng only au seconci-hano. d.ata r,;i1-1. mics. Therefore, record. all relevant lnforraarion j-n tl:.is section hol.rever trivial ;rou may believe i-b ,r: 'be. Dis'Oateh of rlecorus an(i ,.ei)olts fnfor:,r;:biorr r.s uc i,iici-.e -bo lei:il coiiiL,letect rccord. sl.reets r.'i-Ll bc ;ivei: '-,J- -:. ,.(,. Lntil sucir instructions ilrlive cornj:lcteri recorcl si:.eet; si:ould br: ke^ot in a eecure ,.,1"rcc i-n li:r:,rti:. ( rlirc 'r-nvii'onr;1C/1.-,lt-l -l,csOLircc-)s ,.roup in the De;>e.r't,,ierri o:' -i.o-1og;, :,'b -e;i:c'urj-vr:rsit, oj'l:-.1fo,.d-',,'oL,.l-C i.'etcone t-ire o;-:o.1.'i;urii-i7 of s,:(.i'i ir_ cui.,j-()* oi' i;l,ese recc,::J.,:) . '-li:.e tel:*r l-c, I'rrcr' i,,r-ouJ,r ^lr--lL(i i-'. siic::t no:rbi., 1;r _r.€;-i-'rg11 to the ,)ir';cco:' o.-' .'-cilrr; -'i-rr:cbo:.' o- 'i;l:c .t-nsli-trite of ii.i-u:itic 3, olo-y, a-b .',ccri'." (Iu i s i-',.,-_,.t*,u:.)11 'u..tr..i 'ul..is re_-'o.r:t si,,,u1r- ttc i; oxcc:'ci 3C,.. i.or'ds:) . -: fulI .r'e,,.ort sl.Ior-r- l,- be r-.cn-1, to *ccra a-t th.e cnO oi c:..cir c,Llartc.;_-. wfio 3?. . .ihen 1;he 1:1-'o_r.i;.,-.:c j-s in fu-l-1 C'.II\i Io_ C-,U:, :,tu; i., bc _ o:, JCd- i.,r; tire illon'u1,1-y c7c1e. O.) --r'l r:. st .i.,:t_on record_c -.,'r.'i ii:; i-n e;Cif jUrrSr'It,fJ-U.r, L*,'l..,-^.-u,*,' Li th.c tea* 1c-.i*,_,1. iL C-_L-j.r*e_ i.,; is s"-u_estea ttreit thc substi.-uur,ce l_c-,.,u_" co.irr,l,. tcl ci_t_r oi. el tjlielo sai"-1in; c}'cl-e r;-itli thc e::i-sti-n- r-Ci.-eio.r .,.r1(,- L1s much.rs possrblc o-f i:he i:-.Loi.iltor;i c;,'c1e. -.,ltr, ne.,., Icr.,.c1e_. l:ust al-so rei.d. Liris j-i:.r:.Lirrl :.nrL d.iscusl, ii;s coirtent-l and. ap.>1icat-i on r;iuLi tilc e:iis.Lin_ l-e ,:.^r-rc.r-,. If tcc..nir;ians LL1.c le;1i.cei .;l:e), nust so tiu.t 't lie;- fu11y unc,_c.rs-f,r,.n,_L bol;i. ";lii-:ir 1 abor:^toTir dr-Ltie s . be trained field. and. WHO 38. Alrfi\DIl( I Id.d.resses Dr. J.lou61i.rs i'.e^rr,0.'.I . ',ior1d. Iie altli L,ruani-sati-on, 1211, Geneva, Switzerl-c.nd.. It'ef : -,4 60 o1 felegri.ur,-,iil'itr'{ftr, jeneva C . C .r .0ua5adoli.c,ou. rDirector .)r. tiei.r.e Zie",ler, onchocerciasis -ontrol i ro.ri&,.--e ,ii.i, . 549 , Ouagaor"lugou, Haute 7o1ta. fel: 2q4\ i27? 2408. -,ele-:; ONC}IC 542lUV Telegran O-.JI{O OU,',G*uCUr.iOU [he Institute of Aquati_c .i;iolo5y, .F .0. Box J8, Acbiomota, Accrar Ghana 0.C.r'. .'E.,,-41e, ilhe Ul-d ,,os^.ri'bal ,Eospi-tal -,oac1, ,AJ,Lq,trE, Gtrana. -'el-: ?'5116 .'Iorlci i:ealti- ur-.,rrnis acion ^r€"!jta:erttiltivc,Accra., jhllna, Iel : lr,CCIq bor::4. univei'sit, oi' ::Iforc ,, I ll , ,..L)L. 1.. +Ltqu ---'J.it,! t- yL. ... ;l'v;-;,Jnvii'onuont.-.-i- ..r) ic.Ji. c - r_, *rept. o{ Jio1o.,,,,Lnive;si'[;. oi - .- iio.,-,r^, li.rr.J'0-.ji.'r'L'L;:n '1 tL :'lllJ a !, f a ',a1. /1'.-l 1... r-'/ t..- r)r--'iau+. \U,Ja/ ( j\) ./a iz -:rtzo 1L2-, o ,, ^. . .. i-L o v o.l. . -Oil. .!'le . a wHo 39. '1 -'l--, - ,(.,, . -,].| ,Ji' ",L..,r I r4 - l.ir', "'i- ..1.-j,.jj- 1 1oi; r-"1-ol,' ur-'il't l.ll r,,'; bo i.,,e lo r. i-c lc ',, 1..'ii c r -Lri- j-s uri.l ii:c1; t-r-tp-)- t -''r-,L,. .',1'.;.r l'oi, . J- l-i.i . f io:l t t:)i'L', tct -l-.c^- -.oJl.L . L I I , l'.li-li'. l l - I,,UTr .r.,J(- l.U t,'r -.., r. !- iu - Ll.I_ If I I I I 40. .Lli jil{rIx 2 con c'cl retail-r of J*nplin; 31tes .ifVl;t OTI f'RoI',] YtrNDI v ,rift 'Jii;es r.s avaiLuole iurbcr :reas Use road. br.-L;.,e lor. -::x.i*.,lirr., in neecled" in r,iet season. If n-ecessar;' salrijles uiry be 'baken l.,,OOn eitl:er s1.,e of thebriu6re {, TU BCiTJEiI j.t times of Lowflow drift samples will have to be concentrated. to '.vhere the water isfIor,','ing). ilerr,l as YX x S,iIJGE a wHo A B \. v ^ .-+ bo 41. to it A.r.rINIJL'( ] 3LB:SA-.t iII!G rf a sa.ipLe contalns too 1ar6e a nuriber of organi'sms count rvithout risk of confuisi-on or e--cessive use of tine shoul<1 be subsamplecL. rhe 6ravimetric netirocl clescribed. bclol.r is suo.,ested. as 1s sim,>Ie and. re}iable. Take a r00 ml. beaker e^nci d.iviCe the botton into four equar cha.rcbers by insertj-ni, a of polythene or tb.in metal. ?he bottom of tire beaker sLroul<r look 1ike: i!It/ SeaI all the cracks a cross with molten paraffin should. not exceed. l/5tla ot !y'&x. 'i'he hei;ht the total heioht be aker. bto::r and. ed.ges of the of the cross of the highest fluid leve1 possible in the I{ax. }'luid leve]- iepth of A not tot/}ttt ot Bexceed. B!artition .l'iethod.! tl;"ce tb.e sa,.,ri^,le in tlie beaker, rrncl fill to near the top. Stir until :l-1 or,.,al.i.j_erus are 1rr susi_,ension. ,.\I1ow or.,anisns to setule. _L.rinl:].: res'uin.. on tl,c p;.r,titionl siroulcl be pushecl intc coiirJa^;,lrments ,rr.oceecin in a clock- r^;1se d.ir'ection e-r,-;rrg "bire sa-lr,Ie. if *.c,,jte o:_.1r:^nisms ere f loartin6 tireue sLlouLt be relLr:ved- f or. .:ountin., ,e, arately. I wHo .f 4"'- I i -'C i'cr,lo,i€. .[ -.,c O:.J: rli:.."_: I _eirt l.r" _.L.o], ti:c, f -Luil.L 1cve"i, i;o thl.'b oi' i,i',,: c1,o--., i:--j_n_ clie not to ui _turo the s{:1,, Ie. Ge.,rt1, r.e,.ovc c...j,r.i.i f -1 u:: l.,i,o-i _,r :.tition:' -bo IJC' ccL.ntou :.11* tl:3:'i _C_.v r/,:- ,1., i).,.,:.ii-, _.. _ ,.i -_- ioicc -_ *nG .. -: --Lt^ *,r!\-, w !,-/. ,lc-f ;-.-c.I-l oi,;it1aLl,tlj, c._. _.,,';l_o.,_ ..ilt* ..-l*,_:ni*,t ' '1. ^ r. i r,'.-.n -l e +v -]/ .,,- Jv r U_ J. -_!_,J / _.i. a t,O;eS: 1. . iL.- n t-'er.ovilt- .iri-:i: l; -i.'i'o : i--1. l.,r,l .--;,_ i, -,.:1.:e i;Licit iror: -l,r-rti'bi on., i1,-"^, or' rJ-;, Iiiul r..,u...oi.i1_ tl:.., f otal nunber L}' Iullf . ( r-irc -)-\-)ei,.;.- C*a: l. -, r.i.i.,r-;.."5(,L j"- nCCes-al.y) . ' ;r -ueh.loVe l".l-l J .,- -€' -'; i.r- "Li. iiul-i --*,-. Irl -c i'or,e sui,r ,::iu.rr. l-in ; \ e ,-. .lii,; or' i -. 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