2003
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8
LJRKFL J CJCNJZYBB PLHFDJJ{HFYTYBZ D VBHT^ 2003 u&
Ghjnbdjcnjzybt ’njve ldjqyjve ,htvtyb zdkztncz ntvjq Itcnjq ukfds& Xhtpdsxfqyj jgfcyjt yfkj;tybt byatrwbjyys[ b ytbyatrwbjyys[ ,jktpytq b nhfdv ghjbc[jlbn dj dct[ hfpdbdf.ob[cz cnhfyf[ b dtltn r rhbpbce ghbjhbntnjd lkz cbcntv plhfdjj[hfytybz^ e;t ,jh.ob[cz d eckjdbz[ ytfltrdfnys[ htcehcjd& "nf ukfdf hfpltktyf yf nhb hfpltkf% ,scnhjhfcneofz ’gbltvbz cthltxyj-cjcelbcns[ ,jktpytq* ukj,fkmyfz nf,fxyfz ’gbltvbz* b vyj;tcndtyyst ghzvst b rjcdtyyst jgfcyjcnb d htpekmnfnt hjcnf ljhj;yjuj ldb;tybz& Dct ntvs^ ghtlcnfdktyyst dsit^ nht,e.n ,jktt cbkmys[ cbcntv plhfdjj[hfytybz& <jktt uke,jrj ’njn djghjc hfccvfnhbdftncz d Ctlmvjq ukfdt& D ytq ghjgfufylbhetncz erhtgktybt cbcntv plhfdjj[hfytybz yf jcyjdt ghbywbgjd b ghfrnbrb gthdbxyjq vtlbrj-cfybnfhyjq gjvjob b bpexf.ncz jcyjdyst fcgtrns edtkbxtybz vfcinf,jd ltzntkmyjcnb - jn rhbpbcf hf,jxtq cbks plhfdjj[hfytybz lj eghfdktybz cbcntvjq plhfdjj[hfytybz^ jhbtynbhjdfyyjq yf cghfdtlkbdjcnm&
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9
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10
LJRKFL J CJCNJZYBB PLHFDJJ{HFYTYBZ D VBHT^ 2003 u&
jcj,tyyj lkz ,tlys[ b j,tpljktyys[ k.ltq& <jkmit ytn dhtvtyb lkz frfltvbxtcrb[ lt,fnjd% vjhfkmysv bvgthfnbdjv zdkz.ncz ytjnkj;yst ltqcndbz& D XX cnjktnbb cjnhelybxtcndj vt;le ghfdbntkmcndfvb^ vt;leyfhjlysvb exht;ltybzvb^ xfcnysv ctrnjhjv b uhf;lfycrbv j,otcndjv pyfxbntkmyj ecrjhbkj ghjuhtcc d j,otcndtyyjv plhfdjj[hfytybb& Dj dct ,jktt dpfbvjpfdbcbvjv vbht nfrjt cjnhelybxtcndj^ gthtctrf.ott gjkbnbxtcrbt b ctrnjhfkmyst uhfybws^ zdkztncz ,jktt df;ysv^ xtv rjulf-kb,j hfytt& Ljrkfl yfcnjzntkmyj ghbpsdftn rf;ljuj xbnfntkz^ ,elm nj d exht;ltybz[ j,otcndtyyjuj plhfdjj[hfytybz bkb pf b[ ghtltkfvb^ j,]tlbybnmcz d htitybb pflfxb ajhvbhjdfybz pljhjdjuj^ cghfdtlkbdjuj b ecnjqxbdjuj ,eleotuj lkz dct[&
Rhfnrjt cjlth;fybt ukfd Gthdfz ukfdf cjlth;bn jwtyre ukj,fkmyjq cbnefwbb d j,kfcnb plhfdjj[hfytybz^ f nfr;t ytrjnjhst df;yst b ytj;blfyyst htpekmnfns& Pf gjcktlybt 50 ktn chtlyzz j;blftvfz ghjljk;bntkmyjcnm ;bpyb ghb hj;ltybb dj dctv vbht edtkbxbkfcm gjxnb yf 20 ktn c 46^5 ktn d 19501955 uu& lj 65^2 ktn d 2002 ujle& Pyfxbntkmysq hfphsd d j;blftvjq ghjljk;bntkmyjcnb ;bpyb vt;le hfpdbnsvb b hfpdbdf.obvbcz cnhfyfvb d 1950-t ujls bpvtybkcz d cnjhjye hfphsdf vt;le cfvsvb ,tlysvb hfpdbdf.obvbcz cnhfyfvb b dctvb jcnfkmysvb cnhfyfvb& Bp 57 vbkkbjyjd ckexftd cvthnb d 2002 u& 10^5 vbkkbjyf ghjbpjikb chtlb ltntq d djphfcnt lj gznb ktn b ,jktt 98¢ bp yb[ - d hfpdbdf.ob[cz cnhfyf[& D ukj,fkmys[ vfcinf,f[ ljcnbuyen pyfxbntkmysq ghjuhtcc c 1970 u&^ rjulf ghjbpjikj ,jktt 17 vbkkbjyjd ckexftd ltncrjq cvthnyjcnb& Jlyfrj d 14 fahbrfycrb[ cnhfyf[ ysytiybt ehjdyb ltncrjq cvthnyjcnb zdkz.ncz ,jktt dscjrbvb^ xtv d 1990 ujle& D wtkjv 35¢ fahbrfycrb[ ltntq ctujlyz gjldthuf.ncz ,jktt dscjrjve hbcre cvthnb^ xtv 10 ktn yfpfl& Dtleobvb ghbxbyfvb cvthnb chtlb ltntq zdkz.ncz gthbyfnfkmyst cjcnjzybz^ byatrwbb yb;yb[ ls[fntkmys[ gentq^ lbfhtqyst ,jktpyb b vfkzhbz^ ghbxtv ytljcnfnjxyjcnm gbnfybz cgjcj,cndetn dctv bv& D cnhfyf[ Fahbrb r .ue jn Cf[fhs^ cjukfcyj jwtyrfv^ d 2002 u& yf DBX#CGBL ghb[jlbkjcm ghb,kbpbntkmyj 332 000 ckexftd ltncrjq cvthnb& Dj dctv vbht ltnb gjldthuf.ncz ,jktt dscjrjve hbcre cvthnb^ tckb jyb zdkz.ncz ,tlysvb b ytljcnfnjxyj gbnf.ncz^ b hfpkbxbz d cvthnyjcnb vt;le bveobvb b ytbveobvb edtkbxbdf.ncz& Cjcnjzybt pljhjdmz dphjcks[ d yfxfkt XXI cnjktnbz [fhfrnthbpe.ncz ldevz rhegysvb ntyltywbzvb% pfvtlktybtv ghtbveotcnd b edtkbxtybtv hfpkbxbq d jnyjitybb pljhjdmz* f nfr;t edtkbxbdf.otqcz ckj;yjcnm. ,htvtyb ,jktpytq& Yfb,jktt nhtdj;ysv ghbpyfrjv e[elitybz pljhjdmz dphjcks[ zdkztncz nj^ xnj ghjuhtcc d ds;bdftvjcnb
J,pjh
11
dphjcks[ d Fahbrt j,hfnbkcz dcgznm nfr cbkmyj^ xnj d jnltkmys[ xfcnz[ Fahbrb^ r .ue jn Cf[fhs^ d yfcnjzott dhtvz rj’aabwbtyns cvthnyjcnb dphjcks[ ghtdsif.n rj’aabwbtyns cvthnyjcnb^ pfhtubcnhbhjdfyyst 30 ktn yfpfl& Yfb,jkmitt djpltqcndbt jnvtxftncz d <jncdfyt^ Ktcjnj^ Cdfpbktylt b Pbv,f,dt^ ult d htpekmnfnt DBX#CGBLf j;blftvfz ghjljk;bntkmyjcnm ;bpyb ve;xby b ;tyoby evtymibkfcm ,jktt xtv yf 20 ktn& Ytcnf,bkmyjt cjcnjzybt pljhjdmz dphjcks[ d eckjdbz[ cjwbfkmyjq^ ’rjyjvbxtcrjq b gjkbnbxtcrjq ytcnf,bkmyjcnb ghjzdkztncz gjdc.le& Cvthnyjcnm ve;xby d ytrjnjhs[ cnhfyf[ Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs pyfxbntkmyj gjdscbkfcm& Dj dctv vbht ,jkmibycndj cnhfy e;t cnfkrbdf.ncz c ldjqysv ,htvtytv byatrwbjyys[ b ytbyatrwbjyys[ ,jktpytq& Gjxnb gjkjdbyf ,htvtyb ,jktpytq d hfqjyf[ vbhf c dscjrjq cvthnyjcnm. d yfcnjzott dhtvz jnyjcbncz r ytbyatrwbjyysv ,jktpyzv& Cnfhtybt yfctktybz b bpvtytybz d hfcghtltktybb afrnjhjd hbcrf ecrjhz.n ’nb ’gbltvbb d ,jkmibycndt hfpdbdf.ob[cz cnhfy& Nhfdvs^ rfr ghtlyfvthtyyst^ nfr b ytghtlyfvthtyyst^ edtkbxbdf.ncz^ ukfdysv j,hfpjv^ chtlb vjkjls[ dphjcks[ k.ltq& Dj Dnjhjq ukfdt ghjckt;bdf.ncz bcnjrb Wtktq nsczxtktnbz d j,kfcnb hfpdbnbz b jgbcsdftncz ghjbpjitlibq lj yfcnjzotuj dhtvtyb ghjuhtcc gj b[ ljcnb;tyb.& "nb wtkb ghtlcnfdkz.n cj,jq j,zpfntkmcndf ghfdbntkmcnd dctuj vbhf cltkfnm ,jkmit lkz evtymitybz ybotns b ujkjlf b ghtjljktybz gkj[juj cjcnjzybz pljhjdmz^ utylthyjuj ythfdtycndf^ jncencndbz j,hfpjdfybz^ jncencndbz ljcnegf r xbcnjq djlt b e[elitybz jrhe;f.otq chtls& Nhb bp djcmvb wtktq ytgjchtlcndtyyj cdzpfys cj pljhjdmtv* dct lheubt jrfpsdf.n df;yjt rjcdtyyjt djpltqcndbt yf pljhjdmt& Wtkb nsczxtktnbz d j,kfcnb hfpdbnbz cnfdzn pljhjdmt d wtynh hfpdbnbz& D ’njq ukfdt cjlth;bncz ghtleght;ltybt j njv^ xnj ,tp pyfxbntkmyj ecbktyys[ j,zpfntkmcnd cj cnjhjys rfr ,jufns[^ nfr b hfpdbdf.ob[cz cnhfy ’nb wtkb yt ,elen ljcnbuyens d ukj,fkmys[ vfcinf,f[^ f htpekmnfns d ytrjnjhs[ cfvs[ ,tlys[ cnhfyf[ jcnfyencz yb;t nt[ ljcnb;tybq^ rjnjhst j;blfkbcm& D Nhtnmtq ukfdt hfccvfnhbdf.ncz jcyjdyst ntyltywbb d ’gbltvbb DBX^ f nfr;t bpexf.ncz ecgtiyst b ytelfxyst ghbvths ,jhm,s ghjnbd cfvjq jgecnjibntkmyjq byatrwbjyyjq ,jktpyb d vbht^ gjckt xtuj j,ce;lf.ncz wtkb yf ghtlcnjzobt ujls& "nb wtkb drk.xf.n evtymitybt hfphsdf d htpekmnfnf[ d jnyjitybb CGBLf gjchtlcndjv ghtljcnfdktybz nhtv vbkkbjyfv xtkjdtr d hfpdbdf.ob[cz cnhfyf[ rjv,byfwbjyyjq fynbhtnhjdbhecyjq (FHD) nthfgbb r rjywe 2005 u& (’nf wtkm bpdtcnyf rfr ‘3 r 5\)& Ytcvjnhz yf nj^ xnj [jhjifz ghjabkfrnbrf DBX b jrfpfybt gjvjob ghb DBX ghtlcnfdkz.n cj,jq ckj;yst vthjghbznbz plhfdjj[hfytybz^ nfrbt vthjghbznbz yt njkmrj
12
LJRKFL J CJCNJZYBB PLHFDJJ{HFYTYBZ D VBHT^ 2003 u&
djpvj;ys d vtcnf[ c ytljcnfnjxysvb htcehcfvb^ yj zdkz.ncz bvtyyj ntv^ xnj ytj,[jlbvj& D ’njq ukfdt gjrfpfyj xfcnj dcnhtxf.ottcz htprjt hfpltktybt vt;le ghjabkfrnbrjq CGBLf b ktxtybtv^ rjnjhjt d hfpdbdf.ob[cz cnhfyf[ jpyfxftn^ xnj lkz ,jkmibycndf k.ltq c DBX ghjcnj ytn ybrfrjq gjl[jlzotq vtlbwbycrjq gjvjob& D ytq nfr;t ghbdjlzncz ghbvths^ nfrbt rfr ckexfq <hfpbkbb^ ult ghjabkfrnbrf b jrfpfybt gjvjob ,skb ecgtiysv j,hfpjv j,]tlbytys& D ’njq ukfdt ghbpyftncz^ xnj ghtlcnjbn tot vyjujt cltkfnm lkz njuj^ xnj,s ,skf ljcnbuyenf wtkm j,tcgtxtybz lkz nht[ vbkkbjyjd k.ltq FHD-nthfgbb r 2005 ujle& Gj’njve DJP jabwbfkmyj j,]zdbkf ytfltrdfnysq ljcneg r FHD-nthfgbb ukj,fkmyjq xhtpdsxfqyjq cbnefwbtq d j,kfcnb plhfdjj[hfytybz b ghbyzkf hzl bybwbfnbd lkz cjjndtncnde.otuj htfubhjdfybz b j,tcgtxtybz ghjuhtccf d yfghfdktybb ljcnb;tybz rjytxyjq wtkb dctj,otuj ljcnegf r FHD-nthfgbb& D Xtndthnjq ukfdt cjlth;bncz dlj[yjdkz.ofz bcnjhbz j njv^ rfr vj;yj gj,tlbnm cthmtpye. b lfdyj ceotcnde.oe. ,jktpym& D htpekmnfnt Ukj,fkmyjq bybwbfnbds gj kbrdblfwbb gjkbjvbtkbnf^ rjnjhfz zdkztncz jlybv bp rhegytqib[ ecbkbq j,otcndtyyjuj plhfdjj[hfytybz d bcnjhbb^ xbckj ltntq^ gfhfkbpjdfyys[ ’njq ,jktpym. t;tujlyj^ egfkj c 350 000 d 1988 u& ghb,kbpbntkmyj lj 1900 d 2003 u&* xbckj cnhfy^ d rjnjhs[ ’nf ,jktpym zdkztncz ’yltvbxtcrjq^ evtymibkjcm c ,jktt xtv 125 lj ctvb& D ’njq ukfdt jgbcfys j;blftvst gjcktlybt lyb gjkbjvbtkbnf^ jlyjuj bp cfvs[ cnfhs[ bpdtcnys[ pf,jktdfybq^ nfr rfr rfvgfybz gj tuj kbrdblfwbb ghb,kb;ftncz r pfdthityb.& Vbh^ cdj,jlysq jn gjkbjvbtkbnf^ yf[jlbncz d ghtltkf[ ljczuftvjcnb^ [jnz juhjvyst ghtgzncndbz ghjljk;f.n jcnfdfnmcz& Ljcnbuyensq r yfcnjzotve dhtvtyb ecgt[ zdkztncz htpekmnfnjv eybrfkmyjuj gfhnythcndf vt;le ghfdbntkmcndfvb^ vt;leyfhjlysvb exht;ltybzvb^ uevfybnfhysvb jhufybpfwbzvb b xfcnysv ctrnjhjv& D htpekmnfnt ’njuj gfhnythcndf d jlyjv kbim 2001 u& ,jktt 10 vbkkbjyjd lj,hjdjkmwtd bvveybpbhjdfkb 575 vbkkbjyjd ltntq ghjnbd gjkbjvbtkbnf gjxnb d 100 cnhfyf[ vbhf c cfvsvb ybprbvb lj[jlfvb& Cfvsv zhrbv ’ktvtynjv bybwbfnbds gj kbrdblfwbb gjkbjvbtkbnf ,skj ghjdtltybt Yfwbjyfkmys[ lytq bvveybpfwbb^ d [jlt rjnjhs[ gjnht,jdfkjcm bvveybpbhjdfnm rf;ljuj ht,tyrf d djphfcnt lj gznb ktn (gjxnb 20¢ yfctktybz cnhfys) pf gthbjl d 1-3 lyz^ ytcrjkmrj hfp d ujle d ntxtybt ytcrjkmrb[ ktn gjlhzl& Dj vyjub[ cnhfyf[ vfcinf,s b vfnthbfkmyj-nt[ybxtcrbt ckj;yjcnb ’nb[ vthjghbznbq ,skb lf;t tot ,jkmibvb^ xtv vfcinf,s b ckj;yjcnb rfvgfybq^ jceotcndktyys[ yf gbrt ecbkbq gj kbrdblfwbb jcgs& Lkz bcgjkmpjdfybz htpekmnfnjd ljcnbuyenjuj lj yfcnjzotuj dhtvtyb ghjuhtccf ctqxfc ytj,[jlbvs pyfxbntkmyst ecbkbz^ xnj,s hfpjhdfnm gjcktlybt wtgb gthtlfxb gjkbjvbtkbnf^ cthnbabwbhjdfnm ’nj ljc-
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13
nb;tybt b cdtcnb r vbybveve hbcr gjdnjhyjuj gjzdktybz gjkbjvbtkbnf d ,eleotv& Jrjyxfntkmysq ecgt[ ecbkbq gj kbrdblfwbb^ jlyfrj^ gjrf tot yt ufhfynbhjdfy* ctqxfc ’nf ,jktpym ghjljk;ftn jcnfdfnmcz d jxtym yt,jkmijv xbckt ’yltvbxys[ hfqjyjd^ ult dct ltnb ljk;ys ,snm bvveybpbhjdfys^ f ljyjhs ljk;ys kbrdblbhjdfnm [hjybxtcre. yt[dfnre abyfycbhjdfybz lkz ’nb[ vthjghbznbq& Gznfz ukfdf^ j NJHC^ - ’nj bcnjhbz njuj^ rfr vj;tn djpybryenm cjdthityyj yjdfz ,jktpym c cthmtpysvb vt;leyfhjlysvb gjcktlcndbzvb lkz pljhjdmz^ ’rjyjvbrb b njhujdkb& Tt ,scnhjt clth;bdfybt zdkztncz jlyjq bp ecgtiys[ bcnjhbq j,otcndtyyjuj plhfdjj[hfytybz pf gjcktlybt ujls b ghtlcnfdkztn cj,jq rhegye. gj,tle cjnhelybxtcndf d j,kfcnb j,otcndtyyjuj plhfdjj[hfytybz& NJHC zdkztncz yjdjq dszdktyyjq xtkjdtxtcrjq byatrwbtq^ dspsdftvjq rjhjyfhjdbhecjv^ d jnkbxbt jn k.,juj lheujuj bpdtcnyjuj xtkjdtxtcrjuj dbhecf bkb dbhecf ;bdjnys[ d tuj ctvmt& Gthtlfxf ghjbc[jlbn ukfdysv j,hfpjv jn xtkjdtrf xtkjdtre ghb rjynfrnt ‘kbwjv r kbwe\ d htpekmnfnt djpltqcndbz byabwbhjdfyys[ htcgbhfnjhys[ rfgtkm^ dsltkztvs[ dj dhtvz rfikz bkb xb[fybz& J,obq rj’aabwbtyn ktnfkmyjcnb c bpdtcnyjq d yfcnjzott dhtvz celm,jq ,jkmibycndf ckexftd ghb,kb;ftncz r 11¢^ yj zdkztncz ujhfplj ,jkmibv chtlb k.ltq gj;bkjuj djphfcnf& "nf vt;leyfhjlyfz dcgsirf d rjytxyjv cxtnt dspdfkf ,jktt 8000 ckexftd pf,jktdfybz b 900 ckexftd cvthnb d 30 cnhfyf[& Bp ’gbltvbb NJHC bpdktxtys ctvm jcyjdys[ ehjrjd^ rjnjhst gjvjuen cajhvbhjdfnm ,jhm,e c byatrwbjyysvb ,jktpyzvb d ,eleotv& Gthdsv b cfvsv e,tlbntkmysv zdkztncz ytj,[jlbvjcnm htubcnhbhjdfnm ,scnhj b jnrhsnj ckexfb k.,jq ,jktpyb^ bvt.otq gjntywbfk vt;leyfhjlyjuj hfcghjcnhfytybz& Dj-dnjhs[^ cdjtdhtvtyyjt ukj,fkmyjt ghtleght;ltybt j, jgfcyjcnb vj;tn ghtljndhfnbnm cbnefwbb^ d rjnjhs[ pfdtptyyst ckexfb vjuen dspdfnm rhegyst dcgsirb d yjds[ hfqjyf[^ ghb eckjdbb yfkbxbz byahfcnhernehs j,otcndtyyjuj plhfdjj[hfytybz b ghjdtltybz ,scnhs[ b yflkt;fob[ jndtnys[ ltqcndbq& D-nhtnmb[^ htrjvtylfwbb d jnyjitybb gjtpljr^ drk.xfz ghjdthrb d f’hjgjhnf[^ gjvjuf.n clth;bdfnm vt;leyfhjlyjt hfcghjcnhfytybt ,scnhj djpybrf.otq byatrwbb& D-xtndthns[^ extyst^ rkbybwbcns b ’rcgthns j,otcndtyyjuj plhfdjj[hfytybz dctuj vbhf c gjvjom. ’ktrnhjyys[ chtlcnd rjvveybrfwbq vjuen cjnhelybxfnm d wtkz[ ,scnhjuj cjplfybz yfexyjq jcyjds lkz vth rjynhjkz& D-gzns[^ ckf,st vtcnf cbcntv plhfdjj[hfytybz^ jcj,tyyj d ghfrnbrt ,jhm,s c byatrwbzvb^ buhf.n df;ye. hjkm^ cgjcj,cndez hfcghjcnhfytyb. djpybrf.ob[ byatrwbq& D-itcns[^ dcgsire vj;yj j,eplfnm lf;t ,tp ktxt,yjuj chtlcndf bkb dfrwbys^ tckb ceotcnde.obt vthjghbznbz ghbcgjcj,ktys r j,cnjzntkmcndfv b gjlrhtgktys gjkbnbxtcrjq ghbdth;tyyjcnm.& B yfrjytw^ rhegyjq pflfxtq zdkztncz byajhvfwbz j hbcrt yjds[ b djpybrf.ob[ byatrwbq^ b gj’njve
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LJRKFL J CJCNJZYBB PLHFDJJ{HFYTYBZ D VBHT^ 2003 u&
bcrk.xbntkmyj df;yj j,tcgtxbnm^ xnj,s yfctktyb. ecgtiyj gthtlfdfkfcm rfr vj;yj ,jktt njxyfz b ytldecvscktyyfz byajhvfwbz& D jnkbxbt jn ’njuj^ d Itcnjq ukfdt jgbcsdftncz djpltqcndbt yf hfpdbdf.obtcz cnhfys crhsns[^ yj ,scnhj hfpdbdf.ob[cz ’gbltvbq ytbyatrwbjyys[ ,jktpytq b nhfdv^ jcj,tyyj cthltxyj-cjcelbcnjq ,jktpyb (CC<)^ ukj,fkmyjq nf,fxyjq ’gbltvbb b ‘crhsns[ ’gbltvbq\ (ghzvs[ b rjcdtyys[)^ djpybrf.ob[ d htpekmnfnt edtkbxtybz ljhj;yjuj ldb;tybz& Ctujlyz ,htvz ckexftd cvthnb b bydfkblyjcnb d hfpdbdf.ob[cz cnhfyf[^ dspdfyys[ ytbyatrwbjyysvb ,jktpyzvb^ gthtdtibdftn ,htvz^ dspsdftvjt lfdyj ceotcnde.obvb byatrwbjyysvb ,jktpyzvb& Ghb bpextybb djpltqcndbz cjxtnfybz ’nb[ lde[ rfntujhbq d yfcnjzotq ukfdt ghtlkfuftncz ‘ldjqyjq jndtn\^ rjnjhsq ghtlgjkfuftn byntuhfwb. ghjabkfrnbrb b ,jhm,s c byatrwbjyysvb b ytbyatrwbjyysvb ,jktpyzvb d hfvrf[ dctcnjhjyytq cbcntvs vtlbrj-cfybnfhyjq gjvjob^ jcyjdfyyjq yf gthdbxyjq vtlbrj-cfybnfhyjq gjvjob& Gj bhjybb celm,s rj’aabwbtyns hfcghjcnhfytyyjcnb CC< d yfcnjzott dhtvz gflf.n d ghjvsiktyyj-hfpdbns[ cnhfyf[^ c rjnjhsvb jyb gthdjyfxfkmyj ,skb cdzpfys^ [jnz b yt dj dct[ uheggf[ yfctktybz& Jlyfrj bp ’njq bhjybb celm,s ghjbcntrftn yflt;lf% cyb;tybt d pyfxbntkmyjq cntgtyb dspdfyj ecgt[jv gthdbxyjq ghjabkfrnbrb b^ d vtymitq cntgtyb^ ktxtybz& Nj^ xnj hf,jnftn d ,jktt ,jufns[ cnhfyf[^ vj;tn ,snm nfr;t ’aatrnbdysv d nfrb[ ;t ,jktt ,tlys[ cnhfyf[^ [jnz ytj,[jlbvj eltkznm jcj,jt dybvfybt lkz j,tcgtxtybz gjkextybz ghtbveotcnd dctv ckjzv yfctktybz& D yfcnjzott dhtvz bvttncz ljcnfnjxyj afrnbxtcrb[ lfyys[ lkz yfxfkf ’aatrnbdys[ ltqcndbq yf yfwbjyfkmyjv b ukj,fkmyjv ehjdyz[ d wtkz[ erhtgktybz b j[hfys cthltxyj-cjcelbcnjuj pljhjdmz gjchtlcndjv jcyjdfyys[ yf dctv yfctktybb vth^ rjnjhst cjchtljnjxtys yf ukfdys[ afrnjhf[ hbcrf^ zdkz.ob[cz j,obvb lkz dct[ ytbyatrwbjyys[ ,jktpytq& Ghbvtytybt ceotcnde.ob[ pyfybq vj;tn cltkfnm rhegysq^ ,scnhsq b ’aatrnbdysq c njxrb phtybz pfnhfn drkfl d ghjabkfrnbre b ,jhm,e c ’gbltvbzvb ytbyatrwbjyys[ ,jktpytq& Egjnht,ktybt cbufhtn b lheub[ nf,fxys[ bpltkbq^ f nfr;t djpltqcndbt nf,fxyjuj lsvf zdkz.ncz dtleotq ghbxbyjq cvthnb d vbht^ gjllf.otqcz ghtleght;ltyb.^ yf rjnjhe. d 2003 u& ghb[jlbkjcm ghb,kbpbntkmyj 5 vbkkbjyjd ckexftd cvthnb^ ukfdysv j,hfpjv d ,tlys[ cnhfyf[ b d uheggf[ ,tlyjuj yfctktybz& Xbckj ;thnd xthtp 20 ktn eldjbncz^ tckb d ytjnkj;yjv gjhzlrt b ibhjrj yt ,elen ghbyzns bpdtcnyst b ’aatrnbdyst vths& Ghbpyfybt njuj afrnf^ xnj ukj,fkbpfwbz nf,fxyjq ’gbltvbb vj;tn gjljhdfnm lf;t cfve. kexie. yfwbjyfkmye. ghjuhfvve ,jhm,s^ ghbdtkj r ghbyznb. 192 ujcelfhcndfvb-xktyfvb yf Dctvbhyjq fccfv,ktt plhfdjj[hfytybz d vft 2003 u& Hfvjxyjq rjydtywbb DJP gj ,jhm,t ghjnbd nf,frf (HR<N)&
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15
Jnrhsnbt ’njq Rjydtywbb lkz gjlgbcfybz b hfnbabrfwbb ghtljcnfdkztn cnhfyfv ,tcghtwtltynye. djpvj;yjcnm erhtgbnm yfwbjyfkmysq gjntywbfk gj ,jhm,t ghjnbd nf,frf& Ecgt[ d ,jhm,t c nf,fxyjq ’gbltvbtq nht,etn ytghthsdyjq gjkbnbxtcrjq djdktxtyyjcnb b ljgjkybntkmys[ htcehcjd rfr yf ukj,fkmyjv^ nfr b yf yfwbjyfkmyjv ehjdyz[& Gjkextyyjt d htpekmnfnt ’njuj ekexitybt pljhjdmz^ jcj,tyyj ,tlyjuj yfctktybz^ ,eltn rhegysv ljcnb;tybtv j,otcndtyyjuj plhfdjj[hfytybz& Itcnfz ukfdf pfdthiftncz jwtyrjq hfcneotuj xbckf ckexftd cvthnb b nhfdv yf ljhjuf[^ b d ytq gjlxthrbdf.ncz rjcdtyyst^ yj d hfdyjq cntgtyb df;yst gjcktlcndbz hjcnf ljhj;yjuj ldb;tybz& T;tujlyj ,jktt 20 vbkkbjyjd xtkjdtr gjkexf.n cthmtpyst nhfdvs bkb gjub,f.n yf ljhjuf[ dj dctv vbht& Cjwbfkmyj-’rjyjvbxtcrjt ,htvz zdkztncz yfb,jktt nz;tksv lkz hfpdbdf.ob[cz cnhfy b cnfytn pyfxbntkmyj ,jktt nz;tksv d ’nb[ cnhfyf[ d cdzpb c ,scnhsv edtkbxtybtv xbckf fdnjnhfycgjhnys[ chtlcnd yf b[ ljhjuf[& Ceotcnde.obt pyfybz ljk;ys ,snm ghtj,hfpjdfys d ecgtiyst vthjghbznbz lkz hfpdbdf.ob[cz cnhfy c extnjv eybrfkmys[ eckjdbq d jnyjitybb ljhj;yjq ,tpjgfcyjcnb d rf;ljq cnhfyt& D ,jktt j,otv cvsckt^ gthtrhtcnyjctrnjhfkmyjt cjnhelybxtcndj vj;tn ekexibnm j,otcndtyyjt plhfdjj[hfytybt b cltkfnm ,jktt ’aatrnbdysv bcgjkmpjdfybt htcehcjd ctrnjhjd plhfdjj[hfytybz^ jrhe;f.otq chtls b nhfycgjhnf& D Ctlmvjq ukfdt gjlxthrbdftncz njn afrn^ xnj lkz htitybz juhjvys[ pflfx^ jgbcfyys[ d ghtlsleob[ ukfdf[^ cbcntvs plhfdjj[hfytybz ljk;ys ,snm ecbktys& <tp pyfxbntkmyjuj ecbktybz cbcntv plhfdjj[hfytybz vyjubt cnhfys kbim ytpyfxbntkmyj ghjldbyencz d yfghfdktybb ljcnb;tybz WNH^ htitybz pflfxb ‘3 r 5\ b ljcnb;tybz lheub[ wtktq d j,kfcnb plhfdjj[hfytybz& D ’njq ukfdt ghtlkfuftncz gjl[jl r erhtgktyb. cbcntv plhfdjj[hfytybz yf jcyjdt ukfdys[ ghbywbgjd gthdbxyjq vtlbrj-cfybnfhyjq gjvjob^ cajhvekbhjdfyys[ d FkvfFnbycrjq ltrkfhfwbb 1978 u&% dctj,otuj ljcnegf b j[dfnf yf jcyjdt gjnht,yjcntq* cghfdtlkbdjcnb d jnyjitybb pljhjdmz d rfxtcndt xfcnb hfpdbnbz^ jhbtynbhjdfyyjuj yf cjwbfkmye. cghfdtlkbdjcnm* exfcnbz j,obys d jghtltktybb b jceotcndktybb gjdtcnjr lyz d j,kfcnb plhfdjj[hfytybz* b vt;ctrnjhfkmys[ gjl[jljd r pljhjdm.& {jnz ’nb ghbywbgs jcnf.ncz ltqcndbntkmysvb^ jyb vjuen ,snm gjdnjhyj bynthghtnbhjdfys c extnjv pyfxbntkmys[ bpvtytybq d j,kfcnb plhfdjj[hfytybz^ ghjbcitlib[ pf gjcktlybt 25 ktn& D ’njq ukfdt enjxyztncz rjywtgnefkmyfz jcyjdf hfpdbnbz cbcntv plhfdjj[hfytybz^ jghtltkztvs[ gthdbxyjq vtlbrj-cfybnfhyjq gjvjom.^ b pfntv bpexftncz djghjc j njv^ rfr cbcntvs plhfdjj[hfytybz^ jcyjdfyyst yf ghbywbgf[ gthdbxyjq vtlbrj-cfybnfhyjq gjvjob^ vjuen ghjnbdjcnjznm xtnshtv rhegysv cjdhtvtyysv ghj,ktvfv% ukj,fkmyjve rhbpbce hf,jxtq cbks d plhfdjj[hfytybb* ytfltrdfnyjq vtlbrj-cfybnfhyjq byajhvfwbb* jncencndb. abyfycjds[ htcehcjd* b cdzpfyyjq c eghfdktybtv pflfxtq
16
LJRKFL J CJCNJZYBB PLHFDJJ{HFYTYBZ D VBHT^ 2003 u&
gj jceotcndktyb. jhbtynbhjdfyyjq yf cghfdtlkbdjcnm gjkbnbrb plhfdjj[hfytybz d gk.hfkbcnbxtcrjq chtlt& Ljrkfl j cjcnjzybb plhfdjj[hfytybz d vbht^ 2003 u& pfdthiftncz cdbltntkmcndjv njuj^ xnj ecbktyyjt cjnhelybxtcndj cj cnhfyfvb gj erhtgktyb. cbcntv plhfdjj[hfytybz zdkztncz xfcnm. yjdjuj cgjcj,f hf,jns DJP& Ecbktybt ghbcencndbz Jhufybpfwbb d cnhfyf[ b nt[ybxtcrjt cjnhelybxtcndj cj cnhfyfvb zdkztncz lkz DJP yfbkexibv cgjcj,jv ecrjhtybz ghjuhtccf d yfghfdktybb ljcnb;tybz cfvs[ df;ys[ wtktq ukj,fkmyjuj cjj,otcndf plhfdjj[hfytybz% bpvthbvs[ ekexitybq pljhjdmz lkz dct[ b frnbdys[ vth gj kbrdblfwbb hfpkbxbq d jnyjitybb cghfdtlkbdjcnb& Ythfdtycndf d jnyjitybb pljhjdmz jnhfdkz.n yfcnjzott b euhj;f.n ,eleotve& Ytj,[jlbvs yjdst ajhvs cjnhelybxtcndf lkz dctcnjhjyytuj hfpdbnbz cbcntv plhfdjj[hfytybz^ xnj,s cajhvbhjdfnm vbh^ d rjnjhjv dct k.lb cvjuen bvtnm dct eckjdbz lkz pljhjdjq b ljcnjqyjq ;bpyb& Yfcnjzobq ljrkfl gjrfpsdftn^ rfr DJP b tt gfhnyths bpdktrf.n ehjrb bp ytlfdyb[ ljcnb;tybq^ xnj,s lfktt ghjldbyenm ’ne hf,jne&