Progress report: January - March 1981

E, T,\. SfiTl BA , }; I\ t_ n r -l , WOR.LD HEALTH OR,GANIZATION ORGANISATION MONDIALE DE LA snNrE Y' oc?/w./e]-.t ORIGIIiAI: IB$VGI oI{cHocnRcIASIs CoNTRoL ?RoGn$/ilm Il[ rHE yoITA RIlm BASIU AaEA I. II{TROXIICTION 1. Ihe 0nchocerciasis Control ?rogra.me is aj-necl at reducing theinlact of the dlsease by controlling the blacldly vectors of 0nchocerca Y91v"1Bs, the'parasite causirg the dlsease by the aerial apptffition oflnsecticide to la:lra1 breedi-ng sites so enabling the land ttrus recovered,to be put to econontc use. 2. rhe partieipating eountnles are Benin, Ghana, rvory coast, iual_i,Nlger, [ogo and Upper Vo]ta. .I]re sponsoring agencies are the Foocl and}g*:$t*e organization (3A9), the Unltea llations Deveropment prograr,rme(uND?), the world Bank (IBHD), md the tvorlct ilealth organization (iluo), which is also the executimg a6ency. ftre Programme ls financed mainfy i,y contrlbuttons from a certain number of countries and international bodles.These contributions are paid into a specia]. Onchocerciasis Irr.md adnln-tsteredby the World BanJr. 7, The Prograrnme began i:L L974 and vector controL operations wereprogresslvely introlyced r.mtilrb; Junel977r the whole oi tfre original area was covered. In 1978r thls area was extencled southwards in the lvory Coast.Ihe Progra.rme area now covers 76+ OOO 1m2. Ihe results of the controllleagures are enaluatect by an epi-demiological lurit while an economle unit reviews matters .related to economic clevelopment. By the end of ti.le first six-year phase (tgl+-tgl9), trre Progranmeti actlyities since it was larrnchedhad cost $ 56 o7a 379. Seconcl ?hase. 1980-1985 4. ..3ud.get estimates for the second, six-year phase, fron 1980 to 19g5, were $ ]]o7 L54 583 as of Jarruary 1980. rir lr i"o"rbe, 19e0, expenditure -fo1 the first year of the second plrase amor.:ntect to $ L6 ,06 724 and, abudget of $ L6 127 60O was approved by the Joint progranme ConnnJttee for1981. 5. rnsectlcicie is applied from the air to about 1g ooo km of water- courses. Epi-demi ologica1 evaluation at present covers 44g v:l]-1a6es andto tlate, lr7 557 persons have been exanined. The programr4e carries outin the flelct or contraets to specializecl laboratories and lnstj-tutlons research work on.v_ector _ecolory, vec-bor control end the epltlerlologiciJ-,clirlcaI, parasitological and chemotherapeutlc aspects of the clisease.A progra^mme to norritor the aquatlc environnent is belng carrleil out bythe participating countrles. A t::alni:ng prograrme is also in progressto traln specialists and techn:Lcia^ns to-carry out the work of lhe-progranne and for the participating cor.mtries to gradually talre over responsibilityfor some of the activ:i_ties. I r -2- Januar.v-I{arch 1981. 5. In this dr;'soason, the'entomological situation has been excellent throughout the Prograrvrne Drc&o The Vector Control- Unit has given special attention to finding a replaccment product for treatlng the rivers and has tested scver^al nc\.,' insecticides qnrl camied out susceptibility trials.In the nedlcal sphere, eva}.:ation has been conti-nued thror:gh second and third vislts to 3L vilIages. A detailed report on the epideniolory of onchocerciasis in tl:e extension study zone in Beni-n, Ghana and Togo has been prepared. and sent to the coirntries. Moreover, steps are being taken through consultatlons at evexly leve1 to rcdefine the functlons of the Econonrle Development Unit to errable it better to neet the neecls of thepartieipatlng countries and the requirements of the donors. 7. fhe new ]rogramme Director, Dr 8.1\,I. Saraba, has been in contaet with the nati-onal authorities of the parti.cipatir:g countriesr ttre representatives of the donorsr the Chairraatr of the Independent Conmj-ssion jrr londenr members of the &pert Adrnlsory corrnlri ttee risiting the region, as well as with representatives of the sponsorj-ng agencies when 1n Rome at the end of JanuarXr, He has also had talks in Brazzavllle with the Regional Dj.rector ancl in Geneva with the Director"-G€rer&1o B. fhe report on the first session of the Jolnt ?rograrnrne Cor,rni ttee i-s being finallzed. according to schedule. [Lre timetable for statutory meetings has been dratrn up and some of tkre meetings are already beingprepared. Agreements have been rcncucC for the continuation of aetirriti.es through 19Bl- of the Independent Cornrnission on long-term prospects of the ?rogra,nme. If , CURITET'ru ACTIVITIES A. VECTOR CONIROI 9. The whole of the area over lvhich OCP operates has been subject to strong harnrattan conditions this ;reorr In the area under control no rainfal-l was recorded dr.rring Januirry, nor in the east dr-rring Febnrarlr,but over the period .13-15 Scbruary storms were regi sterecl at Bondoukou,Boua}6, Niangologo (Upper Volta) ancl Slkasso (ltafi). In lrlarch rain beganto faII in the south, in the Su.b-Seetors of Parakou, Hohoe, Iiintampo antl Bouak6, together with several showers as far north as Tarnaie ana BoUo-Dioulasso. However only on ttre Sassand.ra river system was precipitation sufflcient to causc a rise in river discharge. In the savanna areas, rlver levels have falIen to extremely Iow levels; this has enabled very significant euts to be rnade in tire treatment circults, particularly i:r the east. Effeet of treatments gn lazvae 10. rn the east, lazrrae have been fo,uad after treatnent on only 12 occasions at isolated sltes a1l- before 9th Februuqr. [hese have been at Wanva on tlre l[hite Yolta, on the ri-vers Nasia, Mole and Pendjari abovePorga, and on the Koumongou, Kara arrd LI6 rivers in the f,ama Kara Sector. I J .1 -1- 11. rn the lYest, Radier ouessa on ihe Brack volta river system hasproved very difficr.tt to treat, nith La:srae frequently s,rrv-ilring theaerial treatments. fhese r''rere a-11 shown to be S. sirtanun. Furfirer doqmstrea^m at Bul Ia:rrac r,vere found dlrring uarcE. -ffittre headwatersthe isolated untreated sites of Toukouro, Ky6 and Sagala vlere registeredpositive. All the above rnere bronght under control ui-ttru= by a re-ad.justoeltof treatment points r:r by hand applications. f,2. on the leraba-Comod river system treatment failures were also notedat Pont leraba at the begir:ning oi the year. Ihese lanrae proved to belongto the reslstant strai-n of S. so}bTeage, and an aerlal prospection showedtftat this species haa becom?GTabliGd on a stretch of river some 60 loin length. Aerj-a1 treatments were suspended to allow susceptibiLlry teststo be mad,ee and this reslstant population vras used for a successfu.I trialaerial application of s.__tLrE]IgGEElg H.r4. [he ?ont teraba site has beentreated by hand rvith this -irlsecticide for three cycles. 17. Ihe last cui-rreni treatruent r,uith Chlorphoxlm was mad.e on the Bande.maBlanc on 14th January. Since then lazvae resista.nt to Abate have beconere-established along this rivero sjmilarly, at ttre end of the 6 cyclesof Chlorphorim treatments on River Sassandia on 15 l/Jarcir, the Abate resls-tant la:srae became re-establlshed, ana they can now be found in a1l ri-versof the system except the Nzo and Sien. Densities of bitlM S. d.a:anosu:n 4hite' a Yo1ta Basin 7-4. snarl biti-r:g populations (1ess than 1o per day) were registeredin January on the !'llhite volta at lTawa and srrgu, and. on riyer i,,,Iol_e atI"{ongonori due to tire presence of larvae atreaay mentioned, Hovreverr bIthe end. of }/Iarch no flles ivere to be found anywhere else on t5e systemexcept on the lower end of the ri-ver Krrlpawn irLo=e on-1y tle occasionalf1y was being caught. Oti-Pendjari and Daka Basin 15. 0n river Pendjari above porga the annual problem of flies (e7 on6 January but none infected) vras brought under iontrol by a change i:rinseeticide application points a:rd had almesf, disappeareci by the end ofthe raonth. Since Febmerry no flies have been caugtrt on neither -*re loyreroti nor the Kor.rmoofiorio Eren on the L[g river, whieh forms the southernfimif, of the treated area, orily 2J flies have been caught at the three -regular catchi.:ag points since the begi-nnlng of the year while onay 26have been caught at landa pozanda on the Kara river. OnJ.y one f1y has been caught on the Daka river. -4- River ilieer Bas+n Eastern Bra;rci: (nianey & Benin) 16' Secause of the coraplete absenee of flies a-nd the cessatj-on offlor,v on the rivers in i'triger (sirua, Goroubi, wamongou anc t"po"),t'he Sub-Sector of lfiaraey v-ras closed betr,veen 12 January and 2g lcbrua:ry when all staff took their annual Ieave. After resuraption of rvorlc j3March, all rivers of ttrat eor":ntry were shovrn to have remainecl negatj-ve.Similarly, no flies have been caught along the ir[ekrou and Alibori rtverssince the beginning of Jarru,erxr. only the sota has remained flornrlrrgandr ln splte of contlnued lanriciding, has maintained a level of l_roflies per dayi no lnfectivc flies have been recorded. ffestern Branc4 (lUri) l7' 0n t'he Bandiagara plateau entomological activiti-es stopped. drpingDecember 19BO as in p-revious years, so no fr:.rti1", rvork was done there !.etwe_9n January and Mareh 1981. aiong- the other main tributaries ofthe Niger river, the Banj-, Barriflng ri, s_agoer-aaoure and saskararrj-,resu-lts have been generally excellent.' L{ii.or'problem areas where treat-ments have not been fiilr-y successful have been at Lfadina oiassa, Kankelaend Metela, where 1-! S. damnosi+g per day have been occasionally for"rrd,However, during ti:e ttffiiE-Grioo only one infective f1y was discoveredat Kankela, so these fevr flies do not preslnt arqr threat to transrirission. BlacF Volta Basin 18' Results have been consistently good on this river system during thequarder' The occasional treatment failures have produced few s. d.i::mnosr:m 19. since the commencement of larri-eiding on il:e lower com66 on 5rdFebruary fly densities at Betie have farl"i fro* about IJo s. dam,osi.mper day to lcss._than 10 pcr day by tiie end of lbrch.no problems on the mid-como6, but- on the stretch befiryeen pont leraba andGr6chan the leve1",of biti.ng S-. da,mrro",rL has novr reached 27 per day. Forthe last week of Liarch controfizas stoppea to enable stridlcs or,ttiru ,r"Iioriarcapaclty of s. soub.rense. in this savaruur area to be carried, out, ilivcr Bend. ,ir.-r BLsirL 20. I[lth the cessati-on of Chlorphorj_:n treatnrents in Janrra:1r, biti_ngder:sities on all t]:e rivers of tiris system still flowing, vil'trre Band.ama P1*91 loyr lower l"farahoue and lorver i'tr21, increased. rapldly, but stabllizedby uid-February at leveLs of about f-! ger day on the BanOrra Blanc and IIzi,about Jo per day on the llarahoue and. 2oo-1oo per day at [iassale. Thesepoprlations are probably beirlg 1imj.f,s4 by t5e redr.rced. f1orry in these riyers.Fortunately, the leve1 or :nrlction a.nonist these surriving flies appears Jo !" 1olv, only 12 infeetlve flies, for 6xamp1e, being reeorded on the lovrerSanclama eurd Nzi dr-rring the three_month pez:Lod. Leraba/Como6 Basin ) I -5- Sassandra Systen 27-. Si-nce the cessation of Chlorphoxi-m. treatments on thc Sassandra river there has been a slol increase i.n the S. damnosu-m which are no longer susceptible to temephos. By the end of l/Iareh the rnaximr-imbiting rate recorded. uras 25 per clay at Borutu. Susc eptibil-lty Tes_ts 22. fVrenty-one tests to determine the silsceptibility of S. d.amnosum larvae to temephos were eamied out by OCP personnel ciurk€ ti:e quarter. These tests establishcd. or con-firned the presence of la:srae recistant to this insecticide on ti:e llarahoue, Sassandra, Band.epa and leraba rivers and demonstrated contj-nued susceptibility on the Comoe, Davo, ITiprriourou, Boubou antl White Volta. t'nirteen tests confirmed. that on the Llarehoue, Bandamar Couo6, Nipniourou, Sassandra and leraba rj-vers the populations are stiJ.l- su-scepti-ble to Ci:lorphoxim TriaLs of i-::secticides arrd Bacillus thrr::in;.i,-.rrsri :.: r{.14 23. Preliminary Stage V trials on rlvers enabling evalu.ati-on i-n a nati:Jal envlrorunent of the effectlveness and behavlour of the fomul-ation of piriirripiror-nctllylrActellic IF 6180, lot 1!Bo, were carrled olt at thebegiruring of l,tarch at Fer6clougouba on the 3agb6 in the Ivory Coast. laryae representing a nixtr:re of sava:rna ancl forest species were abundant in the river. [he tria,ls lvere ca:ried out at dosages of 0.1 , O.2 and 0.4 ing perlitre/to mn of -bhe fo:mulation. River discf,arge vras ihen 2.5n7/s. Eh;first dosage had no effect. fhe second affected the young larvae onlJr: while the thlrd had a partial effect but left many of the older larvae untouched.. Comparati-ve evaluation of 1980 and 1981 lots inrrni:initroughsttStage IV shovred that the two 1.ots differed eonsj-d.crab1y, that tested ln 1981 being of verl' lour effectlveness. A yearrs storage had not altered. the effectiveness of tl:e 1980 lot. laboratory evaluation i-ndicated that temephos-resistant populations woi;Lld non'na11y be srisceptible to piriniphos- methyl' Susceptibility trlals are being carri-ed out on populatj-ons ofS. soubrense su-sceptible and resistant to temephos. 24. Also at Fer6dougouba and at thc same time r &I 74 rc, fuulsifiable concentrate i,ras tested at doses of 0,1 and 0.2 itg/ t/to nrr. At the 1ow dosage, no effect cor:ld be detected. on $1_darnnoqgm lawae and only apaqti.al effect was obtained urith the ot1FTiiffier, the dosage of 0.2 ng/l/to mn resulted in the j-nstant death of alnost arl the fish. 25, Ihree Iots, of lIOrlRAl,T ZO/" mt:Xifiable Concentrate, EF 46+, W 465 and trE 466 were tested at a dosa8e of 0.1 ng/t/tO w on the,hrahou6, at dlscharges of 1,3 to L.9 m\/s, on populations hlghly resistant to temephos' Effeets rvere not detectabre or only partial, but furthertrials are being camied out. -6- 26. At the end of February the first trir:l of the application ofBagil-lus thlrrinsieqFls H, 14 to populations of s. soubr-e4se was calrled. out on the leraba, vrhere resistance to Abate had feen -aemonstrated the previous rveek. The wl:o1e stretch betyreen the road bridge a3d Gr6chan vras treated at 15 different points. The dosage lvas 1.6 dL ofthe formulatlon, to vrhich 6Vo watr'l" r,vas added. [his Irial, carried out under very Cifficult conditions in ttre dry season on a v,ratercourse lvith a discharge of only 8OO litres/s., shovred this product to have excellentrlcarf,yt?, vrhich seerned to be greater than Abate rrnder the seme dry-season conditions. fhe product rvas appli-ed by hand. 27. On A2 L{arch at Ferdclougouba, a new trj-al- was carried out betrveenthe l{golodougotr bridge a:rd, thc confluence of the Bagbe with the Sassandra. The product was applied r';ith the aerial application equipment used for chlorphoxim. fhe stretcl: of river l-ras treated at jB different points and very good resu-l-ts rvere obiained. l4lorkiru{ mecting on temephos resistance 28. A lvorking necti-ng on tenephos resistance took place in Geneva from6 to 18 March attended by represeutatives of the Progranre, the VectorBlolog;' and Control Divlsion, the Ecologlcal Group and the hydrobj-ologists responsible for monitori-ng the aquatic env-ironment. [he participants discussed the i-noplice..tioi:.s of the Abate resistance found in S. soubrense and S. sanctip.a,uli i:r thc Ivory CoastT the effeets of ctrtorpffiuffi enrironnent a:rd progress in the search for sr-ibstitute insecticides, 29. In vierv of the approach of thc ra.iny seaeon, the participants ag-reedthat chlorphoxir: should be used on watercourses where resistant populations rvere found but that every precaution must be taken and tLre treatnient carz.ied out judiciously for liroited periods in ord.er to avoid untoward dalnage tothe environnent. 30. The recent trials v'iith B. ttrurinqiensis H.l4 indicate its future operational potential and it Fexpectea tirat it will be possibl-e to applyit nore vridely during the next dry season. 11, The participants also reconnendecl intensification of susceptibilitytests both insicle and outside the ?rogranile &ree.o 32. It was agreed titat nernbers of the 3colo3ic.J G:rcn:p '.7ou-l-c1 u:,:t j-n theOuagadougou coll.curent rvith the meeting of the i:yarobiJ-ogists in iiay, soas to review in more detail the effects of chlorphoxin application. -7- Ir{onito1lnq of the aqr_ratic envjlronment 11. The contractual agreement was r:.n:w:d, w-ith oRSTOll, regarding the aquatic monitoring prograr4ne, research on the aquiatic faqna rrra tneeffect on that fairna of insectieide fo:mulations, was approved. for payment on 23 Februa:ry 1981. For a total- of li 37 6ooe OIiSIOLI accupts to monitorthe invertebrates in the rivers of f.e rvory coast for a porioa of six months and to train an Ivory Coast ru-,tional as research ivorker on inver-tebrates i hc wifl sr:bseo.uently tal:e over these monitoring duties as partof the agreement concluded rrith the University Irrctitute of Iroplcal Eco1oryi-n the Ivory Coast, 14. A mission to establish a netv,rork for mon-ltoring the aquati-c envlronmentin Togo and Beni-n went out into the field from 12 to 19 ?ebiuary rxrder theleadership of Dr C" Dejoux arid Dr C. l6vBque. fhe n-lsslon leaders had talkswith nationaJ- monitoring teams, selectecl monj-toring stations and took afirst series of samples in those stations. Three si-tes rnere sel-eeted onthe ou6n6 in Beni-n, viz B6t6rou, Atchakpa and Zagrnnad.o. Three sites werealso chosen on the }".iono in !ogo, at Tokpi, [6t6tou and Atchinedji. Agreementsare being prepared for signature in regird to eonti-nuation of tfris ,uoii.;;;G-by these national teams both of r,vhich stil1 lack an ichthyologist. Hydrolosy 15. A contractuaJ- service agreement for a total of $ 10 OOO i,-ras signedurith oRSToM in January for further calibration and,/or establishment ofri-ver €a-tr*ing stations in [ogo. The vrork, to be done by the oRsTo&I centrein lom6 covers stations at Olrakade on the Kaoua and pouda on the Binah, as wel] as suppleneiitarT calibration of the station at Dimolri on ttre Iiatcha. 76. A trlpartite agreement for a total of tr"rancs CI'A 1, 575 0;16 was si-gnedj-rr lt'Iarch betvreen the Peoplets Republlc of Beirin, oRSTol[ u.ri irru p";;;rr*E---for the establishrnent anrl eaJ-ibration of further olght stations in Beni-n.According to the a6;reement, Berr-in vdll be responsible for opening accessroutes to the sites selected and providing tempora^r)r staff . oRSIoI.{ lril1cartTr out the technical lvorlc ancl tire Prograrnme lvill prov-icle eqiripment a3dlogistic support. f\vo rLays t aeriai suzveying was carri-ed out in order toselect the sites of these stations. fns ecticide aprrh-cations 37' - A-t the beginning of the quarter the discharge rate of the riverswas declining and sraaller tributeries lrere drying up, so that i""" l"l-"1*rvlarviciding rvas more or less confined to the i,ra;or river basins. 38' fn the west, the fixed vring alrcraft were replaced fron JanuazXrby helicopters for applications on the 3lack Vol-ta and the Como6n InFebruary the rain ]/as-the_on1y tributary of the Black volta sti1l r-u:dertreatment and on the 3ago6 thl quantities of insecticide used dld notexceed' one litre per application. larvicidlng started to become noredifficult in lvlarch. on the Baou6, for examplI, t}re drop in the riverl-evel gave rise to a ntrnber of smal1 breeding "it"" rvhi-ch had to be treatedindividuall-y and urith the greatest co.ree o -9- '59' In the east, the discharge rate of the rivers was also fallinganilr by the end of January the }ilorago, the sissili and +uire Ll6kroul'Yere no longer being treated. on i;ire other hand, ti:e pend.jarj_ vrasimder treatnent along its eirtir€ co1.r.-rseo Ihe entomologicai situatj-onlater nade possibre volunte.ry jlterruption of larviciding o1 a large nr-rmber of watercou-rses. By fl:e end oi trr" quarter onr-y a stretch of some 60 lan on the lYl:ite volta and 6o lm on the Kulpawn in Ghana, astretch of equal length on the niddie sota in Benin, and three smallrivers in the lama-Kiara region together w:ith one section of the oti inlogo vrere stll1 under treatnent in this zotao rror this only a singlehelicopter was used.. 40' In the extension zone in ttre lvory Coast k:nriciding yras suspendedvoluntarily to er:able susceptibillty telts to be undertaken on the sentenstretch of the Sassanclra and the ljermis reach of the l.hrahou6. Treatment vras likevrise aJ-so suspended during January and Februaqr on the lovrerSandpma and the llt zj,. some sections of these v,latercourses lvere again treateduritlt Abate in March. In !.ebruarT the Cono6 rvas treated along its entirecourse down to the last breed.ing sj-te before the sea. Insecticides 4l' For the first time, chlorphoxiir and Bacill-us thuringiensis. iI. 14have been,rr":d.to treat lvatercorirses. rr.ffin small.ane amount of Abate used at some 22 OOO litres, is 40.5r/, tess flran theamourrt used in the sarao perj-od last ycar (rc 44i., fitres). - 42. the 22 870.8 h-tres of j-nsecticid.e vrerefirst cluarter of 1981: applied as follolvs cluring the ABATE Fnase 1 phase $ phase rrr-rr phase rfr-r *:{ r:t-- JarruarXr February March cHtoRPt{oxm Jamrary tr'ebruary L,narch 3 673.3I 620.+ L 289.3 L BOg,3 752.4 309.9 l_ 701.1 808.4 76 "5 + 086.5 2 976.3 2lBO,2 tt 731.3 6 3A7,1 5 886.1 463.1 229.6 zAa 6 593.0 7?2.9 2 gTL.6 2 586.0 187,4 9 243,2 l-96.+ 34J-,5 t3g"o 22 006.5 581.8 34]-.5 139.0 187.4 676.9 864.1 Ftrthezmore, 2JQ litres of B_. thr:rlngi,ensiE H.14 were used i-n phase a-9- Application equipnent 43. An ord.er was placed by the Contractor for valves rvhich do notdeteriorate from contact l'rith chlorphoxim and which v.rill be incorporatedin the helicoptersr sprerying equiprnent. The ru-bber membra:re 1ral11es atpresent used have to be replaced by new ones after two round.s of treat- ment with chlorphoxiu, althotrgh clcterioration is less if the sprayi::g equipment i-s thorougi:1y rvashed after- ,-r.tilizatior:. of chlorphoxim. 44. In anticipation of fi:cecl-vning aircraft being used for applicatlon of chlorphoxim in the ra.iqy season, the Prograrnme has asked the aerial sprayilg contractor to amange for one aeroplane to be suitably equippedfor 1l }Iay' This vrill nean instalring a stainless steer tan:l<. 0ther aerialjperations- 45. Flying hoirs for operations other than larv-iciding ;ttaincd nore than doubre the figrre for the correspondi-ng period last year. this increased flying time resulted fron the n.merous susceptibility tests, and the additional aquatic surveil1ance necessitated by the tenephos resistarrce, the utilization of'chlorphorim, and the stepping-up of trialsto find alternative laLrwici-des. Also i-n the easterrt zone, entomological suryeys \,'rere conducted on tl:e i(ouliombou, 0na1e and oti-pend.jarl basins and in the extension st-urdy zone in Togo to plan the experimental treatnentsin connection witi: the reinvasion studies. Scploratory flig.hts were also caffied out in Senitr to dciez:nine the sites for the trydrolog'icaI stationsthat are to be eetablished. 46. Flying hours rluring ttre flrst quarter were divicled up as follols: fnsecti-cideH,i,ffiffi; sur\rcys Ad$inistration _ ilours4V U+JD - Gua:'anteed Janruary I{elicopter Aeroplarre Febzr:ary Helicopter Aeroplane liarch Helicopter Aeroplane f0TAts Flelicopter Aeroplane 499"1 32.7 85.3 I AO aLi+o. L 5,4.4. 259.7 7na o.B l-.9 4to 410 31.5 66,1 5f\'\Jau.t '!2'?141r..g)cs. tP 1 '11:',\roo-, 41o f 096.6 18o.9 t33.3 2.7 I 232.6)- l-80. g )r- 443.5 1 21O ; -10- Contract for aerial operati-ofrs 47. In accord.ance ,,r'ith the contract, the aircraft available for tlie ?rogramme during the quarter consisted of six helicopters and one aeroplane. 48. fhe staff provided by the Viking Company compri-sed seven helicopterpilots, tlo aeroplane pilots, one chj-ef mechanic, six iaechar:-ics and one &anager j-n the field. 49. The next statutory meetir€ between the representatives of tl:e ?rograrnne, the Canadian Comrnercial- Corporatlon and Viking }lelicopters will take place in Oi;tawa from 1l- to 12 l.{ay. If -lJ . E?IDU,IIOIOGY 5O. Analysis of the datar collected drrrir:g the quarter h:ighlights several important points: onchocerclasis incidence j-n the Iihite Volta basin in Upper Volta has been zero since the start of vector control- operations i-n this region in 1976 and the consequent intermption of transnissi-on; an evaluation rnde 1n l/Iarch of this year sholvs that the rrillages located in areas where transnissi-on has been i-nterrupted since L975 are af1 novr hypoendenric, r,,rhereas tvlo of them were hyperendenic before the conmencenent of vector control operations. It can therefore be asserted thqt, apart from a few scattered rrillages with prevalence rates of above $6/o, there are no longer any hyperendemic foci- of onchocercia.sis irr Upper Volta or eastern l.,'h.li i a eomparison between the prevalenee rates recorded in the different age groups on prevlous evaluations and those now recorded su5gests that we may be vrltnessj-ng the first cases of recovery from the disease solely attributable to the interruptiorr of transn'i ssion; exa.mination of the acluJ-t vrorlrls contained. in nodules col-lected from the lnhabitants of a village on the l6raba, near Dangouarlougol,r., vrhere trarrsnission has been inteylr.r.pted since 1975t demonstrated that 58ll of tire female v\rorms yyrere non-rcproduciive. Segond. pass?ge evc.h.ntion 51. lhe Epideniological Eiraluaition Unit undertook during the fj-rstquarter in Togo, Benin, TJpper Vo]ta, lliger, tire lvory Coast and Lia1i, the second or ttrird passage evaJ-i:ati-on of iI viI1ages, 8 of vrhich yrere subjected to rleteilled evaluation. -11 - ToAo 52. fhe three v1I1ages of Bagan on the L[6, Borgou on the Sansargou and Kpesside on tire Kara were evaluated in detail. The j-nitial evafua- tion in these villages took place in 1975. A total of 72O persons lras examined ln then' A marked improvenent vras recorded in the v:-11ages 6f B;"'r13.--u: and Borgou, the global- prevalence of, onchocerciasj-s harrjrrg faJ-Ien between 19?6 a.ncl 1981 from at'l to 71.4?l and from 7l-.6% ta 57.4;J r:spcctively. Ttre prevalence of ocular onchocerciasis had lihewise faIlen from 7i.5% to 52.2% in Barjan and from 56.L% to 22,f,o in Borgou. No nevr ci:,se of oncho- cerciasis was d.etected a"rnong the children under flve years of a5e. Sone transmission seems, however, to be persistlng in Bagan, rvhere J.6.{" of the children aged betvreen five arrcl nine years have parasites in the eye. Orc the other hand, no i:.rprovenent is recorded in I(pessi,de, vhere theglobal prevalence has riser: trom B1-.fl ja tg76 to 83.2i', at present and a new case was d.etected in the under-five-years age-group. I{o,lrevere ocular onchocerciasis has fallen fron 67.6'/. in 1976 to 47.1'/c ai thepresent tlme. 57. This trend seems i-n keeping vrith the d"rta obtained entoroologically althor:gh the i-mprovenent neasured in Ba6an ivas not entirely preclictable"It may be that the theoretical tra.nsmlssion recorded on the L,I6 in this locality is high due to reinvadlng blacldly whieh remain Localized in the ga11ery forest. The vi11age, several kilometres a{iay, has its own v/ater supplyi the inhabitants engade in fevr activities by the riverside and are therefore not much affected by ttre reinvading b1a.ckf1y. Senin 54. [hree rni-11ages were vlsited for the second time and undenvent simple evaluations: I(ouboro on the Findara, fanougou on the Pesadou, ancl Yetapo on tl:e Yerpao. A reduction in globa1 prevalence is evldenced in (ouboro end f.anougou, where it has fallen from 55.5% to +5.L% and fron 66.5% to 53.6% respectively. In Yetapo, ivhere the ir:habitants had not been forervarned of the medlcal teamls visi-t, tire turn-out rvas poor and only r5o persons out of a population of J66 could be exi,rmined, compared vrith 101 out of atotal census count of 356 tn 1976. Ihe interpretati-on of the results must therefore be approached lvith tire greatest caution. In the three villages no new eases of onehocerciasis have been d.etected emong children under fj-veyears old. Niger 55. Five viJ-lagq namely Kakou on the Si-rba, Mo1li on the fapoa, Bangou-Koare, Tamou-Kaina and A1lembar6 on the Diamon6ou, und.ervrent a second-passage evaluation 1n SebruarTr for.r years after ihc baseline evaluation. A total of 840 persons were exnm.ined. In three of these vi11ages, InolU-r Bangou-Koare and Taroou-Kaina, the evaluation tras detailed. -12- 56- - rn Kakou, on the sirba, the reduction in g1oba1 prevalence, from 5L.B% to 48.4il} is negligible. 0n the other frana, analysis of the results by age-groups brir:gs out a very definite irnprovenent ln the under-nine-years troup, where the incidence and. prevalenee of the disease are both ni1. 57. At 1\[o11i on 'uhe Tapoa the g1oba1 prevalence has fa]-len tran 72.f1to 59.6%. fhe incidence is ni]- in the youngest age-groupo hvo new cases recorded in children v.iho have just re.ached. the age of five bear witness, however, to some resldual transmission, 58, On the Diamongou, there is no appreeiable change in the si-tuatj-on at Bangou-Ko&ie o At fa^mou-lkina the incidence renaj-ns niI in ttre O-4 years aee-group, l''rith no notev'rorthy change in the g1oba1 prevalenee.At A11enbar6, farther back from the river, the incidence is ni1 up to the il€e of 15 years. 59. In the three vi-11ages where dotaj-Ied evaluations were conductcd, the ophthalmological data collected shor:r a surprising reduction jrr ocuLar involvement in relation to the parasitolcgical findirgs. It is possi-bIethat the variation in results is due to the change of obse:vers (Dr Thylefors and Dr T/njtn tuL L977, Dr Dadzie in 1981). rt may also be conjectured that the reduetion in transmission, i-nsufficient to reduce the nunber of nelv cases but real in te::sts of intensity, has an effect on ocular p,arasi-teIevels. Hor.vever, the results recorded. in l,{arch ln },{ali do not confirnr these h;rpotheses. fvory Coast 60. A total- of 766 persons living in six different villages r,vere exam.ined.. Ihree of tlre villages visiteci belonged to the departuent of Bondoukou. The date collectecl in these three vi11a51es, laga.di eld I(a.mala on the Black volta ancl Tormbo on flre como6-l6raba, ;mrst belnterpreted viith cautlon as they relate to orrly JBI subjects examined out of a census count of 814. [he poor attendance by tire population i-s apparently due to seasonal enigration tovsards the coastal regions. Overal1, a slight fal-l in tiic gIoba1 preve.lence i-s record.ed. tiej-s fall is more roarked in the )'ounger age-Eroups: no ne'v'{ cases have been recorded anong those under five ;'ears ol-d and in the five to nine yei:rs aae-groupthe prevalence rates have fallerr at Tagadi from 51.31/" in 1976 to 6.f/J thj-s year and at Kemala fron 33.C',6 in l-978 to 5.6/o tnis year. 61. In the Koulango area a seriou-s water suppry problem has appeared.At fagadi the artificial la.lie cre.rted by the villagers has norz become infested v.ri-th Dracr.mcr:la medi-nensis (cu:-nea rororm) arra avi of the popula- tlon is suffering from dracunculosls. J-t1 _ 62. In the three vi11a6es that underwent second-passage exa^urinations in the Korhogo region, Bissidougou and Ouattarador"lgou on the Bou and Beniasso on the uBper reaches of the Kankelaba, the turn-out of the population was very satisfactory and enabled, 381 persons out of atotal census count of 476 to be exala-lned. There too, no new cases have been detected irr tl:ose under five years of age and between 1976 and ttre present year the preyalellce has defirrttely faIlen in ttre five to nine years age-group: fron 58.fi to. 15 .4/o ,n Bissidougou and Ouattaradougou and froa \O.gi', to 13.f/o in Beulasso. Upper Volta 61. [he village of l{ogori, located in the fapoa basi.:e in Upper Volta but standing back frorn ti:re river lyas slu:'\reyed at the same tirle as the rrl11a6es risited i-n l{iger in Febmarye .245 persons being examinecl, fheglobal- prevalence ha.d fallen fro:n 54.1% in 1977 to 42.5% in 1981. The i-ncidence was nil up to 9 years of age and in the 1O to 14 years age-group the prevalence had fallen from 39.€'ib jrx 197? to l-1 .4% ai the present. 64. Loaba, a village on the Yflrite Vo1ta, was evaluated in conreection with excisions of nodufes, 15.2 persons being e-xarnined. rhe g1oba1 pre- valence has fall_en from 76.9% in 1976 to 65.4% at the present tine and the lncidence is nil among chlldrcn under five years o1d. 65. Five other villages on the Black Volta - Sor:ma, Sa, lloussiri, Fowra and Ouolo, arrd a sixth, I'liarebama, on the Como6, undelrent second and in some cases third-passa6e evcl-uations, 814 persons belng exa:n-ined.. Ti:ese six vilJ-ages are located ln a zone nhere transmissj-on has been j-nterrupted since 1975. Altogether, global prevalence had fallen by half in six )'eorsrflre clisease had d.isappeared everXnrhere in those u-irder 12 yea.rs o1d anci only a few isolated ner; cases v,/ere recorded under the age of 15. A new deveJ-op- ment is the aru:oi:ncenent by the Bpiderriologlcal Evaluertion Unit that com-parison (betveen the prevai"t"" "i.t"s) rec5rOecl in the different age-groupson prev-ious visits and those recorded today suggest that vre iaay be u'i-tnessing the first cases of recovery f::om the disease soIely attributable to theinterruption of transuission. DIal-i 66. Six villages in Liali tlrit i:ad been evaluated Ln 1977 l"iere visited again in iWarch, tt"ro o1'tllcn,.indergoing detailed evr,rluation. A total of 622 persons rvas exa.ra-inecl. In the village of l{tPetyelar on fl..te Bar:-lfing river, where vector control operations started in 1975, the g1oba1 prevalence rate among th.e 64 per,sons e:camlned. was found to har.e fal-Ien from 46o/o in lg77 to 23.4% today. 'Iire incicl,:nce j-s ni1 up to the age of 14 years a.::din tlre 15-29 years age-group the prevalence has fallen froiir 7o% to 37.i/,.In the other five vi1laEes, Karrkela and Ouroumpana, Tyenabougou, Slnadiana ancl Zana, located on the Koba and the Bcni, where vector control operations began early in L977 t ll8 persons were exar,rinecl. The trend towards regresslon of the d.isease is under way but the deeline is not sufficient for arqy sigiri-ficant i-mprovement to be apparent. fn the turo villages on the Koba, Kankelaba and Ouroumpalar rvhere transilission has not yet been interrupted, the situation remains unchanged. fn Karkelaba, 5@" of the poprrlati-on exarli-ned.displayed corr.eal signs of trachoma and all the cases ivere given treatment. -a - ta - 67 t [he evaluation of the epiderrlological situation as of 5t Llarch 1981 is attaehed as an a"nnex to tiris rcport. Polyrra].ent su-rweys 68. A polyualent survcy lvas eondueted among lBO of the inhabitants of the vill.age of Kougpalra, in tJre sub-prefecture of Sapond in iipper Vo1ta, j-n order to rleterni-ne, ils i-n the suweys carried. out in 1979 at [orem and Ziou, a]so in Upper Volta, the pattern of other diseases associated iv"ith onchocerciasis, Analysis of the results of the testsj-s in progress. Incidence of onchocerciasis in the Yfhite Volta basi:t in Upl:er Vo].ta 69. An analysi-s rvas undertaken of all the data collected a^nnua11y sinee 1975 from the inhabltants of five districts of the Yolta Valleys Development Authority ln the Yfhite Vol-tar river basin i-n Upper Volta and in five other villages of that sarne basin. 'lO. tsefore vector control started the incidence of the d.isease was very high. Ihus in }iiarba, for exa^rnp1e, Brt of the .subjects negativein January 1974 haC become posltive by Jr:ne L976, 4i3 of the inigrants settled on A\rV land in 1974 beca^me positive each Jrearr TL. Control of the vector in this va11ey was undertaken tn 1976.In analysing the data collected from that period onwards account must be taken of parasitj.c latency. The average duration is 18 to 20 months and tire extreme razlge 7 to 14 months. Taking this i'actor into account, the incidence rates observed in the villages since l-976t lorr compared to the figures recorded before that date, provid.e confirruation tl.rat transrutssj-on of onehocerciasis has probably been ni1 since 1976 in the fl-nite Yolta basi::. Qtudy of adult vrorus 72. Itodulectomi es rvere performed iir mj-d-&iarch in the village of Yendere on the l6raba, near Dangouaclougou v.rhe.re transmission has been lniernrpted since 1975. Out of a totat of +4 nodules coll-ected, 27 (52.3"/,) contained" or:Iy dead wofi[s or non-reproductj-ve f emales. In all 160 ',yori:s, 61 mal e and 99 female, lvere isolatcd. 'Ihis glves a sex ratio of L.62 (norue-l ratio*: 1.!, Schul?-Key). of tire femal.i, lSf. were dead (no::nal rate *: 9 to Ll% Schr-:J-z-Key). Airalysis of the intrauterine stages lvas urrclertaken. CaJ-cula- tions show that over half the femal-es are dead or non-reproductive and that a najority rf intrauterine stages are abnorcnal. Ihese findings - tt In reglons where trar:.snrission has not been interrupted. _15_ agree r',rith those recorded ferales in nodules collected fron Gaoua region (Upper Vol-ta), r'rherefor five yearsi by Siittner, who found 387!, of dead. the ir:habitants of a village in the transm'i ssion had then been interrupted suggest that the li-fe spa.n of the adult rvorlrls is much shorter than had been thought heretoforei should encoLrJaEe consideratior: of a thcrapeutic approach wherebyit lvould be possible to elim:inate the residuaJ- eutaneous parasite rese:sroirln peitients with nodules lvnich no longer contain anything but dcad wol:rtls or non-reproductive fenrales. Such mierofilaricide -therapy cou-1d not, hovre,trer, take the place of vector control-. 73. With the assistaricc of the data processing groupe the r.urit ls at present drawing up a forn i&ich rdII nake it possible to computerize all the data collected ln the course of the excision of nodules, the examlna-tion of their contcnts arro the analysls of the worlrlso 7+. As an experiment, some nodules were fixed in 761 alcohol vrith the aim of finding a method of preserving ti:e womts without their deteriorati:rg so that analysis can be defered.. The resul-ts of thls experiment shorvthat fixation urith alcohol slows up the process of digestion'and that study of eubryogenesi-s remains possible though more delicate. 75. A batch of collagenase deli-vered to the Progra:rme for di-;estir$* some nodules was found r.mfit for use, probably because of delays in transport or a break in the cold-chain. C. ECONOffiC DtrVtrLCPI.n;I ijD pUBtIC rIEAtfi{ 76. _ Following discussj-ons in Ya.iaousso,.:1co foll-owing tlte JPC in Decenber, the Director of the Progra.mroe concer:red. himself from JanuarTr onwards lrith determinin€i to vdrat clegree the Econon'ic Development Unit could best se:rrethe requirenents of the pii.rticlpating countries and the donors alike. 77. As a first step, a meeting lvas neld with representatives of theSponsoring Agencies and the Expert Ad'risory Comrnittec in Roue. the partici-paats defined the terrns of reference of the Econonic Development Untt as folIor,vs. 78. lf\ilithin the Onchocerciasj-s Control Prograrni:e, the Econom-tc DevelopnentUnit will study and encourage socioeconomic development within the ?rogrammgEr€&r To achieve its objectirres, 1t l-rilI: a) maintairr close contact v,rith the National onchocerciasis Cormittees, rrith rrinistries, departments and nationallnstltutions responsibl-e for developnent plaruring anCproject execution rvithi-n the Prograjrune area, and assist at the request of these authoritj-es j_n the presentation of development project proposalsi ,A -16*. b) collaborate rv'ith the representatives and field sta.ff of II'ID? and ottrcr lTnited liations agencies and mlth the representatives of banks and teci:nicaI assistanee nissions v'iorking ii: the partlcipating countries i c) collate d"'Lta collected f::om national authorities relcvant to the socioecono::rlc developnent of the Progz'anrae area and. maintain an up-to-oate record of erll cevelopment actions inplenented. and planned :lt i.rr.tj-onaI a.::rd regional level ,i.-itirin tiie Pro€;ra.mme area; d) Ilaise rv.iil:r the 6overia:rents ln the preparation of tireir aruruaI socioeeonorni c report to tire JPC with a vlew to faciliteLting a clear overal-l vier',' of pro.3ress in socioeconornic developnent throu6hout ti:e ?ro3:L'arr:ne area; e) coordinate ;ind- si.,psrvise a. prograffme of traj-ning a^nd researcir in health economicsi f ) assist in the prepiiration of background clata and aetual- ararrEe- nents on tne ;ror.rrd for assistance a:rd. evaluation r:-lssions.ll 79. fhe Agencies also urrdertooli to look for a candidate for tire post of Chief of the Econori,lc Developnent Unit. BO. In addi-tion tire Pro3rari:ne Di-rector carried out eonsultations with both donor and participatin6 countries 1n an attenpt to detenelne what form of report on econonie devel-opment presented to the Joint P::ogra.,:me Comraittee wou-l-d saiisfy both the financing policies of the donors and the developnent policies of the corrntries. This question ivill be on the agenda at the fifth mee'cing of tne j{irtional Commlttees in June. 81 . In the meantine, merrbers of the Eeonomj-c Development Unit hav'- nade field trips to places r.rhcre integrated de'velopment opcraiions are being carried out: a) to i.iogt6clo and llapadt;^aa, in the area covered by the Volta Valleys Developnent Autho-ity, on the occasj-on of a visit by ?rofessors Diesfeld and Irreyrrogel, lvho are merabers of the Expert Aclvisorl, Coi.:rai-ttee i b) to to6c6, a prinary health care pilot zone of the Upper Volta l,tlnistry of Pub1ic i{ealth, also in the conpany of -i;he trvo v:isitorsi foJ-lor-*ing these visits, proposals for iaploving the updating of the rei,isters vrere subnr:itted to tire department responsible for tl:e rnedical sector ooncerned.i ll r rt -a _17 _ c) to the l(ou valley rice-growing area in the Bobo-Dioulasso region of Upper Voltai a verT favourable general- irnpressj-on vras gained concern-Lng the organi-zation of educatione health and social- affairs in the projecti d) to the sub-prefectures of Ouargaye and Zaby6, in the Centre East departnent of Upper \"oIta, where preparations were being made to latincl:. a primary irealth cil.re progxamroe, for ivhich IY}IO has already clonated $, 2 000 of medicaments and a rrillage health worker has been trained. 8.2. fhe ublic llealth Advlser has reported on the main public health problems in the participating countries. rhis report describes the measures taken nationall-y to resolve these problens and. suggests activitlcs that could be camled out by the ?rogra.ime on its ovin or in cooperation v,tith the p,articitrnting states to inporve the situation. Social affairs 87. Interv'i-ews have tairen place r-r'itir tl:e Secretary-General of tLreI'tlnistry of Soclal Aff;irs in Upper VoLta to determine holr the ?rograroae cotild cooperate with the i'Iinistry in its activities. Anong the natters mentioned tvere the ltrongtaba training centre for tkre blind and poor-sighted. The Prograrnme could itelp in prcparing d.ocr-unentation for projecis arrd in looki-ng for consu-ltants. 84. As a member of the }iational Commisslon for preparing the Intenational Year for Disabled Persons, the Progra...ne has hacl intcrvielvs lyith representa-tives of UIIICS', [O and UimSCO as part of the prepraratioi: for a natlonal day rlevoted to the disabled on 22 TTay and is participating regularly in meetings of the Commission and" of the Organizing Committee. Stuclies 85. The Programme has received a pre1iru1ltl.,.ry report on tire study r-rndertakenin 1980 by the Institute of [ropieal Geography of Abidjan University on the development of crop-growing and housing projects in the norttr of the fvoryCoast. TLre report covers the tlvo regions of fienko and Touba, It vrould appear from the prclilcinary resnlts that there has been an imFrovenent ln the space occupation -r:atio betr-reen 1975 and l979t ivith an increase of 4%j-n the total area used by rur:. lae study shouLd- be finished and tire offlcj.z:,} report sent to us bp, June at the latest. 86. A report by Christian licoppe, of the OBSTOI{ Centre i-n Ouagadougou on travellers crossing the Ivory Coast frontier in 1979 record.s the passage of 206 000 and 205 000 trarvellers outwards and inwards between Upper Volta and the Ivory Coast. 72)'l of the travellers come frrrm the lJossi Plateau. The study records ttre places where the nigrants are to be t'oqnd in thefvory Coast. -18- Collection of data 87. The unit eontinued to collect data on econom.i c clevelopmentpublished in the speciali-zed press. D. RffiEARCH A]JD lIUIiTr]rG Research BB. The Prograr:lue Director has set up lvithin OC? an Advisory Conmittee on Research rvitir ti:e follovring fr..inctions: 1) identificeLtion of research projects ancl deteznrination ofpriorities i consideration of al.l si.ggestions for research; follorv-up errd evaluatj-on of all researcir activi-ties in pr.ogress. 89. Ihe Cornmittee held its first meeting on 25 l,Iarch. It was attendedby representatives from every unit. Sj-ncc the Progra.mne vrrishes to restrictits activities to appliec. research, prlorities vrere detezm:lnecl for theEpidemiology and fr:tonology Units. fne Econonic Development Unit 6as stj-I1to ma-lce detailed proposals. In the 1i;ht of prevj-ous experience, i-t ivas agreed that no contraci should be subnltted to the Comruittee ur:-1ess it is accompanied by a detailed protocol mrlth costsl th.rt sets forth the clua1lfi- catj-ons of the responslble researcir worker and j-s acconpanied by a clausecalling for submission of a research report. Questions of cooperation withthe Special Prograrroe for Rcsearch and [raining in lropical Diseasos (mn) ancl utilization of data lvore to be consid.ered Iater. 90. fwo eontract';-a1 iigreeaents \rcrc signed vrlth tiie OCCGD lnstitutefor Research on [r;rpanosoulasis a.nd Onchocerciasis (rnro) for evalu.ating new inseeticides arrd new formrrlations that cor;J-d be used. for controllingE. darenosura s.1. II:o first j-s for a total of {iy B 3OO. In accordance vrith this contract tl'rc IIiIO is to test at SteLge IV six form:.leitions tocontrol blackfly larvae selected in consultation wiflr the VIC Division atIleadquarters and tite ProgrsJrrreo Ihe fnstitute ls also to study the storage,dilution ancl stability of Sacilhis thuringiensis !I. 14. j.rost Lf the resultsofthesetria1siveretotreveue@c1-]iIarch.Subsequ.ent1y, to eontinue these stucies through 1981 , a codicil to flre -greerncnt i,ras dranynup for a tota,1 of i; l_T 355 and. is to cover l_981. In this, the IRTO r,rilItest ln stage rv 10 fornulations of blaclcfly l-arvicides selectecl 1n consulta-tion vTith IIBC and the Progr&fir,reo It is alsl to test a for:nulatlon of theblackfly larrricides in St.rge V, to evaluate and study the to:clcity of growthregulators and to study the node of action of the la^rvicides. 91. An agreenent for a:r ainour:.t not exceedlng i, 13oo was a^l-so established.rrith Ifu Serge Grcb;ut, Researcit Tsshnisian at Bouak6. Accordj_ng to this agreenent I'b Grcbaut \?as to ceirry out in jvlarcn and April tcsts 6n thesusceptibi-IiW to insecticides of larwae of tire S. damnosu4 c6nplex in watercourses in t1_e Banlarna, Sassa.ndra and cor.ro6-riveilffins.to Abate, chlorphoxi-m, Aete]lic, i.ioltrarrt GH 74 snd other conpourrcis flrat heLve ap.rearedto shovr promise in Stage rV and Stage V trials. the resrilts inrere to be submitted in tlie foru. of susceptibility test cards. 2) ,) - tq - 92. A contractu.al agreenent for a total of $r 30 2OO i,,ias concludcdin I[ovember 19BO with the Agricultural Unj-versi-ty of il/a,;eni-ngen inthe i'trethcrlands to carry out, in Upper Voltar a stucly oi cnoiinesterasein tire braj-ns of fish from watercourses in tire }rogrl,r*s o.re&r fho research workers from that Uri_iversity comrnspged work in Bobo Diou-l-asso at the end of Janlteiry. 93. A report by Dr J.E. Edn:an of -,assachussetts Univ:rsi-ty, rvith whicSthe Prograrr:me had previor-rsIy concluded an agreenent, initicalerl that hislaboratory had succeeded i-n esto"blishing S. daroreosun s.l. cclony from egg batches that the ?rogramre had sent hEEn Ghana. At the end of1980r ttre color4r had reached its fourth generati-on. tr\.rtirerraore, the study had enabl-ed extra egg batches to be accurulated. on w1:1ci: consezvationtrials are being caruied out. 94. The Progranr:e is closely following developnents in iuununologicaldiagnosi-s. A provisiona;I report fron Professor Ambroise Ihom.rsts tea,u inGrenoble slxls up tire results of recent experiments in isolation of metabollcanti-gens. fnf ections interfered r,rrith the culture of thc parasites and pre-liminary trials of an irmrunological test did not cleuonstrute very greatsensiti-v-ity. I\Iearuvhile P::ofessor H. J. Diesfeld reported cluring his visitto the Progra:ame region on tire clemonstration of :uatigenic properties inthe shells of fi]arial eggs. He vras ,;iven a batch of nodules to enablehin to verify the. finding wlth O. vo1'nrlw eggs at the Institute of TroplcalHygiene in Heidelberg, 95' Continuing its strrdies launched in January l9B0 in the hyperenclemicvillage of Zi-ou in tire sub-prefectu:cof Bonga, iipp", volt:., tiil'tean of thernstitute of Ihmanr Blolo;y of tire Royal uni.versily of utre"rrt, t"a uyProfessor Huizi-nga, nurde another six-weeE stay in upper volta, this timein the hypoendenic rrillage of Kou-gpakar Sub-prefccturc6f Szrpon6. Tnepurpose of this strrdy usi-n: spirometers, permanent l:eart-rtiyttrn reeorders,blcyere ergometcrs, etc., \./.rs to c.ete:srine the physiolo;ici consequencesof heary ii:fection of onchocerciasis. A further visit to co]lect arddltionaldata is plarrured for July by the tea:n conducting the sturty. 95' Ihe report on the findings of the study on nortality arong the blj-ndconducted on the basis of clata collccted uy itre Progra-rme" anc with thecol-laborc,tion of a denographer at the Nati;nal Institute of st:tistics and.Demography has been dra",in up. It enei.ges from these studios that the meanmortality ri;te for the five yea,r age-groups above JO ye.rs is IIT per 1OOOamong the bl-ind co::rpaLrecl to B5 per 1O0O arnong the sighterl, i.o. four timesas higi:. The analysis s}:orvs the"t 6ap of perJoris blind at fl:e age of Joyears die before tlieir fiftieth birthda,y, coiupared to Zo',1*rorg-tho sigirted.The life expectancy of c. bl-inr] person aged JO-therefore elverages 20 years,or 13 years less than that of a sighted person of the urru ogI. Ihis excessnortality a&on€ the blind seems to be aue to the social- conslquences ofbri-:rdness rather than thc intcnsity of the onchocercal- infection. -20- Irainlng 97. the table below indicates training in progress during the firstquarter of the year: TRAI}IING COURSE,S il,lr J. Agyeinm(cnana) Dr A. Dial1o(uan) IiIr A. Israel(ranzania) lfr K. Dao(ttari) Mr Y. Kone(uari.) hlr D. Sereme(iruri) EET,IOTISHIPS Mr J.S. Amakye(gi:rrna) Dr A. Asare (enana) Dr S.Z. Susri(ctrana) Miss M. Diallo(upper Volta) l4r B. Diongue(senesat) Dr D. Kye1en(upper Vo1ta) Dr l'1.A. I,laiEa(lruri) Dr I.N. Ilartev (crrana) -rssABrisijErrs IRI0/Bouak6 IRIO/Bouak6 0cP IRTO/Boualc6 OCP/treera lRt0Aoualr6 OCP IRIO/Bouak6 OCP IRIO/Bor.uk6 OCP oi:ana(Studies ) Canada(Supv. ) Institute of Sasic lleciica]. Sciences london School of llygiene & Troplcal. Iledici-ne University of Clernond-Femand, trtrance University of CIe:mond-Fe:rand e Fr;.:rrce University of Benin ile5ional Itealth Development Centre University of Clermond-Ferrand ,France Royal CoILege of Sur5eons, london SIECIATIIY &rtomolo;icaI Technician L{edica]. Entomo- logy &rtonology Entonological fechnlciare &rtonological Teehnician Entomological leehnician Hydrobiologr(eri.a. ) 0phthalmology(rncs) CornrrL.rnity health in developlng countri-es Health Econonuics Fiealth p"611sr:ri cS ?ub1ic liealth Health Eeonorrics Ophthalmolo5y IERIOD Iiarch - I\,Iay 1!81 li:rch-June 1981 July-August 1981 Jarruary-Feb. 1981 Sebruary-I,Iarch 1981 ],[arch-i'&ly 1981 June 1981 hlarch-l,tay 1!81 June 1981 LIarch-lrIay 1981 June 1981 Septeuber L979 -August -t !$! April 1980 -April 19Bj October 1980 - September 1181 Deccmber 1980 - December 1982 December f9B0 - Deccmber 19t2 September 1g6O Decenber 19eO - Decenrber 1982 ]Iovember ]-979 -October 1981 PST.IOWSHIPS Ilh A. Ifignan(Upper Volta) IlIr V.0. Okoh (enana) Dr W.D, Osei (crrana) Dr G. Qrssa(aenin) I'fliss tad"y K. Traor6(upper Volta) ilIr A.R. Benon(upper Volta) Ur:-iverslty of LtLchigan _2L_ ESTASIISH},MIIS SIECTJ.IITY TERIOD laboreitory of ?arasitolory l{.:y }9BO -AnIaal and Parasite l,iry 1983Billogy, France lonclon School of Parasitolog, Septeraber 1980 -I'Iygiene & [r'picaI (]I.Sc.) Aryust 1981 Ileclici::.e Epidemiology August 1980 -(l.PH) August 1982 Ferculty of Pi:a:macy, Parasitology April 19BO -Tours, Fra:rce (DEA + fhird .A'a5ust 1?02Cycle Doctor:te) Ophthalmologlcal Ophthalnology Cl-inj-c, University of Dairar RegioneJ- Healttr Public Health Development Contre, University of Ben-ln I{ovember 1978 - Oetober 1981 September 1980 - August 1981 98. The cost of the training irhich the Programme had. contracted IRTO inSouakd to do has been raised to $| 460 per nonth per treinee from 1 l,flarch 1981 onwards. 99, Three vro:"irshops on managenent and. superwision v/ere orgamize,l vriththe help of Headquarters for the staff of the Program4e, at r'iatitingouin Benin from 13 to 24 Ja.nuary, at ouagadougou from 26 to 2g Jamrary and at lrlopti in Mali floia 2 to ! February. 42 persons took part in fl:esei.rorkshops. 100: A^seninr:,r_l also comprising four vrorkshops, vras organized by theVector Controt Unit for entonological techniciarr.s ancl 1iboratory *,';-.ilia.i-ics.Ihe first tlvo vrorkshops I'rere helci in Tamal-e from 1O to Ij Lh,rch a:rd }iatitingoufrom 24 to 27 Llarchi others i'rere to be he1cl i-n Bobo-Dioula-,sso from T to 1O April and at liorhogo from 15 to l,J Apri1. fhe work covers studies on reinvaslon, insecticides ancl tireir :node of action, ar:d insecticide resistance.Demonstrations of si'.sccptibility tests and the ileasurer,fent of river di-schargesform part of the rrorkshops. fhe prograrmre for laboratory ;r.udlicz.lsslncludes disseetion ind prcparation of solutlons. E. ADMI}ITS'IM.IIOI'I Budget an<i li.nance 101. By 25 l/Iarch, the expenditure incurred arror:ntecl to $ 2 t26 489 out of a butlget of durir€' the flrst qu:rter{i 16 127 600 for 1981. -) _22- Persorvte1 Department 102. At the end of the quarter, 749 general services staff vrere employed, as against 792 posts'authorized, and 36 professional staff, as against 51 posts authorized." Dr J. Gnxrewarld of the rrederal Republic of Germaqy, an entonologist, took up his duties on 5 Jarr.uary i-n tjre vector controlUnit" rn ttre same r.rnit, I,,b c. Aitchedji of Berei-n haus been worki:rg as aerial operatlons technicia"i: since 1 I{arch. PIr A. K. Equagoo of rogo arrived on 7o lt4arch to take over theSudget and tr'inance Department in the Adrninistrative unit. Dr C. levbclue of France, an iehthyologist, undertook a consultant- shlp of five vreeks from 1 February to 5 Lfarch for the Vector Control Unit. 1O5. At the end of the quarter, recruitment was in progress for thefollowing posts: ?) Econonlc Developnent Unit - an Econom:ist, Unit Chiefb) Epideniologica^f Erraluation Unit - a parasiioloeist c) Vector Control Unit - one Ei:tomologist,/ecologalt, onehydroblologist, d) Adm:inistrative un:it ": m:"fr:]isi:h ftr$:-:lt"5rrr"u=, One Supplies Officer u) Directorts Office One proiramme Officer. 1O4. A revised salary scale for general service sta.ff in Ghaira (Revision18), which took effect on l Decerober l-979 a::d had been receirred durj-rrgt'he third quarter of 1980, has again been revised (Amendment 1). rhesalary scale ar:d the allowances for dependant chil-dren enii i<noivledge oflanguages have been revised. [he changes beeome effective f:.om tire sarne clate as the initial revision, viz 1 December 1979. 105. [he ]rogrermme has also receiveci the nevr sa1ary sc"r,le for generalserrice staff in Ivory Coaist (Iievision 1J), rvhich came into effect from1 Febmarxr 1980. Ihis revi-sion changes the salary scale and the amor:ntof the language a-1lovrance. ft also establishes an allowance for depcndantSpOUSeS. 106-.- UIIDIr in cooperation with other agencles, has surweyed salarlesin Upper Volta wlth a riew to revising the salary scaJ-e ftr gcneral se5;:Lcesstaff. Its concluslons ancl recoamendations have been sent to the department concelr.ed in the Urulted Nati-ons in }trew york. ._-) -23- Supply Department 1o7- Following the decisions taken at the meeting on teraephos reslstance held in Geneva in l,Iarcil, the programme has plaeea an order for a further 60 0oo litres of chlorphoxim in addition tothat for 40 oo0 litres placed at the end of last year. 108. 225 e'-,{f*. beds and tvro land Rovers have been bor4;ht roca1ly. 1o9. Ihe annual orclers for spare parts have been dravrn up and sent toSupply Serv-ices at ileadciuarters. 110. 46 out of the 69 yehlcl-es ordered for 1981 have been delivered. !9 ouaea{ou€ou, where at the end of the quarter they were bei_ng passedthrough Customs and registered. they conslst of: 14 land Rovers station tyagons2f Peugeot-5o+ pick-ups I ?eugeot-5O4 pick-ups with a fittecl rear cabin. 111' Benine Ghana, Togo and Upper Volta have granted the an::uaI exenption needed for fuel and lubrlcants used by the ?rogramme. The exemptions forrvory coast, Llali and r[iger have not yet been ieceived. 112' fn March 85 000 litres of Abate (rrociaa) delivered at lom<5 vreredispatched to laiaa-Kara and 110 ooo Litres of the same insecticide amivedat Abidjan for di-stribution in the vrestern zor\at A consignment of 50 0OOlitres of Abate (Cyanamio) also reached Abldjan for dispatch to Bouak6. General ser.'v-ices 11?. - last irear, a total of $ 98 ooo was spent on water, electrici.ty,telephones, telex 4116 sf,anFs at the pa6g3a.mms Headquarters. 114. During the first qu.arter of 1981, the finishing touches were putto the i-nventory report. Fire i:rsurcrnce contraets for the buildlngs andttre garage, and contracts for the n:,j-ntenance of air conditioners, telephonesa,d other e.luipment i* everyday use have been revierned. 1I5' In the Headquarters buildingl steps have been taken to avoid insectinfestation, the wate:: supply system has been improved, and ,,"reatherprooflighting has been instal-led on the outsid.e. 116' Repairs have been camied out on the radio statj-ons of Sikasso,Bougouni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Odienn6, Bondoukou, Bolgatainga an<1 j1:titingou.Canadian L{arconi no longer produces sets of the type init:-atfy instaLled(cttz>), md the tvpe of set vrhich has replaced i.t"fcH-i;,j)*i"'"ot suitablefor the fierd conditions in our a.re&r rhis is eausing ,"'"urt*in problems, vrhich rve are trying to rcsolve in coopera.ti-on with the supplier. .24_ Transport sezri-ices 117. On 51 lllarch, 226 qA*il of the 254 vehtc.Ies attachedunits, serv-ices and sectors were operational . Duririg thevehicles had covered 1 613 518 i@ and i.rsed 223 DoB litresand 17 252 l:.tttes of diesel fue1. to the various clueirter, the of petrol l-L8. Four accldents occurred, tr,'o in [amalc, one at l,ana-Kara ald oneat 3ouak6. unfortunertely, in tr.ro of them three human I1ves were Lostand six people vrere injured. 119' The commi-ttee respoi:sible for clisposing of used equipraent drew uprecommend.ations for the sal_e of vehicles 1n Ghana, Nigei, ienin and Lb.li.less important equipuent has been cli-sposed of in Benin, Ghana and rogo. 72o' A total of $ 50 ooo has been approved for repairs and inp::oveiaentsto buildings and sites in the sectors and subsectors. Thc work is to beundertaken rapidly to avoid arqr increase 1n the estimates subnitted. 1?1-. - A 3,5 kw generator vras supplied to theof 1 }ary generators iravc been suppli_ed to thesectors. III. OTIEA ACTIVITIES Ba.mako sector and a number sectors for use in the sub L22. Upon talcing up his cluties the programme Director undertook lnupper volta a m.rnber of visits to fl:c nationat authorlties, the repre_sentatives of donor cour:.tries, a:rd interrrational and inter-sterte bodiesof the subregion in cor:nection lvith the activities of the pro6ra.n,me. Hewas reeeived on ! January bJ'iI.E. Colonel Saye Zerbo, Head of'St",tu, L27- [he Progra^u'une Director also undertoo]c, at the end of Ifarchraprogramme of vislts to the oti:er pari;icipating countries, startj::g v,ri11:Abidjan-, Accra, rom6 r:.nd cotonou fron J0 lrarcf, to g Apri1, then goingto Bamako from lj to 17 April and to }Ila.ney from 22 to 24 April. L24' on 2 Febnrary -the Prosrornne had a visit fr.om Ii.E. the l,{inisterof Prblic llealth of upper voIta. rhe xtlnister was accornpanied by theDj-rector-Genera-r- of .the Aw, r,,rho i-s permanent secretary of the ilationalonchocerciasis co:nnrittee, uy trre oeputy Director-Generll of IleaLth and bythe Head of the L,inistryi s bpicienri.otog:_cat Section. The l,rIO progranmecoordinator l"'as also prlsent at the infornation meetj-ng organlzed for thetrtlnister and his stafi. rollorving brief statenents on the entomologicaland medical situation a:rd on the role of the Programme in tire socioeconomicclevelopment of the area covered, h1u Ekcellency-trr" Ltinistcr a:.nd the visltorsaccompar$ring him posecl a large ntrmber of questions. rhls proirided the oppor-tunity for provlding additiinal int-ormatfon on rej-nvasj-on, resi-stance,chemotheraPnr md duri:tion of l-ife of the adult parasite, and on t6e coopera-tion that e18ht be expeeted with ,re Econonlc Devel-opment Unit. -2q- Governnaent contributions !25. 'Ihe 1980 Govemraent contri-butions had only been paid up j-n part by the end of the quarter. The follovrlng a.ucounts were sti11 ovring: Benil Ivory Coast Upper Volta Mali Togo a26. The l9B1 contri-butions eedis, divided as follows: total CFA francs 49 1e7 0BO and l,L4 58+ CIA francs CFA francs CrlA francs CIA francs CFA francs 49 680 15 9BL 740 4 O55 OOo 4 460 000 5(>8, "t42 Benin Ivory Coast Ghana Upper Volta l,[ali ltriger Iogo CFA francs 4 960 OOO CFA francs 17 773 416Cedis Lt4 5e4 (pai.d) CFA francs 11 160 C00 CFA francs 4 960 0O0 CFA francs 7 106 812 CFA francs 7 026 812 Joint Pro"qra.ume Corurittee 127. The draft r,:port of the first sesslon of the Jolnt Progra.m-re Corudttee was sent to the parti-cipants for comments on 9 Febrrlary. fhe report in its final forrr is fur preparation. fimetabLe of meetin.-.rs 128. At the end of the quarter the tir.retable of forthcom:ing stai;u.tory :neetings stood as folloivs: meetir:g of the Cormi ttee of Sponsoring Agencies on B and 9June j-n ltria;ueyi fifth jojnt meeting of ti:e liational Onchocerclasls couruittees from 10 to 12 JL,re, also i_ir iliameyi aru:uaJ- meeting of tite Ecological Group from 28 to Z) I.ia;, i11 Ouagadougou; annual meetii:g of ti:e Jtrxpert Advisory comnrittee froir 51 augustto 4 September in Genevai meetings of the Corm:ittee of Sponsoring Agencies fron T to 9September and then on JO ifovember, in Geneva! second session of thc Joint ?rogramme comn:ittee from 1 to 4 December in Geneva. .. ) -26- starting in February, steps rrere taken to organize the ueeting ofthe llational onchocerci-asis Cernni f,lss and at the beginning of l,larchthe authoritles in fiiger invitec the participating ald obsertrer countries to j:form thera of t}:e conposit:-on of their d.elege,tions.At the end of the t1,-rarter the rvorking papers for thls *ee{j-rrg ,rurein preparation. L29. A lvorking group meeti-ng lvj-th the national tca.i responsible forthe aquatic surveillance of rlvers treated or due to bc treated by the Prsg3gmrns will talre pra,ce in ouagadougou fron 26 to 28 i,Iay, it rviIlbe attendec by the he;rds of the hydroblological to,.ms of i3enin, rvory 9:ry!, Ghana, upper volta and rogo, together with hydrobj-ologists fromoBslol\{, a representc.tive of the university of salford respot ":_bl" fo,processing the <letai, and representatiyes of the Ecological Gror:p iviro mlll eontinue thelr talks on ZC anc't 29 Lfay. Ivieelings . of non-?rograr:.ne bodies lio. At the invita-ci-on of the Secretary-General of OCCGE the Programine w&sto ta.kc part ln Bar:ra]co, from 1i to 1? Aprir, in the fvrenty-firstfechnical Conference of ttiit organization. fhe Progranmets clelegation ras hoa(i:d by Dr Sa^u.b:. Lll-. Dr Karam eu:d Dr K.Y' Dad.zie have been designated to talce pairt inthe eleventh scientific meeting of the International Epidemi-olog'icalAssociation, vuhich is to talre place in Edinburgh, scotianrl, from 24 to2l Ar:gust. l-32' 'Ihe ?rogrpmme Dlrector has designated L,lrs sorgho-lafosse to takepart in the ',vork of the national comnaittee for the organization of theInternational_ Year of Disab1ed. persons. Expert Advisory Connittee 113. Professor thierry A, Freyvogel, Director of thc suiiss Tropice[rnstltute at Basle, and Professor H. ,1. Diesfeld, Director or ii:eInstltute of l{ygiene and ?ublic Health of Heidelberg University 1n theFederal Republic of Gezmany-, botJ"r ;aembers of the Expert AAvisoiy Conni 11ss :"1 "P_in 1980, rmdertook an info::uetioir tour ln th; Progra-nne iegion'fron9 to 21- Febnrary. The p,-rpose of thls visit vias to enabie Professors.Sreyvogel and Diesfeld to acq'.raint themselves wj-th the activities of the Progra,mme and converse tvith the specialists responsible for lts iroplementa-tion. Dnring their stay the v-isitors r,vere able to nake a field yisit to one of the tea'nrs of the Epiderdological Eva}.ration Urrit which vras conductir€a detailed eval-uat19n in I'io1li, fiiger, and to get first-hand larolvledgeof the'workin6{ conditions, the techniques utilized and the constraintsir:herent ln fiel-d. ope:'ations. At Bobo-Dioulasso a larvicich-ng denonstratlon was organized for ti:eir beneflt and they al.so saw the worlc of an entomologl-cal seetor. ll." -t -2'7- L54. [o observe something of ti:e socioeconomic developroent work they y}:*}t"d.th_e operational aroas of the Volta Valleys Development Authority(AW) at L4ogtedo and. Rapadrrrra on the lllhite Vo1ta, where ttey -,vere ableto talk with vlllageTsr- extension workers, schooi-teachers and pupils.they also went to rodc6, a pilot zone for primary health care, *h*ruthey had talks wlth the nursing officer in charge of the KonbissiriH9a1_!h-centre, the chief nursing offlcer of the To6c6 dispensary, ar:.d.the Village Health Officer acconpanied by his village coororittee.- Apartfrom their various field visits, hof essors tr'reyvogel and Diesf eLd hadtalks at the Programne Director's office with ti:e nembers of each of theteehnical r.mits' At a surrlrtng-up meeting they told the Dlrector andtechnical staff of thej-r inpressions, of the probleus they perceived and intencled to raise rvith the nerabers of the Commi f,f,ss at its next nreeting in Septenber, and of thelr conclusions. fhese points are containedin a memorandum they vrrote to the programme Director irnirediately aftertheir visit. 135. A sub-conm:lttee of the Independent Conrn:lssion met in london on 26dtd 27 Jarruary under the Chairmanship of I\{r D. lindores to consicler thequestions of new onchocerciasj-s control zones and the advantages anddisadvantages of speclfic ca,inpaigns. Ihe conclusions resultiig from thedeliberations of this sub-corjmittee w:i1] be lncorporated in the Comraissionlsfinal report. 156- [he con'mrigaion also held its fourth meeting from 28 to ]1 Jarruary,in london. The raain object of this gathering was to agrce upon the broadoutu-nes of the flnal report. the first drafts of the repori and its annexes are I1o1'/ i-n preparation. They vri1l be revievred at the r:.ext meetingto be held by the Conmission at Ctmblrland lodge, iflJ-ndsor, U.Ii. from 1to 5 June. fhe final_meeting of the Cor,rrnissloi w111 take place in Genevafrom 27 to 30 Jr-ily. rts report vril1 be subnitted to wHo irr.eaiatelyafter this meetin8 for rerriew after which lt vri11 be eonsiderecl by theCommi tteo of Sponsoring Agencies and the Drpert Advisory Comn-lttee beforebeing presented to the Joint Prograrnme Comr-ittee in necember. During themeeting of the llationol Onchoeerci-asis Comm:ittees t}:e Chairrnan of ilrefndependent Coum::lssion r,-rj-11 acclu-aint the participatlng countries rvigr thebroad outlines of thls report. 137' During its meetin€ at the end of Januar;r the Independent Comrnission expressed. sati-sfactlon with the vrork done by lhe statistical- staff of theSchool of Hygiene and Iropicat L{edlclne vrho" processed the data marle avail-able to the Cornmission by the progranmer aztd asked them to untlertal;e sorneadditlona] tasks. _rt also expressed satisfaction with the conputer nappir:gwork done by l\tr f. gict<roore, forner Director of tfte lfational EhvirorunentReseareh cowrcilrs Experlmentar- cartography uJt, who woulr prepare sonemaps for the report. 1rB. [he chairnan of the conrm'isgi6n will be in 0uagadougou from 15-18April for talks wifli the Director and staff of the Frog=In,,,".- -- 4.. a '({ -28- Feasibil-Lty SturXlr of Seneea].- river basin area 139. During the first weeli of I\farcl:e the Progra"rnme headcluarters was visited by Dr F.G. Glokpor, in charge of the Ifeasibility study of the Senegal river basjn e.rcor fhe purpose of the visj-t was to talk to the Director ariC to ti:e scientific and technical staff of the Programrne about: the adva::tages and r1j-s:rc1va.::tages thert lvould ensue frorn integration of a eampaign in the Senegal rlver basln lnto the OC?; the effects that vector oontrol operations j-n the Senegal river basi:r might have on reinvasion, and the logisticl technical. and budgetary advantages that such operations m:ight provide for OCP; the spheres in r,vhich the OC? cou1d. assist in the feasibility study. 14O. Reports on thi-s visit have been sent to the Regional Director both by the Progrannre Dlrector ancl Dr Glokpor. Docr.ments 141. [he Progra:mre has received offprints of the article prepared by Drs J.I. I'fajor and l. J. Rosenberg, of the Centre for Overseas Pest Research, entitlcd trstudies of rvinds and weather during migrations of Fj-r:nqliun damnosura Theobald (Dlpterat Si-raul-iidae), tfre vector of onchocerciasls in V{est Africa?r2 published i! the Bulletin for trietomological. Research (fr:tt. ent. Res. 7Or Ogl-ftA, 1980). 142. Offprints have also been received of the article written by J.Ir. \Talsh and R. Garr'rs entitled iilhe d.etection of plant sugars in Simu.]-ir:n damrrosum s.l. by mea^i'rs of tire cold Anthrone testll , Transactions of the Royal Societl' of Trepisal ]ieclj-cine and }iygiene, Yol. 742 No. 6, 1980. 145. A letter fron D. C. Kr.irta.lr2 JnN. Raybould and C. Vajime ap.,eared under the title r?Wing tir.f1 "oaours in tne progeny of single individuals of Simu].ir.m squa.mosu+ (Enaerlin)" it the correspondence pubU-shed i-rr[rensactions of the Royal Society of [ropical i.[edicine a:rd Hygiene, YoI. 75e llo. 1, 1981. 144. [\vo articles oir the parasitology and chenotherapy of onchocerciasis were publishecl in the \I6t0 Bu]Ietin. The first vras by Rougenont , L., Thylefors, 8., Ducenr II., ?rost, A., Ranque, ?. and DeLmont, J. turder the title of rrTraitement de llonchocercose par 1a sr:ra.nlne b falbles dosos progressi-ves dans 1es collectivitds hyperend6nriques drAfrique occldentale. I - R6sultats parasitologlques et strveillance ophtalmolo- gique en zone cle transmission non interrompuerr (Treatment of onchocerciasis in hyperendemi-c communities in lYest Afriea with sma11r .grad.ually increasing doses of surami-n. I - ?arasitological results and ophthalarological sur- veillance in a reglon where transmission has not been internrpted. fhe other was by Prost, A., and was entitled frlatence parasitaire dans llonchocercoseir (Pre-patent period in onchocerciasls). \'tHO Bulleti.:e, 58, 6, 9L7-922 end, 921-925t L9Bo. t^* 'a Ii -29- 145. Etudes r:r6dicciles, llo. 2 of June 1980 is devoted entirely to the tro:owledge acquired during the last fevi years in regard to onchocerciasj-s, It contains the following articles: Prost, A., Rougemont, A. and Ba, 0., i'fises au point r6centes, 6piddraiologiques, biologiques, dans 1t onchocercosec(Recent "pia"*ioio;ica1 anrl biologi-caI developnents inonuhocerciasis ) i Phili-ppon, 8., Aequisitions entomologiques r6centes dans 1r 6tude de lronchocercose humaine.(Recent adclitions to entomologi-caI lir:owledge in the study of hurran onehocerciasls) ; frrylefors, 8,, Aspects ophtalnologiques de ltonchocercose.(Opntnalnological aspects of onchocerciasis) ; Rougemont, A., fraitement de llonchocercoser(treatment of onchocerciasis). L46, At the end of rrebruary, a detailed. and complete report on the epi- deurlology of onchocerciasis in the extension study zone vras prepared. by Dr 0. 3q of the Epidere-i ological EValuation unit and sent to the countries (oct/wt/e1.lr). Info:mrition L47. Af ter several- i'reeks I interruption the Progrr.mme resuned i:r n:id tr'ebruary the preparation of the information riemorandi:m issued to r:nit, sezrrice, sector a:rd sub-sector chiefs. ft is nolv produced fortnightly.the dlstribution of the nontirJ.y reports rernains interna1 'while that of the quarterly reports, in French and in &rglish wil-l continue more widely as before. 148. At the end of February, the Bobo-Dloulasso sector hacl a l-isitfrom el-even trainee physicians and vcterj-narians frorn eight clifferent eorrntries taking a cortrse of instruction on the control of anlrya] trypano- somiasis. During the briefing on the ?rograrnme organized for tirem bythe officer-'1n-charge of entomological evaluatlon for the westezn zonethey werc able to leanr abor-ti iire activities of the sector and to visittlre aerial operations base. L49. the Programme, tlie epid.eraiolo3y of onchocerci-asisr and tire controlof that disease were introduced at the end of January to an audience j-nTours, France, by Professor c. pairault (rorraer soc:-Llogist ocp)and in x{arch prescntations on ti:e ssLue subject lvere ;;iven by Dr Ren6 le Bere(forner Chief vCU) to some physicj-ans ana final year medical students 7! the Flcultr of.I,.{edicine in I,yon , France, and by L{r rrarrk lTarskr(fo::ner Chief VCU) to atr audience in irirestminster County Ha112 london. D..a a ' I '-! '10- 150. An artiele on the Prograinmer. illustrated with photognrphs, rvasprepared for the rtalian naga"zine lllligrizialr, whi-eh is n:rming a serles of articles on tropical diseases in Africa. 151' Ltr ?ierre Pittet, a freelance photographer on a visit to upperYo1ta, did a rrreporte;;elt for the Programne. 152. The Prograrune rvas rrisited in February by L{rs },{r:rieI Fletcher, of the French serv:lce of the BBC, and l,tr T. Da silva of Raciio trbanceInternatj-ona1e. Ihese trvo reporters collected naterial for broadcastingfrom the ?rograrnme staff. the BBC r-rsed the material in two broadcasts at the beginning of l,la:'ch, vrhile the Rtr'I material r.ras used by Upper Vo1ta. L55. In March the Programme gave assistance to a Geman televisi-on team shooting scenes on onchocercias:-s and the control- of its vectorfor inclusi-on in a filn on 'rTe.ter, The film ryas to be shor,-,rn to rriewers ofthe first chanrrel in the tr'ederal Bepublic of Gorn:aiqr on 1 ITay. A freelancejouhralistr h lYerner Gartunge also of German nati-onality, acconpanied.the television team in their vislts to the fiel-d on location. 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I BI EI HI BlHt Hlfl EI 4+ ' ,{ A Nul,BF,R op vrtrAcs EvAIUATED EACH ynan (up [o 3t [LA_rfCH lgBI)A]rD IHEIR -DISTRIBU!,I01.I By COUlmRy Cor,mtry 4975 t976 ,,L977 t97E L979 Berrln Ivory Coast Ghana Upper Volta I{a1i ltriger Togo 16 9 52 t4 7t 42 22 11 127 22 54 5 10 5 27 26 a 1 91 5L BB 97 198 76 18 52 580 1 6 9 6 5 3 12TL a79 t1 22 39 ,;7 I 77 25 37 1 iBo lro I roo Out of the 419 villages evaluated by the Progranne teans, 284 have been evaluated once, llJ have been evaluated. tv'rice, 18 have been evaluated three times,{ have been eyaluated four tj-mes.