Expert Advisory Committee: report of the seventh session: Bamako, 16-20 June 1986

t. -€a JOINT PROGRAMME COMMITTEE Seventh session ccra -L2 r1 85 Provis TWs (ocP /EAc / 85. r ) ORIGINAL: ENGLISH Septenber 1t86 ional aEenda iten 8 Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy project Long-term operational activities Devolution Socioeconomic Development Budget Recommendations other matters Date and place of EAC.B Adoption of the report Closure of the session ONCHOCERCIASIS CONTROL PROGRAMI'IIE IN gttEST AFRICA H(PERT ADVISORY COMMITTEE CONTENTS List of Participants Introduction Briefing on 1985-1986 Acriviries opening of the Meeting Election of Chairman Adoption of the Agenda Fol1ow-up of EAC.6 Recomnendations Matters arising from sixth session of JpCReport on tenth session of National Onchocerciasis Committees Report of thq seventh session Ba.nako, 15-20 June 1q86 Report on OCP Workshop on Epidemiology Report on EAC Members' Site Visits Report of seventh session of Ecological Review of Progranme Activities Page 9 9 10 10 11 L5 L6 L6 L6 17 L7 18 18 18 L9 20 A B c, D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. 0. P. a. R. S. T. U: V. 2 5 5 7 7 7 8 8 Group Annex I Report . Group of the seventh session of the Ecological f JPC7.5 @eP /EAc /86. 1 ) page 2 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Members Professor H.J. Feld 124, Diesfeld, Director, Institut ftir Tropenhygiene, Im Neuenheimer 6900 Heidelberg Federal Republic of Germany Professor Dr T.A. Freyvogel, 405t gaste, Switzerland Director, Swiss Tropical Institute, Socinst.rasse !J, Dr N.G. Gratz, 42 Chemin de Pont C6ard, 12!O Vqrsoix, Geneva Switzerland Professor P.J.S. Hanilton, Department of Community Health, London School of Hygiene and rropical Medicine, Keppel street (Gower Street), London WC1E 7HT , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Professor Peter T. Haskell, Director, Cleppa Park Fietd Research Station,University College, P.0. Box 78, Cardiff, CF1 1XL, Wales, United Kingdom ofGreat Britain and Northern Ireland Dr C. L6v6que, Institut frangais de Recherche scientifique pour le D6vetoppement en Coop6ration (0RST0M) , 2L3 rue Lafayette, 75480 Paris Cedex L0, France Dr A.S. Miiller, Director, Department of Tropical Hygiene, Royal Tropical ,, NetherlandsInstitute, 63 Mauritskade, 1 2 AD Amste Professor Claude Pairault, Laboratoire d'Anthropologie et de Sociologie universit6 Franqois-Rabelais, I rue des Tanneurs, 37o4L Tours cedex lrlorld Health OrEani zation de Tours, , France Dr Ebrahim M. Samba, Burkina Faso Director, Onchocerciasis Control programme, Ouagadougou Dr H. Agoua, Vector Control Unit, Onchocerciasis Control Programme, Bobo-Dioulasso , Burkina Faso Dr A.K. Akpoboua, Vector Control Unit, Bouak6, C6te d'Ivoire Onchocerciasis Control Programme, Dr R. Baker, Vector Control Unit Bamako, Mali Onchocerciasis Control Programme, Koulouba, Dr D.A.T. Baldry, 0uagadougou Vector Control Unit, Onchocerciasis Control programme, Mr D. Boakye, Vector Controt Unit, Bamako Onchocerciasis Cont,rol Programme, Dr P. Cartagena, Epidemiological Evaluation Unit, 0nchocerciasis ControlProgramme, Ouagadougou Dr D.A. Carvalho' Coordinator, Progranme Director's 0ffice, 0nchocerciasisControl Progranme, 0uagadougou Mr B. Colussa, Bamako Vector control unit, onchocerciasis control progranme, Koulouba, aJPc7.5 (ocP /EAc /86 . r ) page 3 Dr Y. Dadzie, Epidemiological Evaluation Unit, Onchocerciasis Control Programme, 0uagadougou Dr G. de SoIe, Epidemiological Evaluation Unit, 0nchocerciasis Control Programme, 0uagadougou Dr A.K. Dia11o, Onchocerciasis Control programme, Tamale, Ghana Mr I. Diallo, Vector Control Unit, Onchocerciasis Control Progranme, Bamako Dr B.0.L. Duke, Chief, Filaria1 Infections, Parasitic Diseases Programme, Geneva Dr C.D. Ginger, Secretary, Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Project, OnchocerciasisControl Programme, Geneva Dr P. Guillet, Vector Control Unit,, 0nchocerciasis Control Programme, Bamako Mr J.E.E. Henderickx, Vector Control Unit, Onchocerciasis Control programme, Kara, Togo Mr P.A. Kabor6, Vector Cont,ro1 Unit, Onchocerciasis Control Programme, Ouagadougou Dr M. Kara.m, Epideniotogical Evaluation Unit, Onchocerciasis Control programne, 0uagadougou Mr M. Kassambara, Vector Control Unit, Onchocerciasis Control Programme, Bamako Dr D. Kurtak, Vector Control Unit, Onchocerciasis Control Programne, Bouak6 Mr J.D.M. Marr, Chief, OCp Liaison 0ffice, Geneva Mr J. 0u6draogo Benin , Vector Control Unit, Onchocerciasis Control programme, Parakou Dr B. Philippon, Chief, Bamako Vector Control Unit, Onchocerciasis Control programme, Mr P. Poudiougo, Vector Control Unit, Bobo-Dioulasso 0nchocerciasis Cont,rol Programme, Miss L. Ravelonanosy, programme Officer, Programme Director's Office,Onchocerciasis ConEroI Programme, 0uagadougou Dr J.H. Remme, Statistician, Onchocerciasis Control Programme, ouagadougou Mr M. Saar, Vector Control Unit, Onchocerciasis Control programme, Bouak6 Mr J.E. senghor, rnformation Officer, Onchocerciasis control Programme 0u Mr 'A.K. Som6, Vector Control Unit, 0nchocerciasis Control Programme, Ouagadougou Mr A. Soumbey, Statistician, Onchocerciasis Control programme, ouagadougou Mr S.A. Sowah, Vector Control Unit, Onchocerciasis Control programme, Kara Mr M. Wilson, Onchocerciasis Control programme, Banako JPC7.5 (ocP /EAc /86. r ) page 4 Dr Y. Yanagata, Vector Control Unit, Onchocerciasis Control Programme, 0uagadougou Mr D.G. Zerbo, Vector control unit, Onchocerciasis control programme, Ouagadougou Observers Mr Bruce Benton, Onchocerciasis Coordinator, Count,ry Programs I, West Africa Region, The worrd Bank, 1818 H. street N.w. washington, D.c. 20433, usA Mr C.G. Groom, Senior Programming Officer, Agricultural Services Division, Food and Agriculture 0rganization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme diCaracalla, 00100 Rome Dr Bernhard Liese, Population, Health and NutriEion Department, The World Bank, 1818 H. Srreer N.W. trrashington, D.C. 20433, USA JPc7.5 (ocP /EAc /86. r ) page 5 A. INTRODUCTION L, The seventh session of the OCP Expert Advisory Committee (EAC), was held inHotel Amiti6, Banako, from 16 to 20 June 1986. Prior to its deliberations the EAC members paid a field visit on the morning of 15 June to two villages nearbyto observe an OCP Epidemiological Evaluation team and a national team at v,,ork undertaking surveys. In the afternoon an intensive briefing of the Programme's activities was arranged. B. BRTEFTNG ON 1985-1986 ACTTVTTTES (a) Vector n rol Unit VCU 2. In its briefing the Vector Control Unit, reported that armost, 6000 tm ofriver were being treated during the dry season of 1986 compared with only 8OO t<mduring Ehe sarne period of 1985. Resistance to temephos in savanna species ofS.damnosum s.1. previously recorded only on the lower Bandana in C6te d'Ivoire appeared in 1985 at Bui on the B1ack Vo1ta River and in the Pru River (both inGhana). In early 1986, the same problem occumed in the Baoul6 and Bago6 Riversin MaIi, and the Sankarani Basin in Guinea. These populations were being successfully treated with permethrin (in the case of large river discharges) andB.t. H-14 for the snaller discharges. The advent of a new B.r. H.t4 roriluracion(HPD) facilitated the task because iE could be used withoutlilution and inlarger rivers than the earlier Teknar. In 1986, this spread of resistance wouldcall for the complete arsenal of five larvicides avaitable to the programme(temephos, chrorphoxim, B.t. H-14, permethrin and carbosulfan) being usedtactically at various times during the year, in accordance h,ith the recommendations of the Ecological Group. None of the other compounds was a complete replacement for temephos. Their obligatory use v,rould increase costs andrequire increased hydrobiological monitoring. 3. In the insecticide screening successfully completed operationalInsect Growth Regulator (IGR)-type flow of products from the industry able to rapidly test any compounds effort, carbosulfan and B.r. H-14 (HpD) hadtrials. Studies were c,r.entty proceeding on compounds and on new chemical groups but the was slackening. The Programme was ready and coming fron industry (para. 53). 4. Susceptibility tests h,ith all operational larvicides were carried out on aroutine basis and national teams were bej.ng trained for the Western Extension. A method of diagnosing resistance on the basis of a few individuals rather thanseveral hundred as required by a classical test would be very useful and wasbeing developed in corlaboration with scientists and institutions outside ocp. 5' The research unit now has a strengthened staff component and, h,ith the helpof consultants' is involved in larvicide testing, parasitology (especially th;-'identification of 0.volvulus), vector studies, ihe rore of trrl airrerent speciesof the S.damnosum complex in the transmission of the disease, the forest onchocerciasis problem and the part prayed by savanna species therein,the behaviour of larvicides in watercourses and the relltionship betweenhydrological conditions and vector production. 6.' Results fron studies on and the control of sources of reinvading flies hadproduced further positive justification for the extension operations. Also moredetailed studies of vector populations had provided a bette; understanding ofspecies distribution especially in the intermediate forest/savanna zone of theWestern Extension area. JPCT .5 (ocP/EAC/85. r) page 6 7. Plans had been made Lo accelerate progress in extending che operations westward with a redefinition of operational phases to provide complete river basin coverage when treating a given phase. According to the knowledge andfacilities available, there would be a rapid push westwards and in the south-eastin 1987. As national- staff were recruited and trained., hydrotogical gauges recalibrated, an adequate number of transmitters instalted for the teletransmission of hydrological data and the tetecommunication network expanded, the whole of the extended OCP area should be under larvicide treatment bv 1989.In the l,lestern Extension area, because of current difficulties in obtaining accurate river discharge measurements, B.t. H-14 would be used in the dry season and temephos in the rainy season to avoid any ecological damage. B. In the Southern Extension area it was intended to carry out intensive control of perennial breeding sites early in the dry season, starting in LpBJ, in the hope of delaying recolonization of those rivers which flowed only during the rainy season, so reducing the amount of larvicide treatment that might otherwisebe necessary during the tatter period (para. 58). 9. As a result ofl closer collaboration with the EPI Unit, certain treatmentfailures, sufficient to generate some epidemiorogical changes, had beenidentified, the nost notable being at pendie on the upper Black Volta. (b) Epidem cal Evaluation Unit (EPI) 10. EPI highlighted some of its activities not covered in the report submittedto EAC. A speciat effort had been made to improve the size of the coverage andthe results $rere encouraging. Emphasis had been put on quality control, both EpI and national tean staff being tested; their expertise h,as satisfactory and comparable. Quality control testing would be carried out on an on-going basis atthe start of each working season to determine any retraining requirements. 11. An analysis of data from the intermediate zone in southern C6te d'Ivoire showed thaE, given the high Annual Transmission Potential (ATP) due to resistanrforest vectors, the epidemiological results were better than expected with onlythree children infected. against an expected number of !0 infected children inthe village surveyed. Especially satisfactory was the improvement in the ophthalnological situation in the Dimbokro focus which had iniEially a savannatype of onchocerciasis with extrenely high blindness rates. However, along partof the Marahou6, where the level of vector control h,as not satisfactory, significant transmission had continued but here the situation might improve whenthe [rJestern Extension was brought under control . t2. In the central Programme area the Community Microfilarial Load (CMFL) had continued its nearly linear decrease and also the prevalence was noh, falling rapidly in all age groups. The decrease in these epidemiological indices wis even more pronounced in the north-east of the OCP where the prevalence in oneindicator village had even fallen to zero. The situation along the Kulpawn andSissili rivers had improved significantly. The detailed analyiis of the datafrom the two vitlages of Pendie and Goreba-Somun suggested that vector controlhad been satisfactory during the first five years of control but that thesituation had deteriorated thereafter, which had resulted in a significantincidence of infection. The two areas had been resurveyed by VCU and remedial action had been taken. Additional epidemiological studies in the surrounding areas were pranned by Epr during the next, year (see paras. 5g and 69). JPjT .5 (0CP/EAC//86. r ) page 7 13. Ophthalmological studies done 10-11 years after vector control hadlargely confirned the conclusions made in previous reports after three, five and eight years of vector control. On-going detailed analysis of eye lesions was expected to take some time to complete. However, preliminary results indicatedthat lesions of the anterior segment of the eye were disappearing but those ofthe posterior segment of the eye continued to develop. Furthermore, iE had beenfound that the outcome of iridocyclitis was related to the nutritional status ofthe individuat. EPr considered that a workshop of ophtharmologists, immunologists and scientists should be convened to look at the problem of lesions of the posterior segment of che eye. AIso fluorescein angiography should beintroduced as an adjunct to the routine use of visual field test, to improve thediagnosis of lesions of the posterior segment of the eye. 14. Recent advances in the development of immunodiagnostic techniques had been slow but nevertheless continuous. It had become possible to produce polypeptides which h,ere species-speciPic. Immunological studies were carried out using theELISA test and results were presented showing what progress had been achieved.Problems were related principally to the specificity of the tests (para. 64). 15. Two DNA probes were developed to attempt the differentiation of parasitestrains. One of them was genus specific for Onchocerca. Further analysis showedthat species specificity could be reachea Uut tfre savanna form could not yet bedifferentiated from the forest one. C. OPENING OF THE I'/IEETING 15. The formal meeting h,as opened by the progranme Director who welcomed the EAC members' especiatly those attending for the first time and introduced the OCpstaff attending. He informed the Committee that the JPC had approved the plan ofOperations for the third financial phase and the donors ,."" ",rpporging it withthe necessary funds. However, as the operational area had been extended and thebudget provision for the third phase was the same as that originally identifiedfor the second, it was incumbent on the Programme to carry out, the operat,ions asefficiently as possible. Accordingly, he appealed to the EAC to identify elements critical to OCP and concentrate on those. Less essential activities mayhave to be postponed for a while or even abandoned. D. ELECTION OF CHAIRIJIAN L7. Professor T. Fre5rvogel was elected Chairman. It was noted thatProfessor A. Morrison would have chaired the session but for his absence becauseof ilIness. E. ADOPTION OF THE AGENDA 18. The following agenda was adopted by the Committee: Opening of the meeting Election of Chairman Adoption of the agenda Follow-up of EAC.5 recommendations Matters arising from sixth session of JpCReport on tenth session of National Onchocerciasis committeesReport on OCP Workshop on Epidemiology Report on EAC members' site visits Report on seventh session of Ecological Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 JPc7.5 (ocP /EAc / 86. 1) page B 10. 11. t2. 13. 14. t5. 16. L7. 18. 19. Review of Progranme activities - vector control - epidemiology - socioeconomic development - integrated research activities 0nchocerciasis Chemotherapy Project - plan for review in 1987 - availability of ivermectin - role of ivermectin in OCP Long-term operational studies Devolution socioeconomic development - current and future activities Review of recommendations other natters Date and place of EAC.8 Approval of report Closure of meeting. F. FOLLOI,d.UP OF EAC.5 NPCOMMNDATIONS L9. The EAC expressed its appreciation for the m€Lnner in which the fol1ow-up ofEAc.5 recommendations was clearly presented in written form and congratulated cheDirector and his staff for their prompt response to the nany points. 20- Regarding the possible effects of agricultural pesticides in the progranme area mention was made of the probable interest of tNEp's Global EnvironmentalMonitoring Programme (GEMS) in this. However, it was considered that such a survey of pesticide usage was perhaps too anbitious although monitoring ofeffects might be feasible. 2L- 0n community participation, it was explained that h,ithin VCU a smal1 groupdrew up plans of action for each year and the person involved in the s.rccesifulBandiagara experiment had been transferred to Bobo-Dioulasso to be closelyinvolved in this work (para.BO). 22. Matters such as larvicides, the EPI workshop and the EpidemiologicalEvaluation Manual were discussed later in the session and reported elsewhere inthis report (para. 53, section r and para. 62 respectively). G. MATTERS ARISING FROM SIXTH SESSION OF JPC 23- The Chairman reported that the JPc had paid much attention to the reportsof the EAC and of the Ecological Group. It had stressed the need to maintain ahigh level of surveillance to prevent recrudescence and proposed that studies beundertaken regarding the use of ivermectin (section M). rE had requested that aprogress report on devolution be prepared for its next session (section 0) andthat the CSA study mechanisms for the coordination of donor input to socioeconomic input (section p). 24. The Committee requested that the JPC report be circulated to each memberwell ahead of the EAC meeting each year. JP0T .5 (ocP /EAc/86. r ) page 9 H. REPoRT ON TEIITH SESSIoN 0F NATIoNAL oNCHoCERCIASIS CoMMITTEES 25. The Progranme Director reported this was a most construct,ive session in which many Ministers of Health took part. It had focussed principally on socioeconomic development and devolution. He had emphasized to it the limited resources of OCP and the strict budgetary control necessary. 26. Devolut,ion was acknowledged as a meErns toward.s strengthening the basic health services of each country. The Ministers had stressed the need for solidarity in action as failure in one country could have adverse repercussionsin neighbouring states. They would welcome the support of JPC and CSA but would use their oh,n resources to the maximum. 27. Satisfaction was expressed with the increasing role of CSA in socioeconomic development. However, the need for the National 0nchocerciasis Commit,tee in each country to be strengthened was recognized as was liaison with the Econonic Development Unit of OCP (para 85). 28. Regarding financing, the Director reported that the Participating Countries were conscientious in paying their contributions to the Progranme and this was an expression of the high esteem in which they held oCP. The N0C's appreciated the efforts of the Bank in obtaining funding but urged it to continue its approach to additional donors to make-up the current shortfall. I. REPORT ON OCP TdORKSHOP ON EPIDEMIOLOGY 29- The Committee had received the report on the OCP !'lorkshop on Epidemiology which had been held in January 1986 in accordance with a resolution of itsprevious meeting. The Programme was congratulated on the workshop and satisfaction was expressed with the report. 30. Particular note was taken of the active collaboration in the workshop of all parts of the Progranme and the very producti.ve results which had been achieved in reviewing, revising and developing the epidemiological and selected surveillance techniques and the introduction of quality control methods. 31. The Committee was informed of the progress made in developing a manual for epidemiological surveys which was to be field-tested soon (para. ell. It also noted chat a snall group of ophthalmologists would meet to evaluate all the ophthalmological techniques and present their findings to a workshop attended, inaddition, by immunologists, parasitologists and epideniologists (para. 13). The report of this workshop would be presented co the EAC. VCU and EpI would bedrawing up criteria shortly for the decision to start or stop larviciding in an area and for the selection of survey vitlages. 32. The Committee considered that the Progranme should carry out, with the helpof a consultant, a detailed evaluation of the clinical data collected on skinlesions, including observer variation, to assess whether or not these examinations should be continued. 33. The Committee endorsed the recommendations of the report in principle andsubject to further discussions. It proposed that a followlup workshop should beheld in 1988. . JPC7.5 (ocP /EAc/86.1) page 10 J. REPORT ON EAC MEMBERS' SITE VISITS 34. Professor Hanilton reported on his field visit with Professor Freyvogel to Ehe OCP area during the week prior to the EAC meeting. Thanks to a very well designed and executed progranme they were able to see different aspects of the OCP operations and activities and discuss matters in depth with some staflfl. A day tras also spenE in villages being considered for ivermectin trials. In one, 3O/, of the fanily elders were blind, emphasizing the problem of front-line oncho villages. 35. In Bamako, visits to the Ecole Nationale de M6decine et Pharmacie and theInstitut drOphtalmologie tropicale en Afrique showed the considerable potentialfor OCP to collaborate wiEh such groups outside the Programme in Africa. It had been noted with interest how young graduates from the Medical School were being used as field supervisors preparatory to the ivermectin studies. 36. A visit to the Cellule de Planification et de Programmation du D6veloppenent 6conomique des zones lib6r6es de I'0nchocercose (Cellule Oncho) in Banako had provided a glimpse of a national multidisciplinary team gatheringinformation for planning and socioeconomic development. 37. 0n behalf of both. Professor Hanilton thanked all those in OCP who had madethe visit so valuable and who, in turn, had expressed appreciation of the opportunity for discussions. He thanked the Director for the invitation and encouraged aIl EAC members to make sinilar visits in future. K. REPORT OF SEVEMH SESSION OF ECOLOGICAL GROUP 38. The report of the seventh session of the Ecological Group (Annex I) waspresented to the Comnittee which commended the Group on the quality of its report. The following points were noted in particular. 39. An independent analysis had been made of the hydrobiological daEa collected over the past ten years. During this period temephos (Abate) had been used throughout the area, alternating more recently with B.t. H-14 and chlorphoxim in C6te d'Ivoire and Ghana. The analysis had shown only ninor, ecologically acceptable effects on non-target invertebrates and no apparent effect on fish populations, so confirning previous observations. 40. The Group had revised the aquatic monitoring protocols reducing the numberof sites in the central part of OCP, identifying stations with intensive and lessintensive monitoring. It has noced that all aquatic monitoring data were beingtransferred from Geneva to Ouagadougou. 4f. The Ecological Group had agreed to the utilization of permethrin and carbosulfan where resistance occurred but recommended that they be rest,ricted fortwo years to high h,ater flow in selected rivers to enable more data to be collected. 42. The Group again emphasized the need for more hydrobiologists within the Programme and for the continuing training of national hydrobiological teams. 4l- Regarding the handling of aquatic monitoring dat,a in Ouagadougou theCommittee h,as assured that data entry programmes h,ere being developed and simplerouting daEa analysis could be done there. Independent expertise would be engagedfor nore sophisticated analysis as before. , JPC7.5 (ocP /EAc/85. r ) page 11 44. The Director explained the problems in finding suitably experienced hydrobiologists for the Progranme to help with the work and to train nationals and how he had requested the assistance of the Ecological Group members to locate someone and, if possible, to participate in the work themselves. There was no ecological tradition in Africa and this had to be built up. 45. The Programme staff shared the concern of the Group regarding the use ofpermethrin and carbosulfan because of their possible effects on non-target fauna. Plans were underway to test these products for th,o wet seasons in the Bandanabasins. Rivers had to be chosen where good discharge measurements could be doneto ensure adequate dosing. 45. Reviewing the problems which had to be faced by some of the national Eeams, the Committee emphasized the need for regular training, quality control and corlaboration to motivate them in this important ecological work. 41. The Committee also encouraged those concerned to formally publish their results of this ecological work which h,as so important and of such interest worldwide. L. REVIEh' OF PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES 48. The Committee thanked the Director and his staff for arranging the field visit at the beginning of the meeting which had been followed by a detailedbriefing to augment the information already provided in well-prepared report,s ondifferent aspects of the Progranme. Together, these had provided the EAC members with a comprehensive overview of the Programmes activities which formed a soundbasis for this review. (a) lector evaluation and con trol 49. The Conmittee congratulated Ehe Vector Control Unit staff on the excellent,t'trork undertaken during the past year and for the efficiency with which it haddealt with problems such as the spread of resistance while under increasedpressure as operations extended westward and towards the south-east. 50. The Committee stressed that the appearance of resistance $ras a nog unanticipated phenomenon and that its emergence at additionat foci during 1p8! and 1986 was not surprising. The warning regarding resistance had first beengiven by the Conmittee's precursor, the Scientific and Technical AdvisoryCommittee, ten years previously and the Progranme had been very fortunate to have suffered a problen in this respect only in the lower Bandarna until now. AIso thethreat of resistance h,as the reason for the Programme's statutory bodiesinsisEing on a suitable range of back-up larvicides before extending the operational area. 5t. Resistance h,as a phenomenon which had to be expected when selectionpressure was applied to any biological organism, especially by chemical means.Slow rate of development to date might have been related to the migration offlies from the west permitting an inflow of susceptible flies into thepopulations within the Programne area. Accordingly it was probable that the riskof resistance would increase as the extensions were inplemented. ._l JPC1.5 (ocP /EAc/ 86. r ) page 12 52. The Committee congratulated the Programme on its prompt action to combat the resistance at these foci and to prevent its spread elsewhere. Fortunately, the Programme had, as a result of the intensive development activities, a sufficient arsenal of larvicides available to control the present, situation effectively and the new operat,ional formulation of B.E. H-14 (formulation HPD) was the key product in this success. The revised strategy which the Progranme had prepared to rotate the use of available larvicides in the original Programme area and in the extensions was to be conmended in order both to decrease thelikelihood of resist,ance and to obviate any ecorogicar danage. 53. A report h,as presented to the Committee on the insecticide meeting held in early April when an intensive review was made of the development and testing of new larvicides. The excellent level of cooperation between the QCP and the WHODivision of Vector Biology and Control and the cooperation of industry had resulted in the five larvicides - temephos, chlorphoxim, B.t. H-14 (formulation HPD), permethrin and carbosulfan - being available. While there was stitl a reasonable flow of products forthcoming for testing there luas a need for new compounds to be developed preferably of different chemical groups from those nowin use' to strengthen the OCP arsenal, especially now that resistance had to be reckoned with. Between OCP and the Institut Pierre Richet, Bouak6. there wassufficient capacity to test all that industry was providing. Improvements werestill hoped for in B.E. H-14 formulations as well as a reduction in price due tocompetition. Already a formulation equivalent to B.E. H-14 (HpD) was under operational trial. Alternative suppliers would proUaUty also be available fortemephos, which in turn would reduce costs. Although Insect Growth Regulators(IGRs) do not show real promise at the present time, methods were being developedfor testing their effect on non-target organisms (para.3). 54. The Committee expressed satisfaction at what was being achieved regardingthe development of larvicides but pointed out that, since the compounds nowavailable could not fully replace tenephos operationalty this required theincreased use of the new compounds which hrere more expensive. The EAC therefore urged that contact with indust,ry be intensified to encourage the provision ofadditional compounds. 55- The committee endorsed the decision to extend radicalry theteletransmission system for hydrological data in the OCP and especially in the['lestern Extension area because of the inaccessibility of mosE oi tte hydrologicalstations and the need to ensure adequate dosing to reduce the risk of resistanceto safeguard the aquatic environment and to improve the cost-efficiency of the operations. 56. In reviewing the decision to postpone the proposed "Farako experiment,, inwhich the vector would be allowed Eo recolonize the rivers in an area where theprevalence of onchocerciasis h,as virtually zero, the Committee recognized therisk in the light ofl the extended resistance and appreciated the hesitancy of theProgramme to proceed with this experiment. However, the Committee fett that suchan experiment had to be undertaken sometime in "reaI" and not artificialsituations. Resistance h,as now a fact of life but on the other hand theCommittee did not want to place an additional burden on the staff at thiscritical time and hence accepted some postponement as inevitable. lrlith theinminent arrival on the market of ivermectin, this drug would provide an addedsafeguard to the human populations when such an experiment h,as carried out. TheEAc stressed the importance of this study as it was inevitable that the vectorwould eventually return to areas cleared of the onchocerciasis parasite. ,J JPIT .5 (0CP/EAC//85. r ) page 1l 57. Regarding the Western Extension the Conmittee endorsed the decision of the Progranme to advance operations there as quickly as possible and approved the VCU operationar proposals for L986/87. rt arso agreed that continuouslarviciding operations would not be carried out in the zones where theinstallation of the hydrological network had noc been completed. It also noted with satisfaction the intention to increase the effort for testing susceptibility in that area. 58. The Conmittee recognized the problems with regard to carrying out control operations in the Southern Extension area and hoped that the control strategyplanned would be successful because of the cost benefits resulting therefrom(para 8). However, if control was not completely satisfactory a more comprehensive conEingency control plan would be imptemented. (b) Epidemiology 59. The Committee congratulated the ProgrEtmrne on the introduction ofl quality controls into the surveillance techniques including the ophthalmological surveys.It encouraged the Progranme to develop quality control on a routine basis and, inparticular, to investigate in detail the implications of observer variation on Ehe grading of posterior segment lesions in the eye. 50. The EAC appreciated the desire to obtain more detailed information from surveys but urged that ophthalmological examinations be kept as simple aspossible. Sophisticated procedures should not be added unless of immediate rerevance to OcP and to the devorution process thereafter (para. 13). 51. The Committee welcomed the Programme's pilot studies on the implication ofnigration for the Progranme and reconmended that these studies should be expanded and the results reported to EAC. 62. The Committee noted with satisfaction that a "Simple EpidemiologicalEvaluation Method Manual of Procedures" had been produced by EpI and commendedthe tean for this action (para 31). The need for its field testing was emphasized. 63. The Committee noted and endorsed the recommendations of the EpidemiologicalWorkshop that the Programme forthwith undertake investigations to determine at what threshold level of intensity of infection microfilariae carriers becomeeffective sources of transmission and that it investigate means of improving thesensitivity of routine skin snip examinations so as to be able to detect reiiduatinfections or reinfections at low levels of intensity preferably while stiltbelow the transmission threshold. It should also investigate the praccicability and sensitivity of the DEC patch test. 64. The Committee recognized the importance of a test capable of monitoringinfection at a very early stage, particularly during the late maintenance anddevolution phases. The Committee decided that ttre present leve1 of cooperationwith and support of investigations being undertaken by a number of laboratories on the development of immunodiagnostic tests for the early detection ofinfections with 0. volvulus should be maintained. However, progress was slow and the committee-MThat the considerable costs, rikely to be invorved in theongoing development of such a test and estimated by a recent Expert Commit,tee tobe between uS $1 to 2 million at least, should not be borne uy bce; closercollaboration with already funded institutions should be encouraged. To enableit Eo consider this work in greater detail, the Committee requested that adiscussion paper be prepared for its next session describing how such a test would be used and its implications for devolution. JPCT .5 (ocP/EAc/86. r )page 14 (c) Socioeconomic 55. Professor Pairault reported to the Committee on two intercountry workinggroups at the request of the Programme Director in 1984 and 1985 to launch and coordinate national investigations on socioeconomic changes in the Progranme area since the beginning of 0CP. He emphasized the excellent cooperation of the count,ries in this work (para. 82) . 66. The Committee also felt that the sociological aspects of the Programmeitself needed to be strengthened and in this respect urged that consideration begiven to acquiring the services of a sociologist/anthropologist Eo assist both the EPI and VCU units in the surveys and studies that had to be undertaken, e.g migration (para. 61), field-testing of manuals (para. 62), the Farako experimeni(para. 56), the Pendie episode etc. to ensure the right understanding with and feedback from the populations concerned. 0f particular importance to the Progranme would be the feedback to it of information concerning immigration ofpeople back into onchocerciasis-controlled areas and irrigation or other development, projects which could potentially increase man-fly contact. (d) Inteqrated research activities 61. Reviewing the usefulness and shortcomings of the Bellec trap, the Progranme was urged to continue research to develop a trap more specific to the S.damnosum vector. The Committee was encouraged to hear of anticipated collaboration in trials with odour traps in the Progranme and also with researchbeing undertaken outside the current, control area, both on cransmission andtrapping by groups in Sierra Leone and Caneroon. 68. Regarding the disappointing epidemiological situation at pendie on theBlack Volta (paras. 9'L2) as a result of Ereatnent failures in the early 1980sthe Committee recognized that there were going to be further "Pendie episodes" cropping up fron time to t,ime, as it was unreatistic to expect all such situations always to be detected even by the extensive entomological surveillancenetwork. It was essential not to over-react to such incidents but, in future, a more comprehensive review of the situation would be appropriate before suspendinglarviciding operations. However, the Committee considered that the plans to reduce the number of entomological surveillance evaluation teans in the original core area should be cautiously maintained. AIso when ivermectin became a.rai1ab1.the Programme would be in a better position to treat the populations reinfectedif such incidents recur. The Conmittee requested that all similar "pendieepisodes" be reported to it at future sessions. 69. The Committee pointed out chat Pendie and other incidents rike it should be seen as opportune areas for integrated EPI/VCU research, but this required thatthe lesson learned from Pendie should be written up as a guide as to how best to cope with similar situations in future. 70. The EAC was informed of progress with the development of applied modellingin oCP and noted that even the host parasite sub-model had been used predictively and its value would increase as it was refined. The Committee noted withsatisfaction that a starc had been made on the development of a preliminarytransmission model, which, if practical, could be very valuable in predictingseveral parameters of importance to the future of the Programme. The programme encouraged the continuance and development of this work. t ,. JPC7.5 (ocP /EAc /85. r ) page 15 M. ONCHOCERCIASIS CHEMOTHERAPY PROJECT 7L. In reviewing the written report of the 0nchocerciasis Chemotherapy Project Ehe Commit,tee noted that ivermectin was on target for registration by mid-ll8J, CGP 6140, a potential macrofilaricide was undergoing Phale II trials, Upjohn and Wellcome were now sending sanples of their more active series to the cattle screen and results from long-term drug development studies were beginning to bepublished and were encouraging other research workers outside the project to enter the field. 72- The Committee was advised that the pharmaceutical companies were seeking assur€u1ce of continuing collaboration and support from OCT and it thereby urgeathat the review meeting regarding the future of OCT be advanced to the first half of L987 so that a report would be available for the eighch session of the JpC.It also agreed to a broad-based membership of that review group to represent TDR/STAC, the OCT Steering Committee, the EAC and the nrogramml; the Group should also include an independent member with an industrial background. 73- In view of the success of the Progranmers operations, the Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Research Cent.re in Tanale, Chana, !{as becoming more distant from suitably infected patients and a search for an alternative site was being soughtin Ghana. 74. Merck, Sharp and Dohme lrere proceeding to have ivermectin registered by theFrench regulatory authorities for human use and the drug would then be availablefor restricted distribution through WHo and governments in tablet form some timethereafter. rn view of trials planned to deiermine the most proficienE use ofthe drug, including the one in MaIi on population treatment in an area where thevector was uncontrolled, the Committee stressed the need for quantities ofivermectin in tablet forn to be available as soon as possibte. 75. The Committee recognized the potential of ivermectin to the progranme be itin combinaEion with vector control or alone in assisting to block onchocerciasistransmission in the event, of vector control failure as well as in the devolutionstage. To better evaluate the role of ivermectin in OCP the Committee consideredit essential that a joint meeting of all concerned be convened as soon aspossible in order to advise the manufacturer, the national governnents and theJPC; a cross link with the Ocr review group (para. Z2) wouia be useful. N. LONG.TERII OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES 76. The Committee, reflect.ing on the future development of gCp through the remainder of the third and fourth phases and into devolution, felt it wasincumbent upon iE to consider in some depth the long-term operational activitiesof the Progranme and the implications of these activities to the programme itserfand to the participating governments. In this respect it decided to meet inJanuary t987 to make a detailed review which would be written up and subnitted tothe Programme for study and comment prior to its further considlration at theeighth session of the EAC. O. DEVOLUTION 77^' The Progranne Director, reporting Eo the committee, staged that the conceptof devolution had evolved in such a ,ay as to be seen as an opportunity for thecountries to develop their basic health service structures through internationaland bilaterar collaboration. Three counEries, Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger wouldhave plans of action to present to Ehe JPC. Each had estabiished high-Ieveldevolution committees and were intent in playing their significant part to securethe success of the Programme recognizing tn.t it carled for a joint expression ofsolidarity to the continuing beneiit of alr the participatini 6or.,t.i.". JPC7.5(ocP/EAc/85.r) page 16 78. The Committee noted that the terms of reference for devolution presented Eoit omitted transport needs and aquatic monitoring, the latter activity being already largely a national responsibility. 79, The Committee congratulated the Director and the count,ries on the progress made and supported the view that "devolution" be considered rather as theI'evolut,ion" of health services to a leve1 necessary to accommodate therein OCP maintenance requirements. It emphasized, however, that while providing assistance in the developmenL of national health systems was a WHO/AFRO responsibility, the Progranme had a significant role to play in this exercise. The Committee urged that the cost of this "devolution" process be carefutly considered by the JPC and consideration given as to how best it could be financed. 80. Noting what has been achieved in community vector control at Bandiagara and how the countries need to be prepared to assume responsibility for some Programme activities, the Committee encouraged the Director to use the staff concerned for similar work in other areas of the programme (para. 21). 8f. The Committee also considered the need for a body to coordinate EpI and VCU activities after the end of OCP and proposed that this problem be addressed atthe appropriate time. P. SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPIIENT 82- The Commictee was informed that the Socioeconomic Development Impact Study would be completed in tine for submission to the JPC as promised. The JpC, atits last neeting, had recognized that providing assistance to member governmentsto monitor socioeconomic development $ras too large a task for OCp to handle andhad requested that the Sponsoring Agencies should assume this responsibility. 83. The Bank representative recalled to the Committee that the JpC had emphasized that socioeconomic development is a national responsibility and thatic had requested the Committee of Sponsoring Agencies (CSA) to report to its seventh session on the CSA's intended role in the promotion of socioeconomicdevelopment and how best to coordinate on follow-up actions at the nationallevel. In this respect, the CSA had met and discussed a future work programme which would consist of organizing and overseeing the preparation of three sets ofstudies. These studies would aim to identify development opportunities and specify follow-up actions in the eleven Participating Countries. These countries would be closely involved in the preparation of these studies, most of which would aim co be completed in 1988-89 period. The results of these three sets ofstudies would be made available to the count.ries concerned and the Donors and would hopefully lead to follow-up measures coordinated through consultativegroups, roundtables or other appropriate coordinating mechanisms at the nationallevel. 84. The FAO representative recalled the close collaboration that existedbetween the individuat Sponsoring Agencies and the Participating Governments inrespect to planning and execution of socioeconomic development in the OCp area.He emphasized the important role that the Economic Development Unit (EC6) hadplayed as a focal point with the governments from the beginning of gCp asreported at the National Onchocerciasis committees, meetings. 81. The Programme Director informed the Committee that at the Iast NoC meetingin Cotonou, the decision was taken to revitalize the National OnchocerciasisCommittee in each country and strengthen its membership to include Ministers concerned with developnent who would also attend the joint meetings in future. JPc7.5 (ocP /EAc/85. r ) page U 85. The Committee took note of these developments which hrere very relevant. Inrelation to the needs of the Programme, the Participating Countries and the sponsoring Agencies, the committee urged that the role of ECO should be reconsidered in the light of its size, the overall support available to it and what it was expecced to achieve. This should be addressed by the JpC in view ofthe decision taken above by the CSA, the limited input the unit can provide to any studies at present and the budgetary limitations of the programme. A. BUDGET 81. The Committee recognized it had no responsibility for the budget of uheProgramme but in line with its mandate to evaluate the Programme it, noted that a number of factors had been introduced, not least of which was increasinglarvicide resistance, which had budgetary implications. While aware that thereh,as a reserve, the Committee felt it should alert the JPC about this. R. RECOMMENDATIONS 88. The EAC recommends that: (a) efforts be intensified in collaboration with the Division of Vector Biology and Control to encourage industry to provide additional candidatelarvicides preferabty of distinct chemical groupings for field trial by theProgramme; (b) other manuals on routine operational activities, similar to the ,,SimpleEpidemiological Evaluation Manua1 of Procedures" currently being proiuced,be prepared by EPI and VCU in consultation with EAC and submitted to fieldtrials before finalization; (c) the present level of research into an immunodiagnostic technique be maintained; (d) the manufacturer be encouraged to have ivermectin registered for human useas expeditiously as possible and that sufficient quantities of the drug be made available for large-scale community triars to be undertaken at anearly date; (e) a meeting be convened as soon as possibre to assess arr aspects of the useof ivermectin in the progranme; (f) industry be encouraged to continuein developing a macrofilaricide; to pursue the original objective of OCT (g) (h) a meeting of EAC members be convened to draw up a draft programne ofoperational studies related to the remaini.ng and post-ocF period; noting the considerable guidance arready given by the programme to thedevolution process in the Participating Countries, this assistance to ghembe continued, and' in view of the resulting financial implications to Ehesecountries, the JPC consider the provision of app"opriate funding; in light of the discussions by the csA to organize and oversee thepreparation of several socioeconomic development follow-up studies in theoCP areas, the role of the ECO unit in OcP te redefined and the method ofsupporting it be reconsidered. (i) JPCT .5 (ocP /EAc /85. 1 )page 18 S. OTHER MATTERS 89. The Committee urged that the film, either in 16mm or in video form, begiven as wide circulation as possible together with the brochures, lO-year review and other publicity material available. Note was taken of the considerablepublicity already received through the press. 90. Recognizing the constraints on the Progranme and the pressures on itsstaff' the Conmittee accepted to look into possible means whereby the staff couldbe helped to write-up the tremendous wealth of scientific material forpublication. The Committee requested that a list of all reports and publications on the Programme to date be circulated to its members. T. DATE AND PT.ACE OF EAC.8 9L. The eighth session of the EAC would be held in either Kara, Togo, orOuagadougou' Burkina Faso, from 1! to 1! June L987. The members wourd meet on13 and 14 June for a review of their paper on long-term operational activities(para. 75) and arrangements will again be nade for intensive briefing before thebeginning of the session. During the week prior to the meeting field visits for members would again be arranged. U. ADOPTION OF THE REPORT 92. The draft report was reviewed by the Committee and it was agreed thac Ehefinarized version would be creared by the chairman before processing. V. CLOSURE OF THE SESSION 93. The Chairman closed the session and thanked the programme staff for theirwilling cooperation. tt A B c D E F REPORT OF THE SEVENTH SESSION OF TI{E ECOLOGICAL GROTTP CONTENTS ItfIRODUCTION ADOPTION OF THE AGENDA REPORT ON VECTOR CO}ITROL OPERATIONS REPORT OF HYDROBIOLOGICAL MONITORING ACTIVITIES INDEPENDENT ANALYSIS OF AQUATIC I"IONITORING DATA COLLECTION OF BASELINE DATA IN WESTERN AND SOUTI{ERN EXTENSION AREAS PRoTOCoLS FOR AQUATTC MONTTORTNG TRANSFER OF DATA ENTRY TO OUAGADOUGOU RESEARCH ON NEW LARVICIDES WORK PRGRAMME FOR 1986-1987 PTDLICATION OF HYDROBIOLOGICAL EVALUATION DATA OTI{ER MATTERS ARRANGEI'G}ITS FOR NEXT I"IEETING N. APPROVAL OF REPORT APPENDIX I LIST OF PARTICIPANTS JPC7.5(&PlE c186.1) Page 19 Annex I Page 20 20 20 22 24 25 26 30 30 32 32 32 33 33 34 G H I J K L M ot t JPC7.5(ocP/EAc/86. 1) Page 20 Annex I A. INTRODUCTION 1. The Ecological Group (EG) held its seventh session in Bamako, Republic of Mali, fron 15 to 17 Aprll 1986. 2. The meetlng was chaired by Professor K.[,1. Cummlns and the list of parEiclpants ls given ln Appendix I. 3. In his opening renarks the ChairrDan qrelconed Professor D. Calanari and Dr A. Lelek as new members, Professor N. Hynes as advisor to Ehe Group and Dr M.A. Wilzbach as observer. 4. Dr E.M. Samba, Programme Director, addresslng the meecing, scressed the lmporEance of the Ecological Group to the Programme which had beneflEted Sreatly from its past collaboratlon. In guidlng the Programme towards lEs objecEive, he was ext.remely sensitlve to Ehe need Eo conserve the environment. The results confinned a satisfacEory record to daEe ln this resPect. 5. Unllke the developed world, Africa did not have an ecological Eradltion and the Director appealed to the Ecological Group to asslsE through their own efforts or by lntroducing suitably quallfied personnel to help screngEhen and encourage those involved ln the monicoring acEiviEies in the Participating Countries. Some shortcomings were recognized in the work underEaken by sone of Ehe teams and Lhe Programme for its parE was trying to overcome these chrough arranging workshops for the hydrobiologlsts and through seeklng che intervention of Ministers, as necessary, to ensure t.he data are collected and reported on as prescribed. 6. He was looking forward to having recommendatlons from the Group as t,o how future collaboration could be enhanced between it and the Progranme on the one hand and the national ecologists on the other. B ADOPTION OF THE AGENDA 7 The following agenda was adopted. (a) (b)(c) (d) (e) (f)(e) (h) (1) ( j) (k)(1) Report on vector control operaElons Report of hydroblological monitoring activities Independent analysis of aquaEic monicoring data Collection of baseline data in [.IesEern and Southern Extension areas of the Programme Protocols for aquatic monl.toring during the attack, consolidation and maintenance phases. Transfer of data entry to 0uagadougou Research of new larvlcides I,lork programme for 1986-87 PublicaEion of hydrobiological evaluation data 0ther maEters Arrangements for next, neeting Approval of reporE. c REPORT ON VECTOR CONTROL OPERATIONS 8. The Group was informed through the use of t,ransparencies of the use of Larvlcides throughout Ehe Programme area month by month since lts last treet.ing. Fron only 900 kn of rlver being treated in Aprll 1985, Ehere was an lncrease to 15 000 km in August, ouE of.23 000 kn surveyed. In 1985 one of the heaviest, rainfalls $ras experlenced since the Programme starEed. Tenephos was the larvicide mosE wldely applled wlth Bacillus thuringiensis H.14 (B.t. H-14) being used wheneverp6""ibrei.'rtskffiwasP-resentorsuspecEed. JPC7.5 ( ocP/EAC/ 86. Lt Page 21 Annex I 9. In June B.t. H-14 Lras inEroduced to the Black Volta for two weeks and then replaced by temE-phos for eight weeks followlng which pernethrin was used because of Ehe hlgh discharge and emergence of temephos reslstance in savanna species. After five weeks of permeEhrln treaEment there was no change in blackfly population levels - later found to be due to inadequate application of the larvicide - and a change was made to chlorphoxin. The use of chlorphoxim was, in turn, interrupEed afrer 13 weeks (early Decernber) because of degradaEion of the compound. Because of t,he continuing high discharge of the Black Volta the only alternative available to the Programme r{as permeEhrln, the formulaElon of which had meanwhile been t,est,ed and proven to be sElll fully efficient. It was therefore reinEroduced and continued ln effectLve use until early January when the Programme reverted to B. r. H-14. 10. In July a trial with peruethrin was undertaken on the Cono6 to Eest whether a negative correlation betrreen temephos resistance and suscepEibillty to pyret,hroids exist,ed that could be used operafionally. 11. The carbosulfan experiment was started aE the end of August for 11 weeks, as recourmended by the Ecological Group on a stretch of over 300 km of the lJhite Bandama in C6Ee drlvoire. It was fully effecEive against the target fauna. L2. Another restricted focus of temephos resisEance in savanna species appeared in October on the Pru river in Ghana after only 15 weeks of Abate applieation. Ic was rapidly cleared wirh B.r. H-l4. 13. The Sankarani and Sassandra rivers in Gulnea were Ereated as from mid-September and this was effectlve in protectlng norEhern C6te drlvolre, ext,reme southern Mali and souEhnest Burkina Faso from reinvasion for the first time. L4. In Novenber a nertl B.t. H-14 formulation, HPD, was inEroduced to the Programrne. This 1s effecFve at lower concentrations Ehan Teknar and d.oes noE requdre prior dilution. It can be used operatlonally in rivers a[ flows of up to 75 m'/sec discharge or, ln excepEional circumstances, up Eo 250 mJ/sec $riEh the fixed-wing aircraft equipment, available now. This fornulation will be applled in all future operations. 15. In December/January the biting densities of savanna species progressively increased on the lower Bandama where no treatment had been necessary since the beginning of 1985. The lntroduct,lon of chlorphoxim reselected resisEance after only four weeks. Carbosulfan was then used following approval by the Chairman of the Ecological Group. 16. In February 1986 three foci of resistance to Eenephos in savanna and forest sPecles of Ehe S.damnosum complex were identified in the Sankarani river basin in Gulnea, and on t,he Bago6 and Baou16 rivers ln Mali. These were effectively neuEralized uslng B.t. H-14 (HPD). L7. At the time of the Ecologlcal Group meeting the vector control situation was satlsfactory throughout the Programme area. 18. The Group complimented the Progranme on the efficient Eanner in which lt had addressed Ehe various operaEional problems that had arisen Ehroughout, the year. It noEed that iE had carefully followed Ehe recommendations of che Group regarding the use of the differenE larvicldes and was graEified that there had been consultation $rlEh lts Chairman before using carbosulfan. The Group recognized Ehat the sequential use of larvicides could be regular operational practice in many parts of the Progranrme area in future and should be borne in mind when considering the level of monitoring actlvities. TLris ls necessary because t,he synerglstic effecEs of sequential use may dlffer from Ehe use of any of the pesticides singly. r f l t at JPC7.5(ocP/EAC/86. 1) page 22 Annex I D REPORT OF HYDROBIOLOGICAL MONITORING ACTIVITIES (a) General review 19. In Ehe original Programme area the monitorlng of fish and/or inverEebraEes has continued at alL the preselected sices. The results were reviewed at Ehe hydrobiologists meeEing which was held ln Ouagadougou in January 1986. While some of their reports were good and showed an undersEanding of the ecological situaEion, others were deficient and had to be ret,urned for rewriting accordlng to El'le nodel provided. 20. Changes were aeen in the quantity of cerE,ain invertebrate species ln some rlvers, the slgniflcance of which could not be deEermlned in the short-term, but probabLy resuLted frou hydrologlcal condltions rather than pesEicide effects. There $ras no signlficant change ln the flsh population excePt on the Sassandra where there rilas a marked reduction due to polIutlon by industrlal waste from a sugar processing plant above the sanpling site during March, Aprll and May. This pollrrtion also precluded the use of this river for the carbosulfan trial as had been planned. (b) Hyd robiolog lstsr neeting 2L. The Chairman of the hydroblologlstsr meeting, a member of the Ecological Group, report,ed Ehat teams from Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Guinea, C6te drlvoire, MaI1 and Togo aEEended. The purpose of Ehe neeEing was to enable Ehe teams to report on their findings and t,o motivate them Eo give thought to the data collected. Some teams responded we11r' others were disappointing with data below expectations. One problem was Ehe availability of research workers in the countries 1n hydroblology and related disciplines. Some of those engaged needed Eo be further trained and encouraged posslbly by the Ecological Group members Ehenselves or by consultants. The EG should Eeantime review the proEocols, identify speciflc research which each team night pursue and bring recommendations to lmprove the situation to the next EG meeEinS. 22. The Group not,ed the significance of the Sassandra polluEion. This was due to wasEe from a sugar processing plant leading to lack of oxygen ln the wat,er whici had a catasErophic effect on Ehe flsh populatlon. 23. The EG gave some consideration to Ehe standardizatlon of fish sampling methods after twelve years experlence. Reservations lrere expressed abouE electrofishing techniques because of thelr deficiency in certain types of river and the danger to Ehose using Ehern. 24. The Group discussed the possibility of giving further Eaxonomlc training to the national teams but first a decision would have to be made regarding the Eaxonomic level required by OCP. The recording form certainly needed to be revised with this ln mind. llowever, lt was recognized fhat Ehe teans were faced not only with the problem of identlficatlon, but also of lnterpreEatlon of thelr daEa and, for this, a 6eries of workshops would aPPear appropriaEe. (c) Recomnenda tions of the Ecological Group at lEs sixth session 25. The Group reviewed the principal reconrmendations made aE its prevlous session. The following actlon was rePorted: JPC7.5(ocP/EAC/86. r) Page 23 Annex I EG.6 recommendatlon Act,ion taken (a) A nodel reporc to be provlded for the natlonal Eeams to harmonize reporEing procedures and standar- dlze presenEation of daEa (para.12). This model reporE was circulated Eo Ehe moniEoring Eeans and used as basis for the reports to t,he hydrobiologistsr meeting. (b) The participatlon of hydrc biologisEs in meetings be contingent upon collection of requlred data and submission of adequate report ( para. 13) . (c) More intensive studies be undertaken at a fesr selecEed siEes to enhance routine data collections ( para.15). A letter was sent by the Programrne Direct,or to each tean requesting reports to be avail- able by nid-December. Not all Eeams responded and a further leEter was then addressed to the }tinister responsible. It was consldered counterproductive t,o prevent any Eeam from atcending the hydrobiologistsf meeting. Further act,ion on this matEer is required. Altogether eight consultants had been engaged to carry out Ehe lntenslve moniEorlng studies. The reports were being finalized and summaries would be translated and senE to EG members. (d) Four sites be selected for lnverEebrate monitoring and four for fish in the llestern Extenslon area ( para. 16). (e) The management of the ecological aspects of the Progranme be strengEhened ( para.18). Details reported under section F. The Programne had to rely on support fron several consulEants during the past year. ( f) Detailed statistical analysis of Che aquatic monitoring dat,a over the past t,en years be continued ( para .22). (g) Report of Salford Unlverslty analysis be made avallable t,o national hydrobiological teams when completed (para.23). (h) Inforrnation on larvlcide treatmenEs at given siEes be provlded Eo moniEoring Eeatrs ( para .24) . ( i) Additional resrs to be carried out against shrinp species in minl-gutters or tanks and in a smal1 river Eo complete evaluation of perrnithrln ( para.27). ( j) Monltorlng data on the Sassandra river be evaluated ln respect Eo recovery of fish and invertebrate fauna to levels before permethrin trlals ( para.29). This staElstical analysls was carrled ouE as reporEed in section E. The reporE is being flnalized now. TreatmenE data were provided to the t.eams who were encouraged Eo contact sector chiefs for additional informaEi.on. Tests carried out but. problens encounEered and results inconclusive (see para.59). This was done as far as possible but thwarted through the pollution of the Sassandra river(see para.20). t JPC7.5(ocP/EAc/86.1) page 24 Annex I (k) Carbosulfan trial be under- taken on a rlver ot,her than the Sassandra ( para.31) . ( 1) Permethrin be used only in rainy season ( para .32). Carbosulfan t,rial was carried out on Ehe WhiEe Bandana (see para.55). Permethrln was used only during periods of high water flow. 26. The Group commended the Programme for the diligenE manner ln which it had responded to all its recommendations. On reflection, the Group recognized that its reconrmendat,ion that submisslon of a report be a prerequisiEe for any hydrobiologist. aftendlng the January neeting was too drastic and counEerProducEive. To be of maxinum benefit parEiclpatlon of the hydroblologiscs should rat,her be encouraged. Greater irnpact on the teams would be felc by the final Pa)rment of any contract being r^rithheld unEil the report h,as avallab1e in saEisfactory form. To ease Ehe pressure on the teams, Ehe Group proposed that the annual report for the hydrobiologistsr meetlng should cover the period 0ctober to September and be subnitted to OCP bY mi&December. 27. The Group was advised of the problems lnherent in responding Eo some of its recomnendations aE short noEice. Each consultanE recruited generally required an assLstant, vehicle and driver and then needed to be llnked up wiEh naEional teams' members of whlch rilere engaged in other acLiviEles Ehan those required by OCP. Suitable consultants rrere ofEen difflcult to locate and arranging and coordinating each consultancy rilas a signiflcant burden on the Programme. More t,ime was t,herefore requested, where appropriate, Eo respond Eo the EG recommendations, together wlch a suggesEed proflle of the consultanE that should be engaged. 28. The Group commended Ehe OCP hydrobiologist (l"lr Yam6ogo) for Ehe excellent work he had achieved in the pasE year noting he was alone in the Unit and had to rely on support from consultants. It enphasized that rhe Programme required someone else in the Unit w'illlng to nake several yearsr corrmiEmenc and agreed to respond to the Directorrs appeal (para. 5) for assistance ln finding someone suitable. E INDEPENDEI{T ANALYSIS OF AQUATIC MONITORING DATA 29. Ttre Ecologlcal Group was reminded that, ln the sEatlsEical analysis of the aquatic moniEoring data, three main problems exisEed.' (a) t,here was a lack of prrt,reacment information for phase I and initial identlflcation of problems for the pre-treatment periods of some ot,her phases; (b) at around 1980-81 there sras a coincidence of reduct,ion of frequency of monitoring, change of personnel, the results of the good rains of 1979-80 and a change in t.he type of insectlcide usedr' and Ehere was the staEisEical problen of reducing the variance between replicaEes and the strong seasonal changes. (c) a al a JPC7.5 ( ocP/EAC/86. 1) Page 25 Annex I 30. Many of the oonltoring staElons had been analysed in detail and the Marahou6, Sassandra and 0ti sites chosen as examples for che inverEebraEe report,. MulCivariate patEern analyses demonstrated effects of Ereatment' waEer gauge, month, season and year. It was known that lncrease in Ehe invertebrat,e group, Tanytarsini, accompanied and so was an indicaEor of Abate Ereatments. The new analyses had given indicator taxa for B.t. H-14 (increase of Ecnonidae and Hydropsychidae) and chlorphoxim (increase of Orthocladiinae and, for Surber samples, Baetidae). The Trlcorythidae were oft.en assoclated trith Pre-treatmentperiods. The patt,ern was less clear for the Sassandra and could not. be evaluaEedfor many other rivers where Ehere was 11ttIe or no pre:treaEment. infortration. 31. The changes in the invercebraEe comunity were noE reflecred in the fishpopulations. trith greaE changes in the relatlve abundance of species beEween rivers, dlfferenE trends lsere observed ln resulEs between sEations. There still appeared to be no longterm effect of Abate and any changes due t,o other insecEicldes were nasked by alternat.ion of EreatmenE types, although an uncerEainty exisEs because of a lack of prrtreattrent, data. Most of the changes could be aEtrlbuted to hydrology and life cycle, for exanple the return of Schilbe nystus. As yet, unexplained phenomena include the drop In numbers of Pet,rocepehalus spp. ln 1980-81 and lower values of coefficient of condition of Brycinus nurse from thaEtime, indicatlng a continuation of nonit,oring as be ing essenEial. 32. The Group expressed appreciaElon for the detailed analysis that had been underEaken and noEed Ehat over the ten-year period of the Programme no long-term changes in lnvertebraEe or fish fauna could be idencified as being directly att,ributable to the larvlcide treatmenEs. It reconrmended thaE the report of Ehe staEisEical analysis be publlshed as soon as possible and distributed to the natlonal teams. F. COLLECTION OF BASELINE DATA IN WESTERN AND SOUTHERN EXTENSION AREAS 33. Ttre Group was informed of activities in the WesEern ExEenslon area where a first year of sampling to provide pre-treatmenE data had been completed. The invertebrat,e monitoring was undertaken on four rivers, the Baoul6 and Bakoye in the Senegal basin and the Milo and Niandan in the Niger basin. Accessibility to these sites presenEed considerable dlfficulties especially durlng Ehe rainy season. [,Ihenever possible samples were Eaken nonthly using day- and night-time drift and Surber samples as in t,he resE of the Programme area. These srere augtrenEed by drifc samples with larger mesh slze, light traps, artificial substraEes and int,erception t,raps to provide additional infornation on Ehe fauna. The fauna composiEion appeared somewhat different ln these rlvers from that recorded in the original Programme area. Ttris raises the polnt as Eo which porEion of the difference is due to Ehe nature of the geographic region or due to iEs pristine untreat,ed condlt.ion. 34. Fish noniEoring was conducted aE Ehree stations in the Niger basin and two in the Senegal basin. Two stations were visited monthly and sometimes Ewice Eonthly during the rainy season while Ehe others were sampled only quarterly in accordance wlth t.he established protocol. The objecEive had been to obEain as much infornaEion as possible on the biology of the nain flsh species and on changes ln the composition of the catches. 35. Noting that the monitorlng acElviEies ln the Western Extension area conformed with its recommendation, the Group emphasized Ehe imporEance of thls work in providing for the flrst tlme, on a significant scale on a series of rivers, comprehensive pre-t,reatmenE data on Ehe aquaEic fauna. tlhile recognizing the needfor the Programme to proceed according to plan to achieve iEs objecEive, the Group expressed the hope Ehat operations would not be inplenented on any of t,hese rivers unEll at leasE one more yearr s daEa had been collected. I (! t JPC7.5(ocP IEAC/ 86. 1) pa}e 26 Annex I 36. It applauded the additional studies being undertaken by the Eeams Eo provide a greater underseanding of faunal composltion and dist,ribut,ion in t,he area whose rivers flow norEh into the Niger compared Eo Ehose ln the original Programme area which flow southward tosrards the sea. 37. Aware of the problems of access to Ehe sites the Group reco"rmended thaE Ehe Programme determine the desirabtlity of asslsEing the Eeams Eo reach Ehe siEes, especially in the rainy season, by the perlodic use of its aircraft, when not commltted to the operacions. 38. The data which had been collected in Ehe Southern Extenslon area Eo daEe were reviewed by the Group which questioned whether (a) there was sufficienE lnformation in quantltatlve and qualitative terms to judge Ehe pre-treat,nent sltuation and (b) this informatlon rilas statlstically reliable. The Group recognized an accepCable level of identiflcaEion but, noEed that some of the staEionsr e.g. Kati and TeceEou, had problems tith respecE to Surber sanples because of the absence of vegetation. It noted t,hat there could be a problem of reproducibility as t,he resulEs of samples, collected by a consultant aE sEaEions ofEen on t,he same day as by the national teams, differed by between 17 and 77% irt total drifc abundance and by up t,o L2O% in cercain caxa although the relative percentage of the taxonomlc composition of the collectlons was usually similar. Variabillty analysis carried out, independently showed nuch more variation between replicates from the Ouene compared with the Asukawkaw. High variablllEy was also noEed on che Sio and Amou. 39. The Group concluded, pending further analysis of the whole data set, that, the methodology and/or the statlons should be nodified because saEisfact,ory lnfornation rras not being provided. As the fauna qlas essenEially similar to that of the original OCP area, t,he necessity of having seven monitoring staEions ln che south-east extension area was questioned and a revision was recommended in the concexE of the whole OCP area (see section H.). G PROTOCOLS FoR AQUATTC MONTTORTNG 40. Taking account, of the experience acquired since the beginning of the Programme and the increasing number of countries lnvolved in surveillance, the Group reviewed the protocols for aquatic monitoring and recommended that efforts be concentrated on a sma1l number of staElons. However, several naEural or man-made facEors could modlfy conditions resulting ln cert,ain staEions becoming no longer suitable for long-term monitoring, and having to be replaced. This sit,uation was sufficlently comnon t,o require that data be collected simult,aneously at addltional staEions which would serve as reserves lf necessary. 41. For ichthyologlcal surveillance two Eypes of proEocol were proposed (Table 1). (a) Intensive: This rsould call for month1y sanpling during the pre-treatment phase of one, trro or three years and quarterly thereafter during the aEEack, consolidaEion and maintenance phases. Less inEensive: For this, quarterly collectlons in pre-EreaEnenEr aEtack and consolldation phases would suffice with annual collectlons (at the end of the rainy season) durlng the naintenance phase. 42. Should a statlon under intensive monlEoring have to be abandoned lt could be replaced by a "less inEensive" statlon for whlch some data already exist. (b) , al a JPC7.5(ocP/EAC/86.1) Page 27 Annex I 43. A similar arrangement, would apply Eo invertebrat,e moniEoring. In Seneral the proEocol could be applled in mosE of che count.ries. However, it may have to be modified for counEries in whlch the availability of capable workers is uncertain. 44. The monitoring sEations and frequency suggested by the hydrobiologlsts(Table 2) was endorsed by the Group wlth che proviso that monEhly sampling be adopted throughouE Ehe year on those key rivers where permethrin is used. The Group considered thaE the nonit,oring sEaEions could be reduced in Togo and Benin subject to the result,s of analyses of all the data in the south-east, extension area. 45. Referrlng to a proposal for an additional uoniEoring st,at,ion on the Black Volta upstream from Bui, the Ecological Group did not consider this appropriaEe. It supported the proposal Ehat a continuing emphasis be glven Eo the nonitoring aE Banboi in view of the need to u6e several larvicldes on chat river. 46. The Group recommended that the OCP hydrobiologist propose Eo the teams some research projecEs t,hat could be undert,aken and report on the situation Eo the next, meeting of the EG. 47, In addition to che data supplied on the standard coding forms, the Group suggested thaE, for later incerpreEat.ion and analysis, furEher information should be supplied for each sample uethod on a separaEe sheet. Such information could aid lnEerpreEation of the data and should include weat,her conditions, such as recent rain or storms, hydrological conditions, presence of algal bloons, human influences such as fishing or pollution and number of days since treaEment. The part,icular slte of collection noted should also be marked on detailed maps of rhe station. In the light of the observed mass mortality of fish on Ehe Sassandra due to pollutlon, it was important, also, to know of introduced indust,rial $rast,e and donestic developments as well as irrigation and water catchment schenes. 48. For flsh samples, rrater gauge readings should be given CogeEher with an indicatlon of water depth under the net. InformaEion of breeding st,aEus, for example whether the flsh had spautned, would also be useful. 49. WlEh respect to invertebraEes, some of the Eaxonomic groups might now be further divided for greater infornation content. Thls is being tried by che national teams and the Ecological Group encouraged progress. Finally, the Group considered necessary, for the purposes of later verlficat,lon, thaE the collection data forns have the names of the collectors and of t,hose who identify the invertebrat,es in rhe samples. I {t \ JPC7.5 (ocP lEAc/ 86. 1) Page 28 Annex I Table I Ichthyology moni.Eoring sEatlons and freque4sy FT6E-Eires Pre-t reatment 2-3 years w f consolidation 3-4 years l'laintenance C6te d rlvoire Como6 - Gans6 Bandama Niaka Sassandra Semien Bagb6 N rGolodougou Leraba Border bridge Marahou6 Mankono Ghana 0rt Sabari Pru Asubende l,lawa Dodi-Papase Black VoLta tlhite Volta Togo Mono TeEetou Mono Kpessi Mono Atchimedji Oti Mango Benin Oueme Bet,erou oueme Atchakpa Oueme Zagnanodo Oueme Mbete Koukou Mali Baou16 Bakoye Guinea Sankarani Mllo Niandan no data no data quarter ly quarterly no daEa quarterly(1 year) quarEerly quarE er ly quarterly quarcerly quarEerly quarterly quarterly quarterly quarterly quarcerly monEhly quart.erly monthly Eonthly monthly quarEerly quarterly quarterly quarterly quart er ly quarEerly monthly quarEerly quarE er ly quarcerly quarterly quart er ly once a year quart er ly once a year once a year once a year quarterly quart er 1y quarEerly quart er Iy quarterly quarcerly quart,er ly quarEerly quarter ly quarcerly Ewice a year Ewice a year quarterly quarterly quart er ly once a year once a year once a year quart.erly once a year once a year once a year once a year quarterly quar r er ly once a year quarterly quarterly quarterly Y ?, t TPCT .5 .ocP/EAC/86.1) PaEe 29 Annex I Table 2 InvertebraEes I'lonltoring sEaEions and frequency Statlon Code JFMAMJJASOND BURKINA FASO Red Volta - P6 Bridge 13 BENIN COTE DIIVOIRE L6raba - Border Bridge Como6 - Gans6 Bandama - Niaka NrZi - Rte Dabakala Marahou6 - Danangoro Entomokro oassandra - S-emien GHANA OEt - Sabari Black Volta - Banbo'i Red Volta - Nangodi Pru - Asubende Asukawkaw-Asukawkaw Ou6m6 - B6t6rou Ou6m6 - Atchakpa uffo - Lanta TOGO Slo - Katl Mono - T6t6tou Auou/Amou - Oblo MALI Missira/Baou16 Kokofata/Bakoye GUII{EA Boussoul6/Ui to Sassanbaye/Niandian 01 02 03 05 08 16 L7 11 L2 19 20 22 23 24 30 26 27 28 )monthly during)period of flow xx x x x x x x xx x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x X I x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x ffi x x 1 x x x x x x x x x x x x 1 x 1 x xxxx x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x X x x x x x x x x x x x x x N.B. Monthly recording will be required if Permethrin is applied to any river. { li r JPC7.5 @cP/nec/ 86.1) page 30 Annex I H TRANSFER OF DATA ENTRY TO OUAGADOUGOU 50. The Group Lras inforned that as from May 1986 all data enEry would be transferred from Geneva to 0uagadougou utilizing the IBM/PCs, following which the sEatisEical group in Geneva will be disbanded. Validation and data handling Programmes tere belng prepared and Ehe requlsite personnel would be trained. Data checks and production of lndlces and summaries would then be underEaken under the supervision of the hydrobiologist and the statisEician with minimum delay. Copies of up-dated flles would conEinue to be stored in Geneva for securlEy reasons. The netd system would Eake some nonEhs t.o become fully operational. 51. The Group applauded this nove which would enable any changes ln specles composition and abundance in treaE,ed rivers to be recognized more quickly. However, ful1 advantage of this transfer could not, be taken if the monltoring teams were slow ln supplying the completed coding forms as appeared to be the case aE present, noE all the 1985 data having yeE been receLved. As Eost Eeams had prepared reporEs for 1985 samples, there was no reason for the unavailability of the informaElon and they should be advised to submit the forms Eo OCP imnediacely after completion of ldentification. I RESEARCH ON NEI,I IARVICIDES 52. Four new fornulations of carbosulfan had been recelved and tested but found to be inferior to that already in use. Of many pyrethrolds screened against. S.damnosum, some have had slnilar effect to permethrln. In seeking someEhlng less toxic against the non-target, organlsms Ewo of them, alphamethrin and cyhalothrln, will be tested against NTOs in guEters at Ehe effecEive vector conErol dose and one of thern night be proposed by the end of the year for operational rrial in 1987. 53. Amongst Ehe Insect Growt,h Regulators (IGRs) int.eresE was again being focussed on Avermectin R and efforti will be made by WHO to obtain samples. IE is effectlve againsE the vector at rhe very smalI dosage level of 0.003 ng/l such that very diluted formulations could be used and the high marnmalian toxicity of the toxlc lngredient would nof pose a problem. Several other IGRs gave total or very high emergence control but at dosages leading to unacceptable cosEs to Ehe Programme. Generally, these products were tesEed first in the laboraEory but a small-scale, single rapid, river tesE sras necessary to confirm such laboratory testsr' an experiment of this size would have mininal ecological consequence. OMS 3019 and Diflubenzuron were currently under test. No large-scale field trials of IGRs were planned for the rainy season of 1986. 54. Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 (HPD) had become operational dur ing the year. n8/1 for 10It requlred no dllution, was self-dlsperslng, was effect,ive at L.2 minutes and had a carry of 10 km. It could be qpplied from fixed-wing aircraft by dunping. Being usable ln rLvers wlth up to 75m37sec flow, this product was a considerable improvement over Ehe earlier formulat,ion of B.t. [t-14 which 1E now replaced. Three companies continued to provide formulations for testlng and sEill furEher improvemenEs in the formulaclon of B.t. H-14 could be expected. 55. The carbosulfan trial was carrled out on che Whlte Bandama with 339 kn of rLver treated for 11 weeks et a concentration of 0.05 mg/l for 10 minuEes. The discharge varied fron 864 ,3/"". to 40 ,3/".". There were beEween 9 and 25 dosing points. The conErol of the vector was good with no posit,ive breeding sltes observed, and fly catches decllning from 278 to 9 flies/man/day. , ,l t JPC7.5 (ocP/EAC/86.1) page 31 Annex I 56. The data on non-Earget organisms were being analysed buE in the short-t,erm, carbosulfan, aE low waEer, had effeccs on Ehe invertebrate fauna comparable to Ehat of permethrin Talcord. At higher discharges these effects diminished becoming comparable to those with chlorphoxim. Import,ant reduction in the densities of fauna appeared afEer 11 weeks of treacmenE. but. the principal Eaxonomic groups remained. The results recorded one and Ewo months after Ereatment had stopped, indicated a tendency Eowards recolonizaEion and studies were contlnuing Eo deEermLne Ehe quantitaEive and qualitative recovery of the fauna after t,tre completion of the operational trials. 57. In tank tests there sras no flsh mortality at, 0. 05 ag/LlL0 rnlnutes. Soue mortallt.y was recorded in certaln species of Characidae when exposed for 30 minutes. However, no tnorEallty was observed ln the river. Flsh catches and Ehe coefficienE of condition of the main species were not affected by carbosulfan treatments on the trlhtte Bandama. 58. The Group was lnformed of the progress being made ln the developtrent, of a recirculating laboratory sysEem for tescing the effect of IGRs on non-target organisms. Sone tests had been carrled ouE using OMS 3019 but furcher improvetrenE of the equipment was necessary. Thls was in progress. The Group had the opportunity to visit the ORSTOM laboratory in Bamako and evaluate Ehe apparatus firs t-hand. 59. Details r.rere provlded of Ehe cests which were carried out Eo determine the effect of permethrln and carbosulfan on shrimps as recotrmended by fhe Group. Problems were encountered in these tests and che results t ere inconclusive. There were no records available on the large r crustacean and Macrobrachium were present only ln rivers which had direcE access to the sea. The Group recommended t,haEqualltative sampling for other crusEaceans (scoop net Ln vegetation beds) be done before and after the high wat,er use of permeEhrin and carbosulfan in selecEed rivers. 60. The Group commended the Prograrnme on its continuing research efforts on new larvicides and would recommend that efforts be intenslfied t,o find additionalproducts. Special attention should be given to t,he uore pronising IGRs as well as inproved formulations of B.t. H-14. 61. The Group suggested that toxicologlcal research on non-Earget, fauna ln Ehe laboratory should be encouraged using both standardized protocols and meEhods and ad hoc methods in order to obtain data whlch would enable comparlson of the Gffiivrty of African fauna $rith aquatic fauna from other part,s of the world where such data exist. A nember of the Group offered to assl.sE in such comparison of data, if neeessary. Use of Larvicides 62. The Group recommended the followlng utilization of avaitable larvicides. 1. l,Jhere no resistance occurs or is suspecEed.'Teuephos should be used at all tines being alt,ernated with B.t. H-14 (HPD) aE low wat,er flow. { lt r JPC7. 5 (ocP/EAc/86. 1) Page 32 Annex I 2. tlhere resisEance occurs.' (i) Durlng periods of high waEer f low (>75 n3/sec).' chlorphoxim perneEhrln, or carbosulfan should be used with Ehe proviso that the recommendacion tn paragraph 30 of Ehe EG.6 report and paragraph 59 of this report are foIlowed. To further clear the latter EhIo larvicides for operational use Ehe Group also recommended Ehat, permethrin be applied to an accepEable river for two years during high water and carbosulfan Eo the White Bandama for a sinilar period wlth careful nonltoring of the effect on non-target organisms, including crustaceans, before and afEer the high-flow period. (fi) During periods of low-water flor{i B.t. H-14 (HPD). 63. The Group foresaw emergency approval being sought only when larvicides have to be used outside these guidelines. J I.IORK PROGRAMME FOR 1986-1987 64. Ttre Group approved the work envisaged to be undertaken by the Programme for 1986-87 both in Ehe routine aquaEic moniEoring and in the testing of new larvicides already covered in this report. While cornmending whac had been accomplished to date the Group wished to ensure that ecological maEters conEinued to be pursued ln t,he same dlllgent manner as before and that the burden of responsibllity be more evenly spread. In this respecE it again urged t,he Progranme to strengthen the staff conponent of the hydrobiological uniE of the Programme. The members committed themselves to obtaln t.he names and qualiflcaEions of suitable candidaEes. K PUBLICATION OF HYDROBIOLOGICAL EVALUATION DATA 65. Recognizing Ehe amount of information which had emanated from the aquatic monitoring and insecticlde Eesting activlties slnce the Progrrmme tas launched, the Group noted that a lO-year resum6 would be publlshed following lts presentatlon to the Universit6 des Trols RiviEres in Canada later in 1986. However, the Group would conEinue to encourage fornal publicatlon of the work whlch has been underEaken in lnternationally recognized journals. To assist in coropiling the papers it recommended Ehat an lndividual be recrulted for the Elme necessary to assist the hydroblologist. L OTT{ER MATTERS (a) Emergency sltuations 66. In case the Group had to be contacEed for advice during emergency situations lt was agreed that the Chief, OCP Liaison Office, Geneva, should be the focal point for cont.acting the different menbers. a ,l l JPC7.5 (oCP/EAC/86. 1/ page 33 Annex I (b) Chemical monltoring 67. Considering che lmportance of chemical moniEoring, Ehe Group offered Eo prepare a feaslbillty report on the possibllities for this work Eo be done lnAfrica in centres already established by UNEP and FAO for analysis of heavy metals and chlorlnat,ed hydrocarbons in flsh. It would recommend that, following apositive ouEcome of this report, the Programme initiate some preliminary analysis before lts next meeElng. (c) Environmental distribuElon and fate of pesticldes 68. In order Eo coEplete the hazard assessment process the Group recommended t.haE critical revlews be prepared on Ehe environmental dlstribucion and faEe of thepestlcides used by the Programne, in particular permethrln and carbosulfan. 'rhis could be undertaken through cooperation with a member of the Ecological Group. M ARRANGEMENTS FOR NEXT I'IEETING 69. The eighth session of the Ecologlcal Group would be held in Bouak6, C6ce d'Ivoire from 24 to 27 March L987. 70. The Group also noted that the HydroblologisEsr meeting would be treld in Baurako, Mali, fron 6 to 9 January 1987 and be chaired by Dr C. L6v6que. N. APPROVAL OF REPORT 7L. The draft reporE was reviewed before Ehe end of the meeting and Ehe finallzed version approved by the Chairman. I a! t JPC7.5 (ocP/EAc/ 86.1) page 34 Annex I eppeMrx r Members LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Professor D. Calamarl, InstlEuEe of Agricultural Ent,omology, Faculty of Agrlculture, Unlversity of Milan, via celoria 2, 20133 l"lilan, Italy Professor K.W. Cummins, Appalachian Environmental Laboratory, University of Mary1and, Frostburg, MD 21532, USA Dr A. Lelek, Research InstiEute, Natural Hlstory ltluseum Senckenberg, Senckenberganlage 25, 6000 Frankfurt/M. 1, Federal Republic of Germany Dr C. L6v6que, Dlrecteur de Recherches, Museum national drHistoire naEurelle, Laboratoire drlchtyologle, 43 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France Dr M. Yasuno, Chief of Aquatic Ecology, National Institut,e for EnvironmenEal Studies, Yatabe, Tsukuba, 305 JaPan Other Participants Dr J.-M. Elouard, Charg6 de recherche, Laboratoire drHydrobiologie, ORSTOII, B.P. 2528, Bamako, Mali Dr Colln Fairhurst, DepartmenE of Biological Sciences, UniversiEy of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, England Dr H.B.N. Hynes, DeparEmenE of Biology, UniversiEy of WaEerloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1 Canada Dr D. Paugy, Laboratoire dtHydrobiologie' ORSTOM, B.P. 2528, @p, Mali Observers Dr Margaret A. Wilzbach, Assistant, Professor, Appalachian EnvironmenEal LaboraEory, University of Maryland, Frostburg, MD 21532, USA Secretarlat Dr E.M. Samba, DirecEor, Onchocerciasis Congrol Programme, B.P . 549, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso Dr R.H.A. Baker, VCU/OCP, B.P. 2279, Bamako, Mall Dr P. Guillet, VCU/OCP, B.P. 227 9, Bamako, Mali Dr D. Kurt,ak, VCU/OCP, $!Q, C6te drlvoLre Mr J.D.M. Marr, Chief, OCP Llaison Office' WHO' Geneva , TJ ? l JPC7.5(ocP/EAC/86.1) Page 35 Annex Iffiorx r Dr B. Phillppon, Chief, VCU/OCP, B.P. 227 9, Ejlrako, t'tati Dr G. Qu6lennec, Pesticides Development and Safe Uset Biology and Control, I,IHO, Geneva Mr E.J. Senghor, Information Officer, OCP, B.P. 549, Burkina Faso Division of Vector Ouagadou€99 Dr B. tlahle, ConsultanEr OCP, Bouak6, C6te drlvoire Mr L. Yam6ogo, Hydrobiologist, VCU/OCP, B.P. 549, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso