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Cholera vaccines : WHO position paper

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Deen JL et al. The high burden of cholera in children: comparison of incidence from endemic areas in Asia and Africa. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2008, 2(2):e173. See No 31, 2009, pp. 309–324. Zuckerman JN et al. The true burden and risk of cholera: implications for prevention and control. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2007, 7:521–530 Tacket CO et al. Cholera vaccines. In: Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, Offit P, eds. Vaccines, 7thed. Philadelphia, PA, WB Saunders Company, 2008:127–138 2

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The treatment of diarrohea: a manual for physicians and other senior health workers. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2005 (WHO/CDD/SER/80.2). Schwartz BS et al. Diarrheal epidemics in Dhaka, Bangladesh, during three consecutive floods: 1988, 1998 and 2004. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2006, 74:1067–1073 Nair GB et al. Cholera due to altered El Tor strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 in Bangladesh. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2006, 44:4211–4213 Ansaruzzaman M et al. Genetic diversity of El Tor strains of Vibrio cholera O1with hybrid traits isolated from Bangladesh and Mozambique. International Journal of Medical Microbiology, 2007, 297:443–449 Siddique AK et al. El Tor cholera with severe disease: a new threat to Asia and beyond. Epidemiology and Infection, 2009, 14:1–6 Sack DA et al. Antimicrobial resistance in shigellosis, cholera and campylobacteriosis. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2001 (WHO/CDS/SCR/DRS/2001.8). 3

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Sack DA et al. Cholera. Lancet, 2004, 363:223–233. Background paper on the integration of oral cholera vaccines into global cholera control programmes presented to the WHO SAGE in October 2009 [draft document]. Geneva, Ad-hoc vaccine working grou (http:www.who.int/entity/immunization/sage/1_Background_Paper_Cholera_Vaccines_FINALdraft_13_oct_v2.pdf; acces-sed March 2010). 4

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Holmgren J et al. Oral B-subunit killed whole-cell cholera vaccine. In: Levine MM et al, eds. New generation vaccines, 3rd ed. New York, Marcel Dekker, 2004:991–1014. 5

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Clemens JD et al. Field trial of oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh: results from three-year follow-up. Lancet, 1990, 335:270–273 Van Loon FPL et al. Field trial of inactivated cholera vaccines in Bangladesh: results from 5 years of followup. Vaccine, 1996, 14:162–166. Clemens JD et al. Impact of B subunit killed whole-cell and killed whole-cell-only oral vaccines against cholera upon treated diarrhoeal illness and mortality in an area endemic for cholera. Lancet, 1988, 331:1375–1379. Sanchez JL et al. Protective efficacy of oral whole-cell/recombinant-B-subunit cholera vaccine in Peruvian military recruits. Lancet, 1994, 344:1273–1276. Clemens JD et al. Misleading negative findings in a field trial of killed, oral cholera vaccine in Peru. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2001,183:1306–1308. Taylor DN et al. Two-year study of the protective efficacy of the oral whole-cell plus recombinant B subunit cholera vaccine in Peru. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2000; 181:1667–1673. Lucas ME et al. Effectiveness of mass oral cholera vaccination in Beira, Mozambique. New England Journal of Medicine, 2005, 352:757–767. Most of those in the group classified as receiving 1 or 2 doses had actually received 2 doses, hence they had a similar level of protection as those in the group that received 2 doses. 6

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Peltola H et al. Prevention of travellers’ diarrhoea by oral B- subunit/whole-cell cholera vaccine. Lancet, 1991, 338:1285–1289. Hill DR et al. Oral cholera vaccines: use in clinical practice. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2007, 7:361–373. Guidelines for the production and control of inactivated oral cholera vaccines. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2004 (WHO Technical report series 924 (Annex 3). (Also available from http://www.who.int/biologicals/publications/trs/areas/vaccines/cholera/en/index.html.) 7

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Anh DD et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a reformulated Vietnamese bivalent killed, whole-cell, oral cholera vaccine in adults. Vaccine, 2007, 25:1149–1155. Mahalanabis D et al. A randomized, placebo controlled trial of the bivalent killed, whole-cell, oral cholera vaccine in adults and children in a cholera endemic area in Kolkata, India. PLoS One, 2008, 3(6):e2323. Trach DD et al. Field trial of a locally produced, killed, oral cholera vaccine in Vietnam. Lancet, 1997, 349:231–235. Thiem VD et.al. Long-term effectiveness against cholera of oral killed whole-cell vaccine produced in Vietnam. Vaccine, 2006, 24:4297–4303.

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Ali M et al. Herd immunity conferred by killed oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh: a reanalysis. Lancet, 2005, 366:44– 49. Longini IM et al. Controlling endemic cholera with oral vaccines. PLoS Medicine, 2007, 4(11):e336. Sack DA. Herd protection and herd amplification in cholera. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 2006, 24(1):1–5. Jeuland M et al. Cost-effectiveness of new-generation oral cholera vaccines: a multi-site analysis. Value in Health, 2009, 12:899–908. 9

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Oral cholera vaccine use in complex emergencies: what next? Geneva, World Health Organization, 2001 (WHO/CDS/NTD/IDM/2006.2). (Also available from http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_vaccines_emergencies_2005.pdf.) See Annex 1 of reference 37 above. 11

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