Visit to Onchocerciasis Control Programme: Ouagadougou, 24 - 27 July 1982

VISIT TO ONCIIOCI]RCIASIS CO]iTROL I'ROGIiA[1[1]1 oUAGADOUGOU, Ul'PliR v01,TA 24-27 hlY L9BZ Introchrcti.on The appeat:angc of insecticidc resist.ance in poprtlltions soubrellsc/sirnctipauli and its srtbseclrtetrL spreacl throrrgh most oi S rnlul:l-unl of thc area of distribution of this species in to tire effective operaEions of the ilesistance first aPPeared to geographical spread meant thaL use through most of the Ivory Coast. cirlorphoxim, another OP insecticid the Tvory Coast is a scrious threat Onchocerciasis Corrtrol Progratnnte (OCP). temephos (ittate) in 19BO and j ts rapid of rhis larvicide had to be abancloncrd Earlier field rrials had shor'm that e, r{AS an effective larvicide against Sj.rnul.iitm and substantiat quantities wcre order:ecl as a rePlacemcnt for tetlephos. Unfortunatelyruitl-rin 10-11 months a substantial leve1 of resisLance had also developecl to tlris conpound and iLs use had to cease. In as uuch .rs the distribution of S. s ou.b r-ens.e / s anc ti P au 1 i covcrs some lBZ of the present Programme area, control of the specres rs essen c ial ancl furtl'rer alternative compotlnds had to be sough t rvith consi-der:alt1c urgency. As a result of intensive screening, laboratory tesLing, fiel.cl trials ancl forniul-ation studies carried out by a colLaborative programmc of Ifll()/VUC/BCV/TDR, the industry, collaborating centres and the ocP itsel-f , it lad been <leterrninecl Ehat Baci 1.1rrs thuri.ngiens.is l'I-14 could provide effcctive control of insecticidc-iesistant S. sotti>r:grse larvae' llse of tlis biological larvicide \rras t["ren introduccd by the 0C1' j-n all r'iater-collrses in t5e Ivory Coast rvlere double-resiistance l'rad appcared. Its appl i.cation is feas;ib1e, for tfic most part, only during the dry seoson; thc lorv conccntrati6rr of acEive potcnt material in the existing product nteirns that urrcc6loniically 1-arge quantitics havc to bc appl-icrl drrring tlte ririny scason rvhen Ehe water discharge in Ehe rivers has increased greatly. Tn view of this Limitation it became imperative to contintre the search for nerv B.t. H-14 formulations and, indeed, greatly expedite the search for further alternative chemical compounds rvhich could provide effective cont,rol of insecticide-resistant larvae. Aware of the urgency of thi.s problem the OCp/JCC voted funcls to expedite the screening and field testing of atternaEive Ia::vicidcs. T|i.s was organized by VBC, Ceneva, based on Ehe scltcme for the evaluation ancl tescing of new insccEicides. . Visits r{ere made by staff nrenl>crs and consultants to virtuall.y every rnajor insecticicle industry to explain the urgency o1: the problem and a mceting r.ras lreld in Geneva in March, 1982, to deci"de on rescarch and clevclopment priorities for larvicides as wc11 ils to reirch agreelllent on a coordinated ""r""r,i1g scheme for nerv carrdidaEe larvicicles emanating from tlte insecticideinrlustry. (fn" report of this meeting is available on requesL from VIIC.) )Insccticide screening .r\s a resul t of thc intcns i f ied coutacts rui th indus try a srrbs talL j,a1 nutltl>er of citnclidate contporrnds tvcr:c provirled by tltc inclustry a111 ot6ersprorlrisccl for: tlre fr:ture for scrccning. These incl.urlccl compornrc[ s al.r:eaclyi.n the scltetltc but uot tested aiirinst Sinu-rliuur lar:v;re, ne\!r forurrrl;rLions of oltler: contpr>ttrttis antl contplctcly ,r.,, ",,ilu,]r--il?-,ui.th sLr-rlctures ull ilicly toresulL i.n cross-1:esistance rui th cxisti.ull conrpouuris i.n tlre inllecl iltt: fr-rture.Tn ;rrldi-Liorr, nunrerorrs samples of I]. t. H-14 r,rere proviciecl as piri:E of an ef frlrt to clcvelop a nlore sat i s f acti:rv/nrorc colrcenl:r;1tc<l f ormtri lrti orr of this1ar:r'ir:ide. All iu a1l. it c;tu bc sr-rid that t-hc rcsl'ronse of tlrc jricl rrsLry rvas vcr''' :;i1t i.s f llctory artcl they havt: slrorf n a consi:i.rl erab Ie clegree oll r:t:aclincssto t'.o1l al>oratc rqith the Orgarri ;u irtion. P r:ogre s; s of j.nsecticide screcrrri.n;i I t had bcen agreed at thc I'farch S jmulirrm lirrvj cicle meeEing tSat canclidat r.:<'rnrjrorrrcl s; r.rould be provi.ded t:lrr()ulln Vn[ en.j-ianipl c:s wou].rl therr 1;e sent toijie O(li) rltl(l (:ollaboralinf, 111 ,r,i':rl_or^jc$ as rr.clrrirr1ri. In [-urrr, 1:(] rill.l Ls of l.'ilrot:rtl.tlt.'Y 5;crc'ening, sma11- and lalJ;e-scrrle ficl,l t.ri;riu, ()i).jr:i-r",;riiclrs; on cf Itlct-:; oll non*tlrrgeL organisrns , etc. , rv<lulcl be 1tr:c.rv.idc:d trl \ii]C f or i:.rter:pr:etatirtabul.ril..i,trr ancl clespatch to i ncltrr; t:ry. ily Juntr/Ju1y 1.982 it bccantc clear tl'rat tire inri:l erncnIa ti-on of arrllll[!ctncnts agreecl to rvere ttnr;,rt.i sf rrctcrr:y. Rc:str].t-s r,rere rrot bci.n11 proviclecl or1 rvclt:l< ttlre':rcly citrried ouL in tlre fiel<1 , uncclorrli.natecl corrcsii)or"rclcnce rviththc jrl,.lrtslt:r\'\!'as rcsulting in r;onre corrfrrsj.on a:; to t,hat scnrp.[.cs ha<] bec:irtlcsp':ttcltctl irrld rcccived, inclus;Lry cou1.d not bc proviclecl r,-itir the resrrlts obtaj.necl witlt santples thcy had liivcn to tl')e Organization, tcstl.lg scleclules;ttld art.'ltui;clncnts \rere clearly urrcoorrlinated at. the f iclcl 1eve1 and, f ina11y,groivi.ng Probl cnts wj th formulati ons ancl applicati.on erluipmelt in the oPci-i1 ti-onal prograoxne became a1;ptr:cnt. Dr E. Sanrba, Di.rector OCI,, vi.sitedGcttcvrl itr Jture L9B2 to discuss the sitrration rvith Dircctor VBC. It. ruas dec idcd tllaE an early visit by ttre unclersignccl s;hou1d be nn<1e to tle programme hertcl rlttarter:s in Ouagaclougou t<; ::cviers ulraL tcclrnical and adrnin j strative irnpctl .itltetrts c>;is tccl rcgar<ling irnplerncrntatiorr of tlc crrangcmelLs f orinsei:ricidc and equipment Ijcreerring ancl developlnent, horu tlrcse coulcl be ovcl:cLrllle, artd the ollEimunt use trt;tdc t-ircrefore of tlrc resources av;ri1ab1c totlte Prtlgratruitt: and to VBC. TE r..,irs furl-her agreccl that Dr .J. lforrchr:t r+oul.cl accolilpilny mc to 0uirgadougou autl tlrerr, after mectings at tlre proliranrne llQ,[1o ol) to l'],ouak6, Lantakar:a and ]iribo Di,otrlasso to exlrmine tlrc nreLlrocls of f ieldtcsti ng larvici.cles, later coming to ceneva to preparc a report rvi.th rect'rtttntcttdations to su1tp1 emerlt the pr:csent one . In adclition, Dr G. Qu6lennec,Yilc/1)l)s, tvill vis it the Prograinurc area to revicrs with all laboratorics rcsrtl ts of f ield trials and prcrpare a sunnTrary papcrr inclu<1ing tlrc latest and contplete rcs;r.r1Ls obEainccl triEh each carrdidlte cour;rorrncl providc<i by tireitlclustry. I'litil-e prinrarity intr:rrrlccl as a reporl- to the forLscouring Iixper:t. Adv j sol'y _Cornntittec in SepLembr:r, thi.s summilry rsoulcl also cnal>l.e the Orgenizationto provide up-to-date reports or-r eactr candiclatc compotrn<l to the industiy,Llttrs ensrrrilrg their contirruerl rrrlrl ..unstinl-ctl caol;cr;..rti.t-rn. It rvas agreecl tlatthe prcscllt report and the 1at,:r onc of Dr l.lorrr:lrtlt r.,6trlcl i;e providc<linurcdirrtely to Director 0cp wi th .ppropri.;rte rcr:onrncrr<latiorrs. Visit tr:0tta adou ou 'l'hrotrgh the kindness Dr lloucheE ;rnd nryself to Ehc l.'}r:ogr:anmle. A lisE of anncxe..; to this report. 3 23'27 .hl1 I 982 'of Dr I'hilippon arrilngemcnLs r{ere macle for meet rvith all Lhe senior professional staff of particiPants and the agenda ate aLtaclled ils for zrud l-reatmcnt o[ 1-lre for<rst:irerrs i.sl necessary rvh ansnr.lt-t-ing on1.y the f()rcsL fc'rl,t of onchocerci'asis aclclitiorr, ttrer:e is arr area on the \'lliitc Bandama soubr:euse appears to exist of tulticlr orri-y a vcl:y licv icr.r of nr:csent status of control A l-rlvior\i \Jas p.l:cscntcd of tlrc prcsent statrts of inset:tici-tl t: t:rltrtr:ol ol)or..lIjops i1 Lle Programnie. 'jicnrepirr:s is sti11 bci.ng rrsecl in tllc e;tsLeru z.onr: o{. the 1'rog,rar)lttlcl as rue11 as in Upper Volta and }'lali ' In cri scrl}ce, tlre itrr:rr of rcsi.s;tance is restrictecl to the AtlanLic Ililsin of the J'vory Coast in a virrually purely !.llu.r}$ _loiblgrEe area ruhere both temepltos and cllorphoxi* rL"i.tan""-I-a?-d'"v"1."ir"d. l:!. 11-14 (Teknar) is being used up Eo t|e present on the Upper Banclama and other rivers. llorve'rcr, due to tire rcry high discharges of rvater in the Lor'rer lJandama and other rive::s apcl Lhe fornrulaLion problems rvhich exist wirh the present forrnulatj-on of Tr:l<nar:, tirese r,iater courscs are stil-1 being treate<l ruitir teneplros. I^Ihi1e tltis lrrs little ef fect on soubrcnsc, populations it stil1 contr-o1s ury of Lhe s;]r.,irrrna species Urceclinp! irr sEreams in thc foi:est al:eas anrl prcvctrLs rc.ilvirs;io1 6f t5e savarlrla. Use of '[elinar is virtul t.ly liurited t-tl areas of \ral-cr J. lovr of ui) to rggnl3/sec as tlre aircraf t cilllttot economica l ly carry aud ;rpp Ly, t:lre )-ar:i1e quilntities neeclctl f or clischarge 1:IlIes airove tlt.i.s. T t i s l iirol y tlrat Lransmission of f orcsl orrchocercias; is c:ontinues 1:ttt- irr lrs lltrrch :tFj 1to gc:rrl ryi: Ies icrls are causcrl lly this f orm, tltcr si.trration i r; ttot c.otrr;ider:cd r:r:it:icrrl.. .1.1 aclclirion, rvith tltc lti:girtning of tlrc rlt.i ny sjLlas()ll , i-ttittvils;ion pro5f.ir11; lavc occrrrr:ed both j-n the rvcs t-ern ancl r:astc:rt.l I)or tiotll; of the Pr:o11r:;'uitnle , as has occur:red in the pas l-, and , ils s Eate<l above , 1r i1;h clcLts i' t ics of ,.r,iubr:r.:nse. rentain in thc lcx.icr rivcr va11cy's \,Jllcl:e rcsii-"Eltnt:r-r r'ttttl t,rriiit-,rioiilrr-oblerns comb ine to i)revenl- their cf l.erctivc c<>nt-rol- " j 9tJ2 r+as clr,.rr:rrcIr:r:izccl by iirr car1.y onsct ol- tlre rairry st:asoll artil arr ctir.iiill-lr e ar1'y onsct- clf 1:rcediug. \.Jlrother or not concern xql]ll,:r3I1g popu1atiolrs are tr i-s a pr:int in question. In rvhct:c a strai.n of zoophilic 1or,r ircrcentagc seem to biLe man. lir:om Ehis <iiscussion iL r^ras clcar that a much cl-oser: relationship must bo clrlrvl betrueen the epi.<lcmio1ogi.ca1 studies ancl the vector cotrtrol strrdies to rlr:Cerurine just r+hat arcas shoulcl' or should noL be tr:eated. 'Ihc rclationsliip is not, unfortunatety, adequate at p1:esent' Itcrs;is;tarlce and cross-resistance status of S soultrense PoPulati orrs Dr D. Kurtalc is responsibte for stiltus of'S. soubrense populations in chcclis of the resistance status of S. checlcing on thc resistance as rue11 as for Ehe Periodic clamnosutn and sit:blrnum in the the routinc the fie1cl s qu amo s Llln , s llvar)n a . For Eunately , E.here is no ind icat ion rvlt;tl-stlever of any 1.er;sening of /s susccPL ibility anton[] thc savanni] ripec j es arld tenreplros continuci:i Lo provi.de cllIircl.y si]risfac. l-or:y collLr-o1.. l.rt fact, the nrcrr ol. t:csistitr.rr:e has: pot c)il.cin(lcd s.irrce I'tarch 19[]l and no rrcsistoncc hrls b,rr:n rcl)()rl:cd irr 1.1;rli or g(:)lcr:il LIy rtr'lr:tlt of l-lte Ivr:ry Cortr.l L bttrder. lllre rcs.iults oE s;lrli()r)i)L i1>i 1i-ty tes L$ in Cltana are l1ot. easy to iu[crp::et- and clcarly nrtrst be rc-done anrl re-clrr:cl<ccl . Dr Kurtak has providcd soruc cxtrelllcly interesting informrlLiorr on tl)e cltanlleli in chlorphoxinr rcsisLirrrcc 1.o11or.ring thc ccrlsation of trcat:urent rvi.th th;rl ltrvi.cide. Thi.s is shorvn in a graph rvhich is attirched as Anrrcx III. Thc nrai-n si.gnificance of tiris firrding is that the Level of clrlor:phoxim rcs i.s tatrco has clecliired to such irn extenE on the [,orver: l]anclama LlrirL i L may r,vcr1. 1 prove possible to effeel-ivc1y ulilize t,hat i.ns;ccticide agrrirr for a per.- j orl of ti.ure. It \{as srrggestcd to Dr Philippon lrud the Vcctor Control. Unit. tlutt r.;hcn the river rises to tire exrenL that ll . t. can no longcr be usecl , t:reilLment be started again r,rith chlorphoxiur.l'here is litr1e doubt that thi-s r',i11 again setect for rr:sistance but evcn if the insccEicidc can be u.scrcl for trvo m,lntlts this rvill ctrable the Progr;rmme to achieve control for tltc rr:ittt'i-irrli:r of tire rti.ny seflsor'r and keep sotrbrr:nr;e densities rt a 1or.r levcl . lflri Ie tirere is sonrc el.emcllt of risli irr tlr i :; ;rp1>roach rt:l r Lcrl tojust liorv rapidLy the reselection nay occur, nevcrttreless in viers of t-ire iurpossibili Ly of us ing tlre exis t irrg 'Ielrnar f orrnrrlation aE times of lrigh water rli-scharge i t is cons;idcred r.:hat this rislc i s justif iecl. l)r: I(urtlrlc a1.so provj.ded inl.ornration on tlrc ci'oss-rcsi stan<:c :;taLus of all cornirourrds for r'rh j.ch hc has lra<l samples - OP, py]:eLhroicls, clrJ,orinatc(1- hyrjr-ot:iirlt<;ns; arr<l car:bamel:es. '.llhc t;lbrrlar lisLin;,, 6[ tlrcse rcsu] ls j s attachcd as Anncx IV. Thc resul Ls; clearly conf i r-nr that a ltrlnil)er rrf OP contPounds such as bromofos, chl()rpyrif os-methy1., pi rinii.plros-rncrtlrvl :rnd etriiuIos, alitc)llg ot-.lrers, have too l.riglr a 1evc1. of crross-Lclsi.stimr:<: t:o be ccttt:; i.clered for f ur:ther tcsLing. Ile consiCered gl1;1 1; E[is rvas ec1ga1. 1y tire casc with rnosst r:f tire tenrcphos fornrulal-ions eveu those rvith syncrrgists. \tlrj. l e tirerc t,,as littl.e c!..oss-resistance rui.th con',irouncls srrch as citrbaryl antl tttcl-lro><ychlor both of tlresc lurve alr:eircly becn tes;Lccl in thc I- icltl , cat:bilr:y1 shor,zed ef f cct j.veness at hl gh dcsages anrl ntctho>:ychlor r.,,rrs fi:uttd i-nefl-ective. Based on the r:csults of Dr Krrr:tali's crclss-t:esistancc sLrrd iLrs i.t t.,r<.ru1d scem most wol:thr.;tri.1e f or the Vcctor Corrtrol tlnit l-o test di.clrl oi:vos, azatnet:iplros, possibly t-e-trachlorvinplros and trichlorpiron anc)lrg the ol-rs, propoxur among the carblun.ltes ancl pyrethr:oi.ds. Otircr cariranratcs arld ()l'{S-3002, as..rr:11 as it number of i.nsect developnrerrt inhibitors are not inclrrrled on tltis list but are knorvn to have 1ittlc or no cross-resistancc i.n r:e..i i s tan t S . :s_(,$l:en!c ltoprrl aL i rtns . .!.ri111r:-L i ci clc testini3 In the coul:se of an infornral consultation on the development and evitlttrtion of Si.rnul irrn larvicides rvhich ruas hel.d in Genevrr floru 1[:-IB ]'larch, 1982. an ol:1lilili zatiou lioEedurc \ras a1;rced rrpon. The iurportar).ce of l:av in13 al. L s;rtrtpl.es comc through a singl.e sources, i. e. VIIC ancl all inf ornt:rIion being returned throui3h this single..source to errsure that all rosrrtts are prorirpLly providecl to Lhe indus try was agreed trporl . Urrf ortunatel.y, sorne confr:si.on htrs arisen and correspor)dence has continrred betr,reen sorrle persolrs in the Proglratnme arrrl the manuf ac turcrs at timcs t-h rclrrgl'r the ini t i at ive of the mauuf acturct:s and at Limcs throuJ;lr that of tl're l)rogranune staf f . llhe di f f i c:u1ti.es t,riri.ch ltarve errsuecl f rorn this havc a1r'carlv bcen nrcrrti.onr:rl at the beginiiing of Lhe rc:l)ort. It \,Jrls; .rilreecl tltlt in tlre f uLr-rr:e thc iir:r:tnilemel.rts ortLljucr-l itl [lte r c]ttcd rLlport r,rc,rrl.<1 be sl:r j.ct1.7 ;rtllicrc:d tr) fiorl i,rrrLhcr: th;rL 5c()l)ics of c()t'L-.cspo6dcnce r(:lilLod to tlrc s;tnlpli.ng, incl'rrifi:rg tittr rtrsttlts' rlr.)s11rt-c:|r ru",ript lnrl provis;ir.rrr oI resrtlts, rvould bc ccliricci eitltc:r frgm VUC t.o l.:he l,rclgrAnrine or vi.ce vrrrsa. I'lhen indtlstry rcpl'cselltati ';cs; conl-ilct t.ire. ocl,staff clirclctly a notc "L:o thc Ii1et'copiecl to il]. 1. cot'tc.t:t:trccl rccording tlrr: ri isi:ussi ons is esscntiat. 1i<1rilt11y, IR',IO shoul d 1<eep thc OcP arrcl vllc j,rrf orm,:cl of uny such discttssions. I)rs; llfi j.l ipporr, Crtrnervald, Jarnrll>acl<, I(urtali ancl I'lr Ocran, as rvtr1t as Dr Gui. l- lct of T.Ii.TO reviervecl a11 tlle pl:oclucts t,rh j clt ltave llcelt received, thci,r: <.1;rte oI rcce i.pt an<l r.rhcLher Lltcy ltave beon dtrspiltched to IR'llO, Bo.;r1.lii or to Dr Jatnnback at Larnah:tt:a. A con:;i,der;r1ll.e antclttttt o1- r"rot:l< lras ltecn c:lrrt'iccl orrt ar:d tlre Otrtstancl in1; t:c:i;tlLLS a1:c rrs; fclll or+s ' Di. .Jtrri,tl,;rc1i is c:rrr:yi.n1i otrt tcsts at a f it:lc1 r;L;rL j orr csL:rl;l isilrr:<i i.it T.i-,rr.,.Llltr-it i rr tht: Ii.epult1i.c o[ 'J'r;1itl . 'l'he te:sts; ltt:c clrricd ortt: :r;',rli'irr;t in,;t.rctit:iclc-suscepribic S.. soy]a-e11s iropul.ations; ' 'lhe instal lrrt-iorr arrcl e,1rri.p:licnL startcd irr JanJary 1982, bttt the 1al>olatory only 1-recltr'tr: or.,c.rat ional i.n mici-Junc. Tests arc cnrriecl otrt i n the laboratol'y i'rl trouglts i:rtd i.n rnirr.i,-lr,trttcr:s irr rivers. h consider.able djscussj'olr ensuecl as to Llrr: sr.ritirb j-1.i ty of 1aboratory scr:eenirlg in trotrglts aud rescrrrrrt-i'clrt i'rs tcr t-ht: rLillll icabi.f.it.y 0t- the restt.l.Ls olltai.nr:d \,/eIe expl:essclrl lly a trrillrilcr- of p;.rr'Iicipartts. Dr .Tltmirllack, on tlic otlicr 'hancl , f <'lL: tlrat tlic s;cri:crrrilrg t,-,r:,, ic(l ogL j.n the lrrborato::y 1>rt.rvi.11ecl arr cf f ccti.vc iuclicaLion ol' tlie 1ilcly cfi:icrrcy irr tlte fieLcl . llrtl,orttmatcly, 1llrtcl<f1y PopuLeLiorr:; itre lot'l i, Lhr: Lanial<ar:t ar:tln ancl they havcr ltacl to be brotrl\lrt in bo[h for Lt:ough toiitsi ;rpcl f or: lri p i-i;trtter tcsrs by hcl i coptcr f t:trtn Llrc AIalipltittil ;lri';t tcl tire s;rrrrtlr. l'ut:tItcrtrlorc, ],1r 0crlrn hrr:; onty rcccttLll' ctrrnll 1.t:Lr:tl t:ott:lLI:11(:Iio11 of ti!() 1r) irri-ilrrtt(rrs t.rrrr.l thc f ir:st [:cs;Is <:arricd otrt: t',rcre llt)l' s,1 I-irri-;tt'l'trt:)t it trtlj t- j.,; ltppr.rt:cttL Ehat larger qrlaIlti L j,cr; of ruatcr r'; j- l l h;tvc to ltc tr::ild f ot: nri:.lirr1,, Ioi't,trtIlrtod rltatcr:ia.l. llcriu1,l prssc:tl throul;li t-lrt' nri-ni-iltlt:Lel:s ' i)rr:,;1>i.te Lhc lrbovc shortcrinrirrl,,s tlrc f olloru iLtg t:el;u1ts ltavc bc-trlt obt'ltiuecl _9,-rt_lo(l Iri 1 r,r oP irr ,.\_liL 39_\ pr:ovicled by LIit-sui Toiltsu, Japal], Itits Provicletl c:<t:ct l c:r'rL r:ul ts r+it-5 11 LClOO Lf 0.0(r ppnr/l0 urinsi (irs contl'rat:c<i t+it-h 0.05 ppnr/10 mins r tcrncltlos) . 6th an<1 Ttlt i.nst;u:. larvae w<.:rc test.ecl . Irl l)r: 'Innttrbaclirs iniorr Lllis conrpouncl slior-rl.<l lraue a high priority for frrrIlrct'' testrng Llte rivcrs as so f ar orrly trotrgh and nri.ni-guttcr ttrr;tirr11 ltrts llccn done ' Ilc Lhr:::',v r:h1or, IlC 302 rrrsults \r'cr-e ve' tr:sLiug of this O.l(r7 ppm/10 rni are frou l-hc 1a was tes tcd botll i.n the lailtlrlttory and the r i ve:r ;lnd ry disappointirrg. Dr Janrubrtcl', clid not 1:ec.omrncruci frrrbher conipOuncl aS az.lmcthiphclS crtuscci l OOZ clctilr:lttttrru L at l-r. "nd 71% <letachurent at 0.0(r pprn/10 trtitrs. '['lrcr;c r:esttlts boratory orr1.v irnrt fur[hcr: rj-vcr: LcsLing nttrsL bc done. Chemir:al s (;r c-ar:1:atttlEc) r'rltl-; tcs tecl irs rr "lOil li(l itt tlre laborittorV ancl thcre r.II1S orrly .r 507J d,.itrrcltmerrL. consider this conlpoLltld \,7o1:Lhl,'hil c tcs ti n11 I'urLhcr ' l'It: L;tcr r,:tt:e froru SrunLtomr: 'ppm/ 1o urins in1..3 Dr Jarnnbaclc did noE Arrtrlro, [C i0Z isr 'lles l-s in tlre 0.4 ppm/10 m irr Dr: Jantnl>a it 11e\\, contpotrnd atrrl tlcr'/ chcrtical J.'},rLrLlp provitl e tl by Cyar"ranricl ' 1al>orntory r"rcrc. clrrr:i ed out ltt 0.2 ppnr/ l0 ntitts; :.trlr-1 ,irrs . Completc f.i11 ,ras rtot ur-lti.clrcil , ac:.ti.orr \rirsi Sl.o'',' i'lnd clits o1>i.nion this cornpouncl clocs not \./irrlallL frri:Lher testing' 6I ttl:ricil Dr Jltnrnback to cxl;r:tl itc tlrc rivcr-s;r:irlc Lrill-s o[ 1:; r1;rp), ofLltc litr-rr;t Protttising r:orrty>orrnds ls; pos;sib1e bcfore hc comp1c:tcs lr i_s sr r:rvicc t';i tlr Llrc l)l:r)(lranlnt(t .in Novclnher 19ll1l . It is c1ear. [5aL incltrs tr y lrirs r:csPotrdt:cl in a vr:r:y f;rvottrrtlrlo rrrilnncr to the Organizationrs r:cq,r,,,,L for rnore cat.rtl ir-1,:lLc ct:ntpoutltls; every cf f rrrt- slrould theref ore be nurcle op olr: part Lotest these irri raPicl 1y as possib'Lc, asccrtain tlreir eff3c_a'cy agliir:;t s;rls(lcl)t-ibl e rrnd especially irrser:Licicle-::esistant poprrlat lons alcl tlren providetlte resttl'Ls Lo tlre industry. sorrte of thc compounrls rvhich appci,rr:1,r:onrisipg arc 'll rcedy aviri. lltb1e connnercia l1.y anrl could probrb l-y be q,-r itt, 1-v lncl rt:rttl i. l',' Prtll>ared in suitable folnnrlat.iorrs rJhi;h corrl.cl tircn bc utilizeclin thc rivers for large-sca1e triats. 'llhc rrsc of the rrini-grrttcr:s for prelimirrilr:y l-cstiuJ; i-n the Tvor y CoastIta,; i;::.:r'iorrs 1-y bcen successf u1 . Ariv prnblenrs i.1 rlreir: rrse in J,;,r*lilrra r;ltorrltl l.rc cnrcfu)-ly - arrd urgcl-lLl.y - studi-ecl . ft s;liould also bc asc:crrai_uecl i f liror;c' rni rti.-1;utters nre c-[f ct:tive in tlre sc::ecning of a] 1 cl iisrlrrs of(:{}j li-r\)rlll(l c. iit'etl Icss to say it t.',rttl.<1 l;c lrosL ur]1.()l-r:llD;ttc if arrv colrpr.lrri]c1 ',,rLri^i r'::c.!r,il,.rl ]rt, titc'se tesLs itri,-l IirLr.:t: f ourtrl tr) lrc s;tr.i L;rlt] r:. .l.t- is ltol;rtrlL-lrril [.it,:t:t-r ir;, trrcl t.rilI i,l,-:, tlrr c:losir.qL c()()f)cr.Li ir,rr .l;ctrscor-r I)r: crrijlr.tt-, Iji],oiiitrr;rlr,i rlrrcl [:lrr) ]'l:r)ilrtn)inc st;tt_t' jn.i rnltt.r-rtrinl_i tlrt.t rrrirti_1;rrl.t.r:t.ll .ltr,\..t Lt{_)ur.i Lr.trcl..ctlt'or: l1r: ()c.-::;rnts rr:ic . I havcr ]:eslLrl:vi] Lions as to LIrc usefrrlt"]css of Llre labrrr:lttot:1,.-sr:a1.ej r rrur',lr tcsjLs be itrg c:c>nducIcd b;, ])t: .I;rrnnback rrs i rrg 1tr.i rnrrrily al <:r.,jrc, Iilol.rlt iorrs o1. cotnpottn<ls. I rgoul.cl <lorrbt thaE thc urr>clc.: <>I acri or-r is sirni_l;rrLo tirr: liC fornnrl,:rLions ,r.r., tirc iiui.clancc 1:roviclcrl lry Llrcse t:csl:s, t)t. sjotuclt:tll:r;itli.rt'ltilJc e;:Pctrsc in ti.nre lrrrrl ilorrcy, ii; unce.r.L:irin. I worrl.C irl.:,io rlrgc t-lr,'rr: l)t.' .lll;iirl-,lrclcrs tcsl-s rvit:h vlrr.i,.rrrs cclnrltinat iotrr; of cltrrnricii.l l; lrr: rlcrier:rcrclI'ot- [.]l':r trt't:Jr.:ttt. l t. i s r.loubl-f rrl r,;lrctlrcr: tircse L(:r; r.s coul rl lrav. or.]\r i1c:traI .il ic l'l ;.rP1l'l icaL iort ertrl , in arty cvoll[, ilr:o prolri:rb1.y inrl>e<l irr11 t5c Ir: i.rrl s e jCirl;''':"r-ii:lll.Y ltr';ti llrbl,c: contpr:uncJ i;. Dr .Janurblrclc slrorrlcl als;o sirrnr:llrr.izrc Llrel'r''rrllL:; ':l .l itis t.'r.rrlt irt rvriti.uJi irs soon irs p()ssi1,ir,, pirrt-.i crrllrrly t.lls L(r torjts r.,,ir i,:lr liriv,-r lrccu crrr:r i.r:tl ollL iu t lre ri vcl:s. l)r: ilrii-llctrs Lr:stiitJi ;,rt l RilO, ilourlie I t lr;rtl 1:een agrccd thrrt for: tlre tirne bcin3. l)r Guill et at tli,l,(), ilorr;rl<(:,r'roitltl collccIltrilte ott the tes;ting of nerr formr.rlatjous or 1c\..r pr.-6cl sct_s of .]i' -i 1111!-rgi-gr]:Ll II-11r provide.d by tlie indtrs;Lry. since the Air: i I r:c:v j.cluoi' I ;Lt't"'i ci.,l .i.rr1'1 aL l.ittl Pro;iranuntr, l)r (lrri I 1ct- | s; 1;r:ouir lrrs l,.t s tt:cl 1r!) pi:911gc Isf t:o.;i Slolvol', i.c. R. t. II-14 fror,r r,li.f Icrcrrt- st-agi:s ol. i:crrnrcut;rt.i t,rrr trndtrir;ltt: Iritlt;rl:y prl+.1 eri of l].t. Il-1,1 .. Tiresc have a hililrcr pr-:rcc:nLa;lt) of rlc: l: i"'r: irt1lt:,:,li enL itrtd r'rren-lcstcrl rrL O.1r ppnr rrrd o. B ppm ir"r-,rj gilve a conr,l cteli j ll. !llrou.[<1 l.lre irritiirl pronri,se of thc pr.iur;rry 1lr,rr,,,6crs; or: ',1rrj.,,,3r-y irr:ocluct_s,,ltolrl trrr.l it is Po.!;sib1e Etrat tircse couIc] be rrscrl Lo trcilt forrr: tj.nres rnr-,rcrivi:r ''ritli tlte sillnrl quantity of nurter.i.a1s. 'lhi,s jnfornrat:ion is s;Lr:ict1y cr()ni-iilertt.ia.l. rrnd nltl..tL nol- be rclr:nst:d. Ir- rr,ill, lr.i+cvcr, 1r.: lrrrr:rr,;s;;rry forllr" iirln Icr tir-rLerntirrr: if Ilrcse ,::irrr bt: irrorltrr:ecl coriuner:cirtl, 1y. !ii:srr.l.t:s llLve been 1;i r.r"itlctl iu Lelrular: fortn tcl \Ii)[i , btrL a r:onrplcte ,..,rr:i. ltc.n rcirr-rrt s;!rorrlcl t;r: l)l'(.)\.'irl ecl ;ts sjoot) as; possi.1l1c. ,l,lri.s r,,orlt nr,ry 1,ra,.,,., inrllor:trrnL jrllil ii:rrti.ons forii',i''t,ir'''i-D15 frrIttrc [ol'rrrullrtions oi'li.r. il-.[1+ even I,lr<:i].it;rti,g iL,.., u.,et sc._.r;.r] lrsro. lt i:i tlrcr:olor:c vcry i.mpol'l-;rnt- l-lutt Dr Crr.i l. li:L cl isr:rrs;s t-lr, i',:r'; rrl l-l; r,.,riL[ Llrt: r,nrrrr[.;tctrrrct' lrnd VBC r,rhr:'n lrc: ir; in lir.rrope ,'rrrrl t-li;tt a r:c,nrpl t:l]t] \.rri L'.tri'r i'(llrr)l'L'lrr:1,1-'1.r1ri<lt:cl aS il 1)aSiS iOr;t tleCi.S;iou ott lrtt:u-,,e t.rol:l<. / t'rrlr lL.lrll irr t'lri.) lrii() r.rlt 'l'trlln,'tt' c.irrn()1- trc us,:c1 r.ti t-h thc i)resc)lr L 'Icl<rrar f ornritla t lc:rn . I lirr: 'l',:lllr,'tt' Lc-rrinrrlrtLiorr oI S;rrrdo:; Clrernir:l.l r; is;, ilt, ])l'cri (il)1, Lirr: rtnly f or:r,iul riL j irn oi IJ. t. il-14 cornner:cia11y rrvail.abl.r.r f or: rrsc irr Llre l)i.'().ir:ar:r:11rl ltt,,ririsL irrse<:tiilAc*rcsistlrnt S. sortbt-crtsc poplrLirt-ions. ln tlte oriliirrlrl. t(]:.i Lri in tlrc illt';ttrrtii Iiiver: ,rn,t --1atei-- tn it,,: l,6rirl-;a, restrIL.i \./(,rr-r Iorrrrcl tcr lro r:;.rrlc1lnirt, at lr:ast t-he cquivalcr'rI of temephos r,ritlr nr) \/is.i i:1.r, ol.ftct orr lr()rr-"t itt:'l()t t-rt:igrtuisnrs. 2OZ of iu,rtcr: ntusL be adrlt:d to L]rc: inr1r.rs i:ri rr I i)rr)ductj,ll r:i'ilci'Io ol,rtrtirr adeclulrtc dispcrsioi-rI r+i.Lirorrt L]ri.s thr:1.r:orlrrcl :.;i.nlis Jlri,,ri L irniut:tl i.atcly;rnd tro c.at:t'y is aclri-cvecl . 1.2 Iii:i:cs of this pror,irrcL/r.rlt-cr utii;t-ui'e rlrrst: be rrlrplicrcl .[r,i: tr;rclr ,,1'J 1r!' r'it','t: \.JlLLrr (i.e. I Iitt:er r)J: t'rtc:Live" ulaLt.ri;tl plus t).2 Iitr'r:r-l oJ. r,:rit,'i') r,;o ilsj ttt olrtlrin a coilcrlu[. I-'llLion ol- 1.6 1r1,rrr ttf 'I'c'l<trtrr- for: li] rrrir)rrl.r-ts of i'i,-,irt: l'lr:,r.1 I c,.ll. iir a r.i..., 1.r \'/it()si c fl,lr.,is; /t t)r) rtr3/s; t:co (rr rtr', l'rrlrrsrrrrl i1u,r,ll i.i.,, .irrt'irt1i t-lr.r t:rrir)y scits(rr)) 1, liil I lLr:cxi <ri 'l'rtlirr:rr/r..'rrl.(,r: nli .i.rir:c irrri:;l-j, , .ir-rr,i1ri,,i ttltov,-, t irii tltr1.,,r:L lrr-rrr:tl ilr li s; i t-cs. 'i'lr ir; trr-ttvi rlrrst rr r,,r.rt. r,rr:lj()i) .-.r .' (\l rr,,iir(l lO lrin illi coli])lu.'ri)d L() it rgcrL iirr ,lfi()n (:ill'ry ()L l':c,i11',i0 i.,ri ilii.ir :: i.':iiliriros;. ,\s a f r.lrthcr colll)irr:i:;ou 0.1. ppnr/nr3 ol. Lr-:utepltosi r..ras titi: t.:u:lr,{.rl- c()nr'rrirLi'tr t i-oit rr:r1ui rc:d drrritrJl tlrcr rirrl settsort ltrrr.l orrl.y C.Ot:, lrlrirr/rr ) rlirr iit1i i lr,,' '..'.r l- I;r.ritsrrrl , i. c. ntole tlr;rrr I0 t irnc:s I c.ss Lluir.r Llic c1u;,rrrL i t.,, r, I "r:c:r,lv t.o il.,rrrr 'i'r:ilrrar ncctlr:d. Cltrar:1.,, [1it, ircf-ivc nraLr-,r: i:'tl colLc.,r'ri- (ri.ll ') irr ilirr l)l'r rrr)i'].,' ;r,,r:lilrr1rl,.: ll'cl,:unt-' SLI:-tl-rr'rt-ii()r)--(t()u(tcttLt';ilt: is t-or'r 1L:'rr,. 'ilril; i:t i':,,", i:l lt',' l;irr,rii.i'i-rrirrlt: \.il)()p ()11,, t:rrtti;irir:1-si Ll;ti.. i11: l; 1tt'lt-r., L.r1li 1r,',rr:it,,,, rti' [.lri: "l,,r ,,':; .]()r)rr lrt: l.ir:t,pItrt'-.; t:si-'11 lri, t-lrrr r:ottt-t.'i1(]ir)l-, \/illirr,i ,',..i-;'i'r';iii , ,:i'(r irr)1._/ lli;: t i il t',',;. 'lllrc 'l'L-r!:nltr 2X c:.1|,..t:irrtt'lillL.t ftrrllruiirL i():l \.Jl)i-t:lt ir;r:; l;r , ,r lr1'cvirl,::t1 Lr) Ii,.) l't-'r'll-;trti;ile i.r)tl tcstirri; ir; l:L!l)(rI'ttttl ly CvL'n ul(.rt'(-r vi.l-i(totirj rlriri r lr,.: iLlr't-uit:;od (.',,,1, r'ill.r:LL:i.ott is u,,t. litrtely Lo I)r'()\,ir! c a si1;nif i.t:irnt- 1.o11 isi-ic r',,1i,'i' f t,r: [.irt: I)rr)!.r.rl]rle. l-n f;tct rvcL rieastlrr ltpPlicat it)r) of i'chruri' i.Lr tiie utrl)rrr f it,,,,'s; ',.'i, l.l- lr;Lvc Lo (t(,'aajc t",1tr.:rt tvilLr.)l: dj.sjcl);u:ge rllLos c:ic:rretl ir[)[)l'(,jlirrtat-t:ly 2t1i,,.,1]l':;cc .lsj hit..; ;il,rclacly ocr:rrl'r'ctl i.n tlre j.orv 1)(ll:t ions i;-[ [:lre rir,,,.r:r;. .'ioirrcl 11rt,.:r;t-.i ons; r.rcre rrti.scd by ttrc projc(:L staff as t.o r,,iroLlrcr arli:qrrat-t: iri:'or,,i:liorr r.r;tr; lllitrlr in tlrc rro\J corltracE \.rj.th Viliing for a .l i]rger [rcJ.i.coptct: r.riLlr [!reaIcr ;ttttl rtri crlttitte carryiug cap:rcity f or use ill the r.re t season appl icrr Li.ons f rour Aullus;t Lhrorrgh Lo 0ctober. A lerge capacity hel icopter coul(l als;o f Ly lnal-oriat into dunrps so that spraying, f lights coul cl be uiade f ronr poi.nl-s clos;cr t.o the iu..;ccticide sl-ore lcsscning the nruubcr of reLurrrs to basc for irtsc'i:ticidc and \,/aLcr. If suclt a provis.i.on is lo_t includcd in Llrtr ncrv conLl:rIct (and r'-t.i.ri reporteclty not) a1.1 the pro.i cct stafJ. ;irld p.ir-Licu1.rr rly Lltos; t: irsisloci.ated r,,i,th aeriill oi)elati.orrs arrd VCIJ i.rr:ged that sr.tcli irr:ovi.si.trn bc l..i r-utLy ntade bci <;r:c nt: gotiaLions on thc rretv r:ontrar:L irre f itra I i i:.crcl . 1,,'hi-l c a lltrlir:r f ixt:11 r.;i,n11 aricraf t is usr-r.l. rr1 the "v j.11 c-.vi te" rpp l. ic:rt i crrs 8Dr: Iil1,,l>r'rtrlcl I s l)1:o8,t'ilnlnle at Al<clsombo, Chana lL r,rits ;r5;rcc<1 thaE Dr l)r: Itlt-lrcclith, r.rouJ.cl prepare on tlie role of Lhe Alcosorlboiusccticj.cle resistance ancl , I)r Rayboul.d I s r,lork is ccntrecl ar:orrnd an attempt to estaS r rsrr ase1 [-pr.:rpettrating colony of fuyr]lrrm.d.rnrnostrm anci t6is rvork has ]:eenJ1'ri'uii ott for some sevcrl y"o."-i*.-*rE-i"ilr"o" Dr nrytor-rlcl hinrself ancla rttttitllcr: clf nirtiotral staf f . rt shotrlcl be kept in mi.nd whr:u cons icl cri,;;Dr: Ii;rvborrlclrs programme trrat Ocp suppor:t has also been gi:ven toPL:of essors simtttons ancl Edrnarr at thc University of I,{assachuscrts. T}r j.s8l:o.1p r'ras lrtrLe to establish a colony of s. ,.r.rlr,r*, obr:ain maLirrJ; i, tlic1;rbor:ar.rv a.cl r.r;rs able to rteep thi.s goiig *;.ili,, in""i;;";;,r;,::arion.rrt Altc'sonlb. Dr: Ravhoulcl tr""o"ilod i,, irr"oiiing a .sorrbr.ellse co'l.ony tlrrorrgh toii6, btrL the egg batr:ires obtained f rorn this ge,",er:"ti.on di.ci not 5a t,c6 a,<ltlte r:r'r lony died out. Dr Raytrould proposiccl to att-cnrpt rnass col.onj.z*tionIt1;rii n ittld ltar; rLlqucstecl that Prof essor sinmons visit l-rirn to ;rssi.st- i.rr Lhei.inpLo.rcntc,n t o f the techniqrres f or tir is . Irt irdditi'cltt to the above, Dr Iiaybotrlcl has srrcceeded jn cr-oss i.rtr; -ii' .-iititLl:-L-':-';e rri'!l] q. ::-qllxtgstl, but rrrost of the insr:rninat:ccl Ierrur] rrs d ir:cl:"r'l rrllile s:or';c dirl ovillo;it tl;" cr:orir..l urrs no(. frrr-t:ile. ().lv r :;i,lilcrlr' '1 t:ll .1. e1111s; did -lr,r ii:h an<l i.t. pr:ov,:r,-l p,-rss;il.r1(, I () rcirl- tlrr,::o r r.r :rrl rr l ts; rrrtit'ltr': i];';;1111 ittat:-i 0[ of t-lrc chronros6111-1., shclr.rcrt] tlrat j.L r.,rrls ir;ilt:t:cl ;r ir. , ..:;.I)r li:r','llorrld has al.so done an amourrt of si.nglc gcrerati..n rearirirl i.or:idc,t jf icari.o, lurnoses and sonre rearing in "r;;:,;,;;;-;;..;=;;;cipt ibilj rytcst-.i.rl1i' rL cnsltt:cl , ltotvever, thut thc susceptibi lity tcsting ,rt, the s;orr1.,rcr:se .i, tlrc vici-,ity of Akosombo r,ras,ot done by Dr llirybould but hytllrarr;rirrr national group. Ii:onl tltc cii'scussion rultich ensuecl it was clear: ttrat the pri.ori.Lir:s J or: Dr: l{ayboulcl's prclgrilmme, rvhich werr: cs tabl i..slrcd scven y(,ra):13 irljo , arcc1 car Iy uo longer tlrc sante. rt r.ras n()t evident lror,r Dr Ilayborrl.rl , s rsorhon col'otri zation c:olrl<1 a.ssist in providirrg any sor rrt-ion tr: l.lre ,116J-cmof rt:r.ri-s trrrcc, cross-rcsistancrr, or dorrr.,1e-rlsistarrce; s.,ne o; t,1reparL: i'c ipants rhortglrt that tlre succes;sf rr1 reariug o.f sjruhrcrrsc r,,orrl.cl proviclca bctLcr pi'cturc of the genetir:s of thr: resisr",r"" r;;;-rri",,ir., purposesfor the 1lr:oposcrd Ilestern Extensi.on. Dr ].louchct observccl that tlrc effort tor:o1<:,i:re had,rigirrally been srarrc<r t";;;;;;ilon rrj.tr., rrre rcsrirrg ofchetitothelrapeutics in arrimaLs irrfectecl by the reared blaclcf I ies ancl he c:ou1tl1)ot se(: l-he 1:ur1lc'lt;er in further,lttcmpts at rearirrg s. sorrllLcn:ie or arry otScrcytotyl)c as all adcquat-e animal moclel. is noru ar"il.irT" ffi;- ro, clrcrrro thet:al)eu t i c r,rorlc . Rayborrlcl , ruith Llre assi.st,'r:e of Dr I(rrr:trrk a pal)cr f or srrbmi ss i.orr an<j c:ons j.dcr;rL j.on oflal)oratory ancl its rclation to strrrlios or_rto a lcssicr extent, r.tn host pr:cferrrn(.:cs of ar.rti the EAC e . sotrllrerts;e. i'lcvcrtlrelcss, it c{rr1[- i,,.,i r.r1; thc cIfort cotupl c:i. \{tr j l.c Llrr:rcr difficrr.[t to scc r..,hat gain estalr'l i sh tr colony of: an.r,, c:erl-itin11, .y.,1,rc in doini1 tlrcre ruotrl rl lrr: in onc of. thi: Si . <l;trnrrosrrrl IS Lo IlCnCrr;l t i \)11 fcitr i.nfl,r; i n1,1 r: t.lr ir; r:.rrrl rl c;rs; i. lv lre done rviLh l.airor-rrtory f aci t i t, ir,.$ f ar lcssr oliil)()lrill.e L:lxrrt l:lrir:;t: ;rt r\lior;ornbo. In 1 ight of Lhe grctlf prioi:iti es; irI L]rc r',':;ist-at]cc pr:()1rli:r:r ;rird l-lre ut.:r:cssity to overc,rnrc it, iE altltcrrr:s t1lil f. .,t 1;r;riimrrl.i.c ittrirrirrtt:lt rl[ [:e::Lirr1; irtsecticicl cs i)l]irir)s1- rcsisl-arrt blrr:l<i. licr; r",ill. l)1:r)'.'itli) :ilot:r: i.rtlltrrnt;ttion than llenctlc stnclit:l;. 'l]hi.s; brlirr5i l-lrc r:;rsc', I iri.: I ir,:r;t: 1:lr;tL: sct:iotts corts;idcr;rt:i<ln r'rlrrtrrld be givcu trt tlrc t-i:r1lr,;1.rr: rtf i)t.' il,r','lrtlrt ld to itttot:ltet: ,.itation, p()risr ibty trl- J,:rurak;rr:a (or:' i n llrir l-rr{..rrr:e ill- ."i;tll1r;1,;1[ r';lroLr.l rl thr: Lamal<ari] st:;]t irrn lle tllrnsl-crrctl tlrcr:e). J)r: llavborr'1.cl(ltjill,l corrt-it)uc,.,.Iitlr sin13 le generilLi()rr r.'c:irr:inil l)ul in irdtlit:i,rrr it lr;o;rsi;ir;t itt rrrt,.lci:JrIj.lril ilr- i,Jork and insccti.cide l-es;ti.n11 r,.rhi.ch, L bclicvt:, r,,,:rrrlrl l>t-. rr Ilr.'()ill:cl: cr.lntrttruL:ion to solving problems of lri.11her pr:i-ority t-t: t-lrc 0(11) than Itis i'rr:cscut r.iot:1c on colotlizatj.oll . 'llhe Ahosornbo s;tation shcrrrlcl be r:1o..;c<1 or lranil ,r,l ovcr Lo l-he Gover:nment r"lf Glrana. cy t:o r1,rr)t:t-ic r.rorlc by Dr S. Meret'.I ith 1)r ]'1crcrr.1i. [[r describcd the cytogorrctic st:rrdies; she is unclct:L;r.lcir-rgj.rrclr.rrlirtl; errzyrnc barrcling pattcrns in r,I.i-l.d carrllliL f Lies, esLcrrlsci,; i.n -1. ",:l_,tlft:_tsc_ poplrl ations conrp;,rrerl r,,,i.Ltr S . sirbairrrut/daunrc,suin eIc: $llc w'i.:ittts t:o qLlinltif y tlre level s of csLcrasc in thc. cli-f f erenr .spcrc ir)s of [lrc crolrtp lcx atrd contpar:e esterase levels i.n ins;cctic ide suscci)Li-i:Lrt ;rncl r,:s i-s ti1tlc :;peci.es/st.rains. Dr: l"lercdiLh does uot thirrk thirt t-he sinlile rutosqrrito test for esterase to determine resistitnce <levelopecl by f 1'r.,f sssor GeorglrL'-ou rvil. 1 be appli.cable to b1acl<f 1y poprrlirIir:rrs. 'lhcre are biol og:ica1 dif f erenccs in soul;rcnse popul.ati.ons f r:our tl-re lrrhi.tcl Iliinclanra ::ivcr where ther:c oppcars to ire I zoophilic poiltrl rlIion. Dr lii:t:edith i-nIcnrls to study the geneLic char;rcter ist-ics of nrirrr-h i.ti ng vcl:sIrs cattle-biting f lies Eo detenni.nc if i t is possible t-o cli s;ti.ngr:islr tlte Lt,rtr sl-l'ains/populations; epiderniological strrclies shoulcl a.l.:;o be carri.ed orrt to deLermine transurission raEes in thi s area. ual- ic nronitorin Dr Parr l)r I'}augy described the aqrratic monitoring programme; hi.s rurin rcsPonsillility at the mornent is to coor:tlirrate and stimulate naLionat morl j. toriug progralnfies st.udying the ef f ects of iusccticicle llsilge olr non* target organisnts. In this connexion it ru;rs notcd that tlre Prog::ammc provides substantial financial support to this rvork, e.g. $97 200 to thc lnsti.tute of Aquatic Biology in Achimola, chana, $8000 to the -l rrsl-itut d'Ecologie Tropicale, Abidj:rn, ctc. Dr paugy rcnrarkccl thaE agri.cultrrral itrsccticides and industrial polluti<ln rc;:s having i1 sc.verl:e ef fccrL on t-he f auna of some rivcrs .' Lt rrars sLlgges tcd to Dr PauSiy that i t ru'oul c[ be inrportarrl- to prepare all arLicle documenl-ing ttrese ellIccLs; 1est the Prograrnme - r+hose aerial treatnlcnts are higirly visible - be blamecl f trr ef f ects due in reality to other causcs . It rvas aI so suggo.q t,cd ttrar a sllttllnilry pilper as an assessmenE of errvironrnental effecEs - or 1ac.lc of thcm fol. 1c.r.ring. f ive years of OCP larviciding - rvould be of inLerest arrcl vatuable. i'lo baseline dilta can be ol>t.aiucd from thc p:oposed \,Jestenr lixtcnsion unti I Lhe JCC auLhorizes this cxtens j.on; shoul<l the further rvorlr be approvecl tltcir baseline surveys wiLL be investigated. -9- i() lic, i: onr:irr.r r) rl ; r l- i r'r rt s A 1 I.Jlrilc ;r nunrlrr:r of recournt(rn(litt i()rrs ttrat the l- irne sireu t r,/ith the progriuunte r:irp1auation coulcl h:rve been obtaincrl onIt is lropctl that tltese rui11 be prov.i.cleclto the l)r:ogrirurnre f ield stations. Insccti.cirlc T Dr t)rrir Icnucc, c1 urj ng his vj s itArrl;ust, slrould gathcr al l thc .r rrs te tc-o.[-the- [es tingI sumnlaryIf ncccssary a constrl.tant can Gerreva. r'ri I I be nrntl r: be1or.r, T mrrs t- cnrpluts izr: wits very br:i cf arcl pr.::rhaps; ir f u1 lr:r sonre points with ir Ionlier stay.by Dr Iulotrchct fo11owi.ng hi-s vj.sihs 2 rt i's itnport;trtt that all cort:,tlpc.ruclcut:e fo I Ioru thc clrannc] s; '[ aid clorvnby the 1;rrvici.clc lnc(:ting in (lt-,rreva irr l,larclr rrrrcl rcr j teratcr.l at tiremecti'n13 held on the same subjcc:t in 0rragacJorr[;or] in l.atc Apr il . Tlhesepr:occdtrrcs [rirve r on seve::a]. occasior:s, a,ot bu,r.r, f o11oru1cl , r,,ri th blrcresul.L,'llrt confusion in o::<1 cring. 0bsr-,t:vlrncg 6f thcrnt rn,.l 11 r,rrrir6.l e tlc0r:.grni zal-iorr to ensure tlre rapi,.1 del irrery o I sarnplcs to tlre ()cl, antl Ll:erirp:i.d tritnsfer of i,formation to the i,dlstry. '--'- Fielcl testirrg of prornising comporrnds in m1nt-1lrrttc,r:s an<l ::i..z.r-scal.etr:''al's IilusiL be expe<1 ited. rt irorrlrl also bc dcsirablc to crrs; trre tLrcgrclatesit possjbte uniformiLy ol. tnel:lrocls llctr^rr-rcrr Iiorrrilt(-r, l.urrrirllrii,.irarrr.l otltcrr si.f r:s rshere testing i s; bein;; <lonc; t-est r.cr;trlts; irrr:otltc:rrvit;e di1 licult to conpare f ronr oue site t.o aroLller arrtl ti,dtre timcis s1;crtt trying to rationrlir. thc resir-rl.ts ol:tirineri try tJi If Lrr-crDt rirr:tloc]s. 'Iic:itirtJl of nott-commercial couri:in;itions, for:nirri;.rt-iorrs ancl;Lli:.lrt.rl s.lr,rtionsat Lrttl;r1<itra shor.rl.d be given a ver:y 1or.r pri-ori ty; crirpl11..Ji.s s;lr,r.rj.cl 6cplar:cd ou miui-glltter and larger:*sca1e river: ttots ..yr:r l abol:i:rtor:y tesrs. II appcars Llrirt it is uncc:orrouric;r]. to nrairrt;rinivhiclr ncceris.iLal-c:s using a heli.copter to brirrll tcr; tin1i. As s()or-l its it is cons irlc,rr:cd Lcns jbl c urorrccl to Atirltl;arne. lt :'-r; :;ur:prir'iinq thlt it good clt';r1 of trork tlr:rt lras l;ccn 11or.r. lrrs rr.fl)cen fornal .ly r:cported uporr ()r riurntnJrizccl , l.r,t: trl.onc ltubl islre:rl .I)r:r; cLr i'I1et, Jittnubaclc a.nd 1(rrrtllt r,rotrld al 1 be rrclcome to subrnit paperson ru'orl< alrencly done for urgent release in thc vr3c serir:s, hrrrere\"'orli can be s. summarized evcn if not for prrrliclrtior.r, ir J.s mt-:str:rcorrr:aginpl tc'l the indus L1-y to lrrvc thc r:cp. r.-ts in . "o,,1p ra,i,,,.,.,, irnnl,'-lr.urLrr rviri-ch Llrey can then c.rs.: irrcr f or rhLi-r: .,.,,n grrirJiltl4;r, rL is of tirc tlt:n1ost urgcncy Lo Llr:1;iu scclci.nl; lr rr:i;laceutr:nt I'or: Dr Jam,backri'lto :inIr:r:nred urc that he rvill be. leaving i:-r N,,,,,r,,,rbcr. The lcanrpresent ly aL Lanlllkara, iur:l.rrcl i-n1i }lr Rencucl ancl l.lr o<,,r31 is a s trongol.te lltt{- wottIr] bcncfit frrttrt t-hc prcrscnt:c of l:icnior: scienti.st ruhocoul,d croor(1 iuaLe ar:d expcditc;r<lvirnced tcrirj.ng/trials of cuntlidatecornp.urrcls . '1'rri s rvould greiltly ar;sist Dr Grrrner.ralcr. to the OCP s tu t ions ;rrrd Rorrlrltii i.n rur:rter:iir1 availlbl.e at prc13ellt- tor a rcport to the tiAC and to tlrc indrrs Ery. asr,risit iu r.rr:iLing this for onr: r.rcck in 3 4 5 thc s Lirti<trr lr t L;:nral<ara Larrrlrc. Lo ttrc s; tation f or the s Irr t: ion s horr ] d bc 6 7 t1 .v t.!):; I Lllll :,. .,,-...-.--!.,. l)r l{rn:l.;illts,i w., l'li ()tt silrsic()l)f ibl1if.,, tr:sil-irr1i ir; It'ocCetl ittl', vilr'',' srLt-i r,; l-actori Ly. Ilesults in Clranlr \,/cre rlot: c. l ertr ltow()ver lllr(l [1t).its r;lirru.l cl lt,-r rcr*tlorre. 1 ,) (li o:; i: ill'r(1 corlt intrecl morritc,t: irtg o1 S. datlt'ttrs;ttnt 1r,;prr'lrtj-orrs lurrr:t be contirtut'cl s<t "" to iiifii,ll-y i'ri:rt'r)l)L ilr i I j.t'r' 1orn l*. :1 .S. lllrl .S. d c t er c.l: 'auy sr i t:irltnrrt-lt cir;nrlics i.n 3 ! i ;l (ltl{l ision il; t:t:i'rchc<l i'lr pr incr ip 1r: L:o 1rt-ot:i'r-:d oll t'ltr: IJ'-'r'r t'i:t:rt lj:""t ril)lii'on' Ir r'r,,tl,i.uc suscr:ptibiliLy Lcs;L.s shortltl be ca::r:ir:il ttuL, [)rl1:tir:trlrrrly c,n sloubrcuse popu1ations antl parti.crrlarly tlrose adjlt:crnt tt:r t:irc pr:r:s;enL Progratlme area. to clr 1o rphoxinr sLrsceptibiliuy/resistance/ shorrld be closely4, 'l'lrc s;t;ttrrs of in areas r,:here application of the I;hr:r:e srrsceptibilicy 1'ras r:everted J.ol. l or+ed compolrnd has ceasccl f or sotrtc ntonths. to near nornral trse can l:e utarle r: f tlris r:,uupound tltrring the rainy scasoll evett if for a contp ilr;iEive l.y l.rr:ief pe:: Lod t. C. (lo i onizat:i.orr r^.,o.t:li at Akosornbo , Glrana .l.ir vier.r of the ciranged pr:ioritics of the Pr:oliraulne s j-rrcc tlr i,s tsorlc sLirr:Lccl severr years ago it is recornmencled that tlre costly anLl reltttively Irrti. le cf forts at colonization be brorrgirE to a close at tlre r\i<.osonlbo strrtj-orr. 'I'he single generaLiorl rear:ing \,rori( 1)oing carried otrt- by l)r l{aybould is rraluabLe but it is suggested t-haE this rvorh Lc carriecl out a lc':ng rvith otirer duties ; it is sugges terl that Dr Rayiroul cl bc trirrrsferred to r.rork with Dr Kurtal<. on susceptibility sttrdiol; rtt a r;i.t-r: rvherc l.irnited si.ngle generaLiorl rearing corrld also be clone aucl ryircrc faci.l.itics ruould be available for Dr llcredith t-o \.Iorli. o i' lr nrcli'r th or two . This rvi11 i rrib i I i ry to us e the exi s ting rlr:cirtcs L \./ater f lorv and should It is rccommended that Dr l"lcrerlith be pl an for the next trvo ye;rrs includiug euirble the Pr<l5ii:iinlme l-o ovclt:cc)ntLt tlte Tcl<nar for..urulation durirrg thtt pc::iods; of provide control f or tlrat per ittd of Eirne. requestecl to rvr i,Le ortt a rvorl< thc pr:iority wo::h r,rlti.ch she 2 'l'hr: station at Alcosornbo could Le closcd or handed over: fo Lhe Coverrttnent. o l- Glrarra rvit:h a concomitant savi.u55 to the I)r:o1lranlne. 1L is ;r1so recommended thaL Dr Ilaybould be r:cqrrestcd to otrL l irtc s;pcci f ical-1.y rvhat single iierreral reari.ng vlorl( is 1ihc1y to bc t:ecltrired over Lhc next year; this siroulcl be done in c.onsultation rvi.th Drs lleredith ancl Kurtalc. Cytogcnetic wor'lc 1)r- I'ler:cd j,Lhts r+ork orr cyLog{rueLics i.s .rn i1 vcr:y iri.gh 1.t.:vc1 irrrlcerl . Stre is perhaps af tcrnpting to w()r.'l( on too nlany d i f f crrcnt aspcctsi, sonte of rvlrich rnay not necessarity bc i.rrlnccliatel.y gcr:mane to tlre PLogrlnure I s pr:iorities. 3 D 1 ) foresees as being necessary for the support of the Prograurnre. This could be circulated to a nurnber of leading i-nsect cytollcnct j ci sLs .[.or comrner Certain1y consi.derable emi:hasis should be given to any \./orl( dctermining thc relationship of the diffcr:errt cyEotyl-re s clf tlte dattt;)osttrtt c: omplex and thc genetic basis for any ultusrral biological charactcr:j,stics; suclt as zoophilly as wel. 1 as the r:elationship of es terases to inscr:ti cide re.sistanc, ll . t] I l:2 0pcrirLi.ons llllre Ij.uritirtiorrs prcscnted by the present-11, ;,u-riralrlc': fcrrrirrr.llrt-ir>n of . thrrr irr:t i ens is II-14 are obvi trusl.y hamperi rr11 the I'rogrnnlur:, r:spr:<:ia1.1y .t.i 2 clttri.nlS tire lat.ter part of the rair-ry sieasolr. IiIforts nlust: colrl.inue torvards inrprovi.ng this - or developinli other morc cl'ficient.anrl cr:ouornic I'crr:ntrrlati.orts . ilrrtil en itnprt>vc.d formulution is avai. litl>Ie sr.riue arranilcilcrrEs nrrrst. tre tnrtde (rrlrerrt cpidcmiological s;tucl i,es incli.clrtc tlii.s to be rrer:r:sr;r-rry) to treat aud protect the souLlrcrn forellL zollLr..-j of S. sorrlrrr"rrrs,: rlrrring, Llre rainy scilson. Thc usre crl:- chl or'1>hor:irn, (:vcu if--f or Ti;,i-t,1 1 pcriods, lin s irl.rear15, beerr ref errcd to i.n t6is r:t.'1tor t . ll'ltcre apperlrs to be an ut'[iL.nt nceci for tlti-. provi.sj.rtr:: of lt l.rlrst- oite ltt:1.icoirl:cr of a citrryi ng ,:rtp;r(ri ty .l flr:lir: r.:n,lrrgli t.o e]'rs;ut:c tllitL it can L. 1:cilt-. the ri.vers at f loocl tvi t.lt riCr-rclruttc c1 rrrLrt-i.tics o[ 'l'cllrrrr r. 'lirc ui:t;1y dr;lr.'tt-ttp contL;rct s-:lrrlt'l ,l lrr: Car:cllrrl l-,,' r;(:t:utirri::ccl l:() cr)sl1r:r: t.hat .illttt:ir,.rilt.t is rn:tdc fot: i.lri.; r'1.r1rrir-nrrorrr. \llrilc it sccnis rrriiil;.i:.i.i'tlral- suclr au ;ti.r:crlrf r coulcl be po:l i.tiorred drir:i.rrri t:lrt: 1,, itr; (:rlt- r ,irr.); r;(r<r.:;\)rr, iIs i)l:ciicllce tvclulcl be ess:entiai. for the nc))i.t, cl;pccial. l-.y l;[roulcl no irl.ternlrtivct c(lnpottnd or ilni)rovccl fornrtrlaIi.orr of l].t. li-11r l>cconlc itvi]i.L;rlrlrt l>y t:haI t-iiLte. Abscrrce of this type of aircrl?c r.'i1i thror+ a .<jeverc sLrain on tlte aerial o1:erations whi ch lllve alreitdy, bt:e n l>are1.y abl e t r,r copc rvith Llre plc.'teu I rainy seasou. 3 llitprovemel)ts are neccssary in the pres;ent uirpl icntioit cqtri iln.'nt ttlountcd on liclicoptcrs ancl f i,:rcci-r,ring ilircraf f . 'I'ltc conLr:it(:t-r)r, Vi 1<in.q Airc::af E, should 1>e encotrruged tc'r \.rr-rr:lc ruith l-lro C::anf i clcl Croup (or arry other) to achieve Lhis. 5 I'ltrilc its f casibility is unr:er:t ain, rcsicltra I applicirE iorrs ol. insecticides to supposcrl resting sites of 1:Iackflics i.s t:e::tainly ryor:t.h an adequate size field trial and this strould be encotrraged. Acli iror,rl. emenl:s; I rvorrld 1j,lic to express nry apl)r(:c j.ati on to l)r: Ii. Sanrba, I)ir:r:t:tor 0CP f r:t: ittrLhoriz i.rrJ; .:tnrl supi-rorti.ng nry vis i L to t-lre l)r:o1r,rautnre, Io t]rc Irt:ogr::rrnme st:t1i for ltavi.rtil f,iverr r.rp tltei.r rscr:lir..ucl for thr-r rncctings, to i,lr J.D.11 . llarr, Li. ltirlrrn 0.{.fj.ccr:,OCP Gencva for Lhcr speccly ar:rilnilc)rilont:; r..,hiclr hc maclc for thi: tri.1t ltttcl Io Dr J. Iulouchct. fclr lravirrg;riir:ectl to.j oi-n nro o11 re].rrL:ivcly sltr-rrt noti cc and [or tlrc cxcr:] lcuL techni.c:r1 cornrs;c1 rvhj.ch ]rr: proviciccl . l)r: j.J. (1 . Gratz , I)irector VllC 9 Alr[,,1IS t, 1982 . ..,.)ti ' "".1 '"- l,l ii,i,.trri.r.rtL l;itt.'.1.r.: i'jC:1.'o()1li1IJ'; tlr:l; 'J'ru''V'i i:ltlt:l; ij'trl'i'l;'i'tlrLtLi'rl; Dirniurche 2'-i ;jrr j.Ll.c t 1982 ir' !)itOo fjalle tles OprlraLions a'jr'Lcnncs VCU 1'ar: t.icinatt'Ls .l)r. II. Grltz .lh. J. Iiou.chcb i)r. I-o Cuil-Ic b ]lr. J. (i::unot'l;r t r.l .{):.'. Il. Jamtl,r.clc f)ro l)o I{u:'bolr i.i o l'io 0cran .Dr. llo i)lti1i" i:]lr:u iio li. llcnr'"uc1 l{" i).(}. Ze:r:l:o ;'ioiu-' Dr .J DrS Rayboul.d ller:cd i tli ,: l; 'ti r (l.il(ll'() (lri llr',,r:rrt,;;.j.r:c 1cs lrrotitr.i Ls t.'r''.rLlll ct; r-'tilrllr:l' j'Liorr ':ltLrc 'l ":; '''1ili1ltll. cic 'br:lr i;s : l)r.: . Grrtncttal.d. - il;::pcr;6.des Lrnvau;: t:trt;'uc'ir::iIi j)nr lcli r1-i-L'-lltil:r:n|cs cirirrj'l.)crrr et; :-',isu-1. Llt l;1.; ob t,c'ntts .l rr. Gr: i 1 l.c 1; .l):: . J lt :;tr t l..);.rr-'ll/l'i. ( J ():1.'1 1)'l 'r\., ir,,.' !',!. -til.. l-r(, ur.'- - l)rlf ini. i;j ot: rles prj.o::.i.'ctir; ('l',ri'.t.i. l;r:, iiril i,i:ocJ'o1o;'il t:), orti';''rt-illr'l'j'otr tlrt sct:r:ctti.tr6 (tcciini ti''ler; t :iLi(iucilccl; cl"ll r:ssili's' c)ro i ): tl':l-: s i Li:s dlc;:lliirirr:enta,'l,iort, c;rleltrlt.'ic'r:, <1.ii',Ct-'.t.';;: itt;l'l,ion dr':r; hell()iIlll ('l-l Irorilrics ob matduicl) ct l',i,i''::l;j Liotr tjc:-r l;l1chr;; <'.Lre l'-:r; rir'lrj'T:cs por.rr' .Lcs nois ii '/L'ttil'. iJ".:i" l,ra.nri:s-lr.i tj-i- c1u 2l ju:i..l.Jof rl,lrll.l cr'I'lsi.cll'11: it.vtr(: .l.r)I; 1l:Lr:Li.ciil;l.I1 l;5.i c.i '-tli'l;;Itl:;, iltll{tllIi'-1;i .t-:i:. J"i.I " il:r.ybou1d. ir. clc;; c,r tL'0 l;.1.r:t:.; ;:.:'.i.r',i:; llll..joti l;cf'1.r. ;r.l r,,'.'f: ].t: a - .rrr:LLtal.ir;iiL.icln riu l;utli.,r:L tl.i t, t'tlt: .t:Ccltr;.:,'clt,l a-'.0(:tiLri:.'i,Cr i:tr.L' !.i.ll; lrl^r'r,'ir:i.r.lcrjr e L ir:rrlnoni:;,:l'ci.t.rlr (lf-) cc llti.i;;c L rlvr:c cc.Lilj- cl(r \r(ll.i lroltr 1!)31. ANNIIX I I ir;r.r'l;j.rt i.t::,tt l:S i iir:cirr',:.'.:iic l;ll.I: f(jsl 'l tt:;t''c t;'i-c i't'lr:l; a'tr l; i s i l;itt'L i'crli il,:iuriiotr rlu 2t,:irr-Lllt:l, 'l'()llil - Blt0(r li;r. l l.tl t.lr:ll ()irr''t'rr Liottll ;r'r':l-'ir'rlrttt'll V( .iti |.r il" Grtr.tz .1.;r .l . l'louchel b l.)r: o i'. Gui I.lc t l)r 1). i'la)-ci::y l)r J. Gnrncnal-d ltl II, Jiur,nback i)r.' lr. [iur L;rJc i''L t-!o.r Ir 5. iriereclith i'i. it. iieyer i,i. .Po l'curgale L nr j_). Parrgy Dr B. PhiliPPon l):: .J. ltaybould i;. -L'. lir:narrd I'i, i,. Ccran I.'i. (1. llcrbo i:'::r, ;l '-' [; ,i I or:rlr:e <1u ;jour - itr-<ci1p.L Lul.3 l;iCn des 'l,t--i,.Vr r.tl.:r t1,.r 2 J ;jtri. I1'-' i; r;t.Lr: 1c scr:ccirj tri; d'el: lar:vj.ci-c1cr:. - llbirb dravlrncemenL clcs rtr.rl,rt:s recltcrcltcl rlo VCll lidcs ar'tx 'i'ttsc'c- (1.r. iiu::t;rl:, P.Cui.l.Lr: t,),t..-. .';j.c.Ltlcs a^rrtisinmlios : ''<tutlcr; clcs r.' 'is j'l'r i;iiltccs