Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region

9 789290 227588 2020 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region ISBN: 978-92-9022-758-8 © World Health Organization 2020 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization.. Suggested citation. Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region. New Delhi: World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia; 2018. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data. CIP data are available at http://apps.who.int/iris. Sales, rights and licensing. To purchase WHO publications, see http://apps.who.int/bookorders. To submit requests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing, see http://www.who.int/about/licensing. Third-party materials. If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. General disclaimers. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall WHO be liable for damages arising from its use. Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region iii Contents 1. Foreword .......................................................................................................v 2. Acknowledgements ...................................................................................... vii 3. Introduction.................................................................................................. ix 4. List of vectors and their distribution ..............................................................xi 5. How to use key for identification of vectors .................................................. 7 6. Bionomics of vectors .................................................................................. 68 7. Bibliography ............................................................................................... 78 8. Glossary ...................................................................................................... 79

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region v Foreword Major vector-borne diseases (VBDs) together account for around 17% of the estimated global burden of communicable diseases and claim more than 700 000 lives each year. More than 80% of the global population live in an area at risk from at least one major VBD. More than half of the global population live in an area at risk from two or more major VBDs. Every year more than one billion people are infected by a VBD. More than one million people die from VBDs globally. The WHO South-East Asia Region is particularly affected. In 2018 the Region reported an estimated 8 million malaria cases and 11 600 malaria deaths. In the past 50 years dengue incidence has surged more than thirty times the base level. More than 52% of the Region’s population is at risk of dengue, which is now endemic in 10 of 11 Member States. Chikungunya is endemic in all Member States except Timor-Leste and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. Zika virus disease has been reported from India, Indonesia, Thailand and Maldives. The Region accounts for around 58% of the global burden of lymphatic filariasis. Japanese encephalitis continues to be a significant public health problem in India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Bhutan report around 6000 cases of leishmaniasis annually. Member States and partners must continue to aggressively respond. To help do that, this pictorial key will increase knowledge of mosquito vector fauna, its bionomics and proper identification to enhance the epidemiologic understanding of VBDs. It is the first pictorial key of its kind and provides a user-friendly guide for public health workers, school teachers, students, researchers and other interested groups. The illustrations and terms used throughout are simplified to facilitate the identification process. Rather than portray every taxonomic character, the guide deals only with characters that are directly relevant to identifying mosquitoes in the Region. I urge all stakeholders to make the most of this tool. In recent years the Region has more than halved the incidence of malaria and kala-azar, demonstrating what focus and determination can achieve. WHO will continue to support Member States as together we continue the battle against VBDs for the health of all people everywhere. Dr Poonam Khetrapal Singh Regional Director WHO South-East Asia Region

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region vii Acknowledgements Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors of WHO South-East Asia is produced by the World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, Department of Communicable Diseases (CDS), Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). Dr Raman Velayudhan, Coordinator, Vector Ecology and Management, World Health Organization headquarters, Geneva; Professor A.P. Dash, Vice-Chancellor, Central University of Tamil Nadu, India; and Professor Murari Lal, retired entomologist, Nepal, made very valuable suggestions that have enriched the quality of the book. Technical guidance provided by Dr Ahmed Jamsheed Mohamed, Regional Adviser, NTD, is highly appreciated. The help and guidance given to produce this document by Dr Tjandra Yoga Aditama, Ag. Director, Department of Communicable Diseases, Dr Lin Aung, Coordinator (CDS- Capacity, Policy & Advocacy), and Dr Zaw Lin, Technical Officer, NTD, World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, is highly acknowledged. Dr Aruna Srivastava, Mr Sanjeev Gupta, Dr Kumar Vikram and Miss Poonam of the National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, provided useful information and help. Mrs Vinita Sharma is acknowledged for her help in preparing the computer drawings. The authors are also thankful to the NTD unit and the Editing & Design unit, World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, for their cooperation and help.

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region ix Introduction Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) are widespread in the WHO South-East Asia Region. Most Member States report the transmission of multiple vector-borne diseases, and only one Member State (DPR Korea) reports transmission of only a single vector-borne disease. Mosquitoes are most important among vectors as they transmit six major diseases, namely malaria, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, dengue, chikungunya and Zika virus. Mosquitoes are characterized by a slender elongated body covered with scales and bearing mouth parts of the piercing and sucking type. They belong to the phylum Arthropoda, class Insecta, subclass Pterygota, division Endopterygota, order Diptera, suborder Nematocera, super family Culicoidea, family Culicidae, and the sub families Culicinae, Anophelinae and Toxorhynchitinae. In the WHO South-East Asia Region, malaria is transmitted by Anopheles; filariasis by Culex, Mansonia, Anopheles and Aedes; Japanese encephalitis by Culex; dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus by Aedes and kala-azar by Phlebotomus. Among the more than 3500 species of mosquitoes in the world, more than 300 species are recorded in the WHO South-East Asia Region. Of these, 76 species are transmitting vector-borne diseases. This key covers pictorial mosquito identification of 58 Anopheles species, 9 Culex species, 4 Aedes species, 3 Mansonia and 2 Phlebotomus species. The key presents maps showing the distribution of vectors of vector-borne diseases in the WHO SEA Region followed by a list of vectors, a note on how to use the key, and the stages of vector and body parts that are used in their identification. An important feature of the key is that it not only covers morphological identification of vectors of VBDs but also identification of all mosquito species of the associated group, such as maculatus group, dirus group, etc. It is noteworthy to mention that various keys are available country-wise but this is the first key that covers all vectors of vector-borne diseases in the Region. The key also elucidates the bio-ecology of each species, i.e. breeding and resting sites. All drawings depicted in the key have been designed using Coreldraw 13 software. The old names of a few species such as An. sundaicus (An. ludlowae, An. epiroticus), An. minimus (An. flavirostris) and An. umbrosus (An. letifer) have been used in the key.

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region xi List of vectors and their distribution A review of literature on vectors of vector-borne diseases revealed that there are 74 species of mosquitoes and two species of Phlebotomus responsible for the vector-borne diseases of malaria, dengue, chikungunya, Zika virus disease, Japanese encephalitis, filariasis and leishmaniasis, in the WHO South-East Asia Region. The vectors transmitting these vector- borne diseases are listed below and the distribution of these vectors according to disease in the Region are also illustrated through maps. From the list of vectors and their distribution it is revealed that malaria is transmitted by 58 species of Anopheles mosquito; filariasis by 5 species of Culex, 3 species of Aedes, 4 species of Mansonia and 8 species of Anopheles mosquitoes; Japanese encephalitis by 9 species of Culex; dengue, chikungunya and Zika by 2 species of Aedes mosquito; and leishmaniasis by 2 species of Phlebotomus. Anopheles 1. An. aconitus Döenitz, 1902 2. An. annularis Van der Wulp, 1884 3. An. argyropus (Swellengrebel), 1914 4. An. baimaii Sallum & Peyton, 2005 5. An. balabacensis Baisas, 1936 6. An. barbirostris Van der Wulp, 1884 7. An. barbumbrosus Strickland and Chowdhruy, 1927 8. An. bengalensis Puri, 1930 9. An. cracens Sallum & Peyton, 2005 10. An. crawfordi Reid, 1953 11. An. culicifacies Giles, 1901 12. An. dirus Peyton and Harrison, 1979 13. An. dravidicus Christophers, 1924 14. An. farauti s.s. Laveran, 1902 15. An. fluviatilis James, 1902 16. An. hackeri Edwards, 1921 17. An. introlatus Colless, 1957 18. An. jamesii Theobald, 1901 19. An. jeyporiensis James, 1902 20. An. karwari James, 1903 21. An. kochi Dönitz, 1901 22. An. koliensis Owen, 1945 23. An. koreicus Yamada & Watanabe, 1918 24. An. latens Sallum, Peyton, Wilkerson, 2005 25. An. lestri de Meillon, 1931 26. An. lindesayi Giles, 1900 27. An. macarthuri Colless, 1956 28. An. maculatus Theobald, 1901 29. An. minimus Theobald, 1901 30. An. nigerrimus Giles, 1900 31. An. nilgiricus Christophers, 1924 32. An. nitidus Harrisson, Scanlon and Reid, 1973 33. An. nivipes (Theobald), 1903 34. An. notanandai Rattanarithikul & Green, 1987 35. An. pallidus Theobald, 1901 36. An. paraliae Sandosham, 1959 37. An. peditaeniatus Leicester, 1908 38. An. philippinensis Ludlow, 1902 39. An. pseudojamesii Strickland & Chowdhury, 1927 40. An. pseudowillmori Theobald, 1910 41. An. pujutensis Colless, 1948 42. An. punctulatus Doenitz, 1901 43. An. pursati Laveran, 1902 44. An. sawadwongporni Rattanarithikul & Green, 1987 45. An. scanloni Sallum & Peyton, 2005 46. An. sinensis Weidemann, 1828 47. An. sinerodes Yamada, 1924 48. An. splendidus Koidzumi, 1920 49. An. stephensi Liston, 1901 50. An. subpictus Grassi, 1899 51. An. sundaicus Rodenwaldt, 1925 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Regionxii 52. An. tessellatus Theobald, 1901 53. An. theobaldi Giles, 1901 54. An. umbrosus (Theobald), 1903 55. An. vagus Döenitz, 1902 56. An. varuna Iyengar, 1924 57. An. willmori James, 1903 58. An. yatsushiroensis Miyazaki, 1951 Culex 59. Cx. bitaeniorhynchus Giles, 1901 60. Cx. fuscocephala Theobald, 1907 61. Cx. gelidus Theobald, 1901 62. Cx. perexiguus Theobald, 1903 63. Cx. pseudovishnui Theobald, 1901 64. Cx. quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 65. Cx. tritaeniorhynchus Giles, 1901 66. Cx. vishnui Theobald, 1901 67. Cx. whitmorei (Giles, 1904) Aedes 68. Ae. aegypti (Linnaeus in Hasselquist, 1762) 69. Ae. albopictus (Skuse, 1894) 70. Ae. niveus Ludlow, 1903 71. Ae. vittatus Bigot, 1861 Mansonia 72. Ma. annulifera Theobald, 1901 73. Ma. indiana Edwards, 1930 74. Ma. uniformis Theobald, 1901 Phlebotomus 75. P. argentipes Annandale & Brunetti, 1908 76. P. papatasi Scopoli, 1786 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 1 V ec to rs o f m al ar ia in S ou th -E as t A si a D PR K or ea D is tr ib ut io n of v ec to rs o f V BD s in th e W H O S ou th -E as t A si a Re gi on Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region2 V ec to rs o f d en g ue , c hi nk un g un ya a nd z ik a in S ou th -E as t A si a D PR K or ea Ae . v itt at us Ae . v itt at us Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 3 V ec to rs o f Ja p an es e en ce p ha lit is in S ou th -E as t A si a b Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region4 V ec to rs o f fi la ra si s in S ou th -E as t A si a aa a a a a a a a a a a a a Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 5 V ec to rs o f le is hm an ia si s in S ou th -E as t A si a

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 7 How to use key for identification of vectors This Pictorial Identification Key of important vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region identifies 76 species belonging to the genera Anopheles, Aedes, Culex and Mansonia of mosquitoes and genus Phlebotomus of sandflies. The pattern of identification adopted by this pictorial key differs from the formal couplet method and offers more clear and precise identification. In using this Key for identification, the page numbers indicated at various places should be followed for morphological characters and drawings. The first character of an insect to be checked under the microscope or hand-lens is the mouthparts. In the case of the mosquito the proboscis is long and needle-shaped whereas in the case of the Phlebotomus (sandfly) it is reduced. The other morphological characteristic is that the mosquito is bigger than the sandfly in size and the wings of sandflies are always erect. For further identification of genera of mosquitoes, the length of the palpi is taken into account. In case of genus Anopheles, the size of the palpi in males and females is equal to the proboscis but in males palpi are club-shaped. In the case of the genera Culex, Aedes and Mansonia the size of the palpi is one fourth to half of the proboscis in the female whereas in males it is longer than the proboscis. In all male mosquitoes the antenna is plumose in appearance. Flow charts and diagrams under each genus have been provided for further identification up to species level. Seventy-four vector species of mosquitoes are divided into four genera, namely Anopheles, Aedes, Culex and Mansonia, and their species based on morphological characters of mouth parts, wings, legs and abdomen. For sandflies, characteristics of terminalia, pharynx and spermatheca are mainly used to identify species. This pictorial key provides the vector distribution, morphological characters and brief biology (breeding habits and adult bionomics) of each vector prevalent in the WHO SEA Region. It also contains a bibliography of literature consulted and a glossary of related taxonomic terms. Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region8 Pu t t he in se ct u nd er th e di ss ec tin g m ic ro sc op e/ ha nd -le ns to id en tif y th e in se ct u p to g en us le ve l a s gi ve n be lo w : Fu lly d ev el op ed Se e le ng th o f p al pi Re du ce d Se e th e w in gs Al w ay s er ec t Ph le bo to m us G o to p ag e 18 Se e te rm in al ia Eq ua l o f p ro bo sis An op he le s Go to p ag e 19 Se e co st a of w in gs Go to p ag e 59 Se e w in gs Go to p ag e 60 Se e ab do m en Go to p ag e 60 Se e ab do m en Po in te d ab do m en A ed es Bl un t a bd om en C ul ex Br oa de r M an so ni a Sh or te r A ed es /C ul ex Id en tif ica tio n of g en us Sc al es o f w in gs Sh or te r t ha n pr ob os is C ili ci ne s Id en tif ic at io n of in se ct & g en us Se e m ou th p ar t Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 9 Anopheles mosquito Larva PupaEggs Stages of the insect vector Larva PupaEggs Aedes osquitom Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region10 Larva PupaEggs Culex osquitom Mansonia mosquito Larva PupaEggs Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 11 Phlebotomus ( andfly)s Larva PupaEggs Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region12 Generalized iagram f emale dultd o a f a Anopheles mosquito Labium Head Occiput Scutellum Meso Postnotum Mid leg Tarsus Tarsomere Hind leg Fore leg Maxillary palpus Antenna 2 3 4 5 1 Abdomen Thorax Labellum Proboscis Eye Vertex Scutum Wing Heltere Femur Tibia Cercus Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 13 Body parts of mosquitoAnopheles 6 5 5.2 5.1 4.2 4.1 3 2.2 2.1 4 2 REMIGIUM BASE OF WING HUMERAL ALULA MEDIOCUBITAL CROSS VEIN FRINGE COSTA SUBCOSTA RADIOMEDICAL CROSS VEIN APEX OF WING ANTERIOR FORKED CELL POSTERIOR FORKED CELL LONGITUDINAL VEINS LABIUM APICAL PALE BAND MAXILLARY PALPUS ANTENNA VERTEX OCCIPUT EYE TORUS CLYPEUS BASAL DARK BAND MIDDLE DARK BAND LABELLUM PROBOSCIS SUB APICAL PALE BAND HEAD WINGS 1 PRE-SECTOR DARK MARK HUMERAL DARK SPOT HUMERAL PALE SPOT BASAL PALE BASAL DARK PRE-HUMERAL PALE SPOT PRE-SECTOR PALE SPOT SECTOR PALE SPOT BORDER SCALES ACCESSORY SECTOR PALE MIDDLE DARK MARK SUB-COSTAL PALE PRE-APICAL PALE SPOT APICAL DARK MARK APICAL PALE SPOT PALE FRINGE SPOT Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 DORSUM (TERGITES) VENTER (STERNITES) CERCUS ABDOMEN FRINGE R1- radius (1st longitudinal vein); Rs - 2nd longitudinal vein; R2 - upper or anterior branch of 2nd longitudinal; R3 - lower or posterior branch of 2nd longitudinal vein; R4 + 5 - 3rd longitudinal vein; M - media, 4th longitudinal vein; M1 - upper or anterior branch of 4th longitudinal; M2 - lower or posterior branch of 4th longitudinal vein; Cu - 5th longitudinal vein; Cu1 - upper or anterior branch of 5th longitudinal vein; Cu2 - lower or posterior branch of 5th longitudinal vein; CuA (Anal) 6th longitudinal vein; C - costa; SC - Subcosta; h - humeral dark/pale sport. C ALULA UPPER CALYPTER REMIGIUM Cu1 Cu2 M2 M1 R2 R3R4+5 M SC CuA R h R2+3RS R1 Body parts of mosquitoAnopheles WINGS Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 15 LEGS COXA TROCHANTER FEMUR TIBIA TARSAL SEGMENTS SPECKING IN LEG 1 2 3 4 5 Body parts of mosquitoAnopheles TARSI WITH BANDS TARSAL SEGMENTS 5,4 & 3 COMPLETELY WHITE Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region16 Mesothorax Scutellum Lower mesepimeral bristle Prothorax Metathorax Thorax of showing scutellum and halter ( orsal view)Culex d Culicines Culex, Aedes, MansoniaGenus: Thorax mesonotum Wing Halter or balancer Hair of scutellum Scutellum (trilobed) WINGS Antenna Palpi Proboscis HEAD LEG ABDOMEN Body parts of mosquitoesculicine Identification key of insect vector Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region18 Put the insect under the dissecting microscope/hand-lens and look for the mouth parts See palpi Palpi equal to proboscis and slender in shape Proboscis long and needle shape Palpi 1/4 to half of the proboscis and slender in the shape (female) and longer than the proboscis (male) Palpi of Female Anopheles Palpi of Male Anopheles Go to Page 19 Go to Page 59 Palpi of Female Culex, Aedes Mansoniaand Palpi of Male Culex, Aedes Mansoniaand Go to Page 66 Phlebotomus (Sandfly) mouth part are reduceds (specially proboscis) wings always erect Mosquito Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 19 1. An. aconitus An. annularis2. An. balabacensis3. An. baimaii4. An. culicifacies5. . An. cracens6 An. dirus7. An. dravidicus (maculatus)8. An. farauti (puncalatus)9. An. fluviatilis10. . An. hackeri11 An. introlatus12. An. jamesii13. An. jeyporiensis14. An. karwari15. An. kochi16. An. koliensis (puncultatus)17. An. latens (leucosphyrirus)18. . An. maculatus19 . An. macarthuri20 . An. minimus21 An. nivipes22. An. notanandai (maculatus)23. 24. An. pallidus An. philippinensis25. Anopheles Focus the wing and count the pale area on costa and subcosta including vein 1 An. pseudojamesi26. An. pseudowillmori27. An. pujutensis28. An. punctulatus29. An. scanloni30. 31. An. splendidus An. stephensi32. An. subpictus33. An. sundaicus34. 35. An. sawadwongporn (maculatus) . An. tessellatus36 . An. theobaldi37 . An. vagus38 . An. varuna39 An. willmorei40. < 4 (Less than 4)Pale area 4> 1. An. argyropus An. barbirostris2. An. barbumbrosus3. An. crawfordi4. An. koreicus5. An. lesteri6. An. lindesayi7. An. nilgiricus8. An. nigerrimus9. An. nitidus10. An. paraliae (sinensis)11. An. peditaeniatus12. An. sineroides13. An. pursati14. An. sinensis15. An. umbrosus16. An. yatsushiroensis17. Group BGroup A Subgenus Cellia Subgenus Anopheles Wing completely arkd 1. An. bengalensis Group C Subgenus Anopheles Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region20 Group A (Subgenus Cellia) An. aconitus, An. annularis, An. baimaii, An. balabacensis, An. cracens, An. culicifacies, An. dirus, An. dravidicus, An. farauti, An. fluviatilis, An. hackeri, An. introlatus, An. jamesii, An. jeyporiensis, An. karwari, An. kochi, An. koliensis, An. latens, An. macarthuri, An. maculatus, An. minimus, An. nivipes, An. notanandai, An. pallidus, An. philippinensis, An. pseudojamesi, An. pseudowillmori, An. pujutensis, An. punctulatus, An. scanloni, An. splendidus, An. stephensi, An. subpictus, An. sundaicus, An. sawadwongporn An. tessellatus, An. theobaldi, An. vagus, An. varuna, An. willmorei Specking in legs 1. An. aconitus An. annularis2. An. culicifacies3. . An. fluviatilis4 An. jeyporiensis5. An. karwari6. . An. minimus7 An. nivipes8. An. pallidus9. An. philippinensis10. An. subpictus11. . An. vagus12 . An. varuna13 Absent An. baimaii1. An. balabacensis2. An. cracens3. An. dirus4. An. dravidicus5. An. farauti6. . An. hackeri7 An. introlatus8. An. jamesii9. An. kochi10. An. koliensis11. An. latens12. . An. maculatus13 An. macarthuri14. An. notanandai15. An. pseudojamesi16. Present 17. An. pseudowillmori An. pujutensis18. An. punctulatus19. An. scanloni20. An. splendidus21. An. stephensi22. An. sundaicus23. An. sawadwongporn24. . An. tessellatus25 . An. theobaldi26 An. willmorei27. Fore leg Hind leg Fore leg Hind leg Go to Page 21 Go to Page 36 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 21 An. baimaii, An. balabacensis, An. cracens, An. dirus, An. dravidicus, An. farauti, An. hackeri, An. introlatus, An. jamesii, An. kochi, An. koliensis, An. latens, An. macarthuri, An. maculatus, An. notanandai, An. pseudojamesi, An. pseudowillmori, An. pujutensis, An. punctulatus, An. scanloni , An. splendidus, An. stephensi, An. sundaicus, An. sawadwongporn, An. tessellatus, An. theobaldi, An. willmorei 4 banded palpi Apical pale band nearly equal to the pre apical dark band Apical pale band nearly equal to the sub apical pale band 1. An. jamesii 2. An. pseudojamesi An. sundaicus3. Go to Page 22 Go to Page 31 Go to Page 33 Banding pattern of palpi 1. An. dravidicus An. notanandai2. An. maculatus3. An. pseudowillmori4. An. sawadwongporn5. An. splendidus6. An. stephensi7. An. theobaldi8. An. willmorei9. An. baimaii1. An. balabacensis2. An. cracens3. An. dirus4. An. farauti5. . An. hackeri6 An. introlatus7. An. kochi8. An. koliensis9. An. latens10. An. macarthuri11. An. pujutensis12. An. punctulatus13. An. scanloni14. . An. tessellatus15 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region22 An. baimaii, An. balabacensis, An. cracens, An. dirus, An. farauti, An. hackeri, An. introlatus, An. kochi, An. koliensis, An. latens, An. macarthuri, An. pujutensis, punctulatus, An. scanloni, An. tessellatusAn. A big white spot at the tibiotarsal joint of hind leg Present Absent 1. An. farauti An. kochi2. An. koliensis3. An. punctulatus4. An. tessellatus5. 1. An. baimaii 2. An. balabacensis An. cracens3. An. dirus4. An. hackeri5. An. introlatus6. An. latens7. An. macarthuri8. An. pujutensis9. An. scanloni11. Banding on nd leg tarsomereshi Narrowly banded An. tessellatus Joints with broad pale bands An. kochi, An. farauti, An. koliensis, An. punctulatus An. farauti, An. kochi, An. koliensis, An. punctulatus , An. tessellatus Hind leg Hind leg Hind leg Hind leg Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 23 Tufttop black scale on each segment of the abdomen Present An. kochi Absent 1. An. farauti An. koliensis2. An. punctulatus3. Vein 6 ( nal) with three small dark areas and inner costa interrupteda Other important characters for An. kochi An. farauti, An. kochi, An. koliensis, An. punctulatus Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region24 See proboscis An. farauti, An. koliensis, An punctulatus. Completely dark An. farauti White patch of scale on thes ventral surface towards the apex An. koliensis Apical half of the proboscis white scale An. punctulatus Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 25 Length of proboscis An. baimaii, An. balabacensis, An. cracens An. dirus, An. hackeri,, An. introlatus An. latens, An. macarthuri, An. pujutensis, An. scanloni, 1. An. baimaii An. balabacensis2. An. cracens3. An. dirus4. An. introlatus5. An. latens6. An. macarthuri7. An. scanloni8. Slightly longer than the fore femur 1. An. hackeri An. pujutensis2. Distinctly longer than the fore femur Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region26 Much smaller than the preapical dark band Nearly equal to the preapical dark band Other important characters for &An. hackeri An. pujutensis An. hackeri An. pujutensis Apical pale band on the palpi An. pujutensisAn. hackeri An. hackeri & An. pujutensis Accessory sector pale spot on vein R Small and shorter than basal dark spot Longer than basal dark spot Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 27 Presector dark mark spot on vein R Present Absent An. baimaii, An. balabacensis, An. cracens An. dirus, An. introlatus,, An. latens, An. macarthuri, An. scanloni An. macarthuri Other characters for An. macarthuri Hind tibia with narrow apical extension of dark scales on ventral surface 1. An. baimaii An. balabacensis2. An. cracens3. An. dirus4. An. introlatus5. An. latens6. An. scanloni7. Accessory sector pale (ASP) spot on costa 1. An. baimaii An. balabacensis2. An. cracens3. An. dirus4. An. scanloni5. Present Absent 1. An. introlatus An. latens2. An. baimaii, An. balabacensis, An. cracens An. dirus, An. introlatus,, An. latens, An. scanloni Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region28 Apical pale band of palpi An. introlatus An. la enst An. introlatus, An. latens An. baimaii, An. balabacensis, An. cracens An. dirus, An. scanloni Apical pale band of hind tibia with dark linear extension onto basal portion on ventral surface Present An. scanloni Absent 1. An. baimaii, An. balabacensis2. An. cracens3. An. dirus4. Pale band present Pale band absent Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 29 An. baimaii, , An. balabacensis , An. cracens , An. dirus A long pale spot on vein 6 at level of presector dark spot (PSD) of costa Present An. baimaii Absent 1. An. balabacensis An. cracens2. An. dirus3. Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region30 An. balabacensis, An. dirus A pale spot at the level of presector dark mark on vein 1 Broad Reduced An. cracens Posteromedical patch of dark scales on abdominal sternum VI 1. An. balabacensis An. dirus2. An. balabacensis, An. cracens, An. dirus Extended basally but not reaching up to the distal end of humeral dark mark on the costa An. balabacensis Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 31 Extended basally but reaching up to the distal end of humeral dark mark on the costa An. dirus An. jamesii, An. pseudojamesi and An. sundaicus Hind tarsomeres 5, 4 and 3 Completely pale 1. An. jamesii 2. An. pseudojamesi Small bands at the joints An. sundaicus Hind leg Hind leg Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region32 Dark and inner costa interrupted An. jamesii and An. pseudojamesi Area at the bifurcation of wing vein 5 (Cu) and inner costa Pale and inner costa mainly dark An. jamesii An. pseudojamesi Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 33 An. dravidicus, An. maculatus, An. notanandai, An. pseudowillmori, An. sawadwongporni, An. splendidus, An. stephensi, An. theobaldi, An. willmori Dark band at 4th tarsomere of hind leg Absent An. theobaldi Present 1. An. dravidicus An. maculatus2. An. notanadai3. An. pseudowillmori4. An. sawadwongporni5. An. willmori6. Hind legHind leg Hind leg Completely black An. stephensi Hind leg Completely white An. splendidus An. dravidicus, An. maculatus, An. notanandai, An. pseudowillmori, An. sawadwongporni, An. willmori Narrow to broad scales on abdomen II to VI Absent An. pseudowillmori Present 1. An. dravidicus An. maculatus2. An. notanandai,3. An. sawadwongporni4. An. willmori5. Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region34 Other important characters for An. pseudowillmori Vein 2 longer than vein R2+3 (about double the length) An. dravidicus, An. maculatus, An. notanandai, An. sawadwongporni, An. willmori Number of dark sport on vein 3 3 dark spots An. dravidicus 2 dark spots 1) An. maculatus 2) An. notanandai, 3) An. sawadwongporni 4) An. willmori 1) An. maculatus 2) An. notanandai, 3) An. sawadwongporni Absent An. willmori Present Abdominal terga IV-VIII with dark scales on posterolateral corners, sometimes on III Others characters for An. dravidicus An. maculatus, An. notanandai, An. sawadwongporni An. willmori Broad sqatulate pale scales abdominal terga II-VI Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 35 An. maculatus, An. notanandai, An. sawadwongporni Black and pale spots on vein 5.1, 4.2 and division on vein 2.1 Equal An. notanandai Longer An. sawadwongporni* and An. maculatus* * Further identification based on egg characters Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region36 An. aconitus, An. annularis, An.culicifacies, An. fluviatilis, An. jeyporiensis, An. karwari, An. minimus, An. nivipes, An. pallidus, An. philippinensis. An. subpictus, An. vagus and varunaAn. Hind leg tarsomeres 5, 4 and 3 Completely pale 1. An. annularis 2. An. nivipes 3. An. pallidus 4. An. philippinensis Go to Page 37 Hind leg Dark 1. An. aconitus 2. An. culicifacies 3. An. fluviatilis 4. An. jeyporiensis 5. An. karwari 6. An. minimus 7. An. subpictus 8. An. vagus 9. An. varuna Hind leg Go to Page 40 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 37 An. annularis, An. nivipes, An. pallidus and An. philippinensis Apical pale band nearly equal to preapical dark band Area at the bifurcation of wing vein 5 (Cu) Dark An. annularis Pale An. nivipes1. An. pallidus2. An. philippinensis3. Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region38 With small pale band 1. An. nivipes 2. An. philippinensis Without any pale band An. pallidus Apex of hind tarsomere 1 An. nivipes, An. pallidus and An. philippinensis Hind leg Hind leg Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 39 Reaching beyond the distal end of humeral dark mark of the costa An. nivipes An. nivipes and An. philippinensis Pre-sector dark mark of vein 1 (R1) Not reaching up to the distal end of humeral dark mark on the costa An. philippinensis Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region40 An. aconitus, An. culicifacies, An. fluviatilis, An. jeyporiensis, An. karwari, An. minimus, An. subpictus, An. vagus and An. varuna Banding pattern of palpi Apical pale band nearly equal to the pre-apical dark band Apical and sub-apical pale band equal and separated by a small or same sized dark band called intervening dark band1. An. culicifacies An. fluviatilis2. An. jeyporiensis3. An. subpictus4. 1. An. aconitus An. minimus2. An. varuna3. Four banded palpiPre-apical dark band 1/4 or 1/5 of the apical pale band An. karwari An. vagus Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 41 Other important characters for An. karwari - Legs without specking - 5th tarsomere of hind leg pale Broad band on tarsomeres Other important characters for A. vagus Fore leg Fore leg Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region42 Apical pale band nearly equal to the pre-apical dark band Apical pale band smaller than and thin palpipre-apical dark band Banding pattern of palpi An. culicifacies, An. fluviatilis An. jeyporiensis, and An. subpictus An. culicifacies, An. fluviatilis An. subpictusand An. jeyporiensis Other important characters for An. jeyporiensis Small bands on fore leg tarsomeres Fore leg Distance of the anterior forked cell from the base of the costa compared to that of lessposterior forked cell is Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 43 Present An. subpictus Absent An. culicifacies, An. fluviatilis Fore leg Fore leg An. culicifacies, An. fluviatilis and An. subpictus Broad pale bands on the foreleg tarsal segments Wing vein 3 (R4+5) and inner costa Mostly dark and inner costa interrupted An. culicifacies Mostly pale and inner costa dark An. fluviatilis Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region44 Other important character for An. culicifacies Vein 2.1 (R2), 2.2 (R3), 4.2 (M2) and 5.1 (Cu1) with fringe spots Interruption by a dark spot at basal area of vein 1 (R1) Other important character for An. fluviatilis Fringe spot present on all the veins except vein 6 (anal) Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 45 An. aconitus, An. minimus and An. varuna Intervening dark band on the palpi Very small (in most of the specimens dark band absent) An. aconitus Nearly equal to the pre-apical dark band 1. An. minimus An. varuna2. Other important characters for An. aconitus Apical half of the proboscis light yellow (fluorescent) Interruption can be and can not be seen on inner costa Fringe spot on vein 6 (anal) present Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region46 An. minimus, An. varuna Inner costa Dark An. varuna Interruptions can be seen at least in one wing An. minimus Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 47 Other important characters for An. varuna -Vein 5.1 (Cu 1) with two dark areas Other important characters for An. minimus - Vein 5.1 (Cu 1) with three dark areas - Proboscis generally dark, some time fluorescence can be seen towards lower side - Proboscis generally dark, some time half of its yellow - Fringe spot absent on vein 6 (anal) - Fringe spot absent on vein 6 (anal) Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region48 Group-B (Subgenus )Anopheles Banding pattern of palpi Completely dark Four banded palpi (tip of the palpi pale) 1. An. argyropus . An. crawfordi2 An. lasteri3. An. nitidus4. An. nigerrimus5. An. paraliae6. An. pursati7. . An. peditaeniatus8 . An. sinensis9 . An. sineroides10 Go to Page 49 Go to Page 53 Go to Page 54 1. An. barbirostris An. barbumbrosus2. An. koreicus3. An. lindesayi4. An. nilgiricus5. An. umbrosus6. An. argyropus, An. barbirostris, An. barbumbrosus, An. crawfordi, An. koreicus, An. lensteri, An. lindesayi. An. nilgiricus, An. nitidus, An. nigerrimus, An. paraliae, An. pursati, An. peditaeniatus, An. sinensis, An. sineroides, An. umbrosus and An. yatsushiroensis An. yatsushiroensis Small pale bands at the joints Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 49 Hind femur with pale area Pale area on the tip of wing veins Pale area present on the tip of veins 1 (R1), 2.1 (R2), 4.2 (M2) and 6 (anal) An. lindesayi Present 1. An. lindesayi An. nilgiricus2. 1. An. barbirostris An. barbumbrosus2. An. koreicus3. An. umbrosus (An. letifer)4. Absent An. barbirostris, An. barbumbrosus, An. koreicus, An. lindesayi, An. nilgiricus An. umbrosus, An. lindesayi, An. nilgiricus Pale area present on the tip of veins 1 (R1), 2.1 (R2), 6 (anal) and sometime 5.2 (C 2)u An. nilgiricus Hind legHind leg Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region50 Other important characters for An. nilgiricus Hind femur: a pale ring present nearly equal to the femur Other important characters for An. lindesayi Hind femur: with basal pale ring occupying 1/5 of the femur An. barbirostris, An. barbumbrosus, An. koreicus, An. umbrosus Ventral side of 7th abdominal segment With tuft of dark scales Without any tuft An. umbrosus 1. An. barbirostris An. barbumbrosus2. . An. koreicus3 Hind leg Hind leg Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 51 An. barbirostris, An. barbumbrosus, An. koreicus Fringe spot present on vein 1 (R1) and 3 (R4+5) An. umbrosus Other important characters for An. umbrosus Foreleg tarsomeres with narrow pale bands Hind leg tarsomeres with bands at the joints Fringe spot on vein 2.1 (R2), 2.2 (R3), 3 (R4+5) and 4.1 (M1) Fringe spot present on vein 2.2, 3, & 4.1 the veins, sternie without scales An. barbumbrosus Fore leg Hind leg Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region52 An. barbirostris Fringe spot present on vein 3 (R4+5) only, An. koreicus Fringe spot present on vein 2.1 (R2), 2.2 (R3), 3 (R4+5) and 4.1 (M1) Sternie with tuft of scales An. barbirostris Other important characters for An. barbumbrosus & An. barbirostris Sternie without tuft of scales An. barbumbrosus Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 53 An. yatsushiroensis Fringe spot present on wing 2.1 (R2) & 5.2 (Cu2) Apical pale band present laterally Other important characters for An. yatsushiroensis Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region54 Basal & apical pale bands on hind tarsomeres An. argyropus, An. crawfordi, An. lasteri, An. nitidus, An. nigerrimus, An. paraliae An. pursati, An. peditaeniatus, An. sinensis, An. sineroides, 1. An. argyropus An. nitidus2. An. nigerrimus3. An. peditaeniatus4. 1. An. crawfordi . An. lasteri2 . An. pursati3 An. paraliae4. . An. sinensis5 . An. sineroides6 Pale scale on inner costa and fringe spot on vein 5.2 (Cu2) Present 1. An. nigerrimus 2. An. nitidus Absent An. argyropus, An. nitidus, An. nigerrimus, An. peditaeniatus 1. An. argyropus An. peditaeniatus2. Present Absent Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 55 An. nigerrimus, An. nitidus Size of basal dark mark on wing vein 5 (Cu) Small (0.2 x length of Cu stem) An. nitidus Long (0.4 x length of Cu stem) An. nigerrimus An. argyropus, An. peditaeniatus Size of pale bands on hind leg tarsomeres Hind leg Hind leg Broad An. argyropus Small An. peditaeniatus Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region56 An. crawfordi, An. lesteri, An. pursati, An. paraliae, An. sinensis, An. sineroides Fringe spot on vein 2.1 (R2), 2.2 (R3) and 3 (R4+5) 1. An. lesteri . An. sinensis2 An. sineroides3. . An. crawfordi4 Present in all the 3 veins 1. An. pursati An. paraliae2. Present Absent An. pursati An. paraliae An. pursati, An. paraliae Humeral cross vein with dark scales Present only on 2.1, 2.2 veins Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 57 An. lesteri, An. sinensis, An. sineroides An. crawfordiand Vein 6 (anal) with 3 dark spots Present Absent 1. An. lesteri An. crawfordi2. An. sinensis3. An. sineroides An. lesteri, An. sinensis, An. crawfordi Medium An. crawfordi Small An. sinensis Hind leg Hind legHind leg Size of pale bands on hind leg tarsomeres Very small An. lesteri Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region58 An. bengalensis Wing completely dark Other important characters for An. bengalensis Prescuttlar space of thorax without setae Group C (Subgenus )Anopheles Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 59 Genus: Culex, Aedes and Mansonia See wing Scales small & black Mansonia Broad black and pale scales Aedes & Culex Go to Page 60 Go to Page 65 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region60 Aedes speciesCulex species Culex and Aedes See abdomen and leg Pointed, legs with white bands Proboscis and tarsi Proboscis & tarsi with bandsProboscis and tarsi without band Cx. bitaeniorhynchus, Cx. fusco ephala, Cx. gelidus,c Cx. perexiguus, Cx. pseudovishnui, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx.tritaeniorhynchus, vishnui, Cx. whitmoreiCx. Blunt, leg generally without white band 1. Cx. bitaeniorhynchus Cx. gelidus2. Cx. pseudovishnui3. . Cx. tritaeniorhynchus4 Cx. vishnui5. Cx. whitmorei6. Ae. aegypti , Ae. albopictus, Ae. niveus, Ae. vittatus Hind leg Hind leg Hind leg 1. Cx. fuscocephala 2. Cx. perexiguus 3. Cx. quinquefasciatus Hind leg Go to Page 63 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 61 White spots on wings Present Absent Cx. bitaeniorhynchus, Cx. gelidus, Cx. pseudovishnui, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. vishnui, Cx. whitmorei Cx. bitaeniorhynchus 1. Cx. gelidus Cx. pseudovishnui2. Cx tritaeniorhynchus3. . Cx. vishnui4. 5. Cx. whitmorei Cx. fuscocephala Cx. perexiguus Cx. quinquefasciatus,, and pale bands on abdominal terga Cx. quinquefasciatus Cx. fuscocephalaCx. perexiguus Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region62 1. Cx. gelidus Cx. pseudovishnui2. Cx. whitmorei3. .Cx tritaeniorhynchus Proboscis with accesssory pale patches Present Absent Cx. gelidus, Cx. pseudovishnui, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. whitmorei Dark pale scaled area on hind femur Present Absent 1. Cx. gelidus Cx. pseudovishnui2. Cx tritaeniorhynchus3. . Cx. whitmorei4. Cx. vishnui Cx. gelidus Cx. pseudovishnui Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, , , andCx. vishnui Cx. whitmorei Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 63 Cx. gelidus, Cx. pseudovishnui, Cx. whitmorei Ae. aegypti , Ae. albopictus, Ae. niveus Ae. vittatusand See thorax Mesonotum marked with a pair of lateral curved white lines (Half moon shape) Ae. aegypti Mesonotum with narrow median silvery white line Ae. albopictus Mesonotum covered white scaleswith Ae. niveus Ae. vittatus Mesonotum with 4 to 6 small white spots Cx. pseudovishnui Cx. gelidus Cx. whitmorei See pattern of scales on mesonotum & scutellum Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region64 Ae. aegypti Ae. albopictus Ae. niveusAe. vittatus Hind leg Hind leg Hind leg Hind leg Other important characters for Ae. aegypti , Ae. albopictus, , andAe. vittatus Ae. niveus Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 65 Mesonotum with 4 round white spots and mid-mode of scutellum with broad white scales Wing with broad, often asymmetrical scales; dark and pale scales intermixed Mansonia See mesonotum and scutellum Ma. annulifera Mesonotum marked with a pair of sublateral greenish stripes and scutellum black Ma. uniformis Mesonotum dark brown with same white scales scutellum black Ma. indiana Ma. annulifera, Ma. uniformis and Ma. indiana Mansonia Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region66 Sandfly ( )Phlebotomus 1. Abdominal tergites 2-6, uniformly erect hairs 2. Cibarium without teeth 3. Wings always erect identification of genus , Subgenus , and theirPhlebotomus Phlebotomus Euphlebotomus species is based on morphological characters and male or female genitalia Subgenus: Phlebotomus Subgenus: Euphlebotomus 1. Terminalia very long. paramere with 2 long dorsal processes 2. Style long with 5 short spines 3. Coxite with long and thick setae in distal part and very small basal process 4. Surstyles with short spines 1. Style with 5 -6 spines 2. Coxite with basal process 3. Paramere with 1-2 ventral process or a tubercle 4. Short aedeagus with long lateral spine Base of pharynxSpermatheca Terminalia Spermatheca Base of pharynx Terminalia 0 .1 Coxite Sub basal hairy process Ejaculatory duct Ejaculatory pump Aedeagus Surstyle style Spines Paramere Haltere of male Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 67 Base of Pharynx (female) Base of pharynx (Female) 5 0 .0 Spermatheca cylindrical (female) P. papatasi male/female 1. Distal part of parameres strongly curved up 2. Second dorsal process long and thin. 3. Surstyle with two or three similar spines 4. Pharynx with uniform squamae 5. Spermatheca cylindrical (female) P. argentipes male/female 1. Paramere with 2 ventral long processes 2. Coxite wide 3. Spermatheca short with about 15-17 segment (female) TerminaliaTerminalia Cibarium (female) 5 0 .0 Spermatheca cylindrical (female) Species identification Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region68 Bi on om ic s of v ec to rs Kn ow le dg e of v ec to r b io lo gy p la ys a v er y im po rta nt ro le in d ev el op in g co st -e ffe ct iv e ve ct or c on tro l s tra te gi es . T he re fo re , b re ed in g, re st in g, fe ed in g an d bi tin g ha bi ts o f 7 4 sp ec ie s of m os qu ito es a nd 2 s pe ci es o f s an df ly a re g iv en in th e ta bl e be lo w . S. N o Ve ct or S pe ci es Br ee di ng H ab ita ts Bi on om ic s A Ve ct or o f m al ar ia (A no ph el es ) 1 An . a co ni tu s C ul tiv at ed ri ce fi el ds a nd s w am py a re as . O th er na tu ra l a nd h um an -m ad e la rv al s ite s in cl ud e la ke s, sw am ps , m ar sh es , f lo od ed g ra ss la nd , s ha llo w p on ds , gr ou nd d ep re ss io ns , p oo ls in ro ck s, c re ek s an d riv er be ds , i rr ig at io n ch an ne ls, fi sh p on ds , r oa ds id e st or m w at er d ra in s, o pe n di tc he s an d ta nk s (re se rv oi rs ) w ith g ra ss y m ar gi ns . Fe m al es fe ed o n hu m an s bo th in sid e an d ou ts id e ho us es a nd in v ar yi ng p ro po rti on s, d ep en di ng o n lo ca tio n, g en er al ly w ith no s tro ng p re fe re nc e re po rte d. F ee di ng c an o cc ur th ro ug ho ut th e ev en in g, ty pi ca lly b eg in ni ng a t d us k, w ith th e m aj or ity o f fe m al es fe ed in g on h um an s be fo re m id ni gh t. C om m on h um an - m ad e re st in g sit es a re fo un d in a nd a ro un d an im al s he lte rs . 2 An . a nn ul ar is St ag na nt w at er w ith th ic k gr as sy e dg es in p er m an en t po nd s, g ro un d pi ts , t an ks , s w am ps , s ta gn an t d ra in s an d ric e fie ld s. Ad ul ts z oo ph ili c, F em al es e nt er h um an d w el lin gs a nd a ni m al sh el te rs . T he y ar e pr im ar ily z oo ph ili c bu t a re k no w n to b ite hu m an s ev en in th e pr es en ce o f c at tle . 3 An . a rg yr op us Ri ce fi el ds a nd s w am ps Re st in c at tle s he ds a nd h ou se s. It s ee m s to b e m or e at tr ac te d to ca ttl e th an h um an . 4 An . b ai m ai i Ro ck p oo ls al on g th e ba nk s o f t hi ck ly sh ad ed st re am s, in cu t b am bo o stu m ps a ni m al fo ot pr in ts, w he el s a nd c ar t tra ck s a lo ng p at hs a nd ro ad s, an im al w al lo w s, se ep ag e po ol s, sh al lo w st re am s, di tc he s, an d ric e pa dd ie s. C on sid er ed v er y an th ro po ph ili c in th ei r b lo od fe ed in g pr ef er en ce a nd d em on st ra te b ot h ex op ha gi c an d en do ph ag ic be ha vi or s, a nd in s om e ca se s gr ea te r t en de nc y to w ar d ex op hi ly 5 An . b al ab ac en sis Fo re st in la nd a re as in s ha de d te m po ra ry p oo ls, m ud dy a ni m al w al lo w s an d ho of -p rin ts . Th e bi tin g ac tiv ity o f A n. b al ab ac en sis is s tro ng ly e xo ph ag ic in th e m ou nt ai no us a re a of In do ne sia w he re b iti ng a ct iv ity w as hi gh es t f ro m 1 9: 00 a nd 2 1: 00 a nd g ra du al ly d ec re as ed to w ar d m or ni ng . 6 An . b ar bi ro st ris D itc he s, P on ds , R ic e fie ld s, T yr e tra il. Fe m al es o f A n. b ar bi ro st ris s .l. b ite h um an s bu t g en er al ly p re fe r to fe ed o n ot he r a ni m al s, e sp ec ia lly b ov id s. F ee di ng a pp ar en tly ta ke s pl ac e ou td oo rs , b ut a du lts h av e be en c ol le ct ed re st in g in sid e ho us es a nd a ni m al s he lte rs a s w el l a s ou ts id e. 7 An . b ar bu m br os us Pa rti al ly s ha de d an d su nl it fre sh a nd s lo w ly ru nn in g w at er , g ra ss -fr in ge d st re am s to s ta gn an t w at er p oo ls an d m an -m ad e pl ac e lik e ric e fie ld s O ut do or m os qu ito s pe ci es , r ar el y fo un d in do or p la ce s. Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 69 S. N o Ve ct or S pe ci es Br ee di ng H ab ita ts Bi on om ic s 8 An . b en ga le ns is Se ep ag e sp rin gs /s lo w ru nn in g st re am s w ith c le ar w at er , i so la te d po ol s al on g a st re am , a ni m al h oo f- pr in ts , b am bo o gr oo ve s Fo un d at a lti tu de s be tw ee n 50 0 m a nd 2 00 0 m 9 An . c ra ce ns Br ee ds in s ta gn an t ( or v er y slo w ly fl ow in g) w at er , su ch a s po ol s, p ud dl es , s m al l p its , an im al fo ot pr in ts , w he el ru ts , h ol lo w lo gs , s tre am s an d ev en w el ls in fo re st s an d fru it or ru bb er p la nt at io ns . An th ro po ph ili c sp ec ie s w ith p ea k bi tin g at 1 90 0– 21 00 h ou rs 10 An . c ra w fo rd i M ar sh es a nd g ro un d po ol s It is m or e at tr ac te d to w ar ds m an th an m on ke ys . 11 An . c ul ic ifa ci es fre sh (u np ol lu te d) w at er , a rti fic ia l w at er c on ta in er s an d un us ed s w im m in g po ol s, ri ve r- be d po ol s, ra in w at er c ol le ct io ns , s tr ea m s, ri ce - f ie ld s, s ee pa ge w at er , b or ro w p its , i rr ig at io n ch an ne ls. Ad ul t b iti ng a ct iv ity o cc ur d ur in g th e fir st h al f o f t he n ig ht in co ol er m on th s (N ov em be r- M ar ch ) a nd d ur in g th e se co nd a nd th ird q ua rte rs o f t he e ve ni ng in th e w ar m er m on th s (S ep te m be r- O ct ob er ), al th ou gh p ea k bi tin g ac tiv ity h as a lso b ee n re po rte d as o cc ur rin g ar ou nd 2 3: 00 to m id ni gh t. Po st -fe ed in g be ha vi ou r of th e sp ec ie s sh ow ed a h ig he r t en de nc y fo r r es tin g in do or s, m ai nl y in c at tle s he ds 12 An . d iru s Br ee ds in s m al l, sh al lo w , u su al ly te m po ra ry , m os tly sh ad ed b od ie s of fr es h, s ta gn an t ( or v er y slo w ly flo w in g) w at er , s uc h as p oo ls, p ud dl es , s m al l p its (e .g . g em p its ), an im al fo ot pr in ts (e .g . e le ph an t fo ot pr in ts ), w he el ru ts , h ol lo w lo gs , s tre am s an d ev en w el ls lo ca te d in p rim ar y, se co nd ar y ev er gr ee n or d ec id uo us fo re st s, b am bo o fo re st s an d fru it or ru bb er p la nt at io ns . H ig hl y an th ro po ph ili c, e xo ph ag ic a s w el l a s en do ph ag ic , a nd ex op hi lic . i n Th ai la nd , A n. d iru s ha s a te nd en cy to b ite b et w ee n 20 :0 0 an d 23 :0 0 13 An . d ra vi di cu s Pe rm an en t o r s em i-p er m an en t b od ie s of c le an w at er th at a re o fte n ex po se d to d ire ct s un lig ht , i nc lu di ng po nd s, la ke s, s w am ps , d itc he s, w el ls, d iff er en t t yp es of p oo ls i.e . g ra ss y, sa nd y, gr ou nd , f lo od , s tre am Fe m al e m os qu ito is a ttr ac te d m or e to w ar ds c at tle th an h um an . Pe ak b iti ng ti m e 18 :0 0- 21 :0 0 14 An . f ar au ti Fo re st in la nd a re as in s ha de d te m po ra ry p oo ls, m ud dy a ni m al w al lo w s an d ho of -p rin ts An . f ar au ti s. s. re ad ily b ite s hu m an s. F ee di ng o f A n. fa ra ut i s .l. is m ai nl y no ct ur na l a nd c on tin ue s th ro ug ho ut th e ev en in g, ho w ev er , d ay tim e bi tin g ca n oc cu r. Fe m al es re ad ily a tta ck hu m an s in sid e an d ou ts id e ho us es . I nd oo r r es tin g be ha vi ou r oc cu rs b ef or e an d af te r f ee di ng , b ut h ab its a re v ar ie d. Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region70 S. N o Ve ct or S pe ci es Br ee di ng H ab ita ts Bi on om ic s 15 An . f lu vi at ili s Sl ow -fl ow in g st re am s or ri ve r m ar gi ns , i n di re ct o r di ffu se s un lig ht , r ic e fie ld s, o fte n in lo w n um be rs , po ss ib ly w as he d in to th e fie ld s fro m th e irr ig at io n ch an ne ls w he re th ey te nd to b e fo un d in h ig he r de ns iti es . Th e m os t a nt hr op op hi lic a nd e nd op hi lic s pe ci es . B iti ng a ct iv ity be gi ns a ro un d 19 :0 0 an d pe ak s be tw ee n 20 :0 0 an d 21 :0 0, bu t m ay a lso o cc ur th ro ug ho ut th e ni gh t u nt il da w n w ith ou t a n ap pa re nt p ea k. 16 An . h ac ke ri Sp lit b am bo o, c av iti es o f l ea f b as es G en er al ly b ite s m ac aq ue s, ex op hi lic a nd e ar ly b ite rs 17 An . i nt ro la tu s Pr ef er s to b re ed in s ha de d ro ck y po ol s, g ro un d po ol s, in ju ng le a re as a nd a lso b re ed s in ro ck y st re am p oo ls, w he el ru ts , h oo fp rin ts a nd e le ph an t fo ot pr in ts . At tra ct ed to m on ke ys a t c an op y le ve l c om pa re d to h um an s. R es t an d fe ed o ut do or 18 An . j am es ii Pr ef er s to b re ed m ai nl y in ta nk s, fa llo w a nd g ro w in g ric e fie ld s Re st s in sid e ho us es a nd c at tle s he ds d ur in g da y tim e. 19 An . j ey po rie ns is Al on g m ar gi ns o f s lo w -m ov in g st re am s an d ch an ne ls w ith g ra ss y ed ge s, p oo ls, p on ds , s w am ps a nd te rr ac ed ri ce fi el ds . It’ s an e ar ly b ite r, ge ne ra lly a nt hr op op hi lic . T he s pe ci es is fo un d in la rg e nu m be rs in c at tle s he ds a nd to a le ss er e xt en t i ns id e ho us es . 20 An . k ar w ar i Sh ad y ar ea s in cl ud in g m ar sh es , s m al l, slo w -m ov in g st re am s, s ee pa ge s, g ro un d an d ro ck p oo ls, s pr in gs , an d ric e fie ld s. Fe m al es a re g en er al ly a nt hr op op hi lic . R es ts in sid e ho us es a nd ca ttl e sh ed s du rin g da y tim e. 21 An . k oc hi Br ee ds in s ha llo w m ud dy c ol le ct io ns o f w at er , gr ou nd p oo ls w ith o r w ith ou t g ra ss , h oo f- p rin ts , r ic e fie ld s. Th e ad ul ts re st m ai nl y ou td oo rs . I t i s fo un d m or e at n ig ht ti m es in h ou se s. T he fe m al e bi te s m an re ad ily . 22 An . k ol ie ns is Fo re st in la nd a re as in s ha de d te m po ra ry p oo ls, m ud dy a ni m al w al lo w s an d ho of -p rin ts Fe m al es a re g en er al ly st ro ng ly a nt hr op op hi lic a lth ou gh th ey al so fe ed o n an im al s (b ird s, d og s an d pi gs ). Th is sp ec ie s re ad ily bi te s ou td oo rs a nd fr ee ly e nt er h ou se s to fe ed b ut d oe s no t r es t in do or s fo r l on g pe rio ds o f t im e ei th er b ef or e or a fte r f ee di ng , on ly ra re ly b ei ng fo un d re st in g in sid e dw el lin gs th ro ug ho ut th e ev en in g an d/ or d ur in g th e da y. Bi tin g oc cu rs th ro ug ho ut th e ni gh t b ot h in do or s an d ou td oo rs w ith th e gr ea te st a ct iv ity o fte n oc cu rr in g la te r i n th e ev en in g be tw ee n m id ni gh t a nd d aw n. Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 71 S. N o Ve ct or S pe ci es Br ee di ng H ab ita ts Bi on om ic s 23 An . k or ei cu s La rv ae a re fo un d m or e fre qu en tly in lo w m ou nt ai n re gi on s in re la tiv el y co ol w at er , s uc h as s pr in gs a nd st re am b ed p oo ls. It is an th ro po ph ili c m os qu ito s pe ci es , p rim ar ily e xo ph ili c. 24 An . l at en s G ro un d po ol s an d st re am m ar gi ns , t ur bi d w at er in gr ou nd s Fo un d in fo re st fr in ge s an d de ns e ju ng le s. F em al e bi te s th ro ug ho ut th e ni gh t. Pe ak b iti ng ti m e is fro m 2 4: 00 - 2 :0 0 25 An . l es te ri Th e la rv ae o cc ur in m ar sh es , g ro un d po ol s, p on ds , ric e fie ld s an d ot he r i m po un de d w at er s Re st in c oo l a nd s ha de d pl ac es , a nd h av e be en c ol le ct ed in c ow sh ed s an d ho us es . A no ph el es le st er i p op ul at io ns re ac h th ei r pe ak in A ug us t. Re ga rd ed a s an th ro po ph ili c, re ad ily a tta ck s hu m an s. P ea k bi tin g ac tiv ity is fr om 2 2: 00 a nd 2 3: 00 26 An . l in de sa yi G ro un d po ol s, ro ck y po ol s in m ou nt ai n st re am s, st re am b ed p oo ls, p ad dy fi el ds , r oc k ho le s, s ee pa ge po ol s. H oo fp rin ts , s ee pa ge p oo ls in ro ck w ith de ca yi ng le av es , g ra ss , m ud dy p oo ls, tr uc k tra il po ol s, w oo de n w el ls et c. It is a hi gh a lti tu de s sp ec ie s. A du lts fe ed th ro ug ho ut d ay ti m e. 27 An . m ac ar th ur i Br ee d in c le an s ee pa ge p oo ls, s id e po ol s of th e st re am , r iv er , r oa ds id e po ol s, e le ph an t f oo t p rin ts , flo od p oo ls an d se ep ag e sp rin g in th e fo re st a re a. Sp ec ie s is ex op hi lic a nd e xo ph ag y an d bi te s m or e to a ni m al s. 28 An . m ac ul at us C le ar m ov in g w at er , p er m an en t o r s em i-p er m an en t bo di es o f c le an w at er th at a re o fte n ex po se d to di re ct s un lig ht , i nc lu di ng p on ds , l ak es , s w am ps , di tc he s, w el ls, d iff er en t t yp es o f p oo ls (g ra ss y, sa nd y, gr ou nd , f lo od , s tre am ), m ar gi ns a lo ng s m al l, slo w - flo w in g st re am s, g ra ve l p its a lo ng s tr ea m m ar gi ns , se ep ag es , s pr in gs , r ic e fie ld s Fe m al es a re m or e st ro ng ly a ttr ac te d to c at tle th an h um an s, b ut fre el y bi te p eo pl e bo th in sid e an d ou ts id e ho us es . A no ph el es m ac ul at us e ar ly b ite r a nd p ea k oc cu r b et w ee n 18 :0 0 an d 21 :0 0. 29 An . m in im us Br ee ds in s tre am s, c an al w ith s lo w ru nn in g cl ea r a nd co ol w at er in fo ot hi lls a re as . I t a lso b re ed s in d itc he s, ch an ne ls in te a ga rd en , b or ro w pi ts , r ic e fie ld s an d se ep ag es . T he s pe ci es p re fe rs to b re ed in s ha dy pl ac es . Fe m al es o f A n. m in im us m ai nl y bi te h um an s bu t t he d eg re e of an th ro po ph ily /z oo ph ily d ep en ds o n th e av ai la bi lit y of a lte rn at iv e ho st s (e .g . c at tle ). An op he le s m in im us te nd s to b ite la te r, w ith pe ak a ct iv ity o cc ur rin g ar ou nd 2 2: 00 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region72 S. N o Ve ct or S pe ci es Br ee di ng H ab ita ts Bi on om ic s 30 An . n ig er rim us D ee p, c oo l, se m i-o pe n la rg e bo di es o f w at er w ith so m e em er ge nt o r f lo at in g ve ge ta tio n in o pe n su nl ig ht to m od er at e sh ad e. H ab ita ts in cl ud e ca na ls, la rg e op en m ar sh es , l ar ge s tre am p oo ls an d ric e fie ld s It is zo op hi lic m os qu ito b ut b ite s hu m an a lso a nd p rim ar ily ex op hi lic . 31 An . n ilg iri cu s C em en t t an ks , l ak es , m ud p oo ls, p ad dy fi el d, ho of pr in ts It is a sp ec ie s o f h ig h al tit ud es . A du lts fe ed in g th ro ug ho ut d ay tim e. 32 An . n iti du s C om m on ly b re ed s in ri ce fi el ds , t an ks , p its , s tr ea m po ol s O ut do or re st in g 33 An . n iv ip es M ar sh y la nd s, P on ds , R ic e fie ld s w ith g oo d ve ge ta tio n H os t s ee ki ng b eh av io ur re la tiv el y hi gh in th e ea rly e ve ni ng a nd th en d ec lin ed , b ut th ey in cr ea se d ag ai n in th e ea rly m or ni ng . 34 An . n ot an an da i Po nd s, la ke s, s w am ps , d itc he s, w el ls, p oo ls M os t c om m on ly a ttr ac te d to c at tle s th an h um an s. 35 An . p al lid us St ag na nt w at er s, D itc he s, P on ds w ith v eg et at io n, sh al lo w p oo ls in b ed s of s tre am . Ex hi bi ts o pp or tu ni st ic b lo od -fe ed in g be ha vi or , i n th at th ey pr ef er to fe ed o n ac ce ss ib le h os ts , e ith er h um an o r a ni m al . 36 An . p ar al ia e M ar sh es , g ro un d po ol s, p on ds , r ic e fie ld s an d ot he r im po un de d w at er s Fo re st fr in ge a re a. A nt hr op op hi lic , r ea di ly a tta ck s hu m an s. P ea k bi tin g ac tiv ity is fr om 2 2: 00 to 2 3: 00 37 An . p ed ita en ia tu s D itc he s, P on ds , R ic e fie ld s, T yr e tra il Bi te s bo th in do or (2 0: 00 -2 10 0 h) a nd o ut do or s (1 8: 00 -2 0: 00 h ) 38 An . p hi lip pi ne ns is M ar sh y la nd s, P on ds , R ic e fie ld s w ith g oo d ve ge ta tio n An . p hi lip pi ne ns is ap pe ar s to b e m os tly a nt hr op op hi lic a nd av ai la bl e in b ro ke n fo re st a re as . I t’s a m id n ig ht b ite r, m ai nl y ex op ha gi c an d ex cl us iv el y ex op hi lic 39 An . p se ud oj am es ii (A n. ra m sa yi ) Ra in w at er p oo ls, ta nk s an d sw am ps w ith h ea vy gr ow th o f v eg et at io n Re st s in sid e ho us es a nd c at tle s he ds in s m al l n um be rs . B ite s be tw ee n 19 :0 0- 21 :0 0 h 40 An . p se ud ow ill m or i G ro un d Po ol s, S tre am s an d Ri ce F ie ld s. An . p se ud ow ill m or i p re fe rs to b ite o ut d oo rs . B iti ng a ct iv ity p ea k in th e m id -n ig ht Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 73 S. N o Ve ct or S pe ci es Br ee di ng H ab ita ts Bi on om ic s 41 An . p uj ut en sis Br ee ds in s m al l, sh al lo w , u su al ly te m po ra ry , m os tly sh ad ed b od ie s of fr es h, s ta gn an t ( or v er y slo w ly flo w in g) w at er , s uc h as p oo ls, p ud dl es , s m al l p its (e .g . g em p its ), an im al fo ot pr in ts (e .g . e le ph an t fo ot pr in ts ), w he el ru ts , h ol lo w lo gs , s tre am s an d ev en w el ls lo ca te d in p rim ar y, se co nd ar y ev er gr ee n or d ec id uo us fo re st s, b am bo o fo re st s an d fru it or ru bb er p la nt at io ns . H ig hl y an th ro po ph ili c, e xo ph ag ic a s w el l a s en do ph ag ic , a nd ex op hi lic . I n Th ai la nd , i t h as a te nd en cy to b ite b et w ee n 20 :0 0 an d 23 :0 0 42 An . p un ct ul at us Fo re st in la nd a re as in s ha de d te m po ra ry p oo ls, m ud dy a ni m al w al lo w s an d ho of -p rin ts Fe m al es re ad ily a tta ck h um an s ou td oo rs a nd a lso e nt er h ou se s in s ea rc h of h os ts . I nd iv id ua ls th at fe ed in h ou se s m ay re st in do or s fo r t he e nt ire e ve ni ng a nd d ay tim e bu t t he v as t m aj or ity of fe m al es le av e be fo re d aw n to re st o ut do or s. P ea k ac tiv ity oc cu rr in g ar ou nd o r a fte r m id ni gh t i n so m e ar ea s. 43 An . p ur sa ti Ri ce fi el d in p la in , b ut a lso h as m an y m an m ad e ca na ls an d po nd s C on sid er ed a lso a s an e co no m ic p es t o f c at tle b ec au se o f i ts vi ci ou s bi tin g- be ha vi or 44 An . s aw ad w on gp or ni Pe rm an en t o r s em i-p er m an en t b od ie s of c le an w at er th at a re o fte n ex po se d to d ire ct s un lig ht , i nc lu di ng po nd s, la ke s, s w am ps , d itc he s Fr ee ly b ite h um an b ot h in sid e an d ou ts id e ho us es . A pp ea r t o be th e le as t z oo ph ili c sp ec ie s an d ex hi bi t e ar ly b iti ng a ct iv ity , pe ak in g be tw ee n 18 :0 0 an d 21 :0 0 h. 45 An . s ca nl on i St an di ng a nd s lo w ly m ov in g w at er in d ee p fo re st . A lso b re ed s in p oo ls co nn ec te d w ith s tr ea m s, ro ck po ol s, in th e be d of ri ve rs , G em p its , w el ls in fo re st ar ea s Fo un d in e ve rg re en fo re st , d ec id uo us fo re st . H ig hl y an th ro po ph ili c an d ex op ha gy a nd e nd op ha gy d ep en d up on ar ea to a re a. R es t m os tly o ut do or s. B ite s in th e m id n ig ht . 46 An . s in en sis St ag na nt w at er s, ri ce fi el ds a nd s w am py a re as , lo w la nd , s ha llo w , f re sh -w at er h ab ita ts w ith e m er ge nt an d/ or fl oa tin g ve ge ta tio n in o pe n ag ric ul tu re la nd s (m ai nl y ric e fie ld s) . T he y al so u til ise s tre am m ar gi ns , irr ig at io n di tc he s, p on ds , m ar sh es , s w am ps , b og s, pi ts , s tu m p gr ou nd h ol es , g ra ss y po ol s, fl oo d po ol s, st re am p oo ls, ro ck p oo ls, s ee pa ge - s pr in gs a nd w he el tr ac ks . Fe ed th ro ug ho ut th e ni gh t, w ith p ea k ac tiv ity a pp ar en tly oc cu rr in g at d iff er en t h ou rs d ep en di ng o n lo ca lit y. U nd er no rm al c irc um st an ce s, fe m al es a re p re do m in an tly z oo ph ili c an d ex op hi lic , i nf re qu en tly b iti ng h um an s in th e pr es en ce o f t he ir pr ef er re d ho st s (b uf fa lo a nd c at tle ) Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region74 S. N o Ve ct or S pe ci es Br ee di ng H ab ita ts Bi on om ic s 47 An . s in er oi de s Br ee ds in p on ds a nd g ro un d po ol s, a lso fr om ro ck ho le s, fr es h cl ea n w at er in w el l , s ha de d m ar gi ns o f sm al l s tre am s, d itc he s an d gr ou nd p oo ls. O cc ur s m or e fre qu en tly a t h ig he r e le va tio ns th an in lo w la nd s. Bi te s be fo re m id n ig ht . 48 An . s pl en di du s Br ee ds in H ill s tre am s, ju ng le s, p on ds , p oo ls w ith al ga l v eg et at io n an d al so ta nk s an d la ke m ar gi ns w ith ve ge ta tio n. It is fo un d in s m al l n um be rs in h ou se s an d ca ttl e sh ed s. Pr im ar ily a c at tle fe ed er b ut m ay o cc as io na lly b ite m an . 49 An . s te ph en si An . s te ph en si la rv ae u til ise fr es h- w at er p oo ls, s tre am m ar gi ns a nd s tre am b ed s, c at ch b as in s, s ee pa ge ca na ls, w el ls an d do m es tic w at er - s to ra ge c on ta in er s. An op he le s st ep he ns i i s ge ne ra lly c on sid er ed to b e an e nd op hi lic an d en do ph ag ic s pe ci es e ve n th ou gh it b ite s ou td oo rs d ur in g th e w ar m er /s um m er m on th s du e to g re at er o ut do or a ct iv ity o f hu m an s an d do m es tic a ni m al s. 50 An . s ub pi ct us N at ur al la rv al h ab ita ts in cl ud e po nd s, w el l, bo rr ow pi ts , l ag oo ns , s ha llo w p on ds , m ar sh es , s lo w - flo w in g riv er s, n at ur al p oo ls an d m ar gi ns o f s m al l st re am s, a lso h ig hl y as so ci at ed w ith ri ce fi el ds a nd irr ig at io n sc he m es , e tc . An op he le s su bp ic tu s ap pe ar s ov er al l t o ex hi bi t a n en do ph ili c re st in g ha bi t. It is ge ne ra lly z oo ph ili c. B ite s th ro ug ho ut th e ni gh t bu t p ea k bi tin g oc cu rs in e ar ly h ou rs i. e. 1 8: 00 -2 0: 00 h . 51 An . s un da ic us Br ee ds in n at ur al fr es h an d br ac ki sh w at er im po un dm en ts , o fte n w ith d en se a qu at ic v eg et at io n in c oa st al a re as . Fe m al es a re m ai nl y an th ro po ph ili c an d ex hi bi t b ot h en do ph ag ic an d ex op ha gi c fe ed in g ha bi ts . P ea k bi tin g ac tiv ity ty pi ca lly oc cu rs b et w ee n 20 :0 0 an d 03 :0 0 de pe nd in g on lo ca lit y. 52 An . t es se lla tu s La rv al h ab ita ts a re c ol le ct io ns o f d irt y st ag na nt w at er in s un o r s ha de . Ad ul ts p rim ar ily z oo ph ili c bu t w ill e nt er h ou se s to b ite m an . 53 An . t he ob al di Fo un d m or e fre qu en t i n st re am s th an s til l w at er Fe m al es a re m or e st ro ng ly a ttr ac te d to c at tle th an h um an s. 54 An . u m br os us La rv ae fo un d in s til l, sh ad ed , d ar k, a ci di c w at er w ith e m er ge nt v eg et at io n or n um er ou s le av es in th e w at er . H ab ita ts in cl ud e fre sh w at er s w am ps , j un gl e po ol s, la rg e iso la te d st re am p oo ls. S w am p fo re st ed ge in d itc he s w ith v eg et at io n. Ad ul ts a re e xo ph ag ic a nd m id n ig ht b ite rs . 55 An . v ag us Br ee ds in D itc he s, P on ds , p oo ls, ra in w at er co lle ct io n, R ic e fie ld s, T yr es , A ni m al h oo f p rin t, Pu dd le a nd a lso b re ed in m ud dy w at er c ol le ct io n. An . v ag us a re z oo ph ili c, e xo ph ili c an d ex op ha gi c in n at ur e. B ite s ea rly h ou rs i. e. 1 8: 00 - 20 :0 0 h. 56 An . v ar un a Br ee ds p rim ar ily in a n at ur al s tr ea m th at a lso do ub le d as a n irr ig at io n co nv ey an ce c an al , st re am be d po ol s. G en er al ly re ga rd ed a s an th ro po ph ili c m os qu ito , r ea di ly co lle ct ed in h ou se s an d ca ttl e sh ed s. In do or b iti ng b et w ee n m id ni gh t a nd d aw n. A lso o ut do or re st in g. Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 75 S. N o Ve ct or S pe ci es Br ee di ng H ab ita ts Bi on om ic s 57 An . w ill m or i Br ee ds in s lo w ru nn in g st re am m ar gi ns , r ic e fie ld s, pi ts a nd w el ls An th ro po ph ili c an d op po rtu ni st ic fe ed in g be ha vi or , f re el y bi te pe op le b ot h in sid e an d ou ts id e ho us es . E xh ib it ea rly b iti ng ac tiv ity 58 An . y at su sc hi ro en sis Pa dd y fie ld s, ir rig at io n di tc he s, c re ek s an d so fo rth ; Ad ul t p op ul at io ns a re h ig he st in Ju ne a nd O ct ob er . P ea k bi tin g ac tiv ity is fr om 2 1: 00 to 2 2: 00 B. Ve ct or s of F ila ri as is a nd Ja pa ne se e nc ep ha lit is (C ul ex ) 59 C x. b ita en io rh yn ch us La rv ae a re re st ric te d to g ro un d w at er h ab ita ts co nt ai ni ng S pi ro gy ra . Fe m al es a re b lo od fe ed er s of b ird s an d so m et im es h um an s. 60 C x. fu sc oc ep ha la Br ee ds in g ro un d po ol s an d ric e- fi el ds a nd in h ig hl y po llu te d w at er s uc h as d ra in s, c es sp oo l a nd b am bo o pi ts . Bi te s bo th h um an a nd a ni m al . R es t b ot h ou td oo r a nd in do or . 61 C x. g el id us G ro un d Po ol s, u su al ly th os e co nt ai ni ng m uc h w ee d, Ri ce - f ie ld s an d m ar sh y tra ct s Fe m al es a re v ic io us b ite rs , p re fe rr in g la rg e do m es tic a ni m al s to m an 62 C x. p er ex ig uu s St an di ng w at er b od ie s, in cl ud in g co nt ai ne r h ab ita ts , ge ne ra lly a w ay fr om h um an h ab ita tio ns , a nd c an to le ra te s om e sa lin ity Be lie ve d to fe ed m ai nl y on b ird s, fe m al es d isc ov er ed to ta ke bo vi ne b lo od . O cc as io na lly , f em al es e nt er h ou se s an d bi te hu m an s 63 C x. p se ud ov ish nu i Ed ge s of ri ce fi el ds , p ud dl es , w el ls Re st in c ow s he ds a nd h um an h ab ita tio ns . 64 C x. q ui nq ue fa sc ia tu s Bo di es o f w at er c on ta in in g a hi gh d eg re e of o rg an ic po llu tio n an d cl os e to h um an h ab ita tio n in cl ud in g st ag na nt d ra in s, c es sp oo ls, s ep tic ta nk s w ith le ak s, bo rr ow p its Fe m al es re ad ily e nt er h ou se s at n ig ht a nd b ite m an in pr ef er en ce to o th er m am m al s 65 C x. tr ita en io rh yn ch us G ro un d po ol s, ri ce fi el ds , m ar sh es , a nd s m al l, st ab le co lle ct io ns o f c le an w at er a ro un d cu lti va te d fie ld s, gr ou nd p oo ls, d itc he s M os t a bu nd an t i n Ju ly, A ug us t, an d Se pt em be r i n su bt ro pi ca l an d te m pe ra te c lim at es . T he a du lt fe m al es d o no t r es t i n ho us es or a ni m al s he lte rs in th e da yt im e ex ce pt in s m al l n um be rs . En tr y an d re st in g at n ig ht in h ou se s an d an im al s he lte rs h av e be en o bs er ve d, b ut fe ed in g pr ob ab ly ta ke s pl ac e m os t o fte n in th e op en . F ee di ng a ct iv ity is g re at es t d ur in g th e fir st h ou r a fte r su ns et . 66 C x. v ish nu i G ro un d Po ol s, R ic e- fi el ds , p ud dl es , d itc he s, p on ds , an im al a nd w he el tr ac ks a nd s al t m ar sh es Fe m al es fe ed p rim ar ily o n pi gs a nd b ird s, bu t i n th ei r a bs en ce w ill re ad ily b ite m an Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region76 S. N o Ve ct or S pe ci es Br ee di ng H ab ita ts Bi on om ic s 67 C x. w hi tm or ei Fr es h w at er g ro un d po ol s, in cl ud in g di tc he s an d pu dd le s in ri ce fi el ds c on ta in in g nu m er ou s gr as se s Pr ev al en ce o f a du lts sh ow a p ea k us ua lly to w ar ds th e en d of ra in y se as on . A du lts a ttr ac te d m ai nl y to w ar ds c at tle s, b ut a lso to p ig s, bi rd s an d m an . C Ve ct or s of d en gu e, c hi ku ng un ya a nd Z ik a (A ed es ) 68 Ae . a eg yp ti Br ee ds in a re as o f s ta gn an t w at er , c on ta in er s su ch as fl ow er v as es , u nc ov er ed b ar re ls, b uc ke ts , a nd di sc ar de d ty re s, o ve rh ea d ta nk s, c ur in g ta nk s an d to ile t t an ks a nd is k no w n as c on ta in er b re ed er . M os t c om m on ly fe ed a t d us k an d da w n, in do or s, in s ha dy ar ea s, o r w he n th e w ea th er is c lo ud y, th ey c an b ite a nd s pr ea d in fe ct io n al l y ea r l on g an d at a ny ti m e of d ay . L ife sp an o f a n ad ul t A e. a eg yp ti is tw o to fo ur w ee ks , e gg s ca n be v ia bl e fo r ov er a y ea r i n a dr y st at e. 69 Ae . a lb op ic tu s Tr ee h ol es , p ar tic le s of p la nt s an d ar tif ic ia l co nt ai ne rs , r oc k ho le s, h ol lo w b am bo o st um ps a nd le af a xi ls Ty pi ca lly fl ie s an d fe ed s in th e da yt im e in a dd iti on to a t d us k an d da w n. T he y ar e st ro ng ly a ttr ac te d to b ite h um an s, b ut a lso fe ed o n ca ts , d og s, s qu irr el s, d ee r a nd o th er m am m al s, a s w el l as b ird s. T he y bi te o ut do or s an d in do or s, b ut a re u su al ly fo un d ou ts id e. 70 Ae . v itt at us Bo at s, w el ls, tr ee tr un ks , t re e ho le s, b am bo o cu ps an d po ts , o cc as io na l u te ns ils , r oc k po ol s, ro ck h ol es , in p oo ls, in ro ck o ut cr op s or ri ve r b ed s It is a vo ra ci ou s b ite r o f h um an s 71 Ae . n iv eu s Im m at ur es a re fo un d in tr ee h ol es a nd b am bo o st um ps . Fe m al es a re d ay b ite r a nd m os tly z oo ph ili c D Ve ct or o f F ila ri as is (M an so ni a) 72 M a. a nn ul ife ra Po ol s, p er m an en t m ar sh y ar ea It is an e nd op hi lic s pe ci es , p re fe r t o re st in do or p la ce s. A du lts no rm al ly a ct iv e af te r m id ni gh t a nd b ef or e da w n. It s ho w s hi gh af fin ity fo r h um an b iti ng . T he b iti ng te nd en cy is re la tiv el y m or e in do or s (e nd op ha gi c) . 73 M a. in di an a Se ve ra l m ar sh y, w at er -lo gg ed a re as s ui ta bl e fo r th e gr ow th o f P ist ia s tr at io te s, S al vi ni a au ric ul at a, Ei ch ho rn ia s pe ci os a et c Th e bi tin g te nd en cy is re la tiv el y m or e in do or s (e nd op ha gi c) . It sh ow s a pr ed ile ct io n to w ar ds c at tle , w ith v ar yi ng d eg re es o f zo op hi ly. 74 M a. u ni fo rm is O pe n sw am ps fo rm ed w he n fo re st is c le ar in w hi ch th e ve ge ta tio n is do m in at ed b y th e sw am p gr as se s Th e bi tin g te nd en cy is o ut do or s (e xo ph ag ic ) f or M a. u ni fo rm is. It sh ow s a pr ed ile ct io n to w ar ds c at tle , w ith v ar yi ng d eg re es o f zo op hi ly. Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 77 S. N o Ve ct or S pe ci es Br ee di ng H ab ita ts Bi on om ic s E Ve ct or o f L ei sh m an ia si s (P hl eb ot om us ) 75 P. ar ge nt ip es O rg an ic s oi ls at th e ju nc tio n of th e flo or a nd w al ls of c at tle s he ds a nd e ar th en h ou se s, m ud -p la st er ed w al ls w ith c ra ck s, a nd d am p flo or s in c on st ru ct io ns cl os e to s m al l w at er b od ie s an d ve ge ta tio n Bi te s at n ig ht d ur in g 9 pm a nd 1 a m w ith it s pe ak ti m e 11 –1 2 pm 76 P. pa pa ta si Ro de nt b ur ro w s, th e de ep a nd re la tiv el y co ol a nd hu m id c ra ck s w ith c ut ro ot s an d br an ch es b et w ee n th e la rg e cr ac ke d so il H av e a re la tiv el y lo ng fl ig ht ra ng e an d do es n ot a lw ay s st ay n ea r br ee di ng s ite s Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region78 Bibliography (1) B.K. Tyagi, A. Munirathinam and A. Venkatesh (2015). A catalogue of Indian mosquitoes. International Journal of Mosquito Research 2 (2): 50-97. (2) B.N. Nagpal and V.P. Sharma (1995). Indian Anophelines. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. (3) Bina Pani Das Dr. (2013). Pictorial key to common species of Culex (Culex) mosquitoes associated with Japanese encephalitis virus in India. DOI: 10.1007/978-81-322-0861-7_3 (4) Bryan JH (1974). Morphological studies on the Anopheles punctulatus Donitz complex. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 125(4), pp. 413-435 (5) Filipe Dantas-Torres, Viviana Domenica Tarallo and Domenico Otranto. Morphological keys for the identification of Italian phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae). Dantas-Torres et al. Parasites & Vectors 2014; 7:479. (6) Glick I Jayson (1992). Illustrated key to the female Anopheles of Southwestern Asia and Egypt (Diptera:Culicidae) (7) Lewis, D. J. (1963). Arthropod vectors of public health importance. Bulletin of the World Health Organization; 29 Suppl:19-24 .http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/266880 (8) Peyton MSG and Scanlon LTC (1966). Illustrated key to the female Anopheles mosquitoes of Thailand. United States Army Medical, South-East Asia Treaty Organization, Bangkok, Thailand (9) Rampa Rattanarithikul and Ralph E. Harbach (1990). Anopheles maculatus (Diptera: culicidae from the type locality of Hong Kong and two new species of maculatus complex from the Philippines. Mosq. Systematic Vol 22(3):160-183. (10) Rattanarithikul R and Christopher A. Green (1986). Formal recognition of the species of the Anopheles maculatus group (Diptera: Culicidae) occurring in Thailand, including the descriptions of two new species and a preliminary key to females. U.S. Army Medical Component, Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (11) Rattanarithikul R, Harrison BA, Harbach RE, Panthusiri P and Coleman RE (2006). Illustrated Keys to the mosquitoes of Thailand IV. Anopheles. The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health Volume 37 Supplement 2, 2006 (12) Reuben R, Tewari SC, Hiriyan J and Akiyama J (1994). Illustrated keys to species of Culex (Culex) associated with Japanese encephalitis in Southeast Asia (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics, 26(2):75-96. (13) Sallum MAMS, Peyton EL, Harrison BA, Wilkerson RC (2005). Revision of the Leucosphyrus group of Anopheles (Cellia) (Diptera, Culicidae). Rev. Bras. Entomol. Vol 49 suppl.1, Sao Paulo (14) Tanaka K, Mizusawa K and Saugstad ES (1979). A revision of the adult and larval mosquitoes of Japan (including the Ryukyu Archipelago and the Ogasawara Islands) and Korea. U.S. Army Medical Laboratory, Pacific; Kamitsuruma (15) World Health Organization. Division of Vector Biology and Control (1989) .Geographical distribution of arthropod-borne diseases and their principal vectors .Geneva :World Health Organization. http:// www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/60575. Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 79 Glossary Abdomen The abdomen is composed of 10 segments but externally only eight segments can be seen, the last two being modified into genital organs Accessory sector pale spot The group of pale scales sometimes occurring on the radius at or just distad of the splitting of radius-one and the radial sector Antennae Antennae are sense organs which arise on the front of the head between the eyes and consist of a flagellum of 13 flagellomeres in females and 14 flagellomeres in males Anterior and posterior forked cells The areas of the wing enclosed by the branches of veins 2(RS) and 4(M) are known as anterior and posterior forked cells respectively Anthropophillc showing a preference for feeding on man even when non-human hosts are available. A relative term requiring qualification so as to indicate the extent of this preference Apical pale band The pale or the white band which is away from the head, i.e., towards the distal end Bands on legs There are two types of bands: (1) very narrow bands confined to the apices, i.e., towards the tips only and leaving the bases dark and (2) broad bands spreading across the joints on the bases of the next segment Basal band third band, which is towards the basal side, is known as the basal or proximal pale band. Costa and Subcosta The thickened anterior border of the wing is known as costa and parallel to it is the subcostal, which fuses the costa in the middle of the anterior border of the wing. Ecology The study of the interaction between organisms and their environment Endophily Tendency of Mosquitoes to rest indoors, whether by day or by night Exophagy Tendency of mosquitoes to feed outdoors Exophily Tendency of mosquitoes to rest outdoors, whether by day or by night Fauna The animal life of a region Female genitalia Female genitalia have no special characters which can help in the species identification, but they may be of use in the separation of species belonging to subgenus Anopheles from subgenus Cellia Head The head is the smallest part of the mosquito body, is almost spherical, and is connected to the thorax through a narrow, membranous neck. Identification The determination of the taxonomic identity of an individual Key, taxonomic List of distinguishing morphological characters so arranged as to facilitate identification of species. The commonest form is the dichotomous key, in which the characters are displayed as pairs of alternatives ("couplets") Labium The proboscis also consists of a sheath-like structure, known as labium, enclosing a group of six styles. Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region80 Legs There are three pairs of legs originating from the lower side of the thorax: the forelegs, midlegs and hindlegs. Each leg consists of conical coxa, a small hinge-like trochanter, a long femur, a slender tibia, and a five- segmented tarsus Longitudinal veins There are six longitudinal veins known as veins 1 (R1), 2{RS), 3{R4 +5), 4(M), 5(Cu) and 6{Anal); Veins 1{R1), 3(R4 + 5). and 6(Anal) are undivided and veins 2(RS), 4(M), and 5(Cu) are bifurcated and their numbers designated 2{RS). 2.1(R2), 2.2(R3), 4(M), 4.1{M1). 4.2(M2), 5(Cu), 5.1(Cu1), 5.2{Cu2). Veins 2(RS) and 4(M) and subcosta are concave and prominent on the under surface of the wing and veins 1 (R1), 3{R4 + 5). 5(Cu). and 6(Anal) Male genitalia The male genitalia is also known as external genitalia, terminalia, or hypopygium-a copulatory apparatus Palpi A pair of palpi arises from the lower front margin of the head near the either side of proboscis. Pre-apical dark band The dark band between the apical and subapical pale bands is known as the pre-apical dark band or intervening dark band. Pre-sector dark spot The group of dark scales occurring between the presector pale and sector pale spots Proboscis The proboscis projects downwards and forwards from the lower front margin of the head and generally is continuously dark in colour, except the labellum, which is light yellow Pupa Stage between the larva and the imago in the development of the mosquito, during which it is aquatic and active but does not feed. When the larva undergoes metamorphosis into a pupa ("pupation") the fourth and last larval skin is cast off. Resistance 1. Ability of a parasite strain to multiply or to survive in the presence of concentration of a drug that normally destroy parasites of the same species or prevent their multiplication. Such resistance may be relative (yielding to increased doses of the drug tolerated by the host.) 2. Ability in population of insects to tolerate doses of an insecticide which would prove lethal to the majority of individuals in a normal population of the same species; developed as a result of selection pressure by the insecticide. Simultaneous resistance to one or more insecticides of two different group is known as double insecticide resistance (not to be confused with insecticide cross-resistance) Species Group of organisms capable of exchanging genetic material with one another and incapable, by reason of their genetic constitution, of exchanging such material with any other group of organisms. The limits of species are indicated by the comparative study of morphological and other characters Speckling in legs Presence of scattered and irregular patches of pale spot on the femur, tibia and some tarsal segments Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 81 Susceptibility 1. Liability in a population of insects to be killed by a particular insecticide. The average susceptibility of a species or population of mosquitoes is usually measured in terms of the median lethal concentration (LC50). 2. Liability of species of mosquito to become infected when fed on a person known to be infectious; usually measured in relation to the liability of infection of another species fed at the same time on the same person 3. Liability of a person to become infected. The lower the immunity, the higher the susceptibility Systematics The science dealing with the diversity of organisms Taxonomy The theory and practice of classifying organisms Tergites and sternites The dorsal part of the abdomen is called dorsum and the segments are known as tergites; the ventral side is known as venter and segments are called sternites Thorax The thorax is the middle part of the body. It bears two pairs of wings and three pairs of legs and has three distinct parts-pronotum, scutum, and metanotum-each part consisting of one pair of legs Vector In malaria, any species of mosquito in which the Plasmodium completes its sexual cycle in nature and which is thus able to transmit the disease Vector principal Species mainly responsible for transmitting malaria in any particular circumstance. Principal vector may overlap or may alternate seasonally Vector, secondary Species thought to play a minor role in transmission in association with a principal vector and to be capable of maintaining malaria at a reduced level in the absence of the latter. Wings A pair of wings arises from the scutum and bears a number of important characters which help to identify the subgenus and species. Zoophilic Term applied to mosquitoes showing a relative preference for non- human blood even when human hosts are really available 9 789290 227588 2020 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region