WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
-~ ~ '· .. ~
~
•rJ1 ~
ORGANISATION MONDIALE DELA SANTE
Regional Office for the Western Pacific Bureau regional du Pacifique occidental
REGIONAL COMMITTEE Thirty-ninth session Manila 12-16 September 1988
WPR/RC39/18 30May 1988
ORIGINAL: ENGLISH
Provisional agenda item 21
SPECIAL PROGRAMME FOR RESEARCH AND TRAINING IN TROPICAL DISEASES: MEMBERSHIP OF THE JOINT COORDINATING BOARD
the SOciatistRepublic ofViet Narilarid Fijiare currently the two Member States ofthe Region whose representatives serve ' •as rnernbers of the •. Joint COordillatirig •Board, ill >accordance With >sectiori 2.2.2 ()f the >Mernoralldum of· •·.Understanding · •·. oil the Administrative and Technical Structures ofthe SpeCial Programme for Research and Training iri Tropical Diseases. · The three-year period of terillre of the representative designated by the Socialist Republic oF Viet Nam ·ends on 31 December 1988. At its thirty-nirithsessioll, the Regional COrnrnittee Will.have to< decide which Member State ·. • Will send a .... . representative to the Joint Coordinating BOard forthe thtee-ydlt pel"iod oornrnellcing lJaritiary 1989.' ,,.,. ,
...
,
.......
,
WPR/RC39/18 page2
A copy of the Memorandum of Understanding on the Administrative and Technical Structures of the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases is attached as Annex 1. It provides for the establishment of a Joint Coordinating Board to coordinate the interests and responsibilities of all parties cooperating in the Special Programme. The composition of the Joint Coordinating Board is described in section 2.2 of the Memorandum of Understanding. Each Regional Committee of the World Health Organization is responsible for selecting two government representatives to serve on the Board (see section 2.2.2 of the Memorandum of Understanding). The periods of tenure of past and present representatives from the Western Pacific Region to the Joint Coordinating Board from 1 January 1978 onwards arc shown in Annex 2. It will be noted that the Region is currently represented by the representatives of the Governments of the Socialist Republic of VietNam 1 and Fiji. 2
The period of tenure of the representative designated by the Government of the Socialist Republic of VietNam will end on 31 December 1988. At its thirty-ninth session, the Regional Committee will have to decide which Member State will send a representative to the Joint Coordinating Board for a three-year period commencing 1 January 1989. The Committee's attention is also drawn to the following paragraphs of section 2.2 of the Memorandum of Understanding: (1) section 2.2.3, which indicates that three members, in addition to the members selected by the regional committees and those appointed under section 2.2.1, may be designated by the Board itself from among the remaining Cooperating Parties (see section 1.2 of the Memorandum of Understanding); (2) the last paragraph, which indicates that governments and organizations which are Cooperating Parties in the Special Programme and have not been selected for membership of the Board, may attend its meetings as observers (at their own expense), subject to its prior approval. The Regional Director advises Member States by letter each year of the dates by which the name of any government interested in being designated as a member under section 2.2.3 or attending the Board's meeting as an observer should be communicated to the Special Programme Coordinator, WHO, Geneva. The letter relating to the 1988 meeting of the Board, to be held on 27 to 29 June 1988, was despatched during the third week of April 1988. Requests for designation as a member of the Board were to be received by 27 April 1988 and requests to attend the meeting as an observer were to be received by 12 June 1988. The exact dates and place of the 1989 meeting of the Board, when confirmed, will be conveyed to Member States in the usual letter.
1See resolution WPR/RC36.R5. Handbook of Resolutions and Decisions of the WHO Regional Committee for the Western
Pacific, Vol. II, 5th ed., 1986, page 115. 2See resolution WPRJRC37.R13. Handbook of Resolutions and Decisions of the WHO Regional Committee for the Western Pacific, Vol. III, lst ed., 1988, page 17.
WPR!RC39/18 page3
ANNEX1 MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING ON THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND TECHNICAL STRUCTURES OF THE SPECIAL PROGRAMME FOR RESEARCH AND TRAINING IN TROPICAL DISEASES
This Memorandum of Understanding describes the functions, composition and operation of the Joint Coordinating Board, the Standing Committee and the Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee of the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (hereinafter called the Special Programme). The Special Programme is structured on the basis of co-sponsorship by the United Nations Development Programme (hereinafter called UNDP), and the World Bank (hereinafter called the Bank) and the World Health Organization (hereinafter called WHO), and operates within a broad framework of intergovernmental/inter-agency cooperation and participation. The governments and organizations which met in Geneva on 1 and 2 February 1978 and whose names are listed in Appendix 1 hereto, have endorsed the Administrative and Technical Structures of the Special Programme as set forth below. A summary of the scientific and technical basis of the Special Programme is attached as Appendix 2 hereto. 1. DEFINITIONS
1.1 The Special Programme is a global programme of international technical cooperation initiated by WHO and co-sponsored by UNDP and the Bank, with the two interdependent objectives of developing improved tools for the control of tropical diseases and strengthening the research capability of affected countries themselves. 1.2 Cooperating Parties are:
1.2.1 those governments contributing to Special Programme Resources; those governments providing technical and/or scientific support to the Special Programme; and those governments whose countries are directly affected by the diseases dealt with by the Special Programme; 1.2.2 those intergovernmental and other non-profit-making organizations contributing to Special Programme Resources or providing technical and/or scientific support to the Special Programme. 1.3 The Executing Agency is WHO.
1.4 Special Programme Resources are the financial resources made available to the Special Programme by governments and organizations, through the Tropical Diseases Research Fund, an international fund administered by the Bank, the WHO Voluntary Fund for Health Promotion and other agency funds.
WPR/RC39/18 page4
Annex 1 2. THE JOINT COORDINATING BOARD (JCB)
2.1 Functions The JCB shall, for the purpose of coordinating the interests and responsibilities of the parties cooperating in the Special Programme, have the following functions: 2.1.1 Review and decide upon the planning and execution of the Special Programme. For this purpose it will keep itself informed of all aspects of the development of the Special Programme, and consider reports and recommendations submitted to it by the Standing Committee, the Executing Agency, and the Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee (STAC). 2.1.2 Approve the proposed plan of action and budget for the coming financial period, prepared by the Executing Agency and reviewed by the Standing Committee. 2.1.3 Review the proposals of the Standing Committee and approve arrangements for the financing of the Special Programme in that period. 2.1.4 Review proposed longer-term plans of action and their financial implications. 2.1.5 Review the annual financial statements submitted by the Executing Agency, as well as the audit report thereon, submitted by the External Auditor of the Executing Agency. 2.1.6 Review periodic reports which evaluate the progress of the Special Programme towards the achievement of its objectives. 2.1. 7 Endorse the proposals of the Executing Agency and the Standing Committee for STAC membership. 2.1.8 Consider such other matters relating to the Special Programme as may be referred to it by any Cooperating Party.
2.2 Composition The JCB shall consist of 30 members from among the Cooperating Parties as follows: 2.2.1 Twelve government representatives selected by the contributors to the Special Programme Resources. 2.2.2 Twelve government representatives selected by the WHO Regional Committees from among those countries directly affected by the diseases dealt with by the Special Programme, or from among those providing technical or scientific support to the Special Programme.
WPR/RC39/18 page 5
Annex 1 2.2.3 Three members, designated by the JCB itself, from among the remaining Cooperating Parties. 2.2.4 The three Agencies which comprise the Standing Committee. Members of the JCB shall serve for a period of three years and may be reappointed. Other Cooperating Parties may, at their request, be represented as observers upon approval by the JCB.
2.3 Operation 2.3.1 The JCB shall meet in annual session, and in extraordinary session if required, and with the agreement of the majority of its members. 2.3.2 The JCB shall elect each year from among its members, a Chairman who shall: -convene and preside over meetings of the JCB; and -undertake such additional duties as may be assigned to him by the JCB. 2.3.3 The Executing Agency shall provide the Secretariat and arrange for supporting services and facilities as may be required by the JCB. 2.3.4 Subject to such other special arrangements as may be decided upon by the JCB, members of the JCB shall make their own arrangements to cover the expenses incurred in attending sessions of the JCB. Observers shall attend meetings of the JCB at their own expense. Other expenses of the JCB shall be borne by the Special Programme Resources.
3. THE STANDING COMMITTEE 3.1 Composition and Functions The Standing Committee shall be comprised of the co-sponsors, namely the UNDP, the Bank and WHO. It shall have the following functions: 3.1.1 Review the plan of action and budget for the coming financial period, as prepared by the Executing Agency, in time for presentation to the JCB not less than forty- five days before the JCB's annual session. 3.1.2 Make proposals to the JCB for the financing of the Special Programme for the coming financial period.
WPR/RC39/18 page6
Annex 1 3.1.3 Approve reallocation of resources between Programme areas and Scientific Working Groups of the Special Programme during a financial period, upon the recommendation of STAC and the Executing Agency, and report such reallocations to the JCB. 3.1.4 Examine the reports submitted to the Executing Agency by the Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee (STA C) and the Executing Agency's comments; make the necessary observations thereon, and transmit these, with comments as appropriate, to the JCB. 3.1.5 Review particular aspects of the Special Programme, including those which may be referred to it by the JCB, and present findings and recommendations in the form of reports to the JCB. 3.1.6 Inform the JCB, as required, regarding Special Programme matters of interest to the JCB. 3.2 Operation 3.2.1 The Standing Committee shall usually meet at least twice a year; once at the time of the JCB meeting, and additionally between sessions of the JCB. 3.2.2 The Executing Agency shall arrange for supporting services and facilities as may be required by the Standing Committee. 3.2.3 Members of the Standing Committee shall make their own arrangements to cover the expenses incurred in attending sessions of the Standing Committee. 4. THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE (STAC) 4.1 Functions The STAC shall have the following functions: 4.1.1 Review, from a scientific and technical standpoint, the content, scope and dimensions of the Special Programme, including the diseases covered and approaches to be adopted. 4.1.2 Recommend priorities within the Special Programme, including the establishment and disestablishment of Scientific Working Groups, and all scientific and technical activities related to the Programme. 4.1.3 Provide the JCB and the Executing Agency with a continuous independent evaluation of the scientific and technical aspects of all activities of the Special Programme. For these purposes the STAC may propose and present for consideration such technical documents and recommendations as it may deem appropriate.
WPR/RC39/18 page 7
Annex 1
4.2 Composition The STAC shall be comprised of 15-18 scientists and other technical personnel who will serve in their personal capacities to represent the broad range of biomedical and other disciplines required for Special Programme activities. Members of STAC, including the Chairman, will be selected on the basis of scientific or technical competence by the Executing Agency, in consultation with the Standing Committee and with the endorsement of the JCB. 4.2.1 Members of the STAC, including the Chairman, shall be appointed to serve for a period of three years, and will be eligible for further reappointment. To maintain continuity of membership, the expiration of the initial terms of office of members of STAC will be staggered.
4.3 Operation 4.3.1 The STAC shall meet at least once each year. 4.3.2 The Executing Agency shall provide the Secretariat to STAC including sustained scientific, technical and administrative support. 4.3.3 Costs of the STAC shall be borne by the Special Programme Resources. 4.3.4 The STAC shall prepare an annual report on the basis of a full review of all technical and scientific aspects of the Special Programme. This report, containing its findings and recommendations, shall be submitted to the Executing Agency and to the Standing Committee. The Executing Agency shall submit its comments on the report to the Standing Committee. The Standing Committee shall then transmit the report, including the comments of the Executing Agency, together with its own observations and recommendations, to the JCB, not less than forty-five days before the JCB's annual session. The Chairman of the STAC, or in his absence a member of the STAC deputized to act for him, shall attend all sessions of the JCB. 5. THE EXECUTING AGENCY The Director-General of WHO, after such consultations as he may deem appropriate, shall appoint the Special Programme Coordinator and the Special Programme Director and appoint or assign all other personnel to the Special Programme as specified in the plans of work. Drawing as required upon the administrative resources of WHO and in cooperation with the co-sponsors of the Special Programme, the Coordinator will be responsible for the overall management of the Special Programme. Under the authority of the Special Programme Coordinator and drawing to the full upon the scientific and technical resources of WHO, the Director of the Special Programme shall be responsible for the overall scientific and technical development and operation of the Special Programme including the plan of action and budget.
WPR/RC39/18 page8
Annex 1 6. TRANSITIONAL PROVISION
The Cooperating Parties attending the preliminary meeting of the Special Programme together with the Sponsoring Agencies have, as an interim measure, carried out the functions of the JCB pending its definitive establishment pursuant to paragraph 2.2 hereof.
WPR/RC39/18 page9
APPENDIX 1 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS ARGENTINA Dr Olindo MARTINO, Adviser in Epidemiology and Pathology, Secretariat of State Public Health Area Office, Buenos Aires AUSTRALIA Dr R. CUMMING, Assistant Director-General, International Health Branch, Department of Health, Canberra Ms Helen FREEMAN, Second Secretary, Permanent Mission of Australia to the United Nations Office at Geneva AUSTRIA Dr Othmar LAURENCIC, Director, Epidemiological Department, Federal Ministry of Health and Environmental Protection, Vienna BELGIUM Madame S. VERY ALCKE, Directeur d'Administration, Administration de la Cooperation au Developpement, Bruxelles BENIN Capitaine I. BOURAIMA, Ministre de la Sante publique des Affaires sociales, Cotonou Professor B.C. SADELER, Departement des Etudes scientifiques et techniques, Section de Medecine, Universite nationale du Benin, Cotonou BRAZIL Dr Paulo DE ALMEIDA MACHADO, Minister of State for Health, Ministry of Health, Brasilia BURMA Dr Aung Than BATU, Director-General, Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Rangoon
WPR/RC39/18 page 10
Appendix 1 CANADA Dr P. LADOUCEUR, Section Head, UN Programmes Division, Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), Ottawa Dr W.G.B. CASSELMAN, Senior Medical Adviser, International Health Services, Department of National Health and Welfare, Ottawa Dr W.T. OLIVER, Research Coordinator, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Department of National Health and Welfare, Ottawa Mr C. SIROIS, First Secretary, Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations Office and other International Organizations at Geneva DENMARK Dr Inge JESPERSEN, Deputy Commissioner of Health, Member of DANIDA's Board, Copenhagen Mr Niels J. LASSEN, Deputy Head of Division, Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA), Copenhagen EGYPT Dr Elmotaz Billah MOBARAK, Under Secretary of Health, Ministry of Public Health, Cairo FINLAND Miss Anna-Liisa KORHONEN, Secretary of Section, Department for International Development Cooperation, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Helsinki Mrs Helena ROOS, Secretary (Social Affairs), Permanent Mission of Finland to the United Nations Office and other International Organizations at Geneva FRANCE Dr R. GAV ARINO, Medecin en Chef des Services du Ministere de Ia Cooperation, Division de Ia Sante et de !'Action sociale, Paris Professeur P. PENE, Directeur de !'United Enseignement et de Recherche de Medecine et de Sante tropicales, Clinique exotique a l'Hopital Michel Levy, Marseille
WPR/RC39/18 page 11
Appendix 1 M. Andre NEMO, Conseiller, Mission Permanente de Ia France aupres de l'Office des Nations Unies a Geneve et des Institutions specialisees ayant leur Siege en Suisse GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF Mr G.R. LIPTAU, Counsellor, Ministry for Economic Cooperation, Bonn Dr W.D. ERNERT, Ministerial Counsellor, Ministry for Economic Cooperation, Bonn Dr W. SCHUMACHER, Ministerial Counsellor, Federal Ministry for Youth, Family Affairs and Health, Bonn Mr G. WIRTH, Counsellor (Financial Affairs), Permanent Mission of the Federal Republic of Germany to the United Nations Office and other International Organizations at Geneva INDIA Dr C. GOP ALAN, Director-General, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi KENYA Dr J.M. GEKONYO, Senior Deputy Director of Medical Services, Ministry of Health, Nairobi KUWAIT Dr Nouri ALKAZEMI, Director, Planning and Public Health Department, Ministry of Public Health, Kuwait MALAYSIA Dr G.F. DE WITT, Director, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur MEXICO Dr Augusto Fujigaki LECHUGA, General Director of Epidemiology and Research on Public Health, Ministry of Public Health, Mexico
WPR/RC39/18 page 12
Appendix 1 MOZAMBIQUE Dr J. CABRAL, National Deputy Director for Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Health, Maputo NETHERLANDS Professor O.J.M. KRANENDONK, Director, Department of Tropical Hygiene, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam Mr F.P.R. VAN NOUHUYS, First Secretary, Permanent Mission of the Netherlands to the United Nations Office and other International Organizations at Geneva NIGERIA Dr O.J. EK.ANEM, Consultant Malariologist, Federal Ministry of Health, Lagos NORWAY Dr T. GODAL, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo Mr H. HOSTMARK, First Secretary, Permanent Mission of Norway to the United Nations Office and to other International Organizations at Geneva PHILIPPINES Dr Paulo CAMPOS, Chairman, Division of Medicine, National Research Council of the Philippines, Manila SUDAN Dr Eo; Sayed Daoud Hassan DAOUD, Director-General, Laboratories and Medical Research, Khartoum SWEDEN Mr Erik CORNELL, Minister, Permanent Mission of Sweden to the United Nations Office and other International Organizations at Geneva Mr Bo STENSON, Head of Section, Population and Health Division, International Development Authority (SIDA), Stockholm
WPR/RC39/18 page 13
Appendix 1 Professor Goran STERKY, Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation (SAREC), Stockholm SWITZERLAND Dr C. FLEURY, Service federal de l'Hygiene publique, Berne M.M. JEANRENAUD, Mission permanente de Ia Suisse pres les Organisations internationales aGeneve Dr J. STREULI, Direction de Ia Cooperation au Developpement et de !'Aide humanitaire, Berne Dr A DEGREMONT, Institut tropical, Bale THAILAND Professor Yongyoot SUJJAVANICH, Minister of Public Health, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok TURKEY Dr Necati DEDEOGLU, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Ankara USSR Dr D.A. ORLOV, Counsellor, Permanent Mission of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics to the United Nations Office and other International Organizations at Geneva UNITED KINGDOM DR J.L. KILGOUR, Chief Medical Adviser, Ministry of Overseas Development, London Miss J.M. DIMOND, Principal: Science, Technology and Medical Department, Ministry of Overseas Development Administration, London Dr Sheila M. HOWARTH, Principal Medical Officer, Medical Research Council, London UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Ms Marjorie S. BELCHER, Deputy Assistant Administrator for Development Support, Agency for International Development, Washington
WPR/RC39/18 page 14
Appendix 1 Mr James F. THOMSON, Office of Health, Development Support Bureau, Agency for International Development, Washington Mr G.J. KLEIN, Attache, United States Mission to the United Nations Office and other International Organizations at Geneva Mr James E. HILL, Attache for Development Assistance, United States Mission to the United Nations Office and other International Organizations at Geneva Dr Robert FORTUINE, International Health Attache, United States Mission to the United Nations Office and other International Organizations at Geneva ZAMBIA Dr S.H. SIWALE, Assistant Director of Medical Services, Planning and Development, Minsitry of Health, Lusaka INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH CENTRE Dr J. GILL, Director, Health Sciences Division, International Development Research Centre, Ottawa JAPAN SHIPBUILDING INDUSTRY FOUNDATION Professor K. KIIKUNI, Managing Director, Sasakawa Memorial Health Foundation, Tokyo THE WELLCOME TRUST Dr P.O. WILLIAMS, Director, The Wellcome Trust, London UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME Mr William T. MASHLER, Senior Director, Division for Global and Interregional Projects, UNDP, New York Mr W.A.C. MATHIESON, Special Consultant to UNDP, London WORLD BANK Dr James A LEE, Director, Office of Environmental and Health Affairs, World Bank, Washington
WPR/RC39/18 page 15 Appendix 1 Dr George DELAUME, Legal Policy Adviser, World Bank, Washington
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION DrS. FLACHE, Special Programme Coordinator, Assistant Director- General Dr A.O. LUCAS, Director, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases
WPR/RC39/18 page 17
APPENDIX2 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SUMMARY FOR THE MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING ON THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND TECHNICAL STRUCTURES
1. Despite the remarkable advances in medical science over recent decades, parasitic diseases still affect or threaten more than a thousand million people in the tropical countries, taking heavy toll in human lives and gravely impeding economic development. Furthermore, rather than coming under control, in many regions some of these diseases are increasing in both prevalence and severity.
2. This disease burden of the tropics is borne by the very people least equipped to control disease - the populations of the developing countries. Not only is development impeded by disease, but some of the development projects, such as man-made lakes and irrigation schemes designed to improve conditions, have in fact altered the ecology and aggravated major public health problems such as malaria and schistosomiasis. 3. In addition, technical problems have significantly reduced the effectiveness of some disease control programmes. A prime example is the increasing resistance of anopheline mosquitos to chemical control, the mainstay of the majority of malaria control programmes. In some areas, such insecticide resistance in the vector is combined with chloroquine-resistant strains of the malaria parasite in man, further increasing the severity of the problem. In the case of filarial infections, especially in onchocerciasis, commonly called river blindness, there is still no effective and safe drug which can be relied upon to kill the adult worms in man. No vaccine is available for any of the parasitic infections and no new effective, cheap and safe drugs for the widespread treatment of the diseases have become available in the past three decades. 4. To stimulate and coordinate goal-oriented research leading to the development and application of new and improved tools for control of these diseases, the Special Programme for Research an Training in Tropical Diseases has been planned and initiated by the World Health Organization (WHO) with the assistance and co-sponsorship of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the World Bank (the Bank). This Programme's two principal objectives can be summarized as: - research and development for better tools to control tropical diseases, and - training and strengthening of institutions to increase the research capability of tropical countries.
WPR/RC39/18 page 18
Appendix 2 5. Criteria for selection of the diseases - malaria, schistosomiasis, filariasis, trypanosomiasis (both African sleeping sickness and the American form called Chagas' disease) leishmaniasis and leprosy - included: - the impact of the disease as a public health problem; - the absence of satisfactory methods for control of the disease in prevailing circumstances of the tropical countries; - the presence of research opportunities leading to improved control methods. Since several major problems requiring research apply to most or all of the six diseases, the Special Programme includes components on epidemiology and operational research, vector control, socioeconomic and biomedical research. 6. Each component of the Special Programme is developed under the guidance and with the participation of multidisciplinary groups of scientists organized into a number of Scientific Working Groups, each with clearly defined research goals. 7. Intimately related to this search for new tools is the equally important interdependent objective: the development of manpower and the strengthening of research institutions in the endemic countries of the tropics. 8. To these ends, institution strengthening activities focus upon the creation of a network of collaborating centres in tropical countries. These centres will become focal points for strengthening the research capabilities of the affected countries and will also be the sites for training activities. 9. The Special Programme is concerned to ensure that the full spectrum of technologists and scientists is trained to carry out the required research in accordance with the decisions and needs of the countries involved. Thus, while the Special Programme is especially concerned with training leaders in research, it is not neglecting the training of supporting workers in the laboratory, the clinic and the field. 10. The Special Programme must be looked upon as a long-term effort of twenty years or more. It is hoped, however, that within the next five years some of the new tools will be ready for extensive trials within the national health services of those countries needing them.
WPR/RC39/18 page 19
ANNEX2 PAST AND PRESENT REPRESENTATIVES TO THE TDR JOINT COORDINATING BOARD FROM THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION COUNTRY
1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
Under paragraph 2.2.2 of the Memorandum of Understanding Philippines Malaysia China Republic of Korea VietNam Fiji Under paragraph 2.2.1 of the Memorandum of Understanding
--- __. --- ---
--- ---
--· --- ---
--·
i
--- ---
--· --- ---
--· --· --- ---
--· --- ---
--·
Australia
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --'---
--·