Subject Index.

Index Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Volume 80, 2002 Subject index accidents, road, see road traffic accidents acquired immune deficiency syndrome, see AIDS acrylamides, in bread and potatoes 523 acute coronary syndromes, education and 371–377 acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) capture–recapture method, in Australia 846–851 in India 210–216 Acute respiratory infection – interactive tutorials, image collection (Wellcome Trust CD-ROM) 331–332 Afghanistan, health system reconstruction 339 Africa climate change and malaria resurgence 334–335 domestic water use 61–62, 63–73 European support for clinical trials 832 female circumcision and perinatal mortality in migrants from 629–632 food aid plus health aid needs 764 food shortages and HIV/AIDS 687 HAART and TB control 464–470 HIV testing for TB control 939–945 injection devices compared 859–870 iron supplements and child development 174 ivermectin mass treatments for onchocerciasis 384 meningococcal disease epidemics 342–349, 991 new rice variety 521 planning health programmes 761 polio eradication in West 991 questionnaires for schistosomiasis screening 235–242 trypanosomiasis serodiagnosis and surveillance 882–886 age cohort smoking intensities and 26–32 homicide rates in young people and 797–805 tobacco use and 350–356 -weighting preferences, urban Zimbabweans 204–209 ageing cancer incidence and 608–609 compression of morbidity 243–244, 245–250 WHO policy 425 AIDS control in India 422–423 costs of treatment in Russian Federation 686–687 food shortages in southern Africa and 687 global fund to fight 87, 176, 259, 338, 609 international conference (July 2002) 761–762 international human rights law 964–969 treatment in South Africa 335, 421–422, 521–522, 921 see also HIV air travel, venous thromboembolism and 403–406, 610 aircraft disinsection 257 albendazole, mass treatment for ascariasis 399–402 alcohol problems, in India 174–175 Alzheimer disease, in NSAID users 79 Americas, violence 767 amiodiaquine, for falciparum malaria in Cameroon 538–545 Angola, control of trypanosomiasis 738–745 Anopheles gambiae, genome sequence 918–919 anthropomorphic status, affluent Indian children 189–195 antihypertensive therapy, compliance in Seychelles 33–39 antimalarial drugs acceptability in the Gambia 790–796 artemisinin-based combinations 523 new candidate 685–686 therapeutic efficacy 538–545, 704–708 antimicrobial drugs resistance, global response 126–133, 420 for river blindness 336 antiretroviral therapy availability in Kenya 607–608 availability in South Africa 335, 421–422, 521–522, 921 highly active (HAART), and TB control in Africa 464–470 modelling impact in Botswana and India 89–96, 419–420 supply of affordable 176, 761–763 WHO recommended drugs 425 antituberculosis drugs access to expensive 489–500 DOTS strategy, see directly observed treatment, short-course (DOTS) strategy and HAART in Africa 464–470 research and development 428, 429, 517–519 Argentina, health system problems 919–921 arsenic and hypertension in Bangladesh 173 well-switching to reduce exposure, in Bangladesh 732–737 artemisinin-based antimalarial therapies 523 Asbestos blues: labour, capital, physicians and the state in South Africa (McCulloch) 603–604 Ascaris lumbricoides (ascariasis) in children in Brazil 40–46 mass chemotherapy in the Islamic Republic of Iran 399–402 remote sensing and geographical information system, in Chad 783–789 Asia, HIV/AIDS surge 78 atenolol, compliance in Seychelles 33–39 audit, district-based, maternal mortality in Indonesia 228–234 Australia capture–recapture method for acute flaccid paralysis 846–851 hepatitis B vaccination in prisons 569–574 bacteria drug resistance 126–133, 420 in Ghanaian street foods 546–554 role in river blindness 336 Bangladesh arsenic and hypertension 173 community health workers in TB control 445–450 measles vaccination and risk factors for measles 776–782 polio eradication and routine immunization 822–828 reproductive tract infections 180–188 well-switching to reduce arsenic exposure 732–737 BCG vaccine development of alternatives 483–488 impact on TB mortality and transmission 217–227 bednets, insecticide-treated, see insecticide-treated bednets bendrofluazide, compliance in Seychelles 33–39 biomedicine, international human rights law 959–963 birth intervals, and spontaneous preterm births in United Arab Emirates 871–875 bites, dog, estimating rabies mortality from 304–310 Bland–Altman plots, Haemoglobin Colour Scale 813–816, 839, 987 blindness cataract, gender differences 300–303 in diabetic retinopathy 419 prevention in children 688 prevention and treatment 922 river, see onchocerciasis books and electronic media Acute respiratory infection – interactive tutorials, image collection (Wellcome Trust CD-ROM) 331–332 Asbestos blues: labour, capital, physicians and the state in South Africa (McCulloch) 603–604 Challenging inequities in health: from ethics to action (Evans et al ) 170 Drinking water and infectious disease – establishing the links (Hunter et al ) 916 Drug war heresies (MacCoun & Reuter) 74 Ecosystem changes and public health: a global perspective (Aron & Patz) 171 Food safety and international competitiveness – the case of beef (Spriggs & Isaac) 172 Genomics and world health (Advisory Committee on Health Research) 523, 985–986 International child health care: a practical manual for hospitals worldwide (Southall et al ) 254–255 Madness: a brief history (Porter) 603 Perspectives on helminthology (Chowdury & Tada) 331 Redesigning humans – our inevitable genetic future (Stock) 985–986 Secret agents: the menace of emerging infections (Drexler) 838 STOP-TB eForum 515–516 Supercourse – epidemiology, the Internet and global health (CD-ROM) 516 Timebomb – the global epidemic of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (Reichman & Hopkins Tanne) 514 Urban health & development: a practical manual for use in developing countries (Booth et al ) 256 War or health – a reader (Taipale et al ) 682 Web-based information on TB 514–515 Work and unseen chronic illness (Vickers) 255 World report on violence and health (Krug et al ) 915 Bosnia and Herzegovina, impact of conflict on health 75–76 992 Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2002, 80 (12) Botswana, modelling HIV/AIDS epidemic 89–96, 419–420 Brazil antidotes to violence 840–842 Ascaris lumbricoides in children 40–46 dengue epidemic 606–607 rubella immunization 258 trends and spatial distribution of child deaths 391–398 bread, acrylamides in 523 breast cancer, epidemiological models 622–628 breastfeeding exclusive 605 toddlers in Kenya 292–299 brothels, HIV testing of male clients, in Senegal 709–713 Brundtland, Dr GH 87, 844 Bulgaria, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) meningitis 690–695 Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1 burden of disease cross-national comparability of estimates 644–652 studies 611 bus drivers, Kenyan 990 Calabar swellings, in assessment of loiasis 852–858 Cameroon, treatment of falciparum malaria 538–545 Canada, medical education 592–593, 594–602 cancer in HIV patients 176 incidence–prevalence–mortality (IPM) models 622–628 new WHO report 688 rising life expectancy and 608–609 capture–recapture methods acute flaccid paralysis in Australia 846–851 use in public health 845 card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis (CATT/Trypanosoma brucei gambiense), evaluation 882–886 CARDIO2000 epidemiological study 371–377 cardiovascular disease, prevention 333, 922 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (2000) 337 Carter, Jimmy 339 cataract surgical services, gender differences in access 300–303 catastrophic health expenditure, protection against 612, 613–621 causes of death certification inadequacies in Lebanon 555–561 children in Brazil 391–398 children in Papua New Guinea 16–25 from mortuary statistics in Ghana 357–364 indirect estimates in Russian Federation 876–881 infants in rural Pakistan 271–276 maternal, in Indonesia 228–234 Central African Republic tetanus toxoid coverage and tetanus antitoxin seroprevalence 696–703 trypanosomiasis serodiagnosis and surveillance 882–886 Centres for Disease Control and Prevention in China 335 Chad, remote sensing and geographical information system for helminth control 783–789 Challenging inequities in health: from ethics to action (Evans et al ) 170 child development, and iron supplementation in Africa 174 child mortality aetiology in Papua New Guinea 16–25 reduction in Nepal 988–989 trends and spatial distribution in Brazil 391–398 see also infant mortality children aerosolized versus injected measles vaccines 806–812 Ascaris lumbricoides infection in Brazil 40–46 blindness prevention 688 blood lead levels, Pakistan 769–775 diarrhoea in Philippines 637–643 factors predicting homicide rates 797–805 falciparum malaria therapy in Cameroon 538–545 growth of affluent Indian 189–195 Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) meningitis 690–695 health of Bosnian 75–76 hepatitis A survey in India 728–731 lead toxicity 82 nutritional wasting prevalence 282–291 obesity control strategy 764 promoting healthy environments for 844 respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections in the Gambia 562–568 school deworming programme in Nepal 423–424 supplementary feeding to prevent wasting 926–932 surgical services in developing countries 829–835 see also infants China Centres for Disease Control and Prevention 335 cost of malaria control 653–659 DOTS strategy 430–436 Hong Kong SAR, measles immunization campaign 585–591 physical activity during leisure and commuting 933–938 chloroquine, for falciparum malaria in Somalia 704–708 cholera vaccine, killed oral, produced in Viet Nam 2–8 chronic diseases, see noncommunicable diseases cigarettes affordability 339 see also tobacco circumcision, female, and perinatal mortality 629–632 climate change, role in malaria resurgence 334–335 clinical trials in Africa, European support for 843 cloning, international law 959–963 colorectal cancer, epidemiological models 622–628 Commission on Macroeconomics and Health (CMH) 87 implementing recommendations 164–166 report 88, 167–169 communicable diseases, see infectious diseases community alcohol control in India 174–175 participation, in international health research 114–120 reproductive health measurement 407–409 sewage projects in India 684–685 community health financing schemes 612 effectiveness 143–150 in Gujarat, India 612, 613–621 community health workers, TB control in Bangladesh 445–450 commuting, physical activity during, in China 933–938 Comparative Risk Assessment Collaborating Group 988 compliance, antihypertensive drugs in Seychelles 33–39 compression of morbidity, and active ageing 243–244, 245–250 conflicts, see wars and conflicts consent, informed, in international health research 114–120 coping strategies, underpaid health personnel 581–584 coronary heart disease, educational level and 371–377 cost-benefit analyses, rubella vaccines 264–270 cost-effectiveness analyses community health workers in TB control 445–450 midwifery training in Indonesia 47–55 rubella vaccines 264–270 TB interventions 217–227 vaccines 263 cost-utility analysis, age-weighting function, in urban Zimbabweans 204–209 costs injection devices in Africa 859–870 malaria control in China 653–659 Coˆte d’Ivoire evaluation of injection devices 859–870 polio eradication and routine immunization 822–828 trypanosomiasis serodiagnosis and surveillance 882–886 DALYs, see disability-adjusted life years death, see mortality death certification, inadequacies in Beirut 555–561 debt relief, and public health spending in heavily indebted poor countries 151–157 decentralization, primary health care services in Namibia 675–681 dementia, burden of disease estimates in European women 644–652 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, WHO activities 81 dengue, spread in Latin America 606–607 Denmark, cohort smoking intensity 26–32 developed countries, economic analyses of rubella vaccines 264–270 developing countries additional health sector funding 164–166, 176 aetiology of child mortality 16–25 assessing maternal and neonatal health services 721–727 assessing safety of GM crops 336 cataract surgical service use and gender 300–303 community health financing 143–150 debt relief and public health spending 151–157 economic analyses of rubella vaccines 264–270 ectopic pregnancy 365–370 emergency medical care 900–905 ethics in international health research 114–120 Haemoglobin Colour Scale 813–816, 839, 987 health and the economy 88 impact of research-tool patents 121–125 nutritional wasting in children 282–291 online access to biomedical journals 261 poverty and health inequalities 97–105 private health sector 325–330 reproductive health and health sector reform 667–674 respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections 562–568 surgical services for children 829–835 TB control and private practitioners 836–837 TB mortality and transmission reduction 217–227 diabetic retinopathy 419 diarrhoea control programme in Philippines 637–643 prevention in child survival strategies 759 993Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2002, 80 (12) Index safety of street food in Ghana and 546–554 diet, see nutrition directly observed treatment, short-course (DOTS) strategy 427, 428, 429 after 10 years in China 430–436 cost-effectiveness in low- and middle income countries 217–227 during civil conflict and HIV epidemic, in India 451–456 global progress towards 2005 targets 437–444 for multidrug-resistant TB (DOTS-Plus) 428, 489–500 rapid expansion in India 457–463 research agenda to improve 471–476 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) age-weighting function in Zimbabwe 204–209 cross-national variations in Europe 644–652 five main causes 988 disease transmission, injection devices compared 859–870 disinsection, aircraft 257 DNA fingerprinting, in TB 477–482 dog bite injuries, estimating rabies mortality from 304–310 DOTS, see directly observed treatment, short-course (DOTS) strategy dracunculiasis, threats to eradication 339 Drinking water and infectious disease – establishing the links (Hunter et al ) 916 drug resistance antimalarial 523, 704–708 antimicrobial 126–133, 420 antituberculosis 428, 429, 489–500 Drug war heresies (MacCoun & Reuter) 74 drugs, essential 913–914 Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi) 842–843 Earth Summit (World Summit on Sustainable Development), Johannesburg (2002) 689, 840, 844, 925 Eastern Europe health systems crisis 421 HIV/AIDS surge 78 Eastern Mediterranean, health sector reform and human resources 56–60 economic development, homicide rates in young people and 797–805 economic inequality, homicide rates in young people and 797–805 economic prosperity, nutrition and health 106–113 economics and health 88 injection devices in Africa 859–870 insecticide-treated bednets 892–899 malaria control in China 653–659 midwifery training in Indonesia 47–55 vaccines 263, 264–270 see also cost-effectiveness analyses; cost-utility analysis; financing, health Ecosystem changes and public health: a global perspective (Aron & Patz) 171 ectopic pregnancy, in Guinea 365–370 education acute coronary syndromes and 371–377 mortality in Russian Federation and 876–881 emergency medical care, in developing countries 900–905 employment, nutrition and health, microeconomics 106–113 environment, international law 970–974 environmental health indicator, children in Brazil 40–46 epidemics dengue in Brazil 606–607 HIV, see HIV, epidemics meningitis in Africa 342–349, 991 epidemiological models 611, 622–628 epilepsy phenobarbital treatment in rural Mali 532–537 primary care management in rural the Gambia 378–383 equity child mortality in Brazil 391–398 and health in Europe 844 primary health care services in Namibia 675–681 Estonia, multidrug-resistant TB 519 ethics, international health research in developing countries 114–120 Ethiopia, gender, literacy and survival among adults 714–720 ethnicity, and death rates in US subpopulations 9–15 Europe Eastern, see Eastern Europe polio eradication 688 European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP) 832 European Disability Weights Project 644–652 European health report 2002 844 exercise, see physical activity eye worms, in assessment of loiasis 852–858 Fe´de´ration Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), WHO tobacco control award 610 female genital mutilation, and perinatal mortality 629–632 financing, health community, see community health financing schemes donor, African countries 761 in heavily indebted poor countries 151–157 impact of polio eradication programme 822–828 increased levels 164–166, 176 national patterns 134–142 poverty and inequalities 97–105 fluoroquinolones, for TB 518–519 food plus health aid needs in southern Africa 764 shortages, role of HIV/AIDS, in southern Africa 687 food safety acrylamides in bread and potatoes 523 in child survival programmes 759 global forum 261 GM crops 336 street foods in Ghana 546–554 Food safety and international competitiveness – the case of beef (Spriggs & Isaac) 172 Framework Convention on Tobacco Control 764, 922, 924 Frenk, Dr Julio 87 Gambia, the primary-level epilepsy management 378–383 respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection 562–568 treatment uptake in Plasmodium falciparum infection 790–796 gender differences cohort smoking intensities 26–32 homicide rates in young people 797–805 literacy and survival in Ethiopian adults 714–720 tobacco use in Tunisia 350–356 use of cataract surgical services 300–303 see also women gene therapy, international law 959–963 genetically modified (GM) crops, in developing countries 336 genetics research, training programme 176 services, promotion by WHO 688 Geneva International Academic Network (GIAN) 261 genome sequences malaria and mosquitos 918–919 rice 520–521 Genomics and world health (Advisory Committee on Health Research) 523, 985–986 geographical information system, for helminth control in Chad 783–789 germline gene therapy, international law 959–963 Ghana evaluation of injection devices 859–870 mortuary statistics to develop an injury surveillance system 357–364 safety of street foods 546–554 Giardia lamblia, mass chemotherapy against ascariasis and 399–402 Glaxo Wellcome (now GlaxoSmithKline), Malarone Donation Programme 817–821 Global Alliance for TB Drug Development 517 global approach antimicrobial resistance 126–133, 420 epidemic of overnutrition 952–958 see also international law Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 611 Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria 87, 176, 259, 338, 609 global governance, international health law 975–980 Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN) 179 Global Partnership to Stop TB 428, 437–444 Global Polio Eradication Initiative 822–828, 991 Global TB Drug Facility (GDF) 428 global warming, role in malaria resurgence 334–335 globalization health services 158–163 public health 946–951 Greece, education and acute coronary syndromes 371–377 growth, affluent Indian children 189–195 Guatemala, supplementary feeding to prevent wasting in children 926–932 Guinea, ectopic pregnancy 365–370 guinea-worm disease, threats to eradication 339 haemoglobin C, protection against malaria 78–79 Haemoglobin Colour Scale, evaluation and comparison with Hemocue assay 813–816, 839, 987 Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) meningitis, in Bulgaria 690–695 health and the economy 88 nutrition and economic prosperity 106–113 poverty and 97–105 sustainable development and 689 health expenditure in heavily indebted poor countries 151–157 increased 164–166, 176 national, basic patterns 134–142 protection against catastrophic 612, 613–621 Health Management Information System (HMIS), assessment in United Republic of Tanzania 196–203 health sector inequalities, poverty and 97–105 information systems in Papua New Guinea 752–758 994 Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2002, 80 (12) Index private, in low-income countries 325–330 reform human resources development and 56–60 and reproductive health in developing countries 667–674 health services access, gender differences 300–303 consumption abroad 158–163 emergency, in developing countries 900–905 maternal and neonatal, assessment 721–727 obstetric, indicators of need 317–324 trade in 158–163 health system managers, coping strategies of underpaid 581–584 health systems crisis in Eastern Europe 421 problems in Argentina 919–921 reconstruction in Afghanistan 339 health workers community, TB control 445–450 coping strategies of underpaid 581–584 cross-border movements 158–163 health sector reform and 56–60 HIV safety precautions 333 primary health care, reallocation in Namibia 675–681 skill mix 575–580 TB prevention 526–531 see also human resources; physicians Healthy Environments for Children initiative 844 Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative 151–157 helminth control, use of remote sensing and geographical information system in Chad 783–789 HemoCue haemoglobin assay, Haemoglobin Colour Scale compared to 813–816, 839, 987 hepatitis A seroepidemiology, in India 728–731 hepatitis B transmission, injection devices compared 859–870 vaccination in prisons 569 universal, of infants 277–281 highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and TB control in Africa 464–470 HIV cancer care 176 epidemics in Eastern Europe, Asia and the Pacific 78 modelling in Botswana and India 89–96, 419–420 in Russian Federation 686–687 TB control during 451–456 infection rate in rural Bangladesh 180–188 international human rights law 964–969 reducing mother-to-child-transmission 605 safety precautions 333 and TB infection case stories 260, 519–520 control in Africa 464–470 testing clients of female sex workers in Senegal 709–713 role in TB control 939–945 transmission, injection devices compared 859–870 treatment in South Africa 335, 421–422, 521–522, 921 WHO recommended treatment 425 see also AIDS; antiretroviral therapy homicide 767 predictor variables in young people 797–805 Hong Kong, measles immunization campaign 585–591 hookworms, remote sensing and geographical information system, in Chad 783–789 hospitalization, and morbidity in Kerala, India 746–751 households, purchasing of insecticide-treated bednets 892–899 human immunodeficiency virus, see HIV human resources health care sector reform and 56–60 impact assessment 525 see also health workers human rights and biomedicine 959–963 and HIV/AIDS 964–969 hydrochlorothiazide, compliance in Seychelles 33–39 hygiene Ascaris lumbricoides infection in Brazilian children and 40–46 education initiatives, evaluation issues 75 street food vendors in Ghana 546–554 Hymenolepis nana, mass chemotherapy against ascariasis and 399–402 hypertension and arsenic exposure in Bangladesh 173 compliance with medication in Seychelles 33–39 iatrogenic transmission bloodborne diseases 859–870 TB 526–531 immunization economic analyses 264–270 hepatitis A 728–731 hepatitis B 277–281, 569–574 measles 585–591, 989 routine, impact of polio eradication 822–828 tetanus 696–703 see also vaccines immunosuppression, ultraviolet radiation induced 906–912 incidence–prevalence–mortality (IPM) models 611, 622–628 India alcohol-related problems 174–175 community-based health insurance scheme 612, 613–621 growth of affluent children 189–195 HIV/AIDS control 422–423 modelling HIV/AIDS epidemic 89–96, 419–420 morbidity and hospitalization in Kerala 746–751 rapid DOTS expansion 457–463 sewage project for slum dwellers 684–685 TB control during civil conflict and HIV epidemic 451–456 vaccine-associated polio 210–216, 917, 987 Indonesia district-based audit of maternal deaths 228–234 economic analysis of midwifery training 47–55 inequity, see equity infant mortality aetiology in Papua New Guinea 16–25 district-based audit in Indonesia 228–234 in rural Pakistan 271–276, 759–760 see also child mortality; perinatal mortality infants contribution of breast milk to diet in Kenya 292–299 diarrhoea in Philippines 637–643 universal immunization with hepatitis B vaccine 277–281 see also children infectious diseases child mortality in Brazil 391–398 control options 253 global control measures 179 international law and 946–951 surveillance and response in United Republic of Tanzania 196–203 Infectious diseases report 2002 253 Infectious and Endemic Disease Control (IEDC) project, China 430–436 influenza vaccines 261 information systems assessment in United Republic of Tanzania 196–203 for health sector monitoring in Papua New Guinea 752–758 informed consent, in international health research 114–120 injection devices, comparative evaluation in Africa 859–870 injury surveillance system, development in Ghana 357–364 insecticide-treated bednets (ITBNs) for malaria control in Viet Nam 660–666 reduction of tariffs and taxes 892–899 insecticides, safety of pyrethroid 257 insurance, community-based, in Gujarat, India 613–621 Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (ISDR), assessment in United Republic of Tanzania 196–203 intellectual property rights, research in developing countries and 121–125 International child health care: a practical manual for hospitals worldwide (Southall et al ) 254–255 International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD) 341, 410–417 international law 923 biomedicine and 959–963 communicable diseases and 946–951 contribution of Johannesburg World Summit 925 environmental 970–974 global governance, and WHO 975–980 HIV/AIDS and 964–969 International travel and health (WHO) 261 Internet access to biomedical journals 261 Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1 information on TB 514–515 interpregnancy intervals, and spontaneous preterm births in United Arab Emirates 871–875 Intersun project 764 iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), elimination 341, 410–417 urinary concentration indicating iodine intake 633–636 Iran, mass chemotherapy against ascariasis 399–402 iron deficiency, microeconomic perspective 106–113 supplements, and child development in Africa 174 ivermectin, mass treatments for onchocerciasis elimination 384 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development (2002) 689, 840, 844, 925 journals, online access in developing countries 261 995Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2002, 80 (12) Index Kenya antiretroviral drug availability 607–608 bus drivers 990 contribution of breast milk to toddler diets 292–299 deaths from malaria 919 Malarone Donation Programme 817–821 measles vaccination campaign 989 Kerala, India, morbidity and hospitalization 746–751 laboratory containment, polioviruses 311–316 services, diagnosis of TB 512–513 latex agglutination test for trypanosomiasis (LATEX/Trypanosoma brucei gambiense), evaluation 882–886 Latin America, spread of dengue 606–607 law, international, see international law lead blood levels in children in Karachi, Pakistan 769–775 exposure, detrimental effects 82 in petrol 82, 339, 768 Lebanon, inadequacies of death certification 555–561 leishmaniasis, new treatment 688 leisure, physical activity during, in China 933–938 licences, research tool, issues for developing countries 121–125 life expectancy healthy, risk reduction and 991 rising, and cancer rates 608–609 literacy, gender and survival in Ethiopian adults 714–720 Loa loa infection (loiasis), assessing prevalence and intensity 852–858 low birth weight (LBW), prevalence of wasting in children and 282–291 low-income countries, see developing countries lung cancer mortality, in Denmark and Netherlands 26–32 Madness: a brief history (Porter) 603 malaria control in Viet Nam 660–666 cost of control in China 653–659 deaths in Kenya 919 falciparum treatment efficacy 538–545, 704–708 treatment uptake in the Gambia 790–796 genome sequencing 918–919 global fund to fight 87, 176, 259, 338, 609 haemoglobin variant protecting against 78–79 Malarone Donation Programme 817–821 resurgence, role of climate change 334–335 role of social science research 251–252, 683 see also antimalarial drugs; insecticide-treated bednets Malarone Donation Programme for malaria control 817–821 Malawi, TB prevention among health workers 526–531 Mali, treatment of epilepsy with phenobarbital 532–537 malnutrition prevalence in children 282–291 in southern Africa 764 supplementary feeding, in Guatemala 926–932 maternal health services assessment in developing countries 721–727 indicators of need 317–324 maternal mortality district-based audit in Indonesia 228–234 risk in rural Nepal 887–891 measles mass immunization in Hong Kong SAR 585–591 and measles–rubella vaccines, aerosolized versus injected 806–812 oral fluid for diagnosis and surveillance 76–77 vaccination campaign in Kenya 989 vaccine effectiveness, and risk factors for measles in Bangladesh 776–782 measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, economic analyses 264–270 Me´decins Sans Frontie`res (MSF), Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi) 842–843 medical education in North America, Flexner report 592–593, 594–602 medicines, essential 913–914 men, in brothels, HIV testing in Senegal 709–713 meningitis epidemics in Africa 342–349, 991 Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), in Bulgaria 690–695 mental health 523 Mexico, aerosolized versus injected measles and measles–rubella vaccines 806–812 micro-card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis (micro-CATT), evaluation 882–886 microeconomics, health, nutrition and prosperity 106–113 middle-income countries, see developing countries midwives audit of maternal mortality in Indonesia 228–234 economic analysis of training in Indonesia 47–55 miltefosine, for leishmaniasis 688 Model Formulary, WHO 844 molecular epidemiology, TB 477–482 morbidity compression of, and active ageing 243–244, 245–250 and hospitalization in Kerala, India 746–751 Morocco, polio eradication and routine immunization 822–828 mortality gender and literacy and, in Ethiopian adults 714–720 patterns, in Russian Federation 876–881 variation in US subpopulations 9–15 see also causes of death; maternal mortality mortuary statistics, to develop an injury surveillance system 357–364 mosquito, genome sequencing 918–919 multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis, control 428, 429, 489–500, 519 Multiple-Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS), tetanus toxoid coverage 696–703 mumps, oral fluid for diagnosis and surveillance 76–77 Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, see tuberculosis molecular epidemiology 477–482 Namibia, equity in primary health care provision 675–681 National Control of Diarrhoeal Disease Programme (1980–93), Philippines 637–643 national health expenditure, basic patterns 134–142 neglected diseases, new organization supporting research on 842–843 neonatal health services assessment in developing countries 721–727 in rural communities 759–760 neonates deaths, in rural Pakistan 271–276 tetanus 271–276, 696–703 Nepal deworming programme in schools 423–424 falling child mortality 988–989 risk of death following pregnancy 887–891 Netherlands cohort smoking intensity 26–32 epidemiological models 622–628 nevirapine, for pregnant HIV-positive women in South Africa 335, 521–522 Nicholson, Baroness Emma 176 Nigeria assessment of loiasis 852–858 tariffs and taxes on insecticide-treated bednets 892–899 noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) global approach 952–958 postponement/prevention 243–244, 245–250 renaming 173 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), reduction of Alzheimer risk 79 nursing staff coping strategies of underpaid 581–584 skill mix 575–580 nutrition global approach 952–958 prosperity and health, microeconomic perspective 106–113 toddlers in Kenya 292–299 see also food safety; malnutrition obesity childhood, control strategy 764 global approach 952–958 obstetric care assessment, in developing countries 721–727 indicators of need 317–324 oflaxacin, for TB 518–519 onchocerciasis ivermectin mass treatments 384 role of bacteria 336 oral fluid, diagnosis and surveillance of measles, mumps and rubella 76–77 oral rehydration therapy, prize for discovery 991 out-of-pocket payments, national patterns 134–142 outbreaks, disease dengue in Latin America 606 global control measures 179 overnutrition, global response to 952–958 PA-824, for TB 518–519 Pacific, HIV/AIDS surge 78 Pakistan elevated blood lead levels in children 769–775 infant mortality 271–276, 759–760 Water and Sanitation Extension Programme (WASEP) 75 Palestinian territory, health situation 922 Papua New Guinea aetiology of child mortality 16–25 information systems for health sector monitoring 752–758 paralysis, acute flaccid, see acute flaccid paralysis patents, impact on research in developing countries 121–125 perinatal mortality district-based audit in Indonesia 228–234 female circumcision and 629–632 see also child mortality; infant mortality 996 Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2002, 80 (12) Index personnel, see health workers Perspectives on helminthology (Chowdury & Tada) 331 petrol, leaded, phasing out 82, 339, 768 phenobarbital, treatment of epilepsy in Mali 532–537 Philippines DOTS-Plus 497 National Control of Diarrhoeal Disease Programme (1980–93) 637–643 physical activity during leisure and commuting, in China 933–938 global approach 952–958 and mortality 425 physicians coping strategies of underpaid 581–584 medical education in North America 592–593, 594–602 workforce skill mix and 575–580 see also private practitioners Plasmodium falciparum genome sequence 918–919 treatment efficacy 538–545, 704–708 treatment uptake in the Gambia 790–796 polio(myelitis) current threats to eradication 425 eradication in Europe 688 eradication programme and routine immunizations 822–828 eradication in West Africa 991 post-eradication immunization 176 vaccine-associated, in India 210–216, 917, 987 polioviruses, post-eradication laboratory containment 311–316 Pollin Prize for Paediatric Research 991 potatoes, acrylamides in 523 poverty community health financing schemes 143–150 health sector inequalities and 97–105 in heavily indebted poor countries 151–157 protection against catastrophic health expenditure 612, 613–621 pregnancy antiretroviral therapy in South Africa 335, 521–522 ectopic, in Guinea 365–370 see also maternal mortality; obstetric care preterm births, and interpregnancy intervals, in United Arab Emirates 871–875 primary health care epilepsy in rural Gambia 378–383 equity in provision, in Namibia 675–681 prisons, hepatitis B vaccination 569–574 private health sector, in low-income countries 325–330 private practitioners, impact on TB control programmes 836–837 prosperity, nutrition and health, microeconomic perspective 106–113 prostate cancer, epidemiological models 622–628 ProTEST Initiative 939–945 public–private partnerships, Malarone Donation Programme 817–821 pyrethroid pesticides, safety 257 pyrimethamine, see sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine quality of health care maternal mortality in Indonesia and 228–234 private sector, in low-income countries 325–330 questionnaires for schistosomiasis screening 235–242 rabies, estimating mortality in United Republic of Tanzania 304–310 Redesigning humans – our inevitable genetic future (Stock) 985–986 reflectors, to reduce road deaths in United Republic of Tanzania 990 refugees, TB treatment and control 451–456 remote sensing, for helminth control in Chad 783–789 reproductive health definition and measurement 407–409 and health sector reform in developing countries 667–674 reproductive tract infections, in Bangladesh 180–188 research (and development) in Africa, European support for 843 antimicrobial resistance 126–133, 420 ethics in international health 114–120 genetics, training programme 176 genome 523 neglected diseases 842–843 new anti-TB drugs 428, 429, 517–519 new TB vaccines 483–488 operational, to improve TB control 471–476 social science, in malaria 251–252, 683 tool patents, issues for developing countries 121–125 respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), epidemiology in the Gambia 562–568 respiratory tract infections, acute lower (ALRI), in the Gambia 562–568 reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), viruses in oral fluid 76–77 rice, genome sequence 520–521 risk factors cardiovascular, and educational level 371–377 elevated blood levels in children in Pakistan 769–775 measles in Bangladesh 776–782 reproductive tract infections in Bangladesh 180–188 venous thromboembolism and air travel 403–406 risk reduction, and healthy life expectancy 991 river blindness, see onchocerciasis road traffic accidents mortuary statistics in Ghana 357–364 reducing deaths 989, 990 rubella –measles vaccine, aerosolized versus injected 806–812 immunization in Brazil 258 oral fluid for diagnosis and surveillance 76–77 vaccines, economic analyses 264–270 rural areas Ascaris lumbricoides infection 33–39 death following pregnancy 887–891 gender, literacy and survival in Ethiopian adults 714–720 hepatitis B immunization of infants 277–281 infant mortality in Pakistan 271–276, 759–760 mass chemotherapy against ascariasis 399–402 maternal and neonatal health services 721–727 morbidity and hospitalization in Kerala, India 746–751 Plasmodium falciparum treatment uptake in the Gambia 790–796 primary-level epilepsy management 378–383 reproductive tract infections 180–188 supplementary feeding to prevent wasting in children 926–932 TB control by community health workers 445–450 treatment of epilepsy with phenobarbital 532–537 Russian Federation AIDS epidemic 686–687 mortality patterns 876–881 salaries, health personnel 581–584 saliva samples, for HIV testing on clients of female sex workers 709–713 salt iodization programmes 341, 410–417 sanitation Ascaris lumbricoides in Brazilian children and 40–46 education initiatives, evaluation issues 75 Johannesburg Earth Summit and 840 slum dwellers in India 684–685 Schistosoma haematobium, remote sensing and geographical information system, in Chad 783–789 schistosomiasis, questionnaire approach to screening 235–242 schools aerosolized versus injected measles vaccination 806–812 deworming programme in Nepal 423–424 hepatitis A seroprevalence survey in India 728 SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online) 1 screening diabetic retinopathy 419 schistosomiasis, questionnaire approach 235–242 Secret agents: the menace of emerging infections (Drexler) 838 Self Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) Medical Insurance Fund 612, 613–621 Senegal, survey of clients of female sex workers 709–713 sepsis, child mortality in Papua New Guinea 16–25 serological surveys, hepatitis A in India 728–731 sex differences, see gender differences sex workers, female AIDS/HIV interventions in Botswana and India 89–96, 419–420 identifying male clients, in Senegal 709–713 sexually transmitted diseases, in rural Bangladesh 180–188 Seychelles, compliance with antihypertensive therapy 33–39 skin cancer prevention 764 ultraviolet radiation exposure and 906–912 sleeping sickness, see trypanosomiasis, African slum dwellers, sewage projects in India 684–685 smoking intensities, in Denmark and Netherlands 26–32 in Tunisia 350–356 see also tobacco social science research, in malaria 251–252, 683 socioeconomic factors acute coronary syndromes 371–377 Ascaris lumbricoides infection in Brazil 40–46 child mortality in Brazil 391–398 death rates in US subpopulations 9–15 growth of children in India 189–195 health and nutrition 106–113 mortality in Russian Federation 876–881 Somalia, treatment of falciparum malaria 704–708 South Africa hepatitis B immunization of infants 277–281 HIV and AIDS treatment 335, 421–422, 521–522, 921 Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) 842–843 sports, tobacco sponsorship/advertising 80–81, 610 spouses, mortality data collection from, in Russian Federation 876–881 staff, see health workers 997Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2002, 80 (12) Index stomach cancer, epidemiological models 622–628 STOP-TB eForum 515–516 Stop TB Partnership 428, 437–444 street foods, safety in Accra, Ghana 546–554 sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine for falciparum malaria in Cameroon 538–545 for falciparum malaria in Somalia 704–708 sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine–amiodiaquine, for falciparum malaria in Cameroon 538–545 sun exposure, guide to protection against 764 Supercourse – epidemiology, the Internet and global health (CD-ROM) 516 supplementary feeding, children in Guatemala 926–932 surgical services, children in developing countries 829–835 sustainable development, health and 689 Sweden, female circumcision and perinatal mortality 629–632 Syngenta, rice genome 520–521 syringes, comparative evaluation in Africa 859–870 tariffs, for insecticide-treated bednets 892–899 taxes, on insecticide-treated bednets 892–899 TB, see tuberculosis tetanus antitoxin seroprevalence, tetanus toxoid coverage as indicator 696 neonatal mortality in rural Pakistan 271–276 thromboembolism, air travel and 403–406, 610 Timebomb – the global epidemic of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (Reichman & Hopkins Tanne) 514 tobacco control, WHO award 610 Framework Convention on Control 764, 922, 924 products, affordability 339 sponsorship of sports 80–81, 610 use, in Tunisia 350–356 see also smoking Tobacco Free Sports campaign 80–81 trade agreements, health implications 764 in health services 158–163 Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights agreement (TRIPS) 762–763 traditional medicine epilepsy in rural the Gambia 378–383 WHO strategy 610 training, midwifery, economic analysis in Indonesia 47–55 transport-related deaths, mortuary records in Ghana 357–364 travellers advice for 261 air, venous thromboembolism risk 403–406, 610 Trichuris trichiura mass chemotherapy against ascariasis and 399–402 remote sensing and geographical information system, in Chad 783–789 trypanosomiasis, African control in Angola 738–745 serodiagnosis and surveillance 882–886 tuberculosis (TB) access to effective therapy 437–444 annual risk of infection 501–502, 503–511 community health workers to control, in Bangladesh 445–450 control and HAART in Africa 464–470 control and voluntary HIV testing 939–945 diagnostic testing in control 512–513 DOTS, see directly observed treatment, short-course (DOTS) strategy global control 427, 428, 429, 437–444 global fund to fight 87, 176, 259, 338, 609 and HIV infection, see HIV, and TB infection interventions to reduce mortality and transmission 217–227 molecular epidemiology 477–482 multidrug-resistant (MDR), control 428, 429, 489–500, 519 operational research to improve control 471–476 prevention among health workers 526–531 private practitioners and control programmes 836–837 STOP-TB eForum 515–516 treatment and control during civil conflict and HIV epidemic 451–456 vaccine development 483–488 web-based information 514–515 see also antituberculosis drugs Tunisia, tobacco use 350–356 Uganda evaluation of injection devices 859–870 Malarone Donation Programme for malaria control 817–821 ultraviolet radiation guide to protection against 764 immunosuppression induced by 906–912 underweight, childhood and maternal 988 United Arab Emirates, interpregnancy intervals and spontaneous preterm births 871–875 United Nations, assessing safety of GM crops 336 United Republic of Tanzania infectious disease surveillance and response 196–203 rabies mortality estimation 304–310 reflectors to reduce road deaths 990 United States (US) death rate variation in subpopulations 9–15 medical education 592–593, 594–602 urban areas blood lead levels in children in Pakistan 769–775 gender, literacy and survival in Ethiopian adults 714–720 preferences for health and life lived at different ages 204–209 trends and spatial distribution of child deaths 391–398 Urban health & development: a practical manual for use in developing countries (Booth et al ) 256 vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis, in India 210–216, 917, 987 vaccines BCG 217–227, 483–488 cholera, killed oral 2–8 economic analyses 263, 264–270 Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) 690–695 hepatitis B 277, 569–574 influenza 261 measles 776–782, 806–812 measles–rubella 806–812 polio, research needs 176 TB 483–488 see also immunization venous thromboembolism, air travel and 403–406, 610 Viet Nam control of malaria 660–666 killed oral cholera vaccine 2–8 violence 767 antidotes in Brazil 840–842 predictor variables in young people 797–805 VISION 2020 922 War or health – a reader (Taipale et al ) 682 wars and conflicts impact on health of women and children 75–76 TB treatment and control 451–456 wasting prevalence of nutritional, in children 282–291 supplementary feeding for prevention, in Guatemala 926–932 water arsenic contamination in Bangladesh 732–737 domestic use in Africa 61–62, 63–73 education initiatives, evaluation issues 75 Water and Sanitation Extension Programme (WASEP), Pakistan 75 weaning diet, toddlers in Kenya 292–299 well-switching, to reduce arsenic exposure in Bangladesh 732–737 widowhood data, to estimate mortality patterns in Russian Federation 876–881 women alcohol control activities in India 174–175 antiretroviral therapy in Kenya 607 burden of dementia estimates in Europe 644–652 circumcision, and perinatal mortality 629–632 community-based health insurance in India 612, 613–621 impact of Bosnian conflict on health 75–76 indicators of need for obstetric care 317–324 status, and nutritional wasting in children 282–291 see also gender differences; pregnancy; sex workers, female Work and unseen chronic illness (Vickers) 255 World Health Organization (WHO) change of leadership 844 Constitution 983–984 in Democratic People’s Republic of Korea 81 envoy for health, peace and development 176 international health law and 975–980 Model Formulary 844 Preamble to Constitution 981–982 staff changes 610 TB control 427, 428, 437–444 Tobacco Free Sports campaign 80–81, 610 World health report 2000 844 World health report 2002 922, 991 World report on violence and health (Krug et al ) 915 World Sight Day, 2002 922 World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg (2002) 689, 840, 844, 925 World Trade Organization (WTO) 762–763, 764 young people, factors predicting homicide rates 797–805 Zimbabwe, preferences for health and life lived at different ages 204–209 998 Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2002, 80 (12) Index