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Global health sector strategy on sexually transmitted infections 2016-2021: toward ending STIs

August 2, 2016 World Health Organization

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JUNE 2016

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS 2016–2021 TOWARDS ENDING STIs

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS 2016–2021 TOWARDS ENDING STIs

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

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GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

CONTENTS

Setting the scene: why the sexually transmitted infection response should be a global priority Framing the strategy Vision, goal and targets and guiding principles Strategic directions and priority actions Strategy implementation: leadership, partnerships, accountability, monitoring and evaluation

02 03 04 05

18 24 30 54

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT

The present global health sector strategy on sexually transmitted infections, 2016–2021 builds on conclusions from the evaluation of the implementation of the global strategy for the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections 2006–20151 and sets out a vision, goals, targets, guiding principles and priority actions for ending the sexually transmitted infections epidemic as a public health problem.

1 Document A68/36 progress report G.

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

he 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development2 defines a set of ambitious global health goals and targets. Of particular interest to the proposed strategy is Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages (see Box 1), including its focus on health-related areas. This global health sector strategy on sexually transmitted infections describes an important component of the health sector contribution towards the achievement of these targets. It outlines actions for countries and for WHO. If implemented, these actions will accelerate and intensify the sexually transmitted infections response so that progress towards ending the epidemics becomes a reality. Furthermore, the implementation of the global health sector strategy on sexually transmitted infections, once adopted, will require political commitment and resources to rapidly accelerate the response over the next five years and to sustain action through to 2030 and beyond.

The strategy positions the health sector response to sexually transmitted infection epidemics as critical to the achievement of universal health coverage – one of the key health targets of the Sustainable Development Goals identified in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The strategy, once adopted, and its implementation will contribute to a radical decline in new sexually transmitted infections and in deaths related to such infections (including still births and cervical cancer), while improving individual health, men’s and women’s sexual health, and the well-being of all people. It will guide efforts to: accelerate and focus comprehensive prevention efforts through scaling up evidence-based combined behavioural, biomedical and structural approaches; facilitate people’s access to information on their sexually transmitted infection status; improve access to treatment and comprehensive long-term care when needed; and challenge pervasive stigmatization and discrimination. The strategy promotes a people-centred approach, grounded in principles of human rights, gender equality and health equity.

ENSURE HEALTHY LIVES AND PROMOTE WELL-BEING FOR ALL AT ALL AGES

2 United Nations General Assembly resolution 70/1 – Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, see http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E (accessed 13 April 2016).

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

BOX 1. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 3 Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages 3.1 By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births 3.2 By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births 3.3 By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases 3.4 By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being 3.5 Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol 3.6 By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents 3.7 By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services, including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes

3.8 Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all 3.9 By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination 3.a Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries, as appropriate 3.b Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for the communicable and non-communicable diseases that primarily affect developing countries, provide access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines, in accordance with the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, which affirms the right of developing countries to use to the full the provisions in the Agreement on TradeRelated Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights regarding flexibilities to protect public health, and, in particular, provide access to medicines for all 3.c Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training and retention of the health workforce in developing countries, especially in least developed countries and small island developing States 3.d Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction and management of national and global health risks

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

This strategy is fully aligned with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and the drive towards universal health coverage. It is also aligned with other key WHO global health strategies and plans, including those for sexual and reproductive health, HIV, violence against women and girls, adolescent health, maternal, newborn and child health, noncommunicable diseases, integrated peoplecentred health services, viral hepatitis, tuberculosis, and blood safety.3 Broad partnerships and strong links with other health and development issues must be emphasized in the next phase of the sexually transmitted infection response. The strategy takes into consideration the global health strategies of key development partners, including the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria; the United States President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief; GAVI Alliance; and the Global Strategy for Women’s Children’s and Adolescents’ Health (2016–2030).4 The strategy defines the quality-assured sexually transmitted infection services that are essential for meeting people’s needs and preferences, and proposes actions to address the underlying determinants of sexually transmitted infection epidemics, including stigmatization and discrimination, and inequities that put people at greater risk for infection and limit access to effective prevention and treatment services. Further, the strategy describes how to ensure equitable coverage of services and maximum impact for all people in need, which includes a focus on both the general population and specific population groups (see Box 2).

BOX 2. SPECIFIC POPULATIONS Each country needs to define the specific populations that are most affected by sexually transmitted infection epidemics. The response should be based on the epidemiological and social context. Specific populations that focus on sexually transmitted infections will include populations most likely to have a high number of sex partners, such as sex workers and their clients. Other populations for consideration include men who have sex with men, transgendered people, and people with an existing sexually transmitted infection, including people living with HIV. Many of these groups overlap with groups recognized as key populations for HIV. Other groups considered to be particularly vulnerable to sexually transmitted infections include young people and adolescents, women, mobile populations, children and young people living on the street, prisoners, drug users and people affected by conflict and civil unrest.

The strategy also recommends approaches to minimize the risk of financial hardship for people requiring services, and embraces innovation to drive accelerated progress. Many of the priority actions highlighted draw on the strong body of evidence generated by the implementation of the 2006–2015 strategy on sexually transmitted infections5 and responses around the world.6

3 Some of the key WHO global health strategies and plans are available online, including: three global health sector strategies for the period 2016–2021 for HIV, viral hepatitis, and sexually transmitted infections, see http://www.who.int/ reproductivehealth/ghsstrategies/en/ and http://www.who.int/hiv/strategy2016-2021/online-consultation/en/ (accessed 24 April 2016); another is the End TB strategy, see http://www.who.int/tb/strategy/en/ (accessed 20 April 2016). In addition, information is available on WHO’s advocacy role and on current online consultations, for example, Giving “voice to youth”, see http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/ en (accessed 20 April 2016); and the WHO Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance http://www.who.int/drugresistance/global_ action_plan/en/ (accessed 24 April 2016). 4 The Global Strategy for Women’s, Children’s and Adolescents’ Health (2016–2030) is available at: http://www. everywomaneverychild.org/global-strategy-2 (accessed 22 April 2016); 5 Global strategy for the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections: 2006-2015, see http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/ toolkits/stis_strategy[1]en.pdf (accessed 22 April 2016). 6 See document A68/36 progress report G (2015).

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

OUTLINE OF THE STRATEGY The following five major sections underpin this strategy (an overview of which is provided in Figure 1):

01 02 03 04 05

Setting the scene – reviews the current status of sexually transmitted infection epidemics and burden, identifies opportunities and challenges for the future, and argues the case for adequate investment in the health sector response to sexually transmitted infections. Framing the strategy – describes the three organizing frameworks for the strategy (universal health coverage, continuum of sexually transmitted infection services and the public health approach) and presents the structure of the strategy. Vision, goal, targets and guiding principles – presents a set of impact and service coverage targets for 2020 and 2030 to drive the response. Strategic directions and priority actions – recommends actions to be taken for both countries and WHO under each of five strategic directions. Strategy implementation: leadership, partnerships, accountability, monitoring and evaluation – outlines the key elements of implementation.

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

Figure 1. Outline of the global health sector strategy on sexually transmitted infections 2016–2021

VISION

Zero new infections, zero sexually transmitted infection-related complications and deaths, and zero discrimination in a world where everybody has free and easy access to sexually transmitted infection prevention and treatment services, resulting in people able to live long and healthy lives.

GOAL

Ending sexually transmitted infection epidemics as major public health concerns.

2030 TARGETS

90% reduction of T. pallidum incidence globally (2018 global baseline). 90% reduction in N. gonorrhoea incidence globally (2018 global baseline). ≤ 50 cases of congenital syphilis per 100 000 live births in 80% of countries Sustain 90% national coverage and at least 80% in every district (or equivalent administrative unit) in countries with the human papillomavirus vaccine in their national immunization programme.

MONITORING AND EVALUATION

FRAMEWORKS FOR ACTION

Universal health coverage,the continuum of services; and, a public health approach.

The three dimensions of universal health coverage STRATEGIC DIRECTION 1 Information for focused action The “who” and “where” STRATEGIC DIRECTION 2 Interventions for impact The “what” STRATEGIC DIRECTION 3 Delivering for equity The “how” STRATEGIC DIRECTION 4 Financing for sustainability The financing STRATEGIC DIRECTION 5 Innovation for acceleration The future

STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION

Leadership, Partnership, Accountability, Monitoring & Evaluation

COUNTRY ACTION

COUNTRY PARTNER ACTION

WHO ACTION HQ, REGIONS AND COUNTRIES

GLOBAL PARTNER ACTION

01 SETTING THE SCENE: WHY THE SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTION RESPONSE SHOULD BE A GLOBAL PRIORITY

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

The burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide resulting from sexually transmitted pathogens compromises quality of life, as well as sexual and reproductive health and newborn and child health (see Figure 2). Sexually transmitted infections also facilitate indirectly the sexual transmission of HIV and cause cellular changes that precede some cancers. Sexually transmitted infections impose a substantial strain on the budgets of both households and national health systems in middle- and low-income countries, and have an adverse effect on the overall well-being of individuals (Box 3).

BOX 3. THE HIDDEN TOLL OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS It is estimated that annually there are 357 million new cases of four curable sexually transmitted infections among people aged 15–49 years (see Figure 2): Chlamydia trachomatis (131 million), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (78 million), syphilis (6 million), or Trichomonas vaginalis (142 million).* The prevalence of some viral sexually transmitted infections is similarly high, with an estimated 417 million people infected with herpes simplex type 2, and approximately 291 million women harbouring the human papillomavirus. The prevalence of these sexually transmitted infections varies by region and gender. These epidemics have a profound impact on the health and lives of children, adolescents and adults worldwide: • Fetal and neonatal deaths – syphilis in pregnancy leads to over 300 000 fetal and neonatal deaths each year, and places an additional 215 000 infants at increased risk of early death; • Cervical cancer – the human papillomavirus infection is responsible for an estimated 530 000 cases of cervical cancer and 264 000 cervical cancer deaths each year; • Infertility – sexually transmitted infections, such as gonorrhoea and chlamydia, are important causes of infertility worldwide; • HIV risk – the presence of a sexually transmitted infection, such as syphilis, gonorrhoea, or herpes simplex virus infection, greatly increases the risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV infection (by two to three times, in some populations); • The physical, psychological and social consequences of sexually transmitted infections severely compromise the quality of life of those infected. * Most recent estimates are for 2012.

ADEQUATE CONTROL AND/OR ELIMINATION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS WILL CONTRIBUTE TO REDUCING DISEASE AND HUMAN SUFFERING

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

Complications due to sexually transmitted infections have a profound impact on sexual and reproductive health. The numbers of men and women infected with sexually transmitted infections are similar (with the exception of herpes simplex virus type 2), notwithstanding some regional differences (see Figures 3(a) and 3(b)); however, complications disproportionately affect women in several ways.

Limited data on sexually transmitted infections, in particular data disaggregated by sex, compromise the global response. There is inconsistent reporting between and within regions and countries. The present strategy proposes a priority focus on two areas: firstly, on securing better data on the sexually transmitted infection burden by sex and by age group in order to measure progress towards the control of sexually transmitted infections; and secondly, on identifying priority areas for action.

02 – Couple in Sri Lanka.

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

Figure 2. WHO estimates: 357 million new cases of curable sexually transmitted infections in 2012

Curable STIs chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis, trichomoniasis

MILLION

142 MILLION MILLION

MILLION

WHO Region of the Americas WHO African Region WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region WHO European Region WHO South-East Asia Region WHO Western Paciﬁc Region

Source: Newman LM, Rowley J, Vander Hoorn S et al. Global estimates of the prevalence and incidence of four curable sexually transmitted infections in 2012, PLosOne 2015.

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

Figure 3(a). Estimated incidences of four curable sexually transmitted infections, by region and sex, 2012

90 80 70 60 MILLIONS 50 40 30 20 10 0 AFR AMR EMR EUR SEAR WPR TRICHOMONIASIS GONORRHOEA CHLAMYDIA SYPHILIS TRICHOMONIASIS GONORRHOEA CHLAMYDIA SYPHILIS

Figure 3(b). Estimated prevalence of Herpes simplex virus type 2, by region and sex, 2012

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Africa Americas Eastern Mediterranean Europe South East Asia Western Paciﬁc

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

In recent years there have been notable achievements in advancing the sexually transmitted infection response. There has been an appreciable decline, for example, in the incidence of Haemophilus ducreyi (chancroid) in general population syphilis rates, and in some sequelae of such infections, including neonatal conjunctivitis. An increase in the number of pregnant women screened for syphilis and HIV, with increased access to adequate treatment, has helped underline the feasibility of dual elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and syphilis. Furthermore, increased access to human papillomavirus vaccination has already been shown to reduce pre-cervical cancer lesions and genital warts. Further acceleration of the global response will sustain and build on these achievements and trigger further successes in sexually transmitted infection management and reduction.

Most of the tools required for reaching ambitious 2030 targets are available. Potentially vital innovations, such as point-of-care tests for sexually transmitted infections, vaccines against such infections and multipurpose technologies are on the horizon. Using them to full effect, however, will require a rapid increase in investment in the sexually transmitted infection response, focusing resources on the most effective programmes and on the populations and geographical locations where need is greatest, and linking sexually transmitted infection interventions with other health services, to mutual benefit. These key directions are detailed in the present strategy.

PRIORITIZING THREE SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS FOR STRATEGIC GLOBAL FOCUS The global health sector strategy on sexually transmitted infections focuses primarily on three infections that require immediate action for control and that can be monitored: 01/ Neisseria gonorrhoeae because of the rising risk of untreatable gonorrhoea and the risk of coinfection with other sexually transmitted infections including Chlamydia trachomatis 02/ Treponema pallidum with the elimination of congenital syphilis, which implies that strong systems are in place to ensure screening and treatment of all pregnant women and control of syphilis in specific populations; 03/ Human papillomavirus with an emphasis on vaccination towards the elimination of cervical cancer and genital warts. Cost-effective interventions exist for all three sexually transmitted infections. WHO also recognizes the importance of Chlamydia trachomatis infection and the increasing rate of infection in adolescents. However, because the best strategies to control and measure chlamydia infections are still to be defined, further research and costeffectiveness analyses are encouraged. Furthermore, WHO will catalyse the development of point-of-care testing as a critical step within the sexually transmitted infection cascade and continuum of services.

02 FRAMING THE STRATEGY

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

The proposed strategy on sexually transmitted infections is one of three related health sector strategies for 2016–2021, designed to contribute to the attainment of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and the Goals it enshrines. Health is a major goal in this new Agenda, which reflects its central role in alleviating poverty and facilitating development.

The present strategy positions the response to the sexually transmitted infection burden within the broader post-2015 development framework. It describes the priority actions that are required in order to achieve global targets related to sexually transmitted infections, and how the response to such infections can contribute to the achievement of universal health coverage and other key health goals. This strategy draws on three overarching frameworks: universal health coverage; the continuum of services relating to sexually transmitted infections; and the public health approach.

UNIVERSAL HEALTH COVERAGE Universal health coverage (see Figure 4) provides an overarching framework for the strategy. It comprises three interlinked objectives: 01/ improve the range, quality and availability of essential health interventions and services (covering the range of services needed); 02/ improve the equitable and optimal uptake of services in relation to need (covering the populations in need of services); 03/ reduce costs and provide financial protection for those who need the services (covering the costs of services). As resources, efficiencies and capacities increase, the range of services provided can be expanded, the quality can be improved, and more populations can be covered with less direct costs to those who need the services – a progressive realization of universal health coverage. Each country will need to determine the most suitable path towards universal health coverage based on its own country context, prioritizing and making trade-offs in order to be able to move forward as rapidly as possible while ensuring programme sustainability, quality and equity.

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

Using the perspective of universal health coverage (Figure 4), the proposed strategy emphasizes the need for: strengthening health and community systems; identifying high-impact interventions; tackling the social determinants that drive the epidemic and hinder the response; and ensuring that people use the quality health services they need without suffering financial hardship or stigmatization. In particular, the strategy addresses issues related to effective and equitable service coverage, which includes overcoming barriers to care and understanding the needs of women, adolescents and specific population groups (see Box 3), including those linked to increased vulnerabilities.

Figure 4. The three dimensions of universal health coverage: All people receive the services they need of sufficient quality to make a difference without incurring financial hardship

REDUCE COST SHARING AND FEES

DIRECT COSTS PROPORTION OF THE COSTS COVERED

EXTEND TO NON-COVERED CURRENT COVERAGE

INCLUDE OTHER SERVICES

SERVICES WHICH SERVICES ARE COVERED? POPULATION WHO IS COVERED?

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

THE CONTINUUM OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTION SERVICES AS AN ORGANIZING FRAMEWORK FOR SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTION PROGRAMMES While the concept of universal health coverage frames the overall strategy, the continuum of services that are needed to overcome sexually transmitted infection epidemics provides a comprehensive service delivery framework for organizing strategic action (Figure 5). That continuum spans the full range of required interventions – preventing, diagnosing, treating and curing – that is needed to achieve strategic targets and includes all people: people reached by prevention activities; people tested; people aware of their status; people enrolled in care; people whose treatment has started; people whose treatment is complete; people who are cured; and people accessing chronic care. The present strategy describes the priority actions for enhancing the impact and equity of sexually transmitted infection responses along that entire continuum, with special attention to reaching populations that are left behind. Depending on the context, those left behind may include: women, men, adolescents, men who have sex with men, sex workers, and transgender people. It identifies ways to ensure and improve the quality of services, and proposes strategies to achieve financial sustainability and minimize the risk of financial hardship for people requiring such services. As people move along the continuum of sexually transmitted infection services, there tends to be some loss to follow-up (see Figure 5). The objective is to engage individuals as early as possible, retain them in care and minimize any leakages along the cascade of service continuum. The strategy also makes a strong case for expanding the provision of good quality sexually transmitted infection prevention and care more widely into the areas of primary health care, sexual and reproductive health, and HIV services. It emphasizes opportunities to increase coverage by working collaboratively with other government sectors, and with community-based organizations and private providers.

Figure 5. The continuum of sexually transmitted infection services and the cascade

STI CASCADE

ALL PEOPLE

PEOPLE REACHED BY PREVENTION ACTIVITIES

PEOPLE TESTED

AWARE OF STATUS

ENROLLED IN CARE

TREATMENT STARTED

TREATMENT COMPLETED

CURED

ACCESSING CHRONIC CARE

CONTINUUM OF SERVICES

PREVENTION

TESTING

LINK TO CARE

TREATMENT

CHRONIC CARE

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

A PUBLIC HEALTH APPROACH The strategy is rooted in a public health approach that is concerned with preventing disease, promoting health and ensuring quality of life among the population as a whole. It aims to ensure the widest possible access to high-quality services at the population level, based on simplified and standardized interventions and services that can readily be taken to scale, including in resource-limited settings. Through adopting a public health approach, the strategy proposes: • Standardized, simplified protocols and guidance; • Integrated people-centred health services; • Decentralized service delivery; • A focus on equity; • Community participation; • The meaningful involvement of people most affected

It promotes the principle of Health in All Policies through, where necessary, legal, regulatory and policy reforms. It aims to strengthen integration and linkages between sexually transmitted infection services and other services, improving both impact and efficiency.

by sexually transmitted infections; • Leveraging public and private sectors; • Ensuring services are free or affordable; • Moving from an individual clinical focus to

population-based national plans.

04 – Women being screened for cervical cancer, at a rural clinic, Kenya.

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

THE STRUCTURE OF THE PROPOSED STRATEGY The proposed strategy describes five strategic directions, under which there are priority actions that countries need to take. In addition, the support that WHO will provide in order to scale up a global response is also described. Such a response capitalizes on the opportunities provided thorough the frameworks emerging in response to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development for ending the sexually transmitted infection epidemics as major public health concerns. The five strategic directions (provided in Figure 1) in the present strategy for the period 2016–2021 include: • Strategic direction 1 – Information for focused • Strategic direction 4 – Financing for sustainability

– Addresses the third dimension of universal health coverage by identifying sustainable and innovative models for financing of sexually transmitted infection responses and approaches for reducing costs so that people can access the necessary services without incurring financial hardship. • Strategic direction 5 – Innovation for acceleration

– Identifies those areas where there are major gaps in knowledge and technologies, where innovation is required to shift the trajectory of the sexually transmitted infection response towards and beyond the 2020 milestones. The proposed strategy outlines a pathway towards the goal of eliminating sexually transmitted infections as a public health threat by 2030. Impact and service coverage targets are defined for 2020 and 2030 to measure progress towards the elimination goal. To achieve these targets, action is required in five areas, which are organized under five strategic directions. The five strategic directions and the priority actions are informed by the evaluation of the implementation of the 2006–2015 sexually transmitted infections global strategy7 presented to the Sixty-eighth World Health Assembly in 2015.8 The evaluation emphasized a need to: (1) strengthen surveillance and improve knowledge of prevalence, etiology and antimicrobial resistance; (2) scale up sexually transmitted infection interventions, in particular for specific populations through ensuring an appropriate enabling environment; (3) increase access to services by integrating the prevention and management of sexually transmitted infections into the broader agendas of HIV, sexual and reproductive health, and other key platforms; (4) strengthen financing mechanisms for relevant services and strengthening human resource capacity; and (5) accelerate access to innovations through the development of point-of-care diagnostic tests and new preventive interventions, such as vaccines, microbicides, suppressive therapy for the herpes simplex virus, and HIV prevention and health promotion methods.

action – Focuses on the need to understand the sexually transmitted infection epidemic and response as a basis for advocacy, political commitment, national planning, resource mobilization and allocation, implementation, and programme improvement. • Strategic direction 2 – Interventions for impact –

Addresses the first dimension of universal health coverage by describing the essential package of high-impact interventions that need to be delivered along the continuum of sexually transmitted infection services to reach country and global targets, and which should be considered for inclusion in national health benefit packages. • Strategic direction 3 – Delivering for equity –

Addresses the second dimension of universal health coverage by identifying the best methods and approaches for delivering the continuum of sexually transmitted infection services to different populations and in different locations, so as to achieve equity, maximize impact and ensure quality. It includes a critical focus on interventions and approaches focused on human rights, gender equality, and addressing barriers that undermine equitable access to services for different populations and in different settings and locations.

7 See the progress report of the implementation of the global strategy for prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections: 2006–2015, at http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/rtis/STI-progress.pdf?ua=1 (accessed 22 April 2016). 8 See document A68/36 progress report G.

03 VISION, GOAL, TARGETS AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES

The strategy outlines a vision, goal, targets, milestones, the broader impact, and guiding principles for the global health sector.

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

The targets and milestones were proposed during a WHO expert consultation on sexually transmitted infections in August 2014, which included country representatives and experts in this area of public health. The choice of targets was influenced by the availability of cost-effective interventions that should be urgently scaled up and the, use of existing indicators and reporting frameworks to reduce the reporting burden of countries. These targets can be monitored through the existing Global AIDS Response Progress Reporting system (N. gonorrhoeae and T. pallidum), and the Global vaccine action plan (HPV vaccination).

The proposed 70% targets were based on expert consensus and are not informed by a modelling exercise. The human papillomavirus vaccine target is consistent with the targets identified in the Global vaccine action plan.9 The global targets should be achieved by 2030, which aligns with the timeline established for the Sustainable Development Goals.10 The report to be produced in 2021 will measure the milestones, and an evaluation will be undertaken at that time on whether targets are on track. Any adjustments that are required to achieve the 2030 global targets may also be made at that time.

VISION Zero new infections, zero sexually transmitted infection-related complications and deaths, and zero discrimination in a world where everybody has free and easy access to prevention and treatment services for sexually transmitted infections, resulting in people able to live long and healthy lives.

GOAL Ending sexually transmitted infection epidemics as major public health concerns.11

GLOBAL TARGETS FOR 2030 A concerted effort to rapidly scale up effective interventions and services can achieve the goal of ending sexually transmitted infection epidemics as public health concerns by 2030, by reaching this ambitious set of targets (see Figure 6): • 90% reduction of T. pallidum incidence globally (2018 global baseline); • 90% reduction in N. gonorrhoeae incidence globally (2018 global baseline); • 50 or fewer cases of congenital syphilis per 100 000 live births in 80% of countries;12 • Sustain 90% national coverage and at least 80% in every district (or equivalent

administrative unit) in countries with the human papillomavirus vaccine in their national immunization programme. 9 See document WHA65/2012/REC/1, Annex 4. 10 A s mentioned, the Sustainable Development Goals and targets are identified in the United Nations General Assembly resolution 70/1 – Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development identifies see http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/ RES/70/1&Lang=E (accessed 22 April 2016). 11 Ending the sexually transmitted infection epidemics as major public health concerns is defined by the reduction in cases of N. gonorrhoeae and T. pallidum; as well as by the elimination of congenital syphilis and of pre-cervical cancer lesions through the high coverage of human papillomavirus vaccines. 12 A ligned with the Global guidance on criteria and processes for validation: elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and syphilis, see http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/112858/1/9789241505888_eng.pdf? ua=1&ua=1 (accessed 25 April 2016).

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

MILESTONES FOR 2020 Milestones for 2020 (see Figure 7) include: • 70% of countries have sexually transmitted infection • 70% of countries deliver HPV vaccines through the

national immunization programme • 70% of countries report on antimicrobial resistance

surveillance systems in place that are able to monitor progress towards the relevant targets • 70% of countries have at least 95% of pregnant

in N. gonorrhoeae • 90% national coverage sustained and at least 80%

women screened for HIV and/or syphilis; 95% of pregnant women screened for HIV and/or syphilis with free, prior and informed consent; 90% of HIV-positive pregnant women receiving effective treatment; and 95% of syphilis-seropositive pregnant women treated with at least one dose of intramuscular benzathine penicillin or other effective regimen • 70% of key populations for HIV have access to a

in every district (or equivalent administrative unit) in countries with the human papillomavirus vaccine in their national immunization programme

full range of services relevant to sexually transmitted infection and HIV, including condoms • 70% of countries provide sexually transmitted

infection services or links to such services in all primary, HIV, reproductive health, family planning, and antenatal and postnatal care services

OF COUNTRIES HAVE SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTION SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS IN PLACE

70%

COUNTRY TARGETS FOR 2020 Informed by global goals and targets, countries should develop as soon as practicable ambitious national goals and targets for 2020 and beyond, taking into account the country context, including the nature and dynamics of country epidemics, populations affected, structure and capacity of the health care and community systems, and resources that can be mobilized. Targets should be feasible and developed based on the best possible data available on the sexually transmitted infections situation, trends and responses, and monitored through a set of standard and measurable indicators. The targets should apply to everyone.

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

Figure 6. Incidence targets: syphilis and gonorrhoea

SYPHILIS INCIDENCE ACCELERATED ACTION 2016-2021

6.0

5.0

(IN MILLIONS)

4.0

90%

REDUCTION by 2030 IN SYPHILIS INCIDENCE GLOBALLY (2018 BASELINE)

3.0

2.0

1.0

0 2010 2020 YEARS 2030

GONORRHOEA INCIDENCE ACCELERATED ACTION 2016-2021

90.0

(IN MILLIONS)

90% 50.0

REDUCTION by 2030 IN GONORRHOEA INCIDENCE GLOBALLY (2018 BASELINE)

10.0

2010

2020 YEARS

2030

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

Figure 7. The strategy on sexually transmitted infections – 2020 milestones

70% • • • • • of countries have STI surveillance systems in place of countries have at least 95% of pregnant women screened for syphilis and 90% tested for HIV and 95% of HIV positive pregnant women receiving eﬀective treatment of countries provide STI services or links to such services in all primary, HIV, reproductive health, family planning and ante- and post-natal care services of countries deliver HPV vaccines through the national immunization programme of countries report on antimicrobial resistance in N. gonorrhoeae

70% of key populations have access to a full range of STI & HIV services, including condoms

THE BROADER IMPACT By saving millions of lives directly and indirectly, and by improving the health and well-being of an even greater number of people, an expanded and more effective response to sexually transmitted infections will contribute significantly to reaching universal health coverage, realizing people’s overall right to health, and achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The impact will be multiplied if actions are underpinned by strong health and community systems, accompanied by strengthened responses in other health areas, and address the social and regulatory factors that increase the risk of sexually transmitted infections and impede access to appropriate services. In the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the targets under Sustainable Development Goal 3 cover broad areas, and do not include a specific mention of, or targets for, sexually transmitted infections.13 Accelerated action to address 2020 targets related to sexually transmitted infections will enhance progress relating to a number of 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. The proposed strategy will contribute to five of the 13 health-related targets by 2030: • Ending preventable deaths of mothers, newborns

and children under 5 years of age; • Ending epidemics of AIDS, and combatting

hepatitis and other communicable diseases; • Reducing by one third premature mortality from

noncommunicable diseases through prevention and treatment, and promoting mental health and well-being; • Ensuring universal access to services for sexual

and reproductive health care, family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes; • Achieving universal health coverage, including

financial risk protection, access to quality essential health care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all.

13 United Nations General Assembly resolution 70/1 – Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, see http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E (accessed 22 April 2016).

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

Effective action addressing sexually transmitted infections will help: combat antimicrobial resistance; eliminate adverse neonatal outcomes; reduce HIV transmission; prevent cancer; decrease the burden of infertility; and support the health and well-being of young people.

The lack of specific sexually transmitted infection targets in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development can have implications for priority-setting by countries and, in particular, for the priority given to the measurement of sexually transmitted infection indicators. It is crucial, however, to understand that the fast and extensive implementation of the actions outlined in this strategy will contribute substantially to achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES The present strategy is rooted in a public health approach14 that is concerned with preventing disease, promoting health, and prolonging life in the population as a whole, and is designed to promote a long-term, sustainable response. The following principles guide the strategy: • Universal health coverage; • Government stewardship and accountability; • Evidence-based interventions, services and policies; • Protection and promotion of human rights, gender

equality and health equity; • Partnership, integration and linkage with relevant

sectors, programmes and strategies; • Meaningful engagement and empowerment of people

most affected by sexually transmitted infections.

06 – Members of a youth club meet to discuss sex education and family planning at a clinic, Uganda.

14 The core public health functions involve assessing and monitoring the health of specific most-affected populations to identify health threats and priorities; formulating public policies to solve identified health problems and priorities; and ensuring that all populations have access to appropriate and cost-effective care, and evaluating the effectiveness of that care.

04 STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS AND PRIORITY ACTIONS

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

STRATEGIC DIRECTION 1: INFORMATION FOR FOCUSED ACTION Knowing your sexually transmitted infection epidemic in order to implement a tailored response A robust strategic information system is a cornerstone for advocating, funding, strategically planning and implementing effective sexually transmitted infection interventions, for monitoring and improving them, and for providing evidence of their impact. It is essential for countries to know their sexually transmitted infection epidemics and to know the related responses in order that up to date, accurate information guides national responses.

STRATEGIC INFORMATION FOR ADVOCACY AND INVESTMENT

UNDERSTANDING THE EPIDEMICS

With limited resources, countries need to build a strong, comprehensive case to justify the use of domestic resources for sexually transmitted infection prevention and care, and to mobilize external resources. A well-functioning strategic information system is essential for rallying political commitment and for building a strong case for investment. It enables countries to define and develop a budget for an effective package of interventions and services based on the country context, decide on the most appropriate allocation of resources across the different levels of the health system, and identify potential and reliable sources of funding.

Knowing the epidemics includes understanding where, how and among whom new infections are occurring, and identifying the factors that facilitate sexually transmitted infection transmission or limit access to and use of appropriate services. Prevention, treatment and care programmes can then be prioritized and focused accordingly. Geographical and population mapping can help countries design and implement the most efficient and effective responses. Strategic information systems should provide subnational and disaggregated data to monitor epidemic trends and to map the locations and core groups among which most transmission of sexually transmitted infections is occurring. This will enable resources and services to be allocated, according to where the greatest impact can be achieved.

IT IS ESSENTIAL FOR COUNTRIES TO KNOW THEIR SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTION EPIDEMICS AND TO KNOW THE RELATED RESPONSES

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

NATIONAL SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTION SURVEILLANCE

There are four core components of sexually transmitted infection surveillance: case reporting, prevalence assessments, assessment of the etiology of sexually transmitted infection syndromes, and monitoring of antimicrobial resistance. Currently, most relevant national surveillance systems are based on universal syndromic case reporting. Over time, countries should be assisted to move from syndromic to etiologic surveillance. This will require not only strengthening of in-country laboratory capacity, but also the development and introduction of affordable point-of-care sexually transmitted infection diagnostics. National case reporting should focus on syphilis, gonorrhoea, urethral discharge and genital ulcer disease. In addition, countries should conduct routine syphilis prevalence monitoring of pregnant women and of specific populations, including men who have sex with men, and sex workers; countries should also conduct gonorrhoea and chlamydia prevalence monitoring among the same populations and among adolescents. Every few years, countries using syndromic management should conduct an etiologic assessment to inform treatment recommendations. All countries should have an ongoing system in place to conduct routine gonococcal antimicrobial resistance monitoring.

A strong strategic information system that focuses on sexually transmitted infection is required to: generate data disaggregated by sex and age; and triangulate and synthesize data regularly from other data collection systems covering other health-related topics, such as HIV, and maternal, reproductive and child health. Robust data on sexually transmitted infections make it possible to focus related programmes more precisely and effectively, and to deploy or adapt services to reach greater numbers of people in need. Civil society is an important partner for strengthening strategic information systems, and for ensuring that data are collected and used in an ethical manner that benefits communities. Surveillance data on sexually transmitted infections can also be used as the basis for estimating national prevalence and incidence of syphilis and gonorrhoea, and congenital syphilis rates. Such estimates can be used to assess progress towards the goals of the present strategy. The potential impact of the introduction of pre-exposure prophylaxis of HIV infection in different communities should be monitored, including through the surveillance of sexually transmitted infections, sexual behaviour and drug resistance. While there is currently no evidence for risk compensation in sexual practices, such as decreased condom use or more sexual partners, from studies or early programmes, this important innovation should be monitored to ensure its effectiveness and also to ensure that any unanticipated consequences are addressed.

08 – Men who have sex with men in a neighborhood park, New Delhi, India.

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

PRIORITY ACTIONS COUNTRIES trengthen and integrate sexually transmitted S infection surveillance into the national health information system as a part of health system strengthening, using standardized indicators and methodologies as guided by WHO; ensure that data collection methods yield high-quality information, meet ethical standards, and do not pose risks for communities or the health care workers involved. Increase the “granularity” of data including through: enhanced sexually transmitted infection-related disaggregated data collection based on different stratifiers that include age, sex, population and location; involve affected communities and specific populations to achieve high-quality data and analysis. Identify specific populations who are most at risk for sexually transmitted infections and places where most of the transmission is occurring; establish mechanisms to promote the participation of affected communities; conduct routine case reporting and periodic prevalence assessment of core sexually transmitted infections to assess the magnitude of the sexually transmitted infection problem in target populations, including by disaggregating the data; describe the sexually transmitted infection epidemics and measure the impact in terms of sequelae and cost. nclude data on the risk factors and determinants of I sexually transmitted infections in order to understand and address these determinants. Include a focus on pre-exposure prophylaxis as appropriate. Use both standard and innovative participatory survey methodologies to develop accurate estimates of key population sizes and detailed understandings of subnational epidemics; integrate biological surveillance with other programmes, such as a behavioural surveillance survey in the HIV files – include contact tracing and treatment of partners. Strengthen national laboratory capacity through quality assurance and the introduction of point-of-care diagnostics to ensure routine monitoring of sexually transmitted infections and antimicrobial resistance to N. gonorrhoeae.

PRIORITY ACTIONS FOR WHO rovide global leadership and assistance to countries P in strengthening sexually transmitted infection surveillance and in using standard methodologies for such surveillance and estimation of the burden and impact; support the development of strategic information systems and sexually transmitted infection epidemics and response mapping, including the analysis of disaggregated data for monitoring inequities; support countries in strengthening case reporting, prevalence assessment, etiologic assessment and antimicrobial resistance monitoring; strengthen global systems for collecting and sharing national surveillance data on sexually transmitted infections, including disaggregated data and analysis for monitoring equity. Provide guidance on the collection and analysis of disaggregated data based on different stratifiers and the involvement of affected communities and specific populations, including key populations for HIV, in efforts to obtain high-quality data and achieve high-quality analysis; use internationally endorsed methods for estimating the sizes of key populations for HIV and on setting programme targets for services for key populations for HIV. Ensure linkages of some components of sexually transmitted infection surveillance to existing mechanisms including HIV and antimicrobial resistance surveillance.

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

TRACKING, MONITORING AND SHARING EVIDENCE ON THE RESPONSE

NATIONAL STRATEGIC PLANNING, PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION AND ACCOUNTABILITY

The strategic information system needs to be capable of collecting and analysing disaggregated data along the entire continuum of care: prevention, treatment and care services to identify gaps in the coverage and performance of services, and to determine areas requiring improvements. By identifying indicators for measuring progress and for monitoring and evaluating interventions, countries can assess, report and improve services relating to sexually transmitted infections, and achieve greater equity in their responses. They can determine whether services are available and being used, whether and where disparities and gaps exist, which delivery models are most effective (for instance, through health facilities, communitybased services or other approaches), and which elements require improvement. Linking the sexually transmitted infection response with other health and development initiatives requires greater integration of health information systems and the alignment of reporting across health programmes.

The strategic information system has to inform a national strategy and implementation plan that is based on the country context, defines national targets and is aligned with global targets. This national strategy and implementation plan guides the national health response to sexually transmitted infections. The strategy should describe actions that need to be taken to achieve the national targets, including identifying specific populations and priority locations based on local epidemiology, prioritizing evidencebased and high-impact interventions and service delivery models that best suit the context, and implementing a monitoring and evaluation framework that can track progress towards the targets. There should be clear linkages between the present health strategy and other relevant sectoral strategies, other relevant disease-specific strategies, such as those for tuberculosis, and sexual and reproductive health, and broader national health and development strategies. Each country should have a national programme focusing on sexually transmitted infections, with the necessary resources and capacity to implement a relevant national strategy and plan, and to monitor and report on progress. Countries need to track, assess and report on progress towards the agreed targets, using indicators on availability, coverage outcomes and impact of services. Benchmarking – or comparisons between and within countries – should be used to assess performances. Existing instruments should be used for measuring progress in implementing policy, legal and structural measures for enhancing the sexually transmitted infection response, including the National Composite Policy Index15 and the People Living with HIV Stigma Index.16

COUNTRIES NEED TO TRACK, ASSESS AND REPORT ON PROGRESS TOWARDS THE AGREED TARGETS, USING INDICATORS ON AVAILABILITY, COVERAGE OUTCOMES AND IMPACT OF SERVICES

15 The National Composite Policy Index is Appendix 10 in the 2010 Reporting document of the United National General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS, Monitoring the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS: Guidelines on construction of core indicators, see http://data.unaids.org/pub/Manual/2009/JC1676_Core_Indicators_2009_en.pdf (accessed 22 April 2016). 16 For more information, see the People Living with HIV Stigma Index, at http://www.stigmaindex.org/ (accessed 22 April 2016).

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

PRIORITY ACTIONS FOR COUNTRIES trengthen the governance and accountability of programmes relating to sexually transmitted S infections and conduct regular programme reviews to help ensure that national strategies, plans and resource allocation reflect actual country needs as they evolve. Set national targets and milestones and identify indicators for monitoring and evaluating the national sexually transmitted infection programme, as well as for monitoring equity so that countries can assess and regularly report on the status of their response, and use those assessments for further programme improvements. nsure that relevant monitoring and evaluation frameworks track the entire continuum of services in E both the public and private sectors, and are harmonized with other health information systems, and are set up to track equity through appropriate disaggregation and analysis; use subnational data collection and mapping techniques to detect deficiencies in service provision and infrastructure, and to help inform decisions made on where to place additional services; monitor access to, and uptake and quality of sexually transmitted infection services for specific populations. PRIORITY ACTIONS FOR WHO evelop, update and disseminate guidance on national strategic planning and prioritization relating to D sexually transmitted infections; WHO regional and country offices to support regular reviews to assess progress towards the 2020 and 2030 global targets. Provide technical support to countries with sexually transmitted infection programmes and impact reviews to focus investments. Make information available on the status of country and regional progress towards targets and support the use of benchmarking – or comparisons between and within countries across different subgroups – to assess progress towards reaching targets.

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

STRATEGIC DIRECTION 2: INTERVENTIONS FOR IMPACT People should receive the full range of sexually transmitted infection services they need DEFINING A SET OF CORE INTERVENTIONS: THE SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTION BENEFIT PACKAGE

Although the core interventions and services will vary by country, based on epidemic dynamics and country context, each of the following intervention areas should be covered: • Prevent sexually transmitted infection transmission

and acquisition; • Achieve early diagnosis of sexually transmitted

Each country needs to define a set of essential sexually transmitted infection interventions and services. Sexually transmitted infection strategies are most effective when people have access to and benefit from a continuum of high-quality services for preventing, diagnosing and managing sexually transmitted infections. In addition to integrating relevant services into routine service delivery processes, targeted outreach to specific populations may be required. Informed on their sexually transmitted infection prevalence and incidence, each country must prioritize interventions across the continuum of prevention to treatment and package these interventions in effective and acceptable ways. As resources and capacity increase, the scope of interventions and services can be expanded progressively, with the aim of further improving sexually transmitted infection and broader health outcomes. The evidence shows clearly that combination packages achieve greater impact than discrete, individual interventions. When countries define their package of interventions, coinfection should be considered. Sexually transmitted infections share common risk-associated behaviours; multiple infections can be acquired at the same time and existing infection can facilitate transmission and acquisition of other sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. Diagnosis of one infection is an indicator of risk for others. Although coinfection is common, precise global estimates of coinfection are unavailable. Specific populations, including key populations for HIV, are at highest risk for coinfection of sexually transmitted infections. As such, special attention should be paid at all levels of the health system to symptomatic and asymptomatic coinfection in these populations, as well as in the general population.

infections and linkage to treatment; • Manage symptomatic patients; • Reach sex partners and offer them treatment; • Package interventions for maximum impact: (1)

eliminate mother-to-child transmission of syphilis and HIV; (2) fully utilize human papillomavirus and hepatitis B vaccines; (3) control the spread and impact of gonococcal antimicrobial resistance; • Ensure quality of care for sexually transmitted

infection services and interventions: (1) strengthen the continuum of prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care; (2) link and integrate services The core package needs to be regularly reviewed to ensure that, as new evidence emerges and new technologies and approaches are developed, innovations are rapidly integrated and opportunities harnessed. Updated guidelines for the management of sexually transmitted infections will be made available by WHO to assist countries in developing and implementing their core interventions and services.

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

PREVENT SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTION TRANSMISSION AND ACQUISITION

Combination prevention is the most effective approach for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections. Evidence-based comprehensive prevention frameworks work best when there is a strategic combination of behavioural, biomedical and structural approaches. Such a combination includes an understanding of sexually transmitted infections and primary prevention methods, including condoms, and a focus on working with people most affected by, and vulnerable to, sexually transmitted infections, in particular adolescents. HIV combination prevention efforts should also incorporate components focused on other sexually transmitted infections. Effective prevention requires ensuring access to vital information, commodities (such as condoms) and services (such as vaccination, voluntary medical male circumcision, testing, treatment and care) within a human rights framework. Alongside that, behaviour interventions are critically important for sexually transmitted infection prevention including HIV, and include: the promotion of consistent use of male and female condoms; education including a focus on increasing awareness of sexually transmitted infections; reduction in the number of sexual partners; increased uptake of testing for sexually transmitted infections, including HIV; delayed sexual debut; as well as the promotion of sexual well-being.

Many such interventions have the dual advantage of preventing sexually transmitted infections, including HIV and unintended pregnancies, in particular through the use of condoms by adolescents. Focusing the interventions appropriately for specific populations (including key populations for HIV), adolescents and pregnant women is a priority. In addition, when community knowledge about sexually transmitted infections is strengthened, and stigmatization and discrimination are reduced, the use of services related to sexually transmitted infection tends to improve.

09 – Local NGO, Nicaragua proposes integrated services for women.

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

PRIORITY ACTIONS FOR COUNTRIES Prioritize high-impact and comprehensive prevention interventions tailored to the epidemic closely linked with HIV prevention, sexual and reproductive health, and mother and child health and immunization programmes that include: • Comprehensive health information, education and health promotion programmes for adolescents; • Male and female condom programming for dual protection against sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancy, in particular for adolescents, and distributed through communities and through outreach services for specific populations; • The use of maternal and child health and family planning clinics as additional outlets for the provision of care and distribution of condoms to women who could be at risk of sexually transmitted infections; • Greater use of social marketing programmes to increase demand and supply of quality-assured, affordable sexually transmitted infection services, and condoms in traditional and non-traditional outlets; • Promoting voluntary medical male circumcision where appropriate; • Ensuring access to human papillomavirus and hepatitis B vaccination. ailor and focus risk reduction interventions addressing sexual health from a well-being perspective to the T needs of populations that are most affected; address the key factors that place people at greater risk for sexually transmitted infections and that impede access to effective and relevant services, including interventions to redress human rights violations that emerge from the criminalization of same-sex behaviours or sex work, to prevent and manage gender-based violence, as well as violence related to sexual orientation and gender identity. PRIORITY ACTIONS FOR WHO pdate and disseminate updated guidance on sexually transmitted infection prevention including: rapidly U integrating new evidence-based health sector interventions into sexually transmitted infection prevention packages for different epidemic contexts, giving particular attention to specific and key populations, adolescents, and women; promoting effective male and female condom programmes, including setting global standards and facilitating procurement. Update and disseminate guidance for targeted populations on sexually transmitted infection vulnerability and risk reduction interventions; work with partners to promote new initiatives on reducing risk, and empowering and increasing resiliency, confidence and agency among adolescent girls and young women and among specific and key populations; provide evidence and guidance on the role of positive gender norms and attitudes that help reduce sexually transmitted infection vulnerability and risk; advocate for increased commitment, resources and actions to eliminate sexually transmitted infections in newborns.

ACHIEVE EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS AND LINKAGE TO TREATMENT

Early diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections can be achieved: by screening, that is, detecting illness due to testing based upon risk factors in an asymptomatic individual; and by diagnosis, that is, discovering the underlying cause of symptoms. Early diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections, including those without symptoms, is the best opportunity for effective medical treatment and support, and for preventing further transmission. This can be challenging, given that most sexually transmitted infections are asymptomatic (see Figure 10). In the absence of affordable point-of-care tests for sexually transmitted infections, screening remains rare in resource-constrained settings.

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

Figure 8. Sexually transmitted infections Women are more affected by asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections than men and men are more likely to have symptomatic sexually transmitted infections than women

SYMPTOMATIC CASES

ASYMPTOMATIC CASES

Each country will need to select the most appropriate combination of screening and diagnostic approaches based on the nature and dynamics of its sexually transmitted infection epidemics, the affected populations and its health system, as well as on the evidence available. Special efforts are required for the detection and management of asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections in specific populations, which include key populations for HIV, adolescents and young adults, and pregnant women, such as case-finding or screening, with enhanced interventions for reaching sexual partners. Specific attention is required in ensuring that sexually transmitted infection diagnosis is accessible, and also in ensuring the quality of diagnostic tools and services, to minimize risk of misdiagnosis. Prompt diagnosis and effective management of sexually transmitted infections breaks the chain of transmission and prevents the development of complications and long-term sequelae of such infections.

MANAGE SYMPTOMATIC PATIENTS

Each primary point-of-care for persons with sexually transmitted infections should follow an up-to-date management protocol for people with symptomatic infections of that kind, and for their sexual partners, based on global guidelines. Primary point-of-care outlets are varied and include primary health care clinics, sexual and reproductive health services, including antenatal care services and services that provide care and management of persons living with HIV. Moreover, sexually transmitted infection case management for high-risk populations should be linked closely with HIV prevention services, including outreach services.

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

REACH SEX PARTNERS AND OFFER THEM TREATMENT

ELIMINATE MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION OF SYPHILIS AND HIV

Partner notification is integral to effective sexually transmitted infection prevention and care. Approaches for informing sex partners and offering them counselling and treatment vary according to circumstances and include patient referral (whereby patients are encouraged to contact their sex partners themselves), provider referral (the health care provider notifies the partner and arranges treatment), contractual patient–provider referral (a two-step approach that links patient and provider referral methods), and expedited partner therapy (the diagnosed patient takes the prescriptions or medication to his/her partner without prior examination of the partner). A “couples approach” for increasing counselling and partner treatment rates should be encouraged, in particular in the context of antenatal care. The selected strategy has to be rightsbased and sensitive to gender inequalities, while ensuring and expediting partners’ access to treatment.

A number of countries have committed to eliminate mother-to-child transmission of HIV and syphilis (also known as “congenital syphilis”). In many countries, the elimination of mother-to-child transmission of syphilis is linked to a dual elimination campaign (elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and syphilis).17 A few countries have begun implementing a triple elimination campaign (elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, syphilis and hepatitis B). The steps required towards preparing for validation will help countries strengthen their sexually transmitted infection programmes, and should help reduce inequities among different populations within a country.

FULLY UTILIZE HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS AND HEPATITIS B VACCINES

PACKAGE INTERVENTIONS FOR MAXIMUM IMPACT

The overall public health impact of these core interventions can be boosted by combining them with other initiatives, specifically: the global campaign to eliminate mother-to-child transmission of HIV and syphilis; wider introduction of the vaccine against the human papillomavirus; voluntary medical male circumcision to impact on HIV and other sexually transmitted infections; and strategies to confront the emergence of gonococcal antimicrobial resistance.

Vaccinating against human papillomavirus can dramatically reduce cervical cancers caused by the virus; the hepatitis B vaccine is safe and effective in preventing hepatitis B infection.18 Countries should urgently consider the further introduction or expansion of these vaccination programmes with human papillomavirus vaccines, in the context of a comprehensive framework for cervical cancer prevention and control. The human papillomavirus vaccine by the population it targets should be a critical pillar of adolescent health programmes with increased health education and strategies to reach adolescents.

10 – Pregnant women in Cuba. In June 2015, WHO validated the elimination of mother to child transmission of HIV and syphilis in Cuba.

17 Global guidance on criteria and processes for validation: elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and syphilis, see http:// apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/112858/1/9789241505888_eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1 (accessed 21 April 2016). 18 S ee the global health sector strategy on viral hepatitis, 2016–2021, available at: http://www.who.int/hepatitis/strategy2016-2021/ en (accessed 5 May 2016)..

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

PRIORITY ACTIONS FOR COUNTRIES dapt and implement guidelines on sexually transmitted A infection and HIV screening and diagnosis: procure, introduce and expand use of WHO prequalified diagnostics; implement quality assurance and quality improvement measures to lower the risk of misdiagnosis, and reduce delays between collecting specimens, laboratory testing, sharing the results, and access to treatment. Implement and scale-up evidence-based national sexually transmitted infection management guidelines based on country data and services available: • implement strategies for detecting and managing asymptomatic infections in specific and key populations, pregnant women and adolescents, such as regular case testing or screening, with enhanced interventions for reaching sexual partners; • update implementation plans for guiding effective and sustainable scale-up of symptomatic sexually transmitted infection management, based on the latest evidence; • encourage use of single dose treatment, delivered at a health facility where feasible, to enhance adherence; • integrate sexually transmitted infection management in specific populations, HIV prevention services and care to address major coinfections and comorbidities, notably HIV. Ensure availability of effective sexually transmitted infection management commodities and medicines when people seek care for sexually transmitted infections: ensure procurement of quality-assured drugs; work to decrease barriers on accessibility and affordability of quality sexually transmitted infection diagnostics. Develop and implement strategies to strengthen sexual partner management: adopt strategies for partner notification and evaluate the level of implementation; safeguard patient confidentiality; ensure linkage to counselling and treatment of partners. Screen all pregnant women for syphilis, and ensure that those who are seropositive receive appropriate injectable penicillin therapy: link efforts to eliminate mother-to-child transmission of syphilis with those to eliminate motherto-child transmission of HIV; in order to attain validation standards, strive to increase coverage and reduce disparities in the delivery of mother-to-child transmission of syphilis interventions. rgently consider introducing a vaccination programme U against human papillomavirus as part of a comprehensive approach to cervical cancer prevention: define a package of information, including health promotion, which targets adolescents and can be delivered in coordination with the implementation of human papillomavirus vaccination programmes. ntroduce hepatitis B vaccination into national infant I immunization programmes of any countries that have not yet done so – to do so urgently, and ensure timely delivery of the birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine to prevent perinatal transmission of hepatitis B infection.

PRIORITY ACTIONS FOR WHO egularly update and disseminate consolidated sexually R transmitted infection management guidelines that include: clinical, operational and programmatic guidance that will guide rapid and sustainable treatment scale-up; consolidated guidance on sexually transmitted infections and HIV testing approaches, strategies and diagnostics, incorporating the latest innovations, with a particular focus on early diagnosis; regular testing and screening; support to countries in the adaptation, implementation and monitoring of guidelines; provide and update evidence-based guidelines for partner notification, communication and counselling, diagnosis and treatment. ccelerate support for the elimination of mother-to-child A transmission of syphilis: provide technical guidance on how to achieve standards for the validation for the elimination of mother-to-child transmission of syphilis; identify ways to reduce barriers to diagnostics and treatment for elimination of mother-to-child transmission of syphilis; accelerate development of new technologies for improved diagnosis and treatment of syphilis in pregnant women and newborns. Strengthen efforts to ensure high-quality diagnostics for sexually transmitted infections are accessible and available: strengthen the WHO prequalification programme to ensure rapid access to quality sexually transmitted infection diagnostics; work to decrease barriers on accessibility and affordability of quality sexually transmitted infection diagnostics. Set the research agenda and conduct research to address gaps in sexually transmitted infection management in resource-poor settings; support research to identify effective, efficient, safe and acceptable diagnostic tests, technologies and approaches relevant to sexually transmitted infections. Strengthen sexually transmitted infection immunization guidance: assess schedules and doses for immunization policies, and advise on the most effective methods for protecting high-risk groups, as well as males; support operational research in countries for the introduction of human papillomavirus vaccine and for linking it to adolescent health programmes; support efforts to ensure that the human papillomavirus vaccine is available in countries at an affordable price; develop guidance on other health interventions that could be introduced, together with the vaccination programme.

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

CONTROL THE SPREAD AND IMPACT OF GONOCOCCAL ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE

STRENGTHEN SYNERGIES AND LINKAGES FOR SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTION SERVICES AND INTERVENTIONS

Gonorrhoea is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide and it has a significant effect on morbidity and mortality. Over the past decades, N. gonorrhoeae has developed resistance to almost all medicines used to treat the infection, which raises the prospect of untreatable gonococcal infections. WHO has strengthened the Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme by establishing a network of laboratories to coordinate gonococcal antimicrobial resistance monitoring and provide data to inform treatment guidelines. Other sexually transmitted infection pathogens with potential antimicrobial resistance include T. pallidum, herpes simplex virus and Haemophilus ducreyi. These are linked to the overall global antimicrobial resistance action plan.19

Strengthen the continuum of prevention, • diagnosis, treatment and care Services should be organized to minimize “leakages”, to maximize retention along the continuum, and adherence to prevention and care interventions. Major challenges include: acceptability and uptake of effective prevention interventions; stigmatization and discrimination in some health care settings; targeting diagnosis to maximum effect and minimizing incorrect diagnoses; linking people to appropriate prevention and treatment services as early as possible; and ensuring treatment adherence. Services should be people-centred, patient-friendly, that respect people’s rights and that address their varying needs without judgement or prejudice; in addition to being more effective, people-centred services may be more efficient. The involvement of community groups and networks has also been shown to be effective, especially for reaching specific populations, including those that can be harder to reach such as those recognized as adolescents and key populations for HIV. A strong continuum of services also requires strong coordination across various levels of health service delivery with an effective cross-sector referral mechanism. • Link and integrate services and programmes

Greater integration and linking of sexually transmitted infection services and programmes with those for other relevant health areas (including for HIV, family planning, maternal and neonatal care; health promotion, including sexual health; immunization, noncommunicable diseases and mental health), that is, comprehensive primary healthcare and other sectors (such as school health education programmes targeting adolescents, and occupational health) have the potential to reduce costs, improve efficiency and lead to better outcomes. Appropriate models of integration and linkage will depend on the country context and health system, and should be informed by operational research.

19 See resolution WHA68.20(2015).

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

PRIORITY ACTIONS FOR COUNTRIES Strengthen the implementation of strategies and interventions to monitor antimicrobial resistance, including strengthening national laboratory network capacities; integrate surveillance of antimicrobial resistance of N. gonorrhoeae to the national antimicrobial resistance surveillance plan; adapt national treatment guidelines to resistance patterns and implement interventions to limit the spread of antimicrobial resistance; reduce the prescription and procurement of antimicrobials. trengthen links, collaboration and integration, S including between sexually transmitted infection programmes and those with responsibilities for HIV, reproductive health, mother-to-child transmitted diseases, cancer and noncommunicable disease, and adolescent health; • support further integration through primary health care services; • integrate key indicators for prevention and control into national sexually transmitted infection monitoring and evaluation systems; • ensure adequate communication and coordination between the different levels of the health system, and the public and private sectors; • analyse the continuum of prevention and control services to determine the quality of services, identify major weaknesses and take remedial action.

PRIORITY ACTIONS FOR WHO Provide global leadership on tackling antimicrobial resistance: coordinate the response on antimicrobial resistance of N. gonorrhoeae with the Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance:20 • increase support for the Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme21 and other efforts to monitor antimicrobial resistance and contain the spread of untreatable gonorrhoea; • update treatment guidelines for gonorrhoea; • monitor the possible emergence of antimicrobial resistance to treatments for T. pallidum, herpes simplex virus and H. ducreyi; • invest further in research for the development of points-of-care for sexually transmitted infection that allow better identification of antimicrobial resistance. Support countries to progress linkages and integration of services: • propose indicators and methods for measuring effective linkage; • document and disseminate best practices on integration and mHealth; • promote the WHO monitoring and evaluation framework to national sexually transmitted infection monitoring and evaluation systems; • facilitate the collection of national data on the continuum of services and report on major findings; • identify common weaknesses in the continuum of services and propose interventions to address them; • include learning on effective interventions and approaches in WHO operational and programmatic guidance.

20 For the Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance, see http://www.who.int/drugresistance/global_action_plan/en/ (accessed 22 April 2016). 21 For information on the Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme, see http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/rtis/ gonococcal_resistance/en/ (accessed 22 April 2016).

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

STRATEGIC DIRECTION 3: DELIVERING FOR EQUITY All people should receive the sexually transmitted infection services they need, which are of adequate quality Reaching the targets on sexually transmitted infection requires an appropriate enabling environment for action grounded in principles of human rights and gender equality and will only be possible by focusing suitable, high-impact interventions and services for specific populations, including those who are most at risk for and vulnerable to sexually transmitted infections and in places where most transmission of sexually transmitted infections is occurring. Ensuring access to effective services should therefore be equitable and free of discrimination. This can be a challenge, as sexually transmitted infections occur with high frequency among specific populations and among adolescents, all of whom may experience challenges in accessing or remaining linked to health services and, in particular, to sexually transmitted infection services. As a result, large proportions of people at high risk for sexually transmitted infections do not use prevention methods and services effectively, remain undiagnosed, or do not use or adhere to treatment therapies. Coverage of treatment services can be increased through collaboration with other health programmes, government sectors (for example, education, occupational health, prison services, migration), as well as with community-based organizations and private health care providers. REDUCE VULNERABILITY AND RISK

11 – A mother reads an HIV prevention leaflet, Indonesia.

PROMOTE AN ENABLING ENVIRONMENT WHICH INCLUDES POLICIES AND LAWS THAT PROMOTE HUMAN RIGHTS AND GENDER EQUALITY

When properly enforced, laws and policies that protect and promote public health and human rights, including sexual and reproductive health and rights, can reduce vulnerability to and risk of sexually transmitted infection; expand access to sexually transmitted infection care and other health services; and enhance their reach, quality and effectiveness. In many countries legal, institutional and other barriers continue to deter people from using services relating to sexually transmitted infections. The health sector is obliged to ensure that policies, laws and regulations support relevant national programmes and national health responses more generally, by promoting gender equality and through protecting and promoting the human and health rights of populations that are at increased risk for sexually transmitted infections (including specific populations, as defined earlier) and for adolescents.

Effective interventions for reducing sexually transmitted infection vulnerability and risk hinge on awareness building and targeted health promotion and risk reduction communication, and on increased access to and use of sexual and reproductive health services. Progress in these areas requires: effective actions to reduce stigmatization and discrimination in health care settings and the community; initiatives to prevent and provide services that address gender-based violence and violence related to sexual orientation or gender identity; and interventions that empower women and stigmatized populations. In some populations the harmful use of alcohol can exacerbate certain vulnerabilities and risk behaviours and so should be taken into account when designing services.

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

REACHING ALL POPULATIONS WITH APPROPRIATE SERVICES

ENGAGING AND LINKING WITH COMMUNITIES AND PARTNERS

In addition to effectively meeting the needs of the general population, reaching specific populations with the most appropriate interventions will be critical for ending sexually transmitted infection epidemics in countries. Actions are needed to overcome or remove barriers that prevent these populations from accessing the sexually transmitted infection and broader health services they need. Depending on the population, these barriers may include age of consent laws, criminalization of behaviours such as sex work and sex between men, and institutionalized stigmatization and discrimination, as well as gender-based and other forms of violence including intimate partner violence. The sexually transmitted infection response also needs to reflect the fact that different populations may require different sets of interventions and different types of services.

Engagement with communities and other partners at all levels is vital for defining the package of interventions, improving policy coherence, programme coordination and accountability, and for addressing the various factors that affect the design, delivery, performance and outcomes of sexually transmitted infection programmes. Partnerships should be guided by public health principles, including the need for robust government stewardship, public accountability, and the promotion of human rights, gender equality and health equity. Strong engagement with civil society, including the faith-based sector, and especially at community level, will help ensure that essential services are accessible to all populations. Structured linkages with private sector and civil society service providers would also help extend coverage while improving quality assurance.

SPECIFICALLY ADDRESS MEN AND BOYS

STRENGTHENING HEALTH SYSTEMS

Men and boys have often been overlooked as a population requiring a specific focus for sexually transmitted infection control. Increasingly, sexually transmitted infection and HIV responses are recognizing the importance of ensuring that comprehensive approaches include components focused on ensuring access to services for men and boys as well as for women and girls. Additional interventions may include targeted social and behaviour change programmes among men; promotion of voluntary medical male circumcision; programmes focused on alcohol and substance use; and a focus on specific populations including mobile populations and migrants, men who have sex with men, male sex workers and the male clients of sex workers.

The keystone of an effective sexually transmitted infection response is a strong health system that is capable of providing reliable, effective and equitable people-centred care in both the public and private sectors. The hallmarks of such a system are: efficient service delivery models that meet patients’ variable needs; an appropriately trained and distributed workforce in sufficiently adequate numbers and responsive skill mix; a robust health information system; reliable and affordable access to essential medical products and technologies; adequate health financing; and strong leadership and governance. Currently, very few health systems demonstrate all of these features.

TARGETING SPECIAL SETTINGS

There are specific settings where vulnerability and risk are high and where access to basic sexually transmitted infection services might be severely compromised, such as in prisons and detention centres, refugee camps and settings of humanitarian concern. Countries should ensure that services provided to individuals in these settings are equivalent to those available to the broader community.

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

PRIORITY ACTIONS FOR COUNTRIES Target sexually transmitted infection interventions and services to populations and locations where need, risk and vulnerability are highest: • integrate evidence-based gender-equality interventions into national sexually transmitted infection action plans including interventions that promote positive norms, empower women and girls, and address violence; • include comprehensive sexual health education in school curricula for adolescents; • identify and prioritize implementation of tailored service packages to meet the needs of populations vulnerable to and most affected by sexually transmitted infections, including linking to a broader package of appropriate health services, such as mother and child health, HIV services or vaccination; • include multisectoral actions to reduce stigmatization and discrimination in national sexually transmitted infection strategies, policies and programmes; • involve community-based organizations and peer networks in the planning and delivery of services; • monitor access to, and uptake and quality of, HIV and sexually transmitted infection health services for specific populations; • provide services appropriate for adolescents and review policies on consent to improve access; • implement the comprehensive package of sexually transmitted infection interventions for prisoners and prison settings as developed by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and WHO; • include contingency plans for essential sexually transmitted infection services into national sexually transmitted infection plans to ensure continuity of relevant services in settings of humanitarian concern. Create safe institutional and community environments through: • applying public health evidence to shape health-related laws and policies that promote human rights and gender equality in line with internationally agreed norms and standards; • remove legal, regulatory and policy barriers and practices (especially in health care settings) that condone or encourage stigmatization and, discrimination and violence; • ensure training of health care providers on human rights and gender equality in relation to sexually transmitted infection and HIV; • establish independent mechanisms for monitoring and accountability to ensure grievance redress for the violation of human rights. Integrate sexually transmitted infection services into national programmes through health systems and a community-based approach, and through mechanisms related to sexual and reproductive health, maternal and child health, adolescent health and HIV; • equip health workers with the skills and commodities to rapidly expand primary prevention, testing and treatment of sexually transmitted infections; • use service delivery methods and approaches (including marshalling private sector providers and pharmacies into the sexually transmitted infection response) that provide equitable and effective services for all, particularly for specific populations; • ensure that legal and regulatory frameworks facilitate stronger collaboration and partnerships with community groups and between the public and private sectors; • provide or facilitate greater support for capacity development (for example, to strengthen participation in programme planning, service delivery, and monitoring and evaluation), and increased investment in community-based peer support and outreach programmes; • involve community groups in monitoring sexually transmitted infection services.

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

PRIORITY ACTIONS FOR WHO Build on existing guidance to better define essential packages and service delivery models for specific populations, locations, situations and settings, including for women and girls, adolescents and key populations; • provide and disseminate guidance on clinical management of rape among adolescents and children, and promote the uptake of guidance on health sector response to partner violence and sexual violence among women in sexually transmitted infection programmes and service delivery settings; • synthesize and disseminate evidence on prevention and response to violence among specific populations at increased risk of sexually transmitted infection, including people who have same-sex sexual partners and sex workers; • collaborate with UNESCO, UNICEF and UNFPA to design a package for preventing and managing sexually transmitted infections that meets the needs and realities of young people; • with UNHCR update guidance on the delivery of sexually transmitted infection services in settings of humanitarian concern; • work with the UNODC to regularly update guidance on sexually transmitted infection services for prisoners and prison settings. Promote an enabling technical, political and advocacy environment within countries in support of an enabling environment that promotes human rights and gender equality; • support Member States to review and revise their health-related related laws and policies to align them with international norms and standards; • provide advice on addressing sexual violence, with a focus on adolescents, and children, and promote the uptake of existing guidance on health sector response to violence against women in sexually transmitted infection service or programme settings. Develop and disseminate guidance and tools to strengthen sexually transmitted infection service integration within health systems: • develop tools on laboratory capacity strengthening for sexually transmitted infection and HIV testing; • develop tools to strengthen programme management and supervision through a health systems approach; • involve partners, civil society and community representatives in the development of guidelines and tools for the provision of sexually transmitted infection services.

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

ENSURE ACCESS TO QUALITY VACCINES, DIAGNOSTICS, MEDICINES AND OTHER COMMODITIES

Effective sexually transmitted infection programmes are dependent on the uninterrupted supply of qualityassured vaccines for human papillomavirus and medicines, diagnostics and other commodities for other sexually transmitted infections. Robust procurement and supply management systems are required to ensure that the right products are selected, purchased at a reasonable price and efficiently delivered to the point of service delivery. Quality of care can be enhanced by ensuring that quality-assured commodities are procured, and that services adhere to national and international norms and standards, are continuously monitored and improved, and are made more accessible and acceptable to patients’ needs and preferences.

PRIORITY ACTIONS FOR COUNTRIES Establish and implement national quality assurance norms and standards, based on international guidelines and standards, monitor their implementation and apply quality improvement measures where deficiencies are identified; ensure the procurement of quality-assured medicines, vaccines, diagnostics and condoms, including through the use of the WHO prequalification systems; establish mechanisms to continuously monitor service utilization and acceptability, and the preferences and needs of patients, communities and health care workers; strengthen national reference laboratories to monitor the quality of diagnostic tests. Establish supply and demand forecast and monitoring mechanisms to ensure a continuous supply of essential commodities and avoid stockouts; • include human papillomavirus vaccine, and medicines and diagnostics for the treatment of sexually transmitted infections in the national procurement and supply management plan; • strengthen health system commodity procurement processes for quality-assured vaccines, medicines, diagnostics, condoms, and other commodities related to sexually transmitted infections. PRIORITY ACTIONS FOR WHO Provide leadership and support on quality assurance: • emphasize quality assurance and quality improvement principles, approaches and indicators in WHO guidance; • support capacity building of national regulatory authorities, quality control laboratories, and manufacturers or other private companies, to ensure the quality of medicines including generics; • strengthen the WHO prequalification programme to encourage manufacturers to apply for prequalification of medicines, diagnostics and devices, and to facilitate the rapid assessment of new applications; • regularly report on quality improvement along the continuum of sexually transmitted infection prevention, care and treatment services. Assess the quality and performance of commercially available sexually transmitted infection commodities and issue appropriate recommendations; support capacity building of national regulatory authorities, quality control laboratories, and manufacturers to ensure the quality of medicines, including generics and diagnostics.

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

STRATEGIC DIRECTION 4: FINANCING FOR SUSTAINABILITY People should receive the sexually transmitted infection services they need without experiencing financial hardship Central to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is the eradication of poverty and the reduction of inequality. At the global level, 150 million people experience financial catastrophe and 100 million people suffer impoverishment every year as a result of out-of-pocket health expenses. Ensuring financial security and health equity, therefore, are central to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, and universal health coverage provides a framework for addressing them. Countries face the challenge of investing in an expanded programme to achieve the sexually transmitted infection targets for 2020 and beyond, while ensuring longterm sustainability of funding – all in a context where development priorities are shifting and external financial support is uncertain. The trend of increasing domestic funding for sexually transmitted infection programmes needs to continue although some low-income countries, especially those with a heavy burden, will need substantial external support to ensure rapid scale-up. Financing for a sustainable sexually transmitted infection response requires an approach that is embedded in a wider overall national health strategy and action in three areas: raising sufficient funds to pay for sexually transmitted infection programmes, including through public and private domestic funding and external sources; establishing equitable mechanisms to pool funds for financial risk protection; and optimizing the use of resources by reducing costs and improving efficiencies. Health system financing has a major impact on programme coverage, equity and health outcomes. Ensuring sustainable financing for sexually transmitted infections through a health system approach that is system-wide will help secure greater system-wide efficiencies and synergies. Financing for a sustainable response requires action in three areas: • Increasing revenue through innovative financing

and new funding approaches; • Financial risk protection and pooling; • Reducing price and costs and improving efficiency.

12 – Nursing staff at Tonga’s largest hospital. The arrival of broadband internet is set to significantly improve medical services in Tonga.

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

INCREASING REVENUE THROUGH INNOVATIVE FINANCING AND NEW FUNDING APPROACHES

FINANCIAL RISK PROTECTION AND POOLING

On their path to financing universal coverage, countries should be encouraged to examine a variety of specific financing issues, which include: review of funding flows and allocation mechanisms; consolidation of pooling arrangements; harmonization of purchasing mechanisms; and reviewing the potential to integrate HIV, sexually transmitted infection and hepatitis interventions into national benefit packages. The existing international and domestic funding commitments are not enough to achieve the 2030 targets outlined in this strategy. Additional sources of funding will be required to fund the sustainable scale-up of programmes and fill funding gaps that result from shifting donor priorities. Countries will need to develop and implement financial transition plans as they increase domestically funded programmes. Fiscal capacity for many low- and middle-income countries is limited for a variety of structural reasons (including size of the informal sector, weak capacity of fiscal administration, and poor public financial management), which restricts their ability to effectively raise substantial domestic resources in the short- or medium-term, despite good macroeconomic performance. Countries that continue to require external support will need to adjust and enhance their strategies for mobilizing external support, and strengthen advocacy efforts. Increased government resources both from domestic and external sources do not necessarily translate into more resources for the health sector. Overall government resources for health are subject to volatility and, despite political will, budget envelopes may be misaligned with government priorities in many contexts. Countries should be encouraged to think in terms of sustaining coverage of priority services and interventions, rather than programmes per se. Countries should be encouraged to align with the broader Financing for Development agenda 22 to improve domestic tax systems and to crack down on international tax avoidance and illicit flows, while re-emphasizing the political advocacy needed for prioritization.

Countries should implement health financing systems that minimize out-of-pocket payments for all essential health services, with the aim of increasing access to these services and to prevent impoverishment. To minimize catastrophic health payments, outof-pocket spending should be limited to less than 15–20% of the total health spending. Preventing and controlling sexually transmitted infections are, in principle, relatively easy and affordable in most settings. Many sexually transmitted infection services are provided free of charge, and countries increasingly also use supportive arrangements (such as decentralizing services) to minimize the indirect costs for people using services. However, in many places, user fees continue to be imposed. As with other outof-pocket expenses (formal and informal), such fees undermine service use, result in inequities in service access, weaken linkages to treatment and increase risks of treatment failure. Moreover, they constitute unnecessary financial burdens on households. Where possible, countries should consider reconciling benefit packages for different disease interventions. This is essential to improving financial protection, as well as for efficiency to avoid resource waste through duplication and fragmentation. The WHO Health Accounts Country Platform23 provides countries with a harmonized, integrated platform for annual and timely collection of health expenditure data, with the aim of protecting the population from catastrophic health expenditure and reducing inequities in health.

REDUCING PRICES AND COSTS AND IMPROVING EFFICIENCIES

Fiscal constraints require that countries select the most effective sexually transmitted infection interventions and approaches, target those activities to the populations and settings where they will have greatest impact, reduce the prices of medicines and other health commodities, and increase the efficiency of services. Programmes that can demonstrate value for money and efficiency gains are better positioned to argue for fair allocation of resources and external financial support. The potential for efficiency gains across programmes needs to be explored.

22 Financing for development, see the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs website: http://www.un.org/esa/ffd/ (accessed 22 April 2016). 23 For more information on the WHO Health Accounts Country Platform, see http://www.who.int/health-accounts/platform_ approach/en/ (accessed 22 April 2016).

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

PRIORITY ACTIONS FOR COUNTRIES Develop a costed investment case for sexually transmitted infections to ensure adequate allocation of domestic and external resources: • develop financial transition plans with a special focus on the transition needs of programmes and services most reliant on external donors (that is, external to country donors – international aids or private donations); • develop new funding channels, such as a health promotion fund, with a negotiated portion of the revenue earmarked for sexually transmitted infection programmes and related services; • achieve greater health equity by consolidating existing pooled funds into larger pools, thereby avoiding fragmented health insurance systems; • use innovative financing, such as the use of special national and local taxes to support health services. Implement health financing systems, financial protection schemes and other mechanisms (such as voucher systems) that enable people to access essential, quality-assured services without suffering financial hardship; • phase out out-of-pocket payments (including informal user charges) and reduce other financial barriers to accessing sexually transmitted infection and other health services; ensure that health insurance schemes cover comprehensive sexually transmitted infection services; • ensure that people’s contributions to health insurance systems reflect their abilities to pay, with subsidies (financed from government tax revenue) available for poor and vulnerable people; • ensure that financial risk protection schemes are universal, covering all populations, including those who are criminalized and marginalized. Pursue comprehensive strategies to reduce prices of sexually transmitted infection commodities, including through, where appropriate, voluntary licences, applying as appropriate, the use of the provisions in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights regarding flexibilities to protect public health, and in accordance with the Global Strategy and Plan of Action on Public Health, Innovation and Intellectual Property, including compulsory licences and filing patent oppositions, differential pricing and direct price negotiations with manufacturers, as well as local manufacturing. Increase efficiencies through improved planning and more efficient procurement and distribution systems; adapt models of sexually transmitted infection service delivery based on the country context and epidemic, including, where appropriate, the introduction of task-shifting. PRIORITY ACTIONS FOR WHO Estimate resource needs for sexually transmitted infections and advocate for a fully funded response through domestic and external support and a focus on: • reduced or subsidized cost of sexually transmitted infection diagnostics and drugs; resource mobilization through existing global financial mechanisms; • strengthening WHO’s prequalification programme to safeguard and expand availability of generic products; support countries to develop investment cases and funding proposals, and support the development of national health financing plans that incorporate sexually transmitted infection programmes; • promote the WHO Health Accounts Country Platform and support adoption by countries; explore innovative, sustainable health-financing mechanisms; provide guidance and technical support to establish robust and fair health financing systems, including the design and implementation of national compulsory health insurance Provide strategic information on prices and manufacturers of sexually transmitted infection commodities, including through the WHO Global Price Reporting Mechanism and the Drug Regulatory Status Database; provide support to countries to strengthen their capacity to negotiate price reductions with manufacturers and to apply, where appropriate, the use of the provisions in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights regarding flexibilities to protect public health.

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

STRATEGIC DIRECTION 5: INNOVATION FOR ACCELERATION Changing the trajectory of the response to achieve ambitious targets Research and innovation provide the tools and knowledge that can change the trajectory of the sexually transmitted infection response, improve efficiency and quality, achieve equity and maximize impact. It is unlikely that the targets set for 2020 and 2030 will be achieved if countries rely only on existing knowledge, technologies and service delivery approaches. Innovation is required not only to develop new technologies and approaches, but also to use existing tools more efficiently and to adapt them for different populations, settings or purposes. For example, WHO supports STI research in: building capacity of health research systems; convening partners around prioritysetting for research; setting norms and standards for good research practice; and facilitating the translation of evidence into affordable health technologies and evidence-informed policy. While having a very limited direct role in research and product development, WHO works closely with research and development partners and manufacturers to ensure that essential new STI technologies are available and affordable to countries as soon as possible. Given the critical role of partners in innovation, this strategic direction describes key areas for innovation that will require joint effort by countries, WHO and other partners. Given the 15-year time horizon for achieving the 2030 targets, short-, medium- and long-term research priorities should be considered. This strategy focuses on the short- and medium-term priorities. OPTIMIZE SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTION PREVENTION

The main technologies for preventing sexually transmitted infections have changed little in recent times. Although male and female condoms have been proven to be effective against unintended pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections, low acceptance and incorrect or inconsistent use mean that their potential benefits are not being realized. There are major opportunities for innovations, such as the development of new STI vaccines, that would boost sexually transmitted infection prevention.

OPTIMIZE SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTION DIAGNOSTICS

New and improved diagnostics technologies, strategies and approaches would lead to earlier and more accurate diagnosis, and strengthened patient monitoring. A major barrier to advancing sexually transmitted infection control and prevention is the lack of reliable, low-cost, point-of-care tests. There are several opportunities for innovation.

OPTIMIZE MEDICINES AND TREATMENT REGIMENS

Despite major advances in the safety, potency and acceptability of medicines and regimens, there remain areas where improvements are required and possible.

OPTIMIZE SERVICE DELIVERY

Overall impact is boosted when service delivery approaches fit the realities and needs of potential beneficiaries (especially hard-to-reach priority populations), minimize inefficiencies, use simplified and standard protocols, and fully engage communities. There are opportunities for further innovation in all those respects.

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

PRIORITY INNOVATIONS Multipurpose technologies and approaches for preventing sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancies, especially female-controlled technologies (prevention of pregnancy and of STI/HIV): • male and female condoms that employ new designs and materials to increase acceptability and reduce costs, and new marketing methods to boost their demand and use; • more effective behavioural and communication approaches for adolescents, in particular adolescents boys, on dual protection (prevention of pregnancy and of sexually transmitted infections and/or HIV); • an increased range of vaccines for preventing the acquisition of sexually transmitted infections, especially herpes simplex virus, C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae infections. Innovations in service scale-up and delivery: • a major scale-up of human papillomavirus and hepatitis B vaccination programmes is required alongside strengthened operational research for the introduction of vaccines; • decentralization and task-shifting, including for earlier, accurate diagnosis and effective linkage to treatment and care; • community-based service delivery and more acceptable models for reaching specific populations with comprehensive services; • enhanced research on health-seeking behaviour; user-friendly services and use of mHealth for adolescents that are better suited and more acceptable; • service linkages and integration, including clearly identifying which services would draw mutual benefit from strategic linking or integration, plus innovative mechanisms and procedures for linkage or integration. Testing innovations for sexually transmitted infections: • including point-of-care tests to improve the screening strategy of target populations, case management and monitoring; • point-of-care diagnostic tests and/or self-testing technologies that are affordable, and more rapid, reliable and simpler to use; • development of multiplex platforms, which would enable simultaneous diagnosis of several sexually transmitted infections at the same time, in particular C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, syphilis, HIV and antimicrobial resistance, as well as antimicrobial resistance and viral load; • improved diagnosis tools for pelvic inflammatory disease; • operational research to guide the most effective methods for introducing rapid tests in countries, and to identify major challenges and opportunities related to them. Innovations to address treatment challenges and drug resistance: More robust regimens to reduce the risk of drug resistance; new, more effective medicines for treating syphilis, N. gonorrhoeae and herpes simplex virus; reducing the number of treatment doses to reduce toxicities and costs. PRIORITY ACTIONS FOR WHO Develop and support public–private partnerships to catalyse the development of new technologies, in particular point-of-care testing, multiplex platforms and the development of effective microbicides to prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted infections acquisition; and new treatment options. Validation and standardization of innovative technologies and approaches, including: new and existing diagnostic technologies and operational research in implementing point-of-care tests for sexually transmitted infection screening; dissemination of best practices describing service delivery models; guidance to countries on creating an environment that is supportive of innovation; ensuring access to affordable point-of-care tests for sexually transmitted infections, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.

05 STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION: LEADERSHIP, PARTNERSHIPS, ACCOUNTABILITY, MONITORING AND EVALUATION

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

COLLABORATION WITH PARTNERS WHO has an important convening role in bringing together different constituencies, sectors and organizations in support of a coordinated and coherent health sector response to sexually transmitted infections. In addition to its Member States, the Secretariat works closely with other key partners, including bilateral donor and development agencies and initiatives, funds and foundations, civil society, technical institutions and networks, the commercial private sector and partnership networks.

GLOBAL AND COUNTRY ACCOUNTABILITY Given the range of partners and stakeholders that join forces in an effective response, well-functioning and transparent accountability mechanisms are vital. Those mechanisms need to feature strong civil society participation. A mutual accountability process benefits from strong leadership and governance that features genuine engagement with relevant stakeholders; clear national targets that reflect the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and other pertinent global commitments; appropriate indicators on the availability, coverage, quality and impact of interventions to track progress; and transparent and inclusive assessment and reporting procedures. To ensure the implementation and the monitoring of the strategy in countries, once adopted, five key steps are proposed: • Convening a regional workshop to introduce the

global health sector strategy on sexually transmitted infections, and to ensure that regional strategies tailored to regional specificity are developed and presented to the regional committees; • Developing a global workplan and regional

workplans; • Regional meetings should invite countries to review

the global health sector strategy and the workplans to adapt them to the country context and to elaborate a timeline towards the implementation of the strategy on sexually transmitted infection; • Holding joint country workshops on sexual and

reproductive health, HIV and hepatitis to plan on where and how sexually transmitted infection services should be integrated; • Strengthening the country monitoring system to

permit report on progress and impact of the sexually transmitted infection strategy implementation.

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

MONITORING, EVALUATING AND REPORTING MONITORING AND REPORTING OF PROGRESS TOWARDS GLOBAL GOALS AND TARGETS MONITORING AND EVALUATING THE RESPONSE AT COUNTRY LEVEL

At the global level, regular reviews are planned to assess progress on the various commitments and targets. These reviews will build on the data that countries report through various monitoring and evaluation mechanisms. Progress at global and regional levels towards the targets set out in this strategy will be regularly assessed. Benchmarking – or comparisons between and within countries – will also be used to assess performance in reaching targets. The strategy is designed to be sufficiently flexible to incorporate additional priorities or fill newly identified gaps in the health sector response to sexually transmitted infection. To that end, WHO will continue to work with its partners to provide support to countries for the harmonized and standardized collection of core indicators, and in the preparation of global and regional reports. Regular reporting of the data is proposed. WHO will develop a suitable monitoring and accountability framework for the strategy in consultation with key stakeholders. It will also monitor and share data on the uptake of its sexually transmitted infection guidelines, as well as on progress in implementation of the strategy, in order to highlight barriers and promote best practices.

Progress in implementing the health sector response to sexually transmitted infections is to be assessed with indicators on availability, coverage outcome and impact, while taking into consideration other relevant recommendations for monitoring implementation. In the context of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, progress on the health-related Sustainable Development Goals will be tracked and reported. Indicators for monitoring the strengthening of health systems derive from a common platform for monitoring and evaluating national health strategies, known as the Country Health Systems Surveillance platform, coordinated by WHO. Instruments are also available for measuring progress in implementing policy, legal and structural measures for enhancing the HIV and sexually transmitted infection responses.

WHO’S FRAMEWORK FOR RESULTS-BASED MANAGEMENT

Workplan implementation is monitored through a mid-term review at the end of the first year of each biennium. Progress on the achievement of the Organization-wide expected results is reported at the end of each biennium.

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

IMPLEMENTING THE STRATEGY AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL The global strategy is intended to guide the development and implementation of national sexually transmitted infection strategies. Broad buy-in through the preparation process will assist in effective implementation, with technical assistance provided through WHO and development partners in support of national strategy development and building the case for investment. In order to enable country ownership, national sexually transmitted infection strategies or plans should be aligned with existing plans, such as national development plans, national health sector strategies and other disease strategies. They should also, to the extent possible, align with national planning and financial cycles (see Figure 11).

Figure 9. Planning and financial cycles

COLLABORATION MECHANISM FOR ALL STAKEHOLDERS

FUNDED NATIONAL PLAN

NATIONAL STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING

SITUATION ANALYSIS AND PRIORITY SETTING

GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE BACKED UP WITH LEGISLATION

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

COSTING ESTIMATES FOR IMPLEMENTING THE STRATEGY Full achievement of the global health sector strategy on sexually transmitted infections, 2016–2021 will cost an estimated US$ 18 200 million for the five years, of which 99.7% is for implementing priority interventions in 117 low- and middle-income countries, and almost US$ 53 million (0.3%) is for global-level technical support, research and advocacy by WHO and partners (see Figure 10). Cost drivers are sexually transmitted infection vaccination (US$ 3260 million), sexually transmitted infection screening (US$ 3690 million), adolescent chlamydia screening (US$ 2540 million), and syphilis screening in antenatal care services (US$ 1400 million). Clinical sexually transmitted infection management is costed for an overall US$ 3000 million, of which service delivery makes up US$ 818 million, and diagnostic testing for gonorrhoea and chlamydia US$ 1400 million. Within global-level activities prioritized, the biggest costs are for the development of point-of-care tests to improve affordable sexually transmitted infection screening, operational research, and guidance on sexually transmitted infection surveillance. Global costs increase from US$ 2600 million in 2016 to US$ 4000 million in 2021, driven by incremental scale-up of sexually transmitted infection vaccination and treatment (Figure 10).

14 – Provincial Health Services in Sri Lanka

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

Figure 10. Costing of the global health sector strategy, 2016–2021

$4000

$3500

$3000

$2500

MILLIONS

$2000

REACHING TARGET POPULATIONS STRATEGIC INFORMATION FOR ADVOCACY AND INVESTMENT INNOVATION FOR PREVENTION AND TREATMENT

$1500

$1000

FINANCING FOR SUSTAINABILITY PROGRAMME SUPPORT HPV AND HEP 8 VACCINES

$500

PACKAGE INTERVENTIONS FOR MAXIMUM IMPACT DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, AND MANAGEMENT

$ 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

PREVENTION AND RISK REDUCTION

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

Sub-Saharan Africa, bearing 40% of the global burden of sexually transmitted infection, covers 44% of the need for services and 30% of global control cost related to sexually transmitted infection. The Western Pacific Region, with 15% of global sexually transmitted infection burden, makes up 15% of sexually transmitted infection service needs and 26% of global control cost. South-East Asia Region covers 20% of global sexually transmitted infection burden and 18% of global cost. Across the 117 countries, 26% of service volumes/need and 15% of costs are in low-income countries; 47% of service need and 39% of cost in lower middle-income countries, and 27% of service need and 46% of cost in upper middle-income countries. These estimates build on WHO estimates of regional burdens of C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, T. pallidum and T. vaginalis as of 2012, and declines in sexually transmitted infection rates assumed to start in 2018 in line with the strategy’s target for 2030. Clinical management is costed for these curable sexually transmitted infections, as well as for herpes simplex virus type 2, bacterial vaginosis and Mycoplasma genitalium, using the strategy’s recommendation to continue syndromic case management and expand etiologic testing where feasible and cost-effective. Human papillomavirus vaccination of girls and screening of women of reproductive age will generate considerable health care and productivity savings in future years by preventing cervical cancers. Benefits from improving sexually transmitted infection control and reducing sexually transmitted infection rates by 90% according to the strategy’s target for 2030 will further include health care savings from future sexually transmitted infection episodes averted that incur economic productivity losses, morbidity and mortality due to sexually transmitted infection-attributable infertility, pregnancy and congenital complications and psychosocial impacts. The costing foresees considerable reductions in prices for human papillomavirus vaccines (across all income tiers), and chlamydia diagnostic tests, assumed to be effective from 2016. Global costs critically depend on these assumed price declines, and could be lower if further price reductions were to be achieved within the strategy horizon.

Investment in point-of-care test development will generate future savings by lowering sexually transmitted infection diagnostic and screening costs, and improving case management (shifting from syndromic to etiologic approach) and detection of asymptomatic sexually transmitted infection, thus contributing to lower sexually transmitted infection burdens. In addition, investment in vaccines other than against human papillomavirus could in future greatly enhance reductions in sexually transmitted infection transmission. Sexually transmitted infection control implementation is expected to be funded from country domestic resources through health systems; and for human papillomavirus vaccination through national immunization programmes (with donor support for vaccine procurement, which covers around 70% of vaccination cost in countries eligible for funding through GAVI Alliance.24 Costing did not include activities shared with HIV programmes, such as prevention education and sexually transmitted infection screening delivered in the context of HIV prevention. In addition to leveraging HIV prevention budgets, sexually transmitted infection initiatives will need to leverage funds from maternal, child and adolescent health interventions and immunization programmes. There is a need for a more integrated response to enhance synergies across programmes. Low-income countries will need (continuation of, and increasing) international donor support, whereas upper middle-income countries could be expected to mobilize required funding internally, if national sexually transmitted infection strategies are articulated and budgeted. Political commitment, backed by the financial commitments of both resource-poor as well as donor countries, is critical to global efforts to eliminate sexually transmitted infections.

24 For information on GAVI Alliance, see http://www.gavi.org/ (accessed 22 April 2016).

GLOBAL HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGY ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, 2016–2021

Photo credits

01 – © Lajolo / CC BY 2.0

02 – © Adam Jones, Ph.D. - Global Photo Archive / CC BY 2.0

03 – © WHO/Yoshi Shimizu

04 – © Jonathan Torgovnik/Reportage by Getty Images

05 – © UNAIDS

06 – © Jonathan Torgovnik/Reportage by Getty Images

07 – © Christine Meynent

08 – © UNAIDS/M. Qaraishi

09 – © Alfredo L. Fort

10 – © WHO/Pan American Health Organization

11 – © Aulia Human, Courtesy of Photoshare

12 – © Tom Perry / World Bank

13 – © WHO/L. Cipriani

14 – © World Bank/Simone D. McCourtie

For more information, contact: World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research 20, avenue Appia 1211 Geneva 27 Switzerland E-mail: reproductivehealth@who.int www.who.int/reproductivehealth WHO/RHR/16.09

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ĚŨİŝũŤē śĔżĹŤēŴ

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źēĵ ŽťĨĴũŤē ĴŻĴŝĝŤē ǬǩǬǮ ģ ĚŝżĠŵŤē

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ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŜ ĚĖĔĥĝĸē ŹŤč ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ęįŵĹŨ ĴōŭĜŴ ĚŕŤĔĖ ĔűĳĔėĝŐĔĖ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĚđĖŴĉ ūĊĽĖ ŶİĨč ŽűŴ ȕĚťŨĔĽŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ĚżŉŕĝŤē ŞżŝĩĝŤ Ěżũűǜē ŽĝŤē ĚŨēİĝĹũŤē ĚżũŭĝŤē ŗēİűǜ ĚżĸĔĸǜē ĚżĩŁŤē ěĔŻĔŕŤē ůĲű ŪŲĹĝĸŴ ǨǦǩǦ ŧĔőŤ ĚŨēİĝĹũŤē ĚżũŭĝŤē ĚŉĬ ĔŲĜįİĨ ĴżėŠ ŒĤēĴĜ ğŴİĨ ŽŘ ȕĔűįĔũĝŐē ĳŵŘ ȕĔűĲżřŭĜŴ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ęİŻİĥŤē ěĔĖĔŀǞē ŽŘ ěǘĔĨ ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ŃēĴŨǜē ůĲŲĖ ĚŜǙőŤē ěēı ěĔżŘŵŤēŴ ųĹřŬ ĞŜŵŤē ŽŘ ŮĹĩĜŴ ȕŪĨĴŤē ŞŭŐ ūĔňĴĸŴ ĿǙŨǞē ǁ ķĔŭŤē ĚżŘĔŐŴ ĆĔĹŭŤēŴ ţĔĤĴťŤ ĚżĹŭĥŤē ĚĩŁŤēŴ įĴřŤē Ěĩŀ ŒŻĴĹĜ ŹŤč ĚżŨēĴŤē įŵŲĥŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē İļĴĝĸŴĚŘĔŠ ŽŘ ŒĸŵĝŤē ŞŻĴň ŮŐ ĔűĶżŠĴĜŴ ĚŻĔŜŵťŤ ĚťŨĔĽŤē įŵŲĤ ĚżėŉŤē ĚŻŵżĩŤēŴ ĚżŠŵťĹŤē ģŵŲŭŤē ŮŨ ěĔŭżėŤĔĖ ęİŭĹŨĚřżŤŵĜ ūĊĽĖ ěĔŨŵťőũŤē ŹŤč ķĔŭŤē ŒżũĥŤŵŀŴ ĚĨĔĜčŴ ȕĚżťšżŲŤēŴ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭŨ ĚŻİőŨ ŃēĴŨĊĖ ĚĖĔŀǞĔĖ ŞťőĝŻ ĔũżŘ ŪŲĝŤĔĨ İŭŐ ŶİũŤē ĚťŻŵŉŤē ĚťŨĔĽŤē ĚŻĔŐĴŤēŴ ģǙőŤē ĚĨĔĜč ŮżĹĩĜŴ ĚĖĔŀǞĔĖ ŮżŉėĜĴũŤē ĶżżũĝŤēŴ ŪŀŵŤē ĳĔĽĝŬǘ ŶİŁĝĜŴ ȕĚĤĔĩŤē įĔũĝŐē ŹťŐ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ęįŵĹŨ ŒĥĽĜ ĔũŠ ŃēĴŨǜē ůĲŲĖ ūĔĹŬǞē śŵŝĨ ďįĔėŨ ŹťŐ ŧŵŝŻŴ ķĔŭŤē ŹťŐ ĶŠĴŻ ĦŲŬ ĚĩŁŤē ŽŘ ŗĔŁŬǞēŴ ŮżĹŭĥŤē ŮżĖ ęēŴĔĹũŤēŴ

ŮŨ ĚŐŵũĥŨ ǨǦǩǦ ŧĔőŤ ǨĚŨēİĝĹũŤē ĚżũŭĝŤē ĚŉĬ įİĩĜŴ ĚĩŁŤē ţĔĥŨ ŽŘ ĚĨŵũŉŤē ĚżũŤĔőŤē ěĔŻĔŕŤēŴ ŗēİűǜē ŹŤč ĚėĹŭŤĔĖ ĚŀĔĬ Ěżũűĉ ēı ĚŉĭŤē ŮŨ ǩ ŗİŲŤē ĴėĝőŻŴ Ěżĩŀ ľżŐ ŇĔũŬĊĖ ŒżũĥŤē Œ ǁĝũĜ ūĔũńĚĨĴĝŝũŤēĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕǧĳĔňǞē ĴōŬē ĳĔũŐǜē ŒżũĤ ŽŘ ĚżűĔŘĴŤĔĖŴ ĚĩŁŤĔĖ ĚŜǙőŤē ěēı ěǘĔĥũŤē ŹťŐ ůĶżŠĴĜ ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ęįŵĹŨ ŚŁĜŴ ŮŨ ƻĔũŲŨ ƻēĴŁŭŐ ůĲű ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĢżĨȕěĔŻĔŕŤē ůĲű ŞżŝĩĜ ŽŘ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŜ ŧĔŲĸč ĴŀĔŭŐ ĚĩŁŤē ĚũōŭũŤŴ ūēİťėťŤ ŽŕėŭŻ ŽĝŤē ěēĆēĴĤǞē ĪńŵĜ ŏĴĹĝĸ ĔŲŬĎŘ ěēĆēĴĤǞē ůĲű ěĲř ƿŬ ŵŤŴĔűĲĭĝĜ ūĉ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ǁ ǁ ŽšŤ ĔŲřġšĜŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘē ƻĔĸŵũťŨ ƻĔőŜēŴ ĚđĖŴǜē ůĲű ŹťŐ ĆĔŅŝŤē ŵĩŬ ŧİŝĝŤē ĪėŁŻ ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ĲżřŭĜ ūĎŘ ȕŢŤı ŹťŐ ęŴǙŐŴ ĳŵŘ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŒŻĴĹĜ ęįĔŻĶŤ įĳēŵŨŴ ƻĔżĸĔżĸ ƻĔŨēĶĝŤē Ęťŉĝżĸ ȕĔűįĔũĝŐē ĚŨēİĝĸǘŴ ĚťėŝũŤē ĺũĭŤē ěēŵŭĹŤē ŶİŨ ŹťŐ ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘē ůİőĖ ĔŨŴ ǨǦǩǦ ŧĔŐ ŹĝĨ ŦũőŤē

ŒżũĥŤĚżĩŀęĔżĨūĔũń ŦŠŽŘĿĔĭļǜē ŪŲĝżŘĔŐĶŻĶőĜŴĳĔũŐǜē

ŽŤĔĝŤē ŊĖēĴŤē ĴōŬē ȕǨǦǩǦ ŧĔőŤ ĚŨēİĝĹũŤē ĚżũŭĝŤē ĚŉĬ ĔŭũŤĔŐ ŦŻŵĩĜ ± ǧǭǦ ęİĩĝũŤē ŪŨǝŤ ĚŨĔőŤē ĚżőũĥŤē ĳēĴŜ ǨǦǧǬ ŦŻĴĖĉ ūĔĹżŬ ǧǩ ŽŘ ŏǙňǘē ŪĜ KWWSZZZXQRUJJDVHDUFKYLHZBGRFDVS"V\PERO $5(6 /DQJ (

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ȇȏ

ŮŨ ĚŻĔũĩŤē ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕĚťŨĔĽŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ĚżŉŕĝŤē ŞżŝĩĜ ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ěĔŨİĬ ŹťŐ ţŵŁĩŤē ĚżŬĔšŨčŴ ȕĚżŤĔũŤē ĴňĔĭũŤē ŹťŐ ŒżũĥŤē ţŵŁĨ ĚżŬĔšŨčŴ ęİżĥŤē ĚżĸĔĸǜē ĚżĩŁŤē ĚřťšĝŤē ęĳŵĹżũŤēŴ ĚŤĔőřŤēŴ ęİżĥŤē ǁ ěĔĨĔŝťŤēŴ ĚŻŴįǜē ŮŐ ĚũĤĔŭŤē ŃēĴŨǜēŴ ěĔżŘŵŤē įİŐ ŮŨ ęĴżėŠ ĚĤĳİĖ İĩŤē ĆēŵŲŤē ğŵťĜŴ ĢŻŵťĜŴ ęĴŉĭŤē ĚżĐĔżũżšŤē įēŵũťŤ ŃĴőĝŤē ǁ ǁ ǨǦǩǦ ŧĔŐ ţŵťĩĖ ĚĖĴĝŤēŴ ĆĔũŤēŴ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ĚũōŭũŤ ĚŻĳĔňǞē ĚżŜĔřĜǘē ĲżřŭĜ ĶŻĶőĜ ĆĔŅĝŜǘē ĘĹĨ ȕūēİťėŤē ŒżũĤ ŽŘ ŖėĝŤē ĚĩŘĔšũŤ

ǩȓǮ

ĚŨēİĝĹũŤēĚżũŭĝŤēŗēİűĉŮŨǩŗİŲŤēǧĳĔňǞē ŽŘ ĚżűĔŘĴŤĔĖŴ Ěżĩŀ ľżŐ ŇĔũŬĊĖ ŒżũĥŤē Œ ǁĝũĜ ūĔũń ĳĔũŐǜē ŒżũĤ

ǩȓǯ

ĚŤĔĨ ǭǦ ŮŨ ŦŜĉ ŹŤĎĜĔŲŨǜē ěĔżŘŵŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚėĹŭŤē ņřĬ ǨǦǩǦ ŧĔŐ ţŵťĩĖ ŽĨ įŵŤŵŨ ǧǦǦǦǦǦ ŦšŤ ęĔŘŴ ĚĹŨĔĭŤē Ůĸ ūŴį ţĔřňǜēŴ İżŤēŵũŤē ěĔżŘŵŤ ĚŻĔŲŬ ŒńŴ ūēİťėŤē ŒżũĤ ŽőĹĖ ȕǨǦǩǦ ŧĔŐ ţŵťĩĖ ĔŲŻįĔřĜ ŮšũŻ ŽĝŤē ǧǨ ŹŤč ŦŜǜē ŹťŐ İżŤēŵũŤē ěĔżŘŴ ņřĬ ŗİű œŵťĖ ŹŤč ţĔřňǜē ěĔżŘŴ ņřĬŴ ȕŽĨ įŵŤŵŨ ǧǦǦǦ ŦŠ ŽŘ ęĔŘŴ ĚŤĔĨ ǧǦǦǦ ŦŠ ŽŘ ęĔŘŴ ĚŤĔĨ Ǩǫ ŹŤč ŦŜǜē ŹťŐ ĚĹŨĔĭŤē Ůĸ ūŴį ŽĨ įŵŤŵŨ ĚŻĳēİũŤē ŃēĴŨǜēŴ ĔŻĳǙũŤēŴ ŦĹŤēŴ ĵİŻǜē ĚđĖŴǜ ĚŻĔŲŬ ŒńŴ ŃēĴŨǜēŴ ŽĐĔĖŵŤē źİėšŤē ĕĔŲĝŤǘē ĚĩŘĔšŨŴ ĚťũŲũŤē ǨǦǩǦ ŧĔŐ ţŵťĩĖ ŶĴĬǜē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜēŴ ůĔżũŤĔĖ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ĴżŔ ŃēĴŨǜē ŮŐ ĚũĤĔŭŤē ęĴšėũŤē ěĔżŘŵŤē ņżřĭĜ ĚĩŁŤē ĶŻĶőĜŴ ģǙőŤēŴ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ţǙĬ ŮŨ ĢťġŤē ĳēİŝũĖ ǨǦǩǦ ŧĔŐ ţŵťĩĖ ŮżĝżťŝőŤē ĚŨǙĹŤēŴ ŽňĔőĜ ŦũĽŻ ĔũĖ ȕįēŵũŤē ţĔũőĝĸē ęĆĔĸč ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ĶŻĶőĜ ŢŤı ģǙŐŴ ȕĚĩŁŤĔĖ ĴŅŻ ŵĩŬ ŹťŐ ţŵĩšŤē ţŴĔŭĜŴ ěēĳİĭũŤē ĳŴĴũŤē ğįēŵĨ ŮŐ ĚũĤĔŭŤē ěĔĖĔŀǞēŴ ěĔżŘŵŤē įİŐ ņřĬ ǨǦǨǦ ŧĔŐ ţŵťĩĖ ŚŁŭŤē ŹŤč ŪŤĔőŤē ŽŘ ĚżĹŭĥŤē ĚĩŁŤē ĚŻĔŐĳ ěĔŨİĬ ŹťŐ ŒżũĥŤē ţŵŁĨ ūĔũń ŪżōŭĜ ěĔŨŵťőŨŴ ěĔŨİĬ ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕĚżĖĔĥŬǞēŴ ŽŘ ĚżĖĔĥŬǞē ĚĩŁŤē ģĔŨįčŴ ȕųĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ĚżŐŵĝŤēŴ ęĴĸǜē ǨǦǩǦ ŧĔŐ ţŵťĩĖ ĚżŭňŵŤē ĦŨēĴėŤēŴ ěĔżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ǩȓǧ ǩȓǨ

ĉǩ

ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĚŻŴįǜēŴ ěĔĨĔŝťŤē ţĔĥŨ ŽŘ ĴŻŵŉĝŤēŴ ĢĩėŤē ŪŐį ĕǩ ĚżŨĔŭŤē ūēİťėŤē ĔŲŤ ŃĴőĝĜ ŽĝŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ĴżŔŴ ĚŻİőũŤē ĚŻŴįǜē ŹťŐ ţŵŁĩŤē ĚżŬĔšŨč ĴżŘŵĜŴ ȕţŴǜē ŧĔŝũŤē ŽŘ ĚĨŴİŤē ūǙŐǞ ƻĔŝŘŴ ȕĚŤŵŝőŨ ĳĔőĸĊĖ ĚżĸĔĸǜē ěĔĨĔŝťŤēŴ ĘŬēŵĥŤĔĖ ŞťőĝũŤē ĚżũŤĔőŤē ęĳĔĥĝŤē ĚũōŭŨ śĔřĜē ūĊĽĖ ŪĸĔĖ ŗŴĴőũŤē ĚŻĴšřŤē ĚżšťũŤē śŵŝĨ ŮŨ ęĳĔĥĝŤĔĖ ĚťŁĝũŤē ĚżŨĔŭŤē ūēİťėŤē ŞĨ İŠČŻ źĲŤē ȕĚŨĔőŤē ĚĩŁŤēŴ ĺėŻĴĜ śĔřĜē ĺėŻĴĜ śĔřĜē ŽŘ ęįĳēŵŤē ŧĔšĨǜē ŮŨ ŦŨĔšŤĔĖ ęįĔřĝĸǘē ŽŘ ȕĚŨĔőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ĚŻĔũĩŤ ĚŨĵǙŤē ĚŬŴĴũŤē ųĤŴĊĖ ŞťőĝŻ ĔũżŘ ĚŻŴįǜē ŹťŐ ŒżũĥŤē ţŵŁĨ ĚżŬĔšŨč ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ŦũőŤē ĔũżĸǘŴ ĚťŨĔőŤē ŶŵŝŤē ŚżŌŵĜŴ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŜ ŽŘ ŦŻŵũĝŤē ęįĔŻĵ ģǩ ūēİťėŤē ŽŘ ĔŲĐĔŝėĝĸēŴ ĔŲėŻĳİĜŴ ĔűĴŻŵŉĜŴ ŏĔŉŝŤē ēĲű ŽŘ ęĴżŕŁŤē ĚŻĳĶĥŤē ţŴİŤēŴ ƻēŵũŬ ūēİťėŤē ŦŜĉ ŽŘ ĚŀĔĭĖŴ ȕĚżŨĔŭŤē ęĴżėŠ ęįĔŻĵ ȕĚżŨĔŭŤē ţĔĥŨ ŽŘ ȕĚżŨĔŭŤē ūēİťėŤē ĔũżĸǘŴ ȕūēİťėŤē ŒżũĤ ěēĳİŜ ĶŻĶőĜ ĚżĩŁŤē ĴňĔĭũŤē ęĳēįčŴ ĴňĔĭũŤē ŮŨ İĩŤēŴ ĴšėũŤē ĳēĲŬǞē ĚżũŤĔőŤēŴ ĚżŭňŵŤē įǩ

ǩȓǩ

ǩȓǪ

ǩȓǫ ǩȓǬ ǩȓǭ

Ǧǯ

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ęįİĩũŤēĚżŬĔšĹŤēěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ǨĳĔňǞē İļǜē ęįİĩũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŗĴő ǁ Żƿ ūĉ İťĖ ŦšŤ ŽŕėŭŻ ūĉ ŽŕėŭŻŴ ȕųŻİŤ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĚđĖŴĉ ŮŨ ƻēĳĴŅĜ ŦũĽĜ ŗŵĸŴ ŽŐĔũĝĤǘēŴ ŽĐĔĖŵŤē śĔżĹŤē ŹŤč ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘē İŭĝĹĜ ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŹťŐ ĶżŠĴĝŤē İŭŐ ęįİĩũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŹťŐ ĺŭĥŤē ĔŲżŘ ķĳĔũŻƿ ŽĝŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĺŭĥŤē ţĔĥŨ ŽŘ ŮżťŨĔőŤē ŦġŨ ȕĆēĴĽőŤē ŮŨ ĴżėŠ įİŐ ŒŨ ĪĤĳǜē ĲĬČĜ ūĉ ŽŕėŭŻ ŽĝŤē ŶĴĬǜē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŦũĽĜŴ ŪŲŭĐĔĖĵŴ ŮżŤŵĩĝũŤēŴ ȕţĔĤĴŤē ŒŨ ĺŭĥŤē ūŵĸĳĔũŻ ŮŻĲŤē ţĔĤĴŤē ĳĔėĝŐǘē ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ţŵŝŭŨ ŃĴũĖ ŶŴİőŤĔĖ ŦőřŤĔĖ ŮżĖĔŁũŤē ĿĔĭļǜēŴ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ ŒŨ ūŵĽŻĔőĝũŤē ĿĔĭļǜē ŢŤı ŽŘ ŪťĹũŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŒŨ ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ůĲű ŮŨ İŻİőŤē ŦĬēİĝŻŴ ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ ŹŤč ĚėĹŭŤĔĖ ĚżĹżĐĴŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŮŨ ĔŲŬĊĖ ĴĠĊĝŤē ĚőŻĴĸ ūŵšĜ İŜ ŽĝŤē ŶĴĬǜē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŦũĽĜŴ źĴĽėŤē ȕŮżŝűēĴũŤēŴ ȕĕĔėĽŤē ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚŀĔĬ ĚřŁĖ ŮŻĲŤē ĕĔėĽŤēŴ ţĔřňǜēŴ ȕĚťŝŭĝũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤēŴ ȕĆĔĹŭŤēŴ ȕěēĳİĭũŤē ūŵňĔőĝŻ ŮŻĲŤē ĿĔĭļǜēŴ ȕĆĔŭĥĹŤēŴ ȕŏĳĔĽŤē ŽŘ ūŵĽżőŻ ĚżŬİũŤē ěĔĖēĴŉńǘēŴ ěĔŐēĶŭŤē ŮŨ ŮŻĳĴŅĝũŤē ĿĔĭļǜēŴ

ĚżũŭĝŤē ĚŉĬ ŒŨ ƻĔŨĔũĜ ůĲű ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘēęįŵĹŨ ŞĹĝĜ ĚżŉŕĝŤē ĴżŘŵĜ ŵĩŬ ŽőĹŤēŴ ȕǨǦǩǦ ŧĔőŤ ĚŨēİĝĹũŤē ŊŉĬŴ ěĔżĥżĜēĴĝĸē ŒŨ ŞĹĝĜ ĔũŠĚťŨĔĽŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ĚũōŭŨ ĔŲĝőńŴ ŽĝŤē ŶĴĬǜē ĚżĸĔĸǜē ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ŊŉĭŤēŴ ěĔżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘŴ ȕĚżĖĔĥŬǞēŴ ĚżĹŭĥŤē ĚĩŁŤĔĖ ĚżŭőũŤē ĚĩŀŴ ȕěĔżĝřŤēŴ ĆĔĹŭŤē İń ŚŭőŤēŴ ȕźĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ȕţĔřňǜēŴ İżŤēŵũŤēŴ ěĔŲŨǜē ĚĩŀŴ ȕŮżŝűēĴũŤē ĚťŨĔšĝũŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ěĔŨİĭŤēŴ ȕĚŻĳĔĹŤē ĴżŔ ŃēĴŨǜēŴ ȕŦĹŤēŴ ȕŽĸŴĴżřŤē İėšŤē ĕĔŲĝŤēŴ ȕķĔŭŤē ŹťŐ ĶŠĴĜ ŽĝŤē ǩ ŧİŤē ĚżŬŵŨĊŨŴ ŊĖēŴĴŤēŴ ĚőĸēŵŤē ěĔŠēĴĽŤē ŹťŐ İżŠĊĝŤē ŮŨ İĖǘŴ ĚťĨĴũŤē ŽŘ ŶĴĬǜē ĚżĐĔũŬǞēŴ ĚżĩŁŤē ĔŻĔŅŝŤē ŒŨ ĚŻŵŝŤē ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘē ŮŨ ĚżŤĔĝŤē ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ěĔżĥżĜēĴĝĸē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ęįŵĹŨ ĲĬĊĜŴ ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕĔűĳĔėĝŐē ŽŘ ŮżżĹżĐĴŤē ĚżũŭĝŤē ĆĔŠĴĽĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ȕĔŻĳǙũŤēŴ ŦĹŤēŴ ĵİŻǜē ĚĩŘĔšũŤ ŽũŤĔőŤē śŴİŭŁŤē ŢŤı ŽŘ ęİŐĔĹũťŤ ĚĐĳĔŉŤē ęİĩĝũŤē ěĔŻǘŵŤē ĺżĐĳ ĚŉĬŴ ěĔĨĔŝťŤē ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ŽũŤĔőŤē ŚŤĔĩĝŤēŴ ȕĵİŻǜē ĚĩŘĔšŨ ţĔĥŨ ęĉĴũŤē Ěĩŀ ūĊĽĖ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘēŴ ȕŒżŭũĝŤēŴ ǪǨǦǧǬ-ǨǦǩǦ ŞűēĴũŤēŴ ŦřŉŤēŴ ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ěĔŨİĬ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ęįŵĹŨ įİĩĜŴ ĚżėťĝŤ ĔŲŭŐ ŹŭŔ ǘ ŽĝŤē ęįŵĥŤē ĚŬŵũŅũŤē ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē źİŁĝťŤ ěēĆēĴĤč ħĴĝŝĜŴ ȕŪŲĜĔżťŅŘĉŴ ķĔŭŤē ěĔĤĔżĝĨē ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĚđĖŴǜ ĚżĸĔĸǜē ěēįİĩũťŤ ŽĝŤē ěĔŘĔĩĤǞēŴ ȕĶżżũĝŤēŴ ŪŀŵŤē ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ İĩĜŴ ŶŴİőŤĔĖ ĚĖĔŀǞē ĴŉĭŤ ĚńĴŐ ĴġŠĉ ķĔŭŤē ŦőĥĜ ŹťŐ ęŴǙŐŴĚŤĔőřŤē ģǙőŤēŴ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ěĔŨİĬ ĚĨĔĜč ŮŨ ĚżŉŕĝŤē ūĔũń ĚżřżŠ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ęįŵĹŨ ŚŁĜ ȕŢŤı ȕŮżĤĔĝĩũŤē ŒżũĥŤ ĴĠǜē ĴėŠĉ ŞżŝĩĜŴ ěĔŨİĭŤĔĖ ĚřŁŭũŤē ŹťŐŴ ūĔšĹŤē ŧŵũŐ ŹťŐ ƻēĶżŠĴĜ ŦũĽŻ ĔŨ ŵűŴ Ǩ ĳĔňǞē ĴōŬē ĆēŵĹĖĆēŵĸęįİĩũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ƻ

ŦżťŝĝťŤ ģŵŲŬ ŏĔėĜĔĖ ƻĔŅŻĉ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ęįŵĹŨ ŽŀŵĜ ĔũŠ ěĔŨİĭŤē ŹŤč ūŵĤĔĝĩŻ ŮŨ ŃĴőĜ ĴňĔĭŨ ŮŨ İĨ ŹŬįĉ ŹŤč ŧİŝĝŤē ĚťĥŐ ŒŘİŤ ĳĔšĝĖǘē İũĝőĜŴ ȖĚżŤĔũŤē ŞĐēŵŅťŤ ŊťĹĜ ŽĝŤēĚŻŵŤŴǜē ěēı ěēĆēĴĤǞĔŭŨİŻİőŤēİũĝőŻŴ ěĔŭżėŤē Ǐ ŮŨ ĚŻŵŜ ĚŐŵũĥŨ ŹťŐ ĆŵŅŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘēĔŲżťŐ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘēĲżřŭĜ ĔŲŭŐ ņĭũĜ ŽĝŤē ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘē ĚŉĽŬĉŴ ǨǦǦǬ-ǨǦǧǫ ęĴĝřŤē ŽŘ ǫ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē Ǭ ŪŤĔőŤē ţŵĨ

ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔŐ ěĔżĥżĜēĴĝĸē ĚĠǙĠ ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕĞŬĴĝŬǞē Ěšėļ ŹťŐ ħĔĝŨ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ĚũōŭŨ ĔŲĝőńŴ ŽĝŤē ĚżĸĔĸǜē ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ŊŉĬŴ ěĔżĥżĜēĴĝĸē ņőĖ ĴōŬē ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜēŴ ŽĸŴĴżřŤē İėšŤē ĕĔŲĝŤēŴ źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżřĖ ŞťőĝŻ ĔũżŘ ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ęĴĝřŤē ŽŘ ĚĩŁŤē KWWSZZZZKRLQWKLYVWUDWHJ\-RQOLQH-FRQVXOWDWLRQHQ Ŵ KWWSZZZZKRLQWUHSURGXFWLYHKHDOWKJKV-VWUDWHJLHVHQ ǨǦǧǬ ŦŻĴĖĉ ūĔĹżŬǨǦŽŘ ŏǙňǘē ŪĜ KWWSZZZZKRLQWWEVWUDWHJ\HQ ŽŤĔĝŤē ŊĖēĴŤē ĴōŬē ŦĹŤē ĴĨį ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸēŴ ȖǨǦǧǬ ŦŻĴĖĉ ūĔĹżŬ ǨǪ ŽŘ ŏǙňǘē ŪĜ ŽŤĔĝŤē ŊĖēĴŤē ĴōŬē ȕ³ĕĔėĽťŤ ěŵŀ ĆĔŉŐč´ ŦġŨ ȕĚżŤĔĩŤē ĚżŬŴĴĝšŤǞē ěēĳŴĔĽũŤēŴ ęŵŐİŤē ŽŘ ĚũōŭũŤē ĳŴį ŮŐ ěĔŨŵťőũŤē ħĔĝĜ ȕŢŤı ŹťŐ ǙŅŘŴ ƻ ěĔĖŴĴšżũŤē ěēįĔŅŨ ĚŨŴĔŝŨ ūĊĽĖ ĚũōŭũťŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ŦũőŤē ĚŉĬŴ ȖǨǦǧǬ ŦŻĴĖĉ ūĔĹżŬ ǨǦ ŽŘ ŏǙňǘē ŪĜ KWWSZZZZKRLQWUHSURGXFWLYHKHDOWKHQ ǨǦǧǬ ŦŻĴĖĉ ūĔĹżŬ ǨǪ ŽŘ ŏǙňǘē ŪĜ KWWSZZZZKRLQWGUXJUHVLVWDQFHJOREDOBDFWLRQBSODQHQ ŹťŐ ĚĨĔĝŨ ǨǦǩǦ-ǨǦǧǬ ŞűēĴũŤēŴ ŦřŉŤēŴ ęĉĴũŤē Ěĩŀ ūĊĽĖ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ǨǦǧǬ ŦŻĴĖĉ ūĔĹżŬ ǨǨ ŽŘ ŏǙňǘē ŪĜ KWWSZZZHYHU\ZRPDQHYHU\FKLOGRUJJOREDO-VWUDWHJ\- KWWSZZZZKRLQWKLYSXEWRRONLWVVWLVBVWUDWHJ\>ǧ@ ĴōŬē ȕǨǦǧǫ-ǨǦǦǬ ĔŲĝĩŘĔšŨŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ūĊĽĖ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ǨǦǧǬ ŦŻĴĖĉ ūĔĹżŬǨǨ ŽŘ ŏǙňǘē ŪĜHQSGI ǨǦǧǫ źēĵ ŽťĨĴũŤē ĴŻĴŝĝŤē ǩǬǬǮģ ĚŝżĠŵŤē ĴōŬē

Ǫ ǫ Ǭ

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ǧǦ

ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǙŤ ĚŅŻĴőŤē ŇŵŉĭŤē įĳŵŻ ĚżŤĔĝŤē ĚĹũĭŤē ĚżĹżĐĴŤē ŧĔĹŜǜē ŮŨ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ęįŵĹŨ ŚŤĊĝĜ ĔŲŤ ĚŨĔŐ ĚĩũŤ ǧ ŦšĽŤē

ŧĔőŤēśĔżĹŤēİŻİĩĜ ŊĽŬĉŴĔŲđėŐŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤĚŤŵŝŭũŤēĚŻİőũŤĔńēĴŨǜēĚđĖŴǝŭűēĴŤē ŒńŵŤē ŃĴőĝĹŻ ǘēęĳŴĴŅŸťŐĚĥĩŤĔũżŝŻŴ ȕǙėŝĝĹũĜĔŻİĩĝŤēŵŀĴřŤēįİĩŻŴ ȕĔŲŤĚĖĔĥĝĸǘēę ƻ ƻĔżĹŭĤĚŤŵŝŭũŤēĚŻİőũŤĔńēĴŨǝŤĚĩŁŤĔŐĔŉŜĚĖĔĥĝĸĔżřżŘĔšŤēĳĔũġĝĸ ±ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘēĳĔňčŒńŴ ȕĚťŨĔĽŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ĚżŉŕĝŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǙŤ ĚĠǙġŤē ĚżũżōŭĝŤē Ĵňǜē ŚŁŻ ĚĩŁŤē ĦŲŬŴ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ěĔŨİĬ ĚťĹťĸŴ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē Ŧšżű ŃĴőŻŴ ȕĚżŨŵũőŤē ±ĚżŲżĤŵĝŤēďįĔėũŤēŴěĔŻĔŕŤēŴŗİŲŤēŴĚŻċĴŤē ǨǦǨǦ ŽŨĔőŤ ĚŨİĭŤē ĚżŉŕĜŴ ĴĠǜĔĖ ĚŝťőĝũŤē ěĔŻĔŕŤē ŮŨ ĚŐŵũĥŨ ŧİŝŻ ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘē ųżĤŵĝŤ ǨǦǩǦŴ ±ĚŻŵŤŴǜēěēıěēĆēĴĤǞēŴĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘēěĔŲĤŵĝŤē ĔűĲĭĝĜ ūĉ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ĚũōŭũŤŴ ūēİťėťťżŕėŭŻ ŽĝŤē ěēĆēĴĤǞĔĖ ŽŀŵŻ ĚĹũĭŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ěĔŲĤŵĝŤē ŮŨ İĨēŴ ŦŠ Ůũń ±ŪżżŝĝŤēŴİŀĴŤēŴĚŤĆĔĹũŤēŴěĔŠēĴĽŤēŴęįĔżŝŤēĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘēĲżřŭĜ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ĲżřŭĜ ŽŘ ĚżĹżĐĴŤē ĴŀĔŭőŤē ĪńŵŻ

Ǧǧ ǦǨ Ǧǩ ǦǪ Ǧǫ

ǧǧ

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ęįŵĹũŤ ĚŅŻĴőŤē ŇŵŉĭŤē ǧ ŦšĽŤē ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ęĴĝřŤē ŽŘ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē

ĚĖĔŀǞē ŮŐ ĚũĤĔŭŤē ěĔżŘŵŤēŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚťŁĝũŤē ěĔřŐĔŅũŤē ŧēİőŬē ūĉ ĔŲőŨ ūŵĽŻĔőĝũŤē ĿĔĭļǜē ųżŘ ŒżŉĝĹŻ ŪŤĔŐ ŽŘ ĶżżũĝŤē ŧēİőŬēŴ ȕĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ůĲŲĖ ƽ ĚżĩŀŴ ĚťŻŵň ęĔżĩĖ ēŵũőŭŻ

ĚŻċĴŤē

ȕĚżŨŵũőŤē ĚĩŁťŤ ĚżĹżĐĳ ŦŔēŵļ ĔŲřŀŵĖ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĚđĖŴĉ ŹťŐ ĆĔŅŝŤē ŪŲĝżŘĔŐ ĶŻĶőĜŴ Ěżĩŀ ęĔżĩĖ ĳĔũŐǜē ŦŠ ŽŘ ĿĔĭļǜē ŒżũĤ Œ ǁĝũĜ ūĔũńŴ

ŗİŲŤē

ŧĔőŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĸĔĸǜē ěĔŬĔżėŤē ȒǯǦ ĚėĹŭĖ ƻĔżũŤĔŐ ĚėĨĔĽŤē ĚżėŤŵťŤĔĖ ĚĖĔŀǞē ěǘİőŨ ņřĬ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĸĔĸǜē ěĔŬĔżėŤē ȒǯǦ ĚėĹŭĖ ƻĔżũŤĔŐ ĚżŭėŤē ǁ ĚŻĴĹżŭŤĔĖ ĚĖĔŀǞē ěǘİőŨ ņřĬ ǨǦǧǮ ŽřżĨįŵŤŵŨ ǧǦǦ ǦǦǦ ŦšťťŜĉ Ŵĉ ĚŤĔĨ ǫǦ ŹŤĎżŝťĭŤĔŻĴűĶŤē ǀ ěǘĔĨ įİŐ ņřĬ ǨǦǧǮ ŧĔőŤ ĦŨēĴĖ ŽŘ źĴĽėŤē ŽũżťĩŤē ŧĳŵŤē ķŴĴżŘ ħĔŝťĖ ĚżŉŕĝŤē ŹťŐ ūēİťėŤē ŋĔřĨ ūēİťėŤĔŭŨȒǮǦ ŒżũĤ ŽŘ ŦŜǜē ŹťŐ ȒǮǦĚėĹŬŴ ŽŭňŵŤē İżőŁŤē ŹťŐ ȒǯǦ ĚėĹŭĖ ĚżŭňŵŤē ŪżőŉĝŤē ĔŲŤ ĚŤįĔőũŤē ĚŻĳēįǞē ěēİĨŵŤē Ŵĉ ěĔőňĔŝũŤē

ǨǦǩǦŧĔŐěĔŻĔŔ

ĚżŨŵũőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ĦŲŬŴ ȕěĔŨİĭŤē ĚťĹťĸŴ ȕĚťŨĔĽŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ĚżŉŕĝŤē

ŦũőŤēĴňĉƿ ŪżżŝĝŤēŴİŀĴŤē

ĚťŨĔĽŤēĚżĩŁŤēĚżŉŕĝťŤĚĠǙġŤēįĔőĖǜē ųĤŵĝŤē ǫŽĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ĳĔšĝĖǘē ŦũőŤē ŒŻĴĹĜ ŦėŝĝĹũŤē ųĤŵĝŤē ǪŽĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ŦŻŵũĝŤē ĚŨēİĝĸǘē ŞżŝĩĜ ŦŻŵũĝŤē ųĤŵĝŤē ǩŽĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ŮŨ ěĔŨİĭŤē ŪŻİŝĜ ŗĔŁŬǞē ŞżŝĩĜ ŦĤĉ ³ŚżŠ´ ųĤŵĝŤē ǨŽĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ĚżŨēĴŤē ěǙĬİĝŤē ĴĠǜē ğēİĨč ŹŤč ³ēıĔŨ´ ųĤŵĝŤē ǧŽĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ěĔŨŵťőũŤē ĴżŘŵĜ ĶżŠĴĜ ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ŦũőŤē ³ūĔšũŤēŴĚŻŵŲŤē´

ŪżżŝĝŤēŴ İŀĴŤēŴ ĚŤĆĔĹũŤēŴ ĚŠēĴĽŤēŴ ęįĔżŝŤē

ĲżřŭĜ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

źĴŉŝŤēŦũőŤē ƿ

ŮżŻĴŉŝŤēĆĔŠĴĽŤēŦũŐ

ĔŲėĜĔšŨŴĚũōŭũťŤŽĹżĐĴŤēĴŝũŤēŦũŐ ĚŻĴŉŝŤēŴĚżũżťŜǞē ƿ

ŮżżŤŴİŤēĆĔŠĴĽŤēŦũŐ

ŧĔőŤē śĔżĹŤēİŻİĩĜ ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘē ŦġũĜ ūĉ ŽŕėŭŻ Ū ƾ ǀŤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĚżũŤĔŐ ĚŻŵŤŴĉ ƻĔżĹŭĤ

Ǧǧ

ǧǩ

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĚėėĹũŤē ěĔńĴũũŤē ŮŐ ĦĜĔŭŤē ěĔżŘŵŤēŴ ĚńēĴũŤē ĆĘŐ źįČŻ ĚżĖĔĥŬǞēŴ ĚżĹŭĥŤē ĚĩŁŤē ņŻŵŝĜ ŮŐ ǙŅŘ ęĔżĩŤē ĚżŐŵŬ ņŻŵŝĜ ŹŤč ŪŤĔőŤē ţŵĨ ƻ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŦŲĹĜ ǁ ĔũŠ Ǩ ŦšĽŤē ĴōŬē ţĔřňǜēŴ İżŤēŵũŤē ĚĩŀŴ ŞŻĴň ŮŐ źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ ţĔŝĝŬē ȕĴļĔėŨ ĴżŔ ŵĩŬ ŹťŐ ȕ ƻĔŅŻĉ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ŃēĴŨǜē ĘėĹĝĜŴūĔňĴĹŤē ŏēŵŬĉ ņőėĖ ĚĖĔŀǞē ŞėĹĜ ĚŻŵťĬ ěēĴżŕĜ ĘėĹĜŴ ĺŭĥŤē ǁ ĚżĽżőũŤē Ĵĸǜē ņőĖ ěĔżŬēĶżŨ ŹťŐ ęĴżėŠ Ňŵŕń ŽŘ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ĴĠĉ ĔŲŤŴ ŦĬİŤē ĚŅřĭŭũŤēŴ ŦĬİŤē ĚŉĸŵĝũŤē ūēİťėŤē ŽŘ ĚżŭňŵŤē ĚżĩŁŤē Ūō ƿŭŤēŴ ǩ ĳĔňǞē ƻĔŨŵũŐ įēĴŘǜē ĚżŘĔŐ ŹťŐ Žėťĸ

ƻĔżĹŭĤĚŤŵŝŭũŤēĚŻİőũŤēŃēĴŨǝŤŽřĭŤēĆĘőŤē ǩĳĔňǞē

ĚŻİőŨ ŃēĴŨĊĖ ƻĔŻŵŭĸ ęİŻİĤ ĚĖĔŀč ĚŤĔĨ ūŵżťŨ ǩǫǭ şĔŭű ūĉ ŹŤč ěēĴŻİŝĝŤē ĴżĽĜ Ěŭĸ Ǫǯ–ǧǫ ŮżĖ ŪűĳĔũŐĉ ħŴēĴĝĜ ŮŻĲŤē ĿĔĭļǜē ŮżĖ ĆĔřĽťŤ ĚťĖĔŜ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭŨ ȕūŵżťŨ ǭǮ ĚżŭėŤē ĚŻĴżĹżŭŤēŴ ȕūŵżťŨ ǧǩǧ ĚŻĴġĩŤē ęĴĠİĝũŤēŽűŴ ǘĉ ȕǨ ŦšĽŤē ĴōŬē ņőĖ ĳĔĽĝŬē ěǘİőŨ ŦŁĜŴ ūŵżťŨ ǧǪǨ ĚżťėŲũŤē ęĴőĽũŤēŴ ȕŮżŻǙŨ Ǭ źĴűĶŤēŴ ŖťėŻ ĢżĨ ȕ ƻĔŅŻĉ ĚőřĜĴŨ ěǘİőŨ ŹŤč ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ĚżĸŴĴżřŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ūŵżťŨ Ǫǧǭ ŹŤč Ǩ ŊũŭŤē ŮŨ ŊżĹėŤē ĺĖĴŲŤē ķŴĴżŘ ŶŴİőĖ ŮżĖĔŁũŤē ĿĔĭļǜē įİŐ ęĉĴŨē ūŵżťŨ Ǩǯǧ źĴĽėŤē ŽũżťĩŤē ŧĳŵŤē ķŴĴżřĖ ěĔĖĔŁũŤē ĆĔĹŭŤē įİŐŴ ȕłĭļ ŏŵŬŴ ŪżťŜǞē ĘĹĨ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ůĲű ĳĔĽĝŬē ţİőŨ ěŴĔřĝŻŴ ŪŲĨēŴĳĉŴ ŮżŕŤĔėŤēŴ ŮżŝűēĴũŤēŴ ţĔřňǜē Ěĩŀ ŹťŐ ŞżũŐ ĴĠĉ ĚđĖŴǜē ůĲŲŤŴĺŭĥŤē ŪŤĔőŤē ĆĔĩŬĉ ŦŠ ŽŘ ĚŭĤǜē ŮżĖ ęĔŘŴ ĚŤĔĨ ǩǦǦ ǦǦǦ ŮŨ ĴġŠĉ ŽŘ ŦũĩŤē ĆĔŭĠĉ źĴűĶŤē ĘėĹĝŻ İżŤēŵũŤēŴ ĚŭĤǜē ěĔżŘŴ Ũ ȖęĴšėũŤē ęĔŘŵŤē ĴňĔĭŨ ęįĔŻĶŤ Œżńĳ Ǩǧǫ ǦǦǦ ŃĴőŻ ǁ ŢŤı śŵŘŴ ȕĚŭĸ ŦŠ İżŤēŵũŤēŴ ǫǩǦ ǦǦǦ ŵĩŭĖ ĳİŝŻ ĔũŐ ĚŤŴČĹŨ źĴĽėŤē ŽũżťĩŤē ŧĳŵŤē ķŴĴżŘ ŶŴİŐ İő ƿĜ ŪĨĴŤē ŞŭŐ ūĔňĴĸ Ũ Ȗ ƻĔŻŵŭĸ ūĔňĴĹŤē ēĲű ŮŐ ĚũĤĔŬ ęĔŘŴ ĚŤĔĨ ǨǬǪ ǦǦǦ ŪĨĴŤē ŞŭŐ ūĔňĴĹĖ ĚĖĔŀč ĚŤĔĨ ĕĔėĸĉ ŮŨ ȕĚŻĴġĩŤē ęĴĠİĝũŤēŴ ūǙżĹŤē ŦġŨ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĴėĝőĜ ŪŝőŤē Ũ ȖŪŤĔőŤē ţŵĨ ĚũŲũŤē ŪŝőŤē Ŵĉ źĴűĶŤē ŦġŨ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ţŵŝŭŨ İőŨ ƽ ŃĴŨ įŵĤŴ źįČŻ źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ ĴňĔĭŨ Ũ ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżřĖ ŶŴİőŤē ĕĔĹĝŠē ĴňĔĭŨ ŽŘ ęĴżėŠ ęįĔŻĵ ŹŤč ȕŊżĹėŤē ĺĖĴŲŤē ķŴĴżŘ Ŵĉ ūǙżĹŤē ȖĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ņőĖ ŮżĖ ŗĔőńĉ ĚĠǙĠ Ŵĉ Ůżřőń ĳēİŝũĖ ĔŲťŝŬ Ŵĉ źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĚżŐĔũĝĤǘēŴ ĚżĹřŭŤēŴ ĚżŬİėŤē ĘŜēŵőŤē ŃŵŝĜ Ũ ǁ ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĚżŘĔšŤē ĚĩŘĔšũŤē ŪŲĹĝĸŴ ĔŲĖ ŮżĖĔŁũŤē ęĔżĨ ĚżŐŵŬ ȕęİĽĖ ęĔŬĔőũŤē ŦżťŝĜŴ ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚĖĔŀǞē ŮŨ İĩŤē ŽŘ ĔŲżťŐ ĆĔŅŝŤē ŴĉŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē .ĚżŬĔĹŬǞē ǨǦǧǨ ŧĔőŤ ěēĴŻİŝĝŤē ğİĨĉ łĭĜ

ĚĩŘĔšũŤēŪŲĹĝĸŴ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤēĚŻİőũŤēŃēĴŨǝŤĚżŘĔšŤē ŽŘĔŲżťŐĆĔŅŝŤēŴĉŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ŦżťŝĜŴŃēĴŨǜĔĖĚĖĔŀǞēŮŨİĩŤē ĚżŬĔĹŬǞēęĔŬĔőũŤē

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ǧǪ

ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŮŐ ěĔŬĔżėŤē łŝŬ ŃŵŝĜŴ ǁ ȕĺŭĥŤē ŏŵŬ ĘĹĨ ĚřŭŁũŤē ěĔŬĔżėŤē ƻĔŀŵŁĬŴ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ŦĬēį ŖżťėĝŤē ŽŘ śĔĹĜē İĤŵŻ ǘŴĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ęįŵĹŨ ħĴĝŝĜŴ ĔŲŭżĖ ĔũżŘŵŬēİťėŤēŴ ŪżŤĔŜǜē ĚĨĔĜč ūĔũń ȕǘŴĉ ƻ ĔũűŴ ȕŮżŤĔĥŨ ŹťŐ ĶżŠĴĝŤē ĚŻŵŤŴĉ ĚżŤĔĩŤē ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĆĘŐ ūĊĽĖ ŦŅŘĉ ěĔŬĔżĖ ķĔżŜ ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ĚŻĴũőŤē ĚđřŤēŴ ĺŭĥŤē ŏŵŬ ĘĹĨ ĚřŭŁŨ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĚĩŘĔšŨ ŵĩŬ ĵĴĩũŤē ƿ ŧİŝĝŤē ĚŻŵŤŴǜē ěēı ŦũőŤē ěǘĔĥŨ İŻİĩĜ ȕ ƻĔżŬĔĠŴ Ȗ ƻĔżĹŭĤ

ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŮŐ ĚĥĜĔŭŤē ěĔřŐĔŅũŤē ĴĠČĜŴ ŶŴĔĹĝŻŴ ĚżĖĔĥŬǞēŴ ĚżĹŭĥŤē ĚĩŁŤē ŹťŐ ƻĔŕŤĔĖ ēĴżĠĊĜ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔėŭżĖĔŁũŤē ĆĔĹŭŤēŴ ţĔĤĴŤē įİŐ ŮŨ ŊżĹėŤē ĺĖĴŲŤē ķŴĴżřĖ ŶŴİőŤē łĭŻ ĔũżŘ ēİŐ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĴōŬē ĚżũżťŜǞē ěĔŘǙĝĬǘē ņőĖ İĤŵŻ ŢŤı ŒŨŴ ȕǨ ŊũŭŤē ŵĩŬ ŹťŐ ĴĠČĜ ěĔřŐĔŅũŤē ūĎŘ ŢŤı ŒŨŴ ȕĕǩŴ ĉǩ ŦšĽŤē ęİŻİŐ ħēŵŬ ŮŨ ĆĔĹŭŤē ŹťŐ ĘĸĔŭĝŨ ĴżŔ

ĔšŬǘ źĴĸ ŽŘ ūĔĤŴĵ ± ǦǨ

ǧǫ

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ĚĖĔŀč ĚŤĔĨ ūŵżťŨ ǩǫǭ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ĚũōŭŨ ěēĴŻİŝĜ Ǩ ŦšĽŤē ǨǦǧǨ ŧĔŐ ŽŘ ĆĔřĽťŤ ĚťĖĔŜ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭŨ ĚŻİőŨ ŃēĴŨĊĖ ęİŻİĤ

źĴűĶŤēŴ ūǙżĹŤēŴ ĚŻĴġĩŤē ęĴĠİĝũŤē ĆĔřĽťŤ ĚťĖĔŜ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭŨ ĚŻİőŨ ŃēĴŨĉ ěēĴőĽũŤē ĆēįŴ

ǧǮ ūŵżťŨ

ǩǧ ūŵżťŨ

ǬǪ ūŵżťŨ

ǧǪǨ ūŵżťŨ

Ǭǩ ūŵżťŨ

ǩǯ ūŵżťŨ

ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ĚũōŭũŤ ŒĖĔĝŤē ŮżĝżšŻĴŨǜē ŪżťŜč ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ĚũōŭũŤ ŒĖĔĝŤē ŽŝŻĴŘǜē ŪżťŜǞē ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ĚũōŭũŤ ŒĖĔĝŤē ŊĸŵĝũŤē śĴļ ŪżťŜč ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ĚũōŭũŤ ŒĖĔĝŤē ŽĖŴĳŴǜē ŪżťŜǞē ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ĚũōŭũŤ ŒĖĔĝŤē Ĕżĸć śĴļ ĕŵŭĤ ŪżťŜč ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ĚũōŭũŤ ŒĖĔĝŤē ďįĔŲŤē ŊżĩũŤē ĕĴŔ ŪżťŜč

ĳĔĽĝŬē ěǘİőũŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ěēĴŻİŝĝŤēūŴĴĬćŴ ȕķ ūĳŵű ĳİŬĔŘŴ ȕģ ŽŤŴĳŴ ȕŧč ţč ūĔŨŵżŬ ĳİŁũŤē ǨǦǧǫ ūēŴ ķŵťĖ ǨǦǧǨ ŧĔŐ ŽŘ ĆĔřĽťŤ ĚťĖĔŜ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭŨ ĚŻİőŨ ŃēĴŨĉ ĚőĖĳǜĚĖĔŀǞēŴ

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ǧǬ

ĚŤŵŝŭŨ ĚŻİőŨ ŃēĴŨĉ ĚőĖĳĊĖ ĚĖĔŀǟŤęĳİŝũŤē ěǘİőũŤē ĉǩ ŦšĽŤē ǨǦǧǨ ŧĔŐ ŽŘ ĺŭĥŤē ŏŵŬŴ ŪżťŜǞē ĘĹĨ ƻĔżĹŭĤ

ǯǦ ǮǦ ǭǦ ěēĴőĽũŤē Ćēį ūǙżĹŤē Ćēį ęĴĠİĝũŤē źĴűĶŤē ǬǦ

ǪǦ

ǩǦ ěēĴőĽũŤē Ćēį ūǙżĹŤē Ćēį ęĴĠİĝũŤē źĴűĶŤē ĕĴŔ ŪżťŜč ďįĔŲŤē ŊżĩũŤē ĕŵŭĤ ŪżťŜč Ĕżĸć śĴļ ŪżťŜǞē ŽĖŴĳŴǜē śĴļ ŪżťŜč ŊĸŵĝũŤē ŪżťŜč ŮżĝšŻĴŨǜē ŪżťŜǞē ŽŝŻĴŘǜē ǨǦ ǧǦ Ǧ

ĺĖĴŲŤē ķŴĴżŘ ĳĔĽĝŬǘ ęĳİŝũŤē ěǘİőũŤē ĕǩ ŦšĽŤē ǨǦǧǨ ŧĔŐ ŽŘ ĺŭĥŤē ŏŵŬŴ ŪżťŜǞē ĘĹĨ ȕǨ ŊũŭŤē ŮŨ ŊżĹėŤē

ǯǦ ǮǦ ǭǦ ǬǦ ǫǦ ǪǦ ǩǦ ǨǦ ǧǦ ĕĴŔ ŪżťŜč ďįĔŲŤē ŊżĩũŤē ĕŵŭĤ ŪżťŜč Ĕżĸć śĴļ ŪżťŜǞē ŽĖŴĳŴǜē śĴļ ŪżťŜč ŊĸŵĝũŤē ŪżťŜč ŮżĝšŻĴŨǜē ŪżťŜǞē ŽŝŻĴŘǜē Ǧ

ŮżŻǙũŤĔĖ

ǫǦ

ǧǭ

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ěĔŻĔŕŤē ŞżŝĩĝŤ ĚŨĵǙŤē ěēŴįǜē ŪōőŨ ŦőřŤĔĖ ĴŘēŵĝĜŴ ņőĖ ŞŘǜē ŽŘ ħŵťĜ ĔũŠ ȕǨǦǩǦ ŧĔőŤ ęįİĩũŤē ĚĨŵũŉŤē ĶŠēĴŨ ěēĳĔėĝĬĔŠ ȕĚżũűǜē ĚŕŤĔĖ ūŵšĜ İŜ ŽĝŤē ěēĳĔšĝĖǘē ěĔĨĔŝťŤēŴ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē İŀĴŤ ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ŃēĴŔǜē ęįİőĝũŤē ěĔżĤŵŤŵŭšĝŤēŴ ȕŃēĴŨǜē ůĲŲŤ ęįĔŅũŤē źĲŤē ŵĩŭŤē ŹťŐ ěēĳĔšĝĖǘēŴ ěēŴįǜē ůĲű ŧēİĭĝĸē ŮšŤ ŽŘ ĳĔũġĝĸǘē ŽŘ ŒĸŵĝŤē ĚŐĴĸ Ęťŉĝżĸ ŦŨĔšŤē ĴĠǜē ŞŝĩŻ įĳēŵũŤē ĶżŠĴĜŴ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŹťŐŴ ĚżŤĔőŘ İļǜē ĦŨēĴėŤē ŹťŐ ŮżĖ ěǙŁŤē ĆĔĸĳčŴ ȕĔŲżŤč ĚĤĔĨ İļǜē ĚżŘēĴŕĥŤē ŒŜēŵũŤēŴ ŽŘ ĚżĩŁŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ĴĐĔĸŴ ŃēĴŨǜē ůĲŲĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ěǙĬİĝŤē ĚżŤĔĩŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē įĳŵĜŴĚŤįĔėĝũŤē ęįĔřĝĸǘē ŞżŝĩĜ Ŧżėĸ ŦżŁřĝŤĔĖ ĚżĹżĐĴŤē ěĔŲĤŵĝŤē

ĚťĥŐ ŒŘį ŽŘ ęĵĳĔĖ ěēĵĔĥŬč ęĴżĬǜē ěēŵŭĹŤē ŽŘ ĞŝŝĩĜ ŒĤēĴĜ ğİĨŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘē ĚżŨİĝĹũŤĔĖ ĚĖĔŀǞē ěǘİőŨ ŽŘ ȕţĔġũŤē Ŧżėĸ ŹťŐ ȕŋŵĩťŨ ĚĖĔŀǞē ěǘİőŨŴ ȕūĔšĹŤē ĚŨĔŐ ŮżĖ ĪŻĴŝŤē ĚŻĴŠŴİŤē ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕŃēĴŨǜē ůĲŲĖ ĚĖĔŀǞē ŦżĖĔŝŐ ņőĖ ŽŘŴ ȕźĴűĶŤĔĖ įēİŐĉ ŽŘ ęįĔŻĶŤē ěİŐĔĸŴźİżŤŵŤē ĚũĩĝťũŤē ĕĔŲĝŤē ŢŤı ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘŴ źĴűĶŤē źĴĩĝŤ ŮőŅĭŻ ŽĜǙŤē ŦŨēŵĩŤē ĆĔĹŭŤē İżŠĊĜ ŹťŐ ȕŽŘĔšŤē ģǙőŤē ĴżŘŵĜ ęįĔŻĵ ŒŨ ȕźĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ ţĔŝĝŬē ŹťŐ ŽĐĔŭġŤē ĆĔŅŝŤē ŶŴİĤ ĞĝėĠĉ ȕŢŤı ŹťŐ ęŴǙŐŴŦřŉŤē ŹŤč ŧǜē ŮŨ źĴűĶŤēŴ źĴĽėŤē źĴĽėŤē ŽũżťĩŤē ŧĳŵŤē ķŴĴżŘ ħĔŝťĖ ŪżőŉĝŤē ĴżŘŵĜ ęįĔŻĵ ūĔňĴĹťŤ ĚŝĖĔĹŤē ŪĨĴŤē ŞŭŐ ěĔŘć ŮŨ İĩĜ ĔŲŬĉ ŦőřŤĔĖ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘē ŒŻĴĹĜ ęįĔŻĵ İŐĔĹĝĸŴĚżťĸĔŭĝŤē ŦżŤĈġŤēŴ İŻĶũŤē ŞżŝĩĜŴ ĔŲżŤč įĔŭĝĸǘēŴ ěēĵĔĥŬǞē ůĲű ĚŨēİĝĸē ŹťŐ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ŽĤǙőŤē ĴżĖİĝŤē ŽŘ ěĔĨĔĥŭŤē ŮŨ ĔŲŭŨ İĩŤēŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ

ŽĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ĶżŠĴĝťŤ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭŨ ĚŻİőŨ ŃēĴŨĉ ĚĠǙġŤ ĚŻŵŤŴǜē ĆĔŉŐč ĔŲżťŐ ŽũŤĔőŤē ęįĔŻĵŴ ȕĚŻĴġĩŤē ęĴĠİĝũŤĔĖ ŶŴİőŤē ĚżũűĊĖ ƻĔŅŻĉ ĚũōŭũŤē ĴŝĜŴ ŒĥĽ ǁ ƿĜ ŽŲŘ ȕŢŤı ŒŨŴ ŮżŝűēĴũŤē ŮżĖ ĔŲĖ ĚĖĔŀǞē ěǘİőŨ ŦŅŘĉ ūǜ ƻēĴōŬ ȕĚŻįŴįĴũŤē ěǙżťĩĜŴ ğŵĩėŤē ĆēĴĤč ŹťŐ įİĩĜ ŪŤ ĔŲĸĔżŜŴ ęĴĠİĝũŤĔĖ ŶŴİőŤē ĚĩŘĔšŨ ěĔżĥżĜēĴĝĸē ŽŘ ĳĔėĝĬǘēĴŻŵŉĜ ƻĔŅŻĉ ĚũōŭũŤē ĶřĩĝĸȕŢŤı ŮŐ ǙŅŘŴİőĖ ƻ ŦĹťĹĝŤē ŽŘ Ěżũűǜē ĚŕŤĔĖ ęŵŉĬ ĔűĳĔėĝŐĔĖ ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ĶŠēĴŨ ĔŲĜĔŨİĬ ĚťĹťĸŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĿĔĭŤē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ęįŵĹŨ ĶŠĴĜ ŹťŐ ţŴǜē ŧĔŝũŤē ŽŘ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē İŀĴťŤ ĚťĖĔŜŴ ĔŲĝĩŘĔšũŤ ĚŻĳŵŘ ěēĆēĴĤč ĘťŉĝĜ ŃēĴŨĉ ĚĠǙĠ ūǙżĹŤĔĖ ĚĖĔŀǞē ĴňĔĭŨ įĔŻįĵē ĘėĹĖ ĚżŭėŤēĚŻĴżĹżŭŤē Ǧǧ ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚėĨĔŁũŤē ŶŴİőŤē ĴňĔĭŨŴ ģǙőťŤ ŦĖĔŝŤē ĴżŔ ęĴĠİĝũŤē ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ŶĴĬǜē ĚŻİőũŤē ȖĚŻĴġĩŤē źĲŤē ŽŝťĭŤē źĴűĶŤē ŹťŐ ĆĔŅŝŤē ŒŨ ĚėĨĔĽŤēĚżėŤŵťŤē ǦǨ źĴĩĝŤē łĩŘ ĆēĴĤč ūĔũŅŤ źŵŜ ŧĔōŬ ĴŘēŵĜ ƻĔŭũń ŽŭőŻ ŮżĖ źĴűĶŤē ĚĩŘĔšŨŴ ŮŲĤǙŐŴ ŦŨēŵĩŤē ĆĔĹŭŤē ŒżũĥŤ ȖęįİĩũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŪżőŉĝŤē ŹťŐ İżŠĊĝŤē ŒŨ źĴĽėŤē ŽũżťĩŤēŧĳŵŤē Ǧǩ ĚżťĸĔŭĝŤē ŦżŤĈġŤēŴ ŪĨĴŤē ŞŭŐ ūĔňĴĸ ŹťŐ ĆĔŅŝťŤ ěĔĨĔŝťŤĔĖ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ įŴįĴũŤē ĚżŤĔŐ ěǙĬİĜ İĤŵĜŴ ĔŲťŠ ĚĠǙġŤē ƻĔżĹŭĤ

ĚŔĔżŀ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ǦǨ

Ǧǩ

ǧǯ

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ĚĨĴĝŝũŤē ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸē İő ƿĜ ęĴĝřŤē ŽŘ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚŉĖēĴĝŨ ěĔżĥżĜēĴĝĸē ğǙĠ ŮŨ ĚŝťĨ ĚżũŭĝŤē ĚŉĬ ŞżŝĩĜ ŽŘ ŧĔŲĸǞē ŹŤč ŗİŲĜ ŽűŴ ȕǨǦǨǧ–ǨǦǧǬ ĚĩŁŤē ŦšĽĜŴŗēİűĉ ŮŨ ųŭũŅĝĜ ĔŨŴ ǨǦǩǦ ŧĔőŤ ĚŨēİĝĹũŤē ĔűĳŴį İĹĥŻ ǁ ĔŨ ȕęİŻİĥŤē ĚŉĭŤē ůĲű ŽŘ ĚżĹżĐĴŤē ŗēİűǜē İĨĉ ĚżũŭĝŤē ĴżĹżĜŴ ĴŝřŤē ęİĨ ŚżřĭĜ ŽŘ źĳŵĩũŤē

ĆĘőŤ ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘē ĚŬĔšŨ ůĲű ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ęįŵĹŨ įİĩĜ ĔũŠ ŒĸŴǜē ĚżũŭĝŤē ĳĔňč ŮŨ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ěēĆēĴĤǞē ŮŨ ŧĶťŻ ĔŨ ŚŁĜ ŽűŴ ǨǦǧǫ ŧĔŐ İőĖ ĔũŤ ƻĔŜĔŉŬ ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚŝťőĝũŤē ĚżũŤĔőŤē ěĔŻĔŕŤē ŞżŝĩĝŤ ĚŻŵŤŴǜē ěēı ůĲŲŤ ĚĖĔĥĝĸǙŤ ŮšũŻ ŚżŠŴ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ĚťŨĔĽŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ĚżŉŕĝŤē ŞżŝĩĜ ŽŘ ŧĔŲĸǞē ŃēĴŨǜē ĚżĸĔĸǜē ĚżĩŁŤē ŗēİűǜē ŮŨ ĔűĴżŔŴ ȕĚőŨĔĤ Ĵňĉ ĚĠǙĠ ŹťŐ ůĲű ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ęįŵĹŨ İũĝőĜŴ ĚżĩŁŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ĚťĹťĸ ȖĚťŨĔĽŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ĚżŉŕĝŤēŽűŴ ĚĩŁŤē ĦŲŬ Ȗ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚŝťőĝũŤē ĚżŨŵũőŤē

ĚťŨĔĽŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ĚżŉŕĝŤē ŒżĸŵĜ ŮšũŻ ȕěēĳİŝŤēŴ ęĆĔřšŤē ųĤŴĉŴ įĳēŵũŤē įĔŻįĵē ŒŨŴ İŻĶũŤē ĚżŉŕĜŴ ȕĔŲĜįŵĤ ŮżĹĩĜŴ ȕĚŨİŝũŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē śĔŉŬ ęĴļĔėũŤē ŚżŤĔšĝŤē ņżřĭĜ ŒŨ ȕĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŮŨ ŞżŝĩĜ źĉ ȕěĔŨİĭŤē ŹŤč ūŵĤĔĝĩŻ ŮŨ ŹťŐ Ŧũĩ ƿĜ ŽĝŤē İŻİĩĜ ŹŤč İťĖ ŦŠ ģĔĝĩżĸŴ ƻĔżĥŻĳİĜ ĚťŨĔĽŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ĚżŉŕĝŤē ŹŤč ƻēįĔŭĝĸē ĚťŨĔĽŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ĚżŉŕĝŤē ŵĩŬ ĘĹŬǜē ĳĔĹũŤē ŹĝĩĜǙńĔřũŤē źĴĥŻŴ ěĔŻŵŤŴǜē įİĩżŘ ȕźĴŉŝŤē ųŜĔżĸ ĚŨēİĝĸē ūĔũń ŒŨ ŮšũŻ ĔŨ ŏĴĸĊĖ ƻĔŨİŜ ŽŅũŤē ŮŨ ŮšũĝŻ ĔŲŘĔŁŬčŴ ĔŲĜįŵĤŴ ĦŨēĴėŤē ƻĔőŨĔĤ ƻēĳĔňč Ǫ ŦšĽŤē ĴōŬē ĚťŨĔĽŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ĚżŉŕĝŤē ĴŘŵĜ ŽűŴ ȕĚšĖĔĽĝŨ ŗēİűĉ ĚĠǙĠ ŹťŐ ŦũĝĽŻĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǙŤ ĚŻĳŴĴŅŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ěĔŨİĭŤēŴ ěǙĬİĝŤē śĔŉŬ ŮżĹĩĜ Ǧǧ ķĔŭŤē ģĔĝĩŻ ŽĝŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē śĔŉŬ ĚżŉŕĜ ĔűĴŘēŵĜŴ ĔŲĜįŵĤŴ ȖĔŲżŤč ĚĤĔĩŤē ĳİŝĖ ěĔŨİĭŤĔĖ ŦġŨǜēŴ ŚŁŭũŤē ŏĔřĝŬǘē ŮżĹĩĜ ǦǨ ȖěĔŨİĭŤē ŹŤč ĚĤĔĝĩũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ĚżŉŕĜ ŹŤč ūŵĤĔĝĩŻ ŮũŤ ĚżŤĔũŤē ĚŻĔũĩŤē ĴżŘŵĜŴ ŚżŤĔšĝŤē ņřĬ Ǧǩ ěĔŨİĭŤē ŚżŤĔšĜ ĚżŉŕĜ ěĔŨİĭŤē

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ȉȇ

İŠČĜ ȕǪ ŦšĽŤē ĚťŨĔĽŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ĚżŉŕĝŤē ĳŵōŭŨ ŧēİĭĝĸĔĖŴ Ūō ƿŭŤē ĶŻĶőĜŽťŻ ĔŨ ŹŤč ĚĤĔĩŤē ŹťŐ ĚĨĴĝŝũŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ĚĥŤĔőŨ ȖĴĠǜē ĚũżōőŤē ěǙĬİĝŤē İŻİĩĜ ȖĚżőũĝĥũŤēŴ ĚżĩŁŤē ȖĚĖĔĥĝĸǘē ŦŜĴőĜŴ ĆĔĖŵŤē şĴĩĜ ŽĝŤē ĚżŐĔũĝĤǘē ěēįİĩũŤē ŽĝŤē ĚżŐŵŭŤē ęİżĥŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ěĔŨİĭŤĔĖ ķĔŭŤē ŏĔřĝŬē ūĔũń ĦŤĔőĜŴŪŀŵŤē Ŵĉ ĚżŤĔũŤĔĜĔĖŵőŁťŤ ŃĴőŤē ūŴį ĔŲżŤč ūŵĤĔĝĩŻ ĚŝťőĝũŤē ĔŻĔŅŝŤē ȕİŻİĩĝŤē ųĤŴ ŹťŐ ȕĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘēęįŵĹŨ ěĔĤĔĨ ŪŲŘ ŦũĽĜ ŽĝŤē ȕĚřŁŭũŤēŴ ĚŤĔőřŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ĚżŉŕĝĖ ĳĔňǞē ĴōŬē ĚŭżőũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤēŵŭżŝűēĴũŤēŴ ĆĔĹŭŤē ĚĖĔŀǞĔĖ ĴĠĊĝŤē ĚŐĴĸ ęįĔŻĶĖ ĚŉėĜĴũŤē ěĔĤĔĩŤē ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕǩ

ūŵĤĔĝĩŻ ŽĝŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ŹťŐ ķĔŭŤē ŒżũĤ ţŵŁĨĚťŨĔĽŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ĚżŉŕĝťŤ ĚĠǙġŤē įĔőĖǜē Ǫ ŦšĽŤē ĚżŤĔŨ ěĔĖŵőŀ ŽŘ ĘėĹĝŤē ūŴį ȕŽĖĔĥŻč ĴżĠĊĜ ğēİĨǞ ĚżŘĔŠ ęįŵĤ ěēı ěĔŨİĭŤē ůĲű ūŵšĜ ūĉ ŹťŐ ĔŲżŤč

ŚżŤĔšĝŤē ŪĸĔŝĜ ņřĬ ŧŵĸĴŤēŴ

ęĴļĔėũŤē ŚżŤĔšĝŤē ŚżŤĔšĝŤē ĚėĹŬ ĚżŉŕĝŤĔĖ ĚŤŵũĽũŤē

ĴżŔ ŪŅŤ ŒĸŵĝŤē ĚżŉŕĝŤĔĖ ŮżŤŵũĽũŤē ĚżŉŕĝŤē ĚżŤĔĩŤē

ŶĴĬĉ ěĔŨİĬ ģēĳįč

ěĔŨİĭŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ĔŨ ȗĚżŉŕĝŤĔĖ ĚŤŵũĽũŤē

ŮŨ ūĔšĹŤē ȗĚżŉŕĝŤĔĖ ţŵũĽũŤē

Ǩǧ

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ĦŨēĴėŤ ŽũżōŭĜ ĳĔňĎŠ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ěĔŨİĬ ĚťĹťĸ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ūĔũń Ŧėĸ įİĩĜ ŽűŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ūŵŤŵĩĝũŤēŴ ȕĺŭĥŤē ţĔĥŨ ŞżŝĩĝŤ ěĔżĥżĜēĴĝĸē ħĴĝŝĜŴ ȕěĔŨİĭŤē ęįŵĤ ŮżĹĩĜŴ ŃĴőĜ ǁ ĴňĔĭŨ ŮŨ İĨ ŹŬįĉ ŹŤč ŦżťŝĝŤēŴ ĚżŤĔũŤē ĚŨēİĝĸǘē ĚżŤĔũŤē ŞĐēŵŅťŤ ěĔŨİĭŤē ůĲű ŹŤč ūŵĤĔĝĩŻ ŮŨ ŽŅŨ ŒŨ ĚőĖĔĝũŤē ŮŐ ĘżŕĝŤē ěǘĔĨ ņőĖ ğİĩĜ ĔŨ ęįĔŐŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĚťĹťĸ ŽŘ ƻĔŨİŜ ķĔŭŤē ĚťĨĴŨ ŽŘ įēĴŘǜē śĔĩŤč ŽŘ ŗİŲŤē ŦġũĝŻŴ ǫ ŦšĽŤē ĴōŬē ŽŘ ŪŲĖ ŋĔřĝĨǘēŴ ȕěĔŨİĭŤē ĚťĹťĹŭũŬĔšŨǞē ĳİŝĖ ęĴšėŨ ĔŲťĹťĹĜ įēİĝŨē ŹťŐ ěĔĖĴĹĝŤē ŮŨ İĩŤēŴ ȕĚŻĔŐĴŤē Ěżũűǜ ĚŻŵŜ ěĔŔŵĹŨ ƻĔŅŻĉ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ęįŵĹŨ ŧİŝĜŴ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ĴżŘŵĜ ŽŘ ęįŵĥŤē ĚżŤĔőŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ĚŻĔŐĴŤē śĔŉŬ ŒżĸŵĜ ęİżĤ ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ĴżŘŵĜŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŮŨ ĚżĩŁŤē ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ěǘĔĥŨ ŽŘ ĔũŲĥŨįŴ ĔűĔńĴũŤ ĚżŐŵŭŤē ĚżĹŭĥŤēŴ ĚżĖĔĥŬǞē ĚĩŁŤĔĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ěĔŨİĭŤēŴ ĚżŤŴǜē ĔŲŬĉ ĔũŠ źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżřĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ěĔŨİĭŤēŴ ĚżŉŕĝŤē śĔŉŬ ęįĔŻĶŤ ĚĨĔĝũŤē ĿĴřŤē ŹťŐ ĆŵŅŤē ŊťĹĜ ŶĴĬǜē ĚżŨŵšĩŤē ěĔŐĔŉŝŤē ŒŨ ŽŬŴĔőĝŤē ŦũőŤē ţǙĬ ŮŨ ĿĔĭŤē ŏĔŉŝŤē ŽŘ ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ŽŨİŝŨŴ ĚżőũĝĥũŤē ěĔũōŭũŤēŴ ŦġũŻ ĚťŨĔĽŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ĚżŉŕĝŤē ŧŵŲřŨ ūĉ ŮŨ ŪŔĴŤē ŹťŐ ŃēĴŨǜē ěĔŨİĬ ĚťĹťĸ ūĎŘ ȕĔŲťũĥŨ ŽŘ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ĳĔňč ŃēĴŨǜē ĚđĖŴĉ ħĔũĤ ĪėšŤ ĚŨĵǙŤē ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŪŻİŝĝŤ ǙŨĔļ ƻēĳĔňč ĴŘŵĜ ůĲű ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƻ İĝũĜŴǫ ŦšĽŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ěēĆēĴĤǞē ŪżōŭĝŤ ěĔŨİĭŤē ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ± ěǙĬİĝŤē ŮŨ ĚťŨĔšŤē ĚŐŵũĥũŤē ĴėŐ ĚťĹťĹŤē ŢťĜ ěĔŻĔŕŤē ŞżŝĩĝŤ ĚŨĵǙŤē ± ĆĔřĽŤēŴ ģǙőŤēŴ łżĭĽĝŤēŴ ŦŁĜ ŮŻĲŤē ĿĔĭļǜēĿĔĭļǜē ŒżũĤ ŦũĽĜŴ ȕĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ȖĳĔėĝĬǙŤ ēŵőŅĬ ŮŻĲŤē ĿĔĭļǜēŴ ȖĚżĐĔŜŵŤē ĚŉĽŬǜē ŪŲżŤč ŮŻĲŤē ĿĔĭļǜēŴ ȖŪŲĝŤĔĩĖ ŪťŐ ŹťŐ Ūű ŮŻĲŤē ĿĔĭļǜēŴ ĿĔĭļǜēŴȖŪŲĤǙŐ ĉİĖ ŮŻĲŤē ĿĔĭļǜēŴ ȖĚŻĔŐĴŤĔĖ ēŵŝĩŤĉƿ ȖĔũűċĔřļ ŪĜ ŮŻĲŤē ĿĔĭļǜēŴ ȖŪŲĤǙŐ Ŧũš ƿĝĸē ŮŻĲŤē ĚŭŨĶũŤē ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ŹťŐ ūŵťŁĩŻ ŮŻĲŤē ĿĔĭļǜēŴ ĚŻŵŤŴǜē ěēı ěēĆēĴĤǞē ůĲű ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ęįŵĹŨ ŮżėĜŴ ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘē ĴĠĉ ĶŻĶőĝŤ ĔűıĔĭĜē ĘĤēŵŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ĚťĹťĸ įēİĝŨē ŹťŐ ĔŲżŘ ŗĔŁŬǞēŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŹŤč ţŵŀŵťŤ ĚŀĔĬ ĚŻĔŭŐ ĆǙŻč ŒŨ ȕĔŲťũŠĊĖ ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤǙũĽĜ İŜŴĚťũŲũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ƾ ȕūŵŝűēĴũŤēŴ ȕţĔĤĴŤēŴ ȕĆĔĹŭŤēśĔżĹťŤ ƻĔőėĜ ŽťŻ ĔŨĚťũŲũŤē ƾ ŽŘ ūŵťŨĔőŤēŴ ȕţĔĤĴŤē ŒŨ ĺŭĥŤē ūŵĸĳĔũŻ ŮŻĲŤē ţĔĤĴŤēŴ

ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ŦĹťĹĜŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ĚťĹťĸ ǫ ŦšĽŤē

ŮŻĲŤē ĿĔĭļǜē ŹťŐ ūŵťŁĩŻ ĚŭŨĶũŤē ĚŻĔŐĴŤē

ŮŻĲŤē ĿĔĭļǜē ŮŻĲŤē ĿĔĭļǜē ŮŻĲŤē ĿĔĭļǜē ŮŻĲŤē ĿĔĭļǜē ŮŻĲŤē ĿĔĭļǜē ĚŻĔŐĴŤĔĖ ēŵŝĩŤĉƿ ŪťŐ ŹťŐ Ūű ŪűċĔřļ ŪĜ ŪŲĤǙŐ Ŧũš ƿĝĸē ŪŲĤǙŐ ĉİĖ ŪŲĝŤĔĩĖ

ŮŻĲŤē ĿĔĭļǜē ĳĔėĝĬǙŤ ēŵőŅĬ

ŮŻĲŤē ĿĔĭļǜē ŪŲżŤč ŦŁĜ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ĚŉĽŬĉ

ŒżũĤ ĿĔĭļǜē

ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ĚŭŨĶũŤē

ģǙőŤē

ŊĖĴŤē ĚŻĔŐĴŤĔĖ

ĳĔėĝĬǘē

ĚŻĔŜŵŤē

ĚťĹťĸ ěĔŨİĭŤē

ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĚŻĔŐĳ ŦĹťĹĜ

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ǨǨ

ĚżŨŵũőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ĦŲŬ ŮŨ ³ěĔĸĔżĹŤē ŒżũĤ ŽŘ ĚĩŁŤē´ ĉİėŨ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ĵĶőĜŴ İŭŐ ĚżĜĔĸĔżĹŤēŴ ĚżũżōŭĝŤēŴ ĚżŬŵŬĔŝŤē ěĔĨǙŀǞē ţǙĬ ěĔŨİĭŤē ŮżĖ ŊĖēŴĴŤēŴ ŦŨĔšĝŤē ĶŻĶőĜ ŹŤč ŗİŲĜ ĔũŠŧŴĶťŤē ěĔŨİĭŤēŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖĚŀĔĭŤē ęĆĔřšŤēŴ ĴĠǜē ŮŨ ǙŠ ǁ ĔũŨ ȕŶĴĬǜē ƻ ŮĹĩŻ źĲŤē ĚżŨŵũőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ĦŲŬ ŹŤč ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘēęįŵĹŨ İŭĝĹĜ ĚżŐŵŬ ūĔũńŴ ȕĚĩŁŤē ĶŻĶőĜŴ ȕŃĴũŤē ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵŤĔĖ ŹŭőŻƿ ūĔũń ŹŤč ŗİŲĜ ŽűŴǘĔũĤč ūĔšĹŤē ŮżĖ ĔũżŘ ęĔżĩŤē ƻ ęįŵĥŤē ĚżŤĔŐ ěĔŨİĬ ĚĨĔĜč ŽŘ ŮšũŨ İĨ ŹŁŜĉ ŹŤč ŒĸŵĝŤē ěĔŨİĬŴ ěǙĬİĜ ŹŤč ƻēįĔŭĝĸē ŢŤıŴ ȕūĔšĹŤē ŶŵĝĹŨ ŹťŐ ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕĚŤŵŲĹĖ ĔŲŜĔŉŬ ŒżĸŵĜ ŮšũŻ ęİĨŵŨŴ ĚŉĹėŨ ţǙĬ ŮŨŴįĳēŵũŤē ĚťŜ ŮŨ ŽŬĔőĜ ŽĝŤē ŮŠĔŨǜē ŽŘ ŢŤı ŽťŻ ĔŨ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ħĴĝŝĜ ȕĚżŨŵũőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ĦŲŬ įĔũĝŐē ȖĚŉĹėŨŴ ęİĨŵŨ ěēįĔļĳčŴ ěǘŵŠŵĜŴĴĖ ȖķĔŭŤē ŹťŐ ĶŠĴĜŴ ĚťŨĔšĝŨ Ěżĩŀ ěĔŨİĬ ȖěĔŨİĭŤē ŪŻİŝĜ ŽŘ ĚŻĶŠĴŨǙŤē ȖŗĔŁŬǞē ŹťŐ ĶżŠĴĝŤē ȖĚżőũĝĥũŤē ĚŠĳĔĽũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŮŨ ƻēĳĴŅĜ İļǜē ĿĔĭļǝŤ ŗįĔŲŤē şēĴļǞē Ȗ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ȖĿĔĭŤēŴ ŧĔőŤē ŮżŐĔŉŝŤē ŮŨ ęįĔřĝĸǘē ȖĔŲĝřťšĜ ĴĹŻ Ŵĉ ěĔŨİĭŤē ĚżŬĔĥŨ ūĔũń ŊŉĭŤē ŹŤč źįĴřŤē źĴŻĴĹŤē ĶżŠĴĝŤē ĳŵĩŨ ŮŨ ţĔŝĝŬǘē ūĔšĹŤē ŹťŐ ĚũĐĔŝŤē ĚżŭňŵŤē

ŽŘ ŪĨĴŤē ŞŭŐ ūĔňĴĹĖ ĚĖĔŀǞē źĴĩĝŤ ĆĔĹŭŤē łĩŘ ± ǦǪ ĔżŭżŠ ȕĚżřŻĳ ęįĔżŐ

Ǩǩ

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē Ŧšżű ĚĨĴĝŝũŤē ŞżŝĩĜ ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ŦŻŵũĝŤē - Ǫ ŽĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ųĤŵĝŤē ĚżŉŕĝŤē ŮŨ ĢŤĔġŤē İőėŤĔĖ ųĤŵĝŤē ēĲű ŹŭőŻƿ ±ĚŨēİĝĸǘē ŦŻŵũĝŤ ĚŻĳĔšĝĖēŴ ĚŨēİĝĹŨ ģıĔũŬ İŻİĩĝĖ ĚťŨĔĽŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ģŵŲŭŤēŴ ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘē ŹťŐ ţŵŁĩŤē ķĔŭťŤ ŹŭĹĝŻ ĢżĩĖ ŚżŤĔšĝŤē ņřĭŤ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚżŤĔŨ ěĔĖŵőŁŤ ŃĴőĝŤē ūŴį ĚŨĵǙŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ±ŦũőŤē ŒŻĴĹĜ ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ĳĔšĝĖǘē - ǫ ŽĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ųĤŵĝŤē ŽŘ ęĴżėŠ ěēĴŕĠ ĔŲŻĴĝőĜ ŽĝŤē ěǘĔĥũŤē ųĤŵĝŤē ēĲű įİĩŻ ĳĔĹŨ ŦŻŵĩĝŤ ĳĔšĝĖǘē ŧĶťŻ ĢżĨŴ ȕěĔżĤŵŤŵŭšĝŤēŴ ĚŘĴőũŤē œŵťĖ ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘē ůİőĖ ĔŨŴ ǨǦǨǦ ŧĔőŤ ęįİĩũŤē ŪŤĔőũŤē ŗİű ŞżŝĩĜ ŵĩŬ ŽŅũťŤ ƻēĳĔĹŨ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘēęįŵĹŨ ŮżėĜŴ ǁ İĨĉ ĔűĳĔėĝŐĔĖ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŮŨ łťĭĝŤē ǨǦǩǦ ŧĔŐ ţŵťĩĖ ĚżŨŵũőŤē ĚĩŁŤĔĖ ŞżĩĜ ŽĝŤē ĴňĔĭũŤē ǨǦǨǦ ŽŨĔőŤ ĚŨİĭŤē ĚżŉŕĝĖŴ ĴĠǜĔĖ ŞťőĝĜ ěĔŻĔŔ įİĩĜ ŽűŴ ŮŨ łťĭĝŤē ŗİű ŞżŝĩĜ ŵĩŬ ĵĴĩũŤē ŧİŝĝŤē ķĔżŝŤ ǨǦǩǦŴ ŽŘ ěēĆēĴĤč ıĔĭĜē ŧĶťŻ ȕěĔŻĔŕŤē ůĲű ŞżŝĩĝŤŴ ŃēĴŨǜē ůĲű ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ěĔŲĤŵĝŤē ĞĩĜ ģĳİŭĜ ŽűŴ ȕěǘĔĥŨ ĚĹũĬ ĚĹũĭŤē ěēĆēĴĤǞēŴ ĚĹũĭŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ěĔŲĤŵĝŤē İļĴĝĹĜŴ ūĊĽĖ ǭĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ĲżřŭĜ ŪżżŝĝĖ ĚŻŵŤŴǜē ěēı ęĴĝřŤē ŽŘ ĔŲĝĩŘĔšŨŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ĚŭŨĔġŤē ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ĚżőũĤ ŹťŐ ŃĴŐ ƿ źĲŤē ǨǦǧǫ±ǨǦǦǬ Ǯ ǧŽťŻ ĔŨ ęĳŴĴń ŪżżŝĝŤē İ ǁŠĉŴ ǨǦǧǫ ŧĔŐ ŽŘ ŮżĝĹŤēŴ ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĳĔĽĝŬē ţŵĨ ŗĳĔőũŤē ŮżĹĩĜŴ İŀĴĝŤē ĶŻĶőĜ ȖěĔĖŴĴšżũŤē ěēįĔŅũŤ ĔŲĝŨŴĔŝŨŴ ĔŲĜĔėėĹŨŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ěǙĬİĜ śĔŉŬ ŒżĸŵĜ Ǩ ĶżŠĴĝŤē ţǙĬ ŮŨ ȕęįİĩũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũťŤ ƻĔŀŵŁĬŴ ěĔŨİĭŤē ĚĨĔĜč ęįĔŻĵ ǩ ȕĚũĐǙũŤēŴ ĚżĜēČũŤē ĚđżėŤē ūĔũń ŹťŐ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ĦŨį ŞŻĴň ŮŐ ĚżŭőũŤē ƻĔŜĔŉŬ ŒĸŴǜē ŊŉĭŤē ŽŘ ŽĤǙőŤē ĔűĴżĖİĜŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚżĖĔĥŬǞēŴ ĚżĹŭĥŤē ĚĩŁŤēŴ źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżřĖ ěĔŨİĭŤē ŦŻŵũĜ ěĔżŤć ĶŻĶőĜ Ǫ ȖĚżĹżĐĴŤē ěĔŁŭũŤē ŮŨ ĔűĴżŔŴ ŒŻĴĹĜ ǫ ȖĚŻĴĽėŤē įĳēŵũŤē ěēĳİŜ ĶŻĶőĜŴ ĚŜǙőŤē ěēı ŽŘ ĚżŁżĭĽĜ ěēĳĔėĝĬē ĴŻŵŉĜ ŞŻĴň ŮŐ ěēĳĔšĝĖǘē ĚĨĔĜč ěēİżėŨŴ ěĔĨĔŝťŤĔŠ ȕęİŻİĤ ĚżĐĔŜŴ ěǙĬİĜŴ ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ĶŠēĴŨ ŊżĹėŤē ĺĖĴŲŤē ķŴĴżŘ ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵťŤ ŽőũŝŤē ģǙőŤēŴ ŪżĠēĴĥŤē ĚĩŁŤē ĶŻĶőĜ ĘżŤĔĸĉŴ źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘŴ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸē ěĔŲĤŵĜ ĚĹũĬ ĚĨĴĝŝũŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ŚŁĜ ūēİťėŤē ŹťŐ ŮżőĝŻ ŽĝŤē ĚŻŵŤŴǜē ěēı ěēĆēĴĤǞē ĔŲĝĩĜ ģĳİŭĜ ųŨİŝĝĸ źĲŤē ŪŐİŤē ŢŤı ŹťŐ ęŴǙŐ ŚŁĜŴȕĔűıĔĭĜē İżřĝĹĜŴĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘē śĔŉŬ ŒżĸŵĜ ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ĚũōŭũŤē ƿ ŦŅřĖ ĚĨĔĝũŤē ĚťĐĔŲŤē ĿĴřŤē ŮŨ ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘē ůĲű ŽĝŤē Ĵňǜē ƻ ĆĔŅŝťŤ ȕǨǦǩǦ ŧĔőŤ ĚŨēİĝĹũŤē ĚżũŭĝŤē ĚŉĭŤ ĚĖĔĥĝĸē ĞőńŴ ƿ ĳįĔŁŨ ĔŲřŀŵĖ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĚđĖŴĉ ŹťŐ ĚżŨŵũőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ūēİżŨ ŽŘ ŞťŝťŤ ŶĴėŠ ǧ ŦšĽŤē ŽŘ įĴĜ ĚĹũĭŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ěĔŲĤŵĝŤē ŦũĽĜŴ ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ęĴĝřŤĔĖĚŀĔĭŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘēęįŵĹŨ ĔŲŭũŅĝĜ ŽĝŤē ŽťŻ ĔŨ ĶżŠĴĜŦĤĉŮŨěĔŨŵťőũŤēĴżŘŵĜǧŽĥżĜēĴĝĸǘēųĤŵĝŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĆĔĖŴ ŪŲŘ ęĳŴĴń ŹťŐ ųĤŵĝŤē ēĲű ĶŠĴŻ ±ŦũőŤē ƻĔĸĔĸĉ ůĳĔėĝŐĔĖ ųŤ ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘēŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ĚđėőĜŴ ŽŭňŵŤē ŊżŉĭĝŤēŴ ŽĸĔżĹŤē ŧēĶĝŤǘēŴ ĚżŐŵĝťŤ ĦŨēĴėŤē ŮżĹĩĜŴ ȕĲżřŭĝŤēŴ ȕĔŲŁżŁĭĜŴ įĳēŵũŤē ±ĴĠǜĔĠēİĨĎŸŤčĚżŨēĴŤĔĜǙĬİĝŤēǨŽĥżĜēĴĝĸǘēųĤŵĝŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ĚżŉŕĝŤē ŮŨ ţŴǜē İőėŤĔėŲĤŵĝŤē ēĲű ŹŭőŻƿ ĚũżōőŤē ěǙĬİĝŤē ŮŨ ĚżĸĔĸǜē ĚŨĶĩŤē ŚŀŵĖ ĚťŨĔĽŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ĚťĹťĸ įēİĝŨē ŹťŐ ĔŲũŻİŝĜ ĘĥŻ ŽĝŤē ĴĠǜē ěĔŻĔŕŤē œŵťėŤ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖĚŀĔĭŤē ŽŘ ĔŲĤēĳįč ŽŘ ĴōŭŻƿ ūĉ ŽŕėŭŻ ŽĝŤēŴ ȕĚżũŤĔőŤēŴ ĚŻĴŉŝŤē ĚżŭňŵŤē ĚżĩŁŤē İĐēŵřŤē ŧĶĨ ŞżŝĩĜŦĤĉŮŨěĔŨİĭŤēŪŻİŝĜǩŽĥżĜēĴĝĸǘēųĤŵĝŤē ĚżŉŕĝŤē ŮŨ ŽŬĔġŤē İőėŤĔĖ ųĤŵĝŤē ēĲű ŹŭőŻƿ ±ŗĔŁŬǞē ŪŻİŝĝŤ ģŵŲŭŤēŴ ĘżŤĔĸǜē ŦŅŘĉ İŻİĩĝĖ ĚťŨĔĽŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ĚťĹťĸ ŚťĝĭŨ ŽŘŴ ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŚťĝĭũŤ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĴĠǜē ŪżōőĜŴ ŗĔŁŬǞē ŞżŝĩĜ ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ȕĚżŘēĴŕĥŤē ŒŜēŵũŤē ěǙĬİĝŤē ŹťŐ ŪĸĔĩŤē ĶżŠĴĝŤē ŦũĽŻ ŵűŴęįŵĥŤē ūĔũńŴ ŮżĖ ęēŴĔĹũŤēŴ ūĔĹŬǞē śŵŝĨ ŹťŐ ĶŠĴĜ ŽĝŤē ģŵŲŭŤēŴ ĚřŁŭũŤē ĚĨĔĜǞē ŃŵŝĜ ŽĝŤē ŞĐēŵőťŤ źİŁĝŤēŴ ŮżĹŭĥŤē ŚťĝĭŨ ŽŘŴ ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŚťĝĭũŤ ěĔŨİĭťŤ ĚżŘēĴŕĥŤē ŒŜēŵũŤēŴ ŗŴĴōŤē

ŹťŐ ǨǦǧǫ-ǨǦǦǬ ĔŲĝĩŘĔšŨŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵťŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ĲżřŭĜ ūĊĽĖ ŽťĨĴũŤē ĴŻĴŝĝŤē ĴōŬē ǨǦǧǬŦŻĴĖĉ ūĔĹżŬ ǨǨ ŽŘ ŏǙňǘē ŪĜ KWWSZZZZKRLQWUHSURGXFWLYHKHDOWKSXEOLFDWLRQVUWLV67,-SURJUHVVSGI"XD źēĵ ŽťĨĴũŤē ĴŻĴŝĝŤē ǩǬǬǮģ ĚŝżĠŵŤē ĴōŬē

ǭ Ǯ

Ǧǩ ŗİŲŤēŴ ĚŻċĴŤē ďįĔėũŤēŴ ěĔŻĔŕŤēŴ ĚżŲżĤŵĝŤē

ĚŻċĳ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘēęįŵĹŨ ĪńŵĜ ųŘēİűĉŴ ŽũŤĔőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŜ ŪŐǜē ůĴĠĉŴ ųũŤĔőŨŴ ųĜĔŻĔŔŴ ĔűİũĝőŻ ŽĝŤē ĚżŲżĤŵĝŤē ďįĔėũŤēŴ

Ǧǫ

Ǩǫ

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ȒǭǦƸŤē ěĔŻĔŔ ěİŭĝĸēŴ źĴĽėŤĔżũżťĩŤĔŨĳŵŤĔĸŴĴżŘİń ĚżťũőĖ İļĴĝĹĜ ǘ ŽűŴ ȕĆēĴėĭŤē Ćēĳć ŽŘ ŞŘēŵĜ ŹŤč ĚĨĴĝŝũŤē źĴĽėŤē ŽũżťĩŤē ŧĳŵŤē ħĔŝťĖ ĚŝťőĝũŤē ĚŻĔŕŤē ŞĹĝĜŴĚĤĲũŬ ĚŀĔĭŤē ĚżũŤĔőŤē ŦũőŤē ĚŉĬ ŽŘ ęįİĩũŤē ěĔŻĔŕŤē ŒŨ ǯ ěĔĨĔŝťŤĔĖ ŵűŴ ȕǨǦǩǦ ŧĔŐ ţŵťĩĖ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ěĔŻĔŕŤē ŞżŝĩĜ ŽŕėŭŻŴ ĚżũŭĝŤē ŗēİűǜ įİĩũŤē ŽŭŨĶŤē ĳĔňǞē ŒŨ ŞĹĝŻ ĔŨ ǨǦǨǧ ŧĔŐ ŽŘ ůĳŴİŀ ĳĴŝũŤē ĴŻĴŝĝŤē ĺżŝżĸŴ ǧǦĚŨēİĝĹũŤē ēıč ĚŘĴőũŤ ŪżżŝĜ ĲĐİŭŐ ŶĴĥŻƿ ŗŵĸŴ ȕĚũŲũŤē ŪŤĔőũŤē ŽŘ ƻĔŅŻĉ ĵŵĥŻŴǘ ŧĉ ĪżĩŁŤē ĳĔĹũŤē ŹťŐ ěĔŻĔŕŤē ĞŬĔŠ ĔŨ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ěĔŻĔŕŤē ŞżŝĩĝŤ ĚŨĵǘ ěǙŻİőĜ ĚŻĉ ĆēĴĤč ŮżĩŤē ŢŤı ǨǦǩǦ ŧĔőŤ ęįİĩũŤē

ĆēĴėĭŤ ęĳŴĔĽŨ ĆĔŭĠĉ ĚũŲũŤē ŪŤĔőũŤēŴ ěĔŻĔŕŤē ĞĨĴ ƿĝŜēİŜŴ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ĚũōŭŨ ŮżťġũŨ ĞŭũŅĜŴ ȕǨǦǧǪ ĺŉĹŔĉĕć ŽŘ ĞŻĴĤĉƿ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚżŨŵũőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ěǘĔĥŨ ŮŨ ţĔĥũŤē ēĲű ŽŘ ĆēĴėĬŴ ŮżŻĴŉŜ ĚŻįŴįĴũŤē ĚżŤĔŐ ěǙĬİĜ ĴŘēŵĝĖ ěĔŻĔŕŤē ĳĔżĝĬē ĴĠĊĜ İŜŴ ěēĴļČũŤē ŧēİĭĝĸēŴ ĔŲŜĔŉŬ ŒżĸŵĝĖ ŦżĥőĝŤē ŽŕėŭŻ ƿ ŽĝŤē ŖżťėĝŤē ĆĔėŐĉ ŮŨ İĩťŤ ŦőřŤĔĖ ęįŵĤŵũŤē ŖżťėĝŤē ĴňĉŴ

ŮŨ ěĔŻĔŕŤē ůĲű İŀĳ ŮšũŻŴ ūēİťėŤē ŞĜĔŐ ŹťŐ ŒŝĜ ĵĴĩũŤē ŧİŝĝŤē ŮŐ ŖżťėĝťŤ ŽŤĔĩŤē ŽũŤĔőŤē ŧĔōŭŤē ţǙĬ ȕĚėĨĔĽŤē ĚżėŤŵťŤēŴ ĚżŭėŤē ĚŻĴĹżŭŤēĵİŻǝŤ ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘē ŽŘ ŪżőŉĝŤē ěĔĨĔŝťŤĔĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ĚżũŤĔőŤē ŦũőŤē ĚŉĬŴ

ŗİŲŤē ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĚđĖŴĉ ŹťŐ ĆĔŅŝŤē ŽŘ ĚżĹżĐĴŤē ŞťŝŤē ĳįĔŁŨ ŮŨ ĔűĳĔėĝŐĔĖ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ǧǧ ĚżŨŵũőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ţĔĥŨ

ĚŻċĴŤē ŧēİőŬēŴ ȕęİŻİĥŤē ŶŴİőŤē ěǘĔĨ ŧēİőŬē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚŝťőĝũŤē ěĔřŐĔŅũŤē ȕĔŲŭŐ ĚũĤĔŭŤē ěĔżŘŵŤē ŧēİőŬēŴ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĪżĝŻ ŪŤĔŐ ŽŘ ȕĔŲĖ ŞťőĝũŤē ĶżżũĝŤē ŧēİőŬēŴ ĚŤŵŲĸŴ ĚŻĴĨ ŃēĴŨǜē ůĲŲĖ ŮżĖĔŁũŤē ŒżũĥŤ ůĲű ŮŨ ģǙőŤēŴ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ěĔŨİĬ ŹťŐ ţŵŁĩŤē ęĔżĩĖ ķĔŭŤē ŪőŭŻ ūĉ ŹŤč źįČŻ ĔŨ ȕŃēĴŨǜē ĚĩŁŤĔĖ ēŵőĝũĝŻŴ ĚťŻŵň

ǨǦǩǦ ŧĔőŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ěĔŻĔŕŤē ŗİű ŞŝĩĜ ūĉ ĚŤĔőřŤē ěĔŨİĭŤēŴ ěǙĬİĝŤē ŽŘ ŒĸŵĝŤē ĚŐĴĸ ŹŤč ĚżŨēĴŤē ęĴŘĔŅĝũŤē įŵŲĥŤē ūĊļ ŮŨŴ ĚĩŁŤē ţĔĥŨ ŽŘ ĚżĹżĐĴŤē ŞťŝŤē ĳįĔŁŨ ŮŨ ĔűĳĔėĝŐĔĖ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŹťŐ ĆĔŅŝŤē Ǭ ŦšĽŤē ĴōŬē ĚĨŵũŉŤē ěĔŻĔŕŤē ŮŨ ĚżŤĔĝŤē ĚŐŵũĥũŤē ŞżŝĩĜ ŞŻĴň ŮŐ ǨǦǩǦ ŧĔŐ ţŵťĩĖ ĚżŨŵũőŤē ȖǨǦǧǮ ŧĔőŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĸĔĸǜē ěĔŬĔżėŤē ȒǯǦ ĚėĹŭĖ ƻĔżũŤĔŐ ĚėĨĔĽŤē ĚżėŤŵťŤĔĖ ĚĖĔŀǞē ěǘİőŨ ņřĬ ȖǨǦǧǮ ŧĔőŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĸĔĸǜē ěĔŬĔżėŤē ȒǯǦ ĚėĹŭĖ ƻĔżũŤĔŐ ĚżŭėŤē Ǎ ĚŻĴĹżŭŤĔĖ ĚĖĔŀǞē ěǘİőŨ ņřĬ ȖūēİťėŤē ŮŨ ȒǮǦ ŽŘ ŽĨ įŵŤŵŨ ǧǦǦ ǦǦǦ ŦšŤ ŦŜĉ Ŵĉ ĚŤĔĨ ǫǦ ŹŤč ŽŝťĭŤē źĴűĶŤē ěǘĔĨ įİŐ ņřĬ ȒǯǦ ĚėĹŭĖĚżŭňŵŤĔũżőŉĝŤĔĥŨēĴėżŘ źĴĽėŤĔŻ ŪżťĩŤē ŧĳŵŤĔĸŴĴżřĨĔŝťĖĚżŉŕĝŤē ŹťŐ ūēİťėŤē ŋĔřĨ ĔŲŤ ĚŤįĔőũŤē ĚŻĳēįǞē ěēİĨŵŤē Ŵĉ ěĔőňĔŝũŤĔőżũĥżřťŜǜĔŸťŐ ȒǮǦ ĚėĹŬŵżŭňŵŤēİżőŁŤĔŸťŐ

Ǫ ŞĩťũŤē ȕǧěǙĥĸ ǨǦǧǨǬǫ ŏ Ŀ ģ ĚŝżĠŵŤē ĴōŬē

ȕǨǦǩǦ ŧĔőŤ ĚŨēİĝĹũŤē ĚżũŭĝŤē ĚŉĬ ĔŭũŤĔŐ ŦŻŵĩĜ - ǧǭǦ ęİĩĝũŤē ŪŨǝŤ ĚŨĔőŤē ĚżőũĥŤē ĳēĴŜ ŽŘ ȕ ƻĔřŤĔĸ ĳŵŠĲũŤē ŵĩŭŤē ŹťŐ ȕĔŲĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ěĔŻĔŕŤēŴ ĚŨēİĝĹũŤē ĚżũŭĝŤē ŗēİűĉ įĴĜ ǧǦ ǬǧǦǨ ŦŻĴĖĉ ūĔĹżŬ ǨǨ ŽŘ ŏǙňǘē ŪĜKWWSZZZXQRUJJDVHDUFKYLHZBGRFDVS"V\PERO $5(6ǧ /DQJ ( ŽŤĔĝŤē ŊĖēĴŤēĴōŬē ĚżėŤŵťŤēŴ ĚżŭėŤē Ǎ ĚŻĴĹżŭŤĔĖ ĚĖĔŀǞē ěǘĔĨ įİŐ ŃĔřĭŬĔĖ ĚżŨŵũőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ţĔĥŨ ŽŘ ĚżĹżĐĴŤē ŞťŝŤē ĳįĔŁŨ ŮŨ ĔűĳĔėĝŐĔĖ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĚđĖŴĉ ŹťŐ ĆĔŅŝŤē įİĩĝŻ ǧǧ źĴĽėŤē ŽũżťĩŤē ŧĳŵŤē ķŴĴżřŤ ęįĔŅũŤē ěĔĨĔŝťŤĔĖ ĚżŉŕĝŤē ŮŨ ţĔŐ ƽ ŶŵĝĹŨ ŞżŝĩĝĖ ŮňĴĹĝťŤ ĚŝĖĔĹŤē ŪĨĴŤē ŞŭŐ ěĔŘćŴ ŽŝťĭŤē źĴűĶŤē ŮŨ łťĭĝŤēŴ ȕĚėĨĔĽŤē ŽŤĔĝŤē ŊĖēĴŤē ĴōŬē ³ŦřŉŤē ŹŤč ŧǜē ŮŨ źĴűĶŤēŵŻĴĽėŤĔżŐĔŭũŤēĵŵőŤĔĸŴĴżřėŷŴİőŤǘĔŝĝŬē ŮũŁťĭĝŤē ŞŝĩĝŤĔĜĔżťũŐŴĴżŻĔőũŤĔŬĊĽĖĚżũŤĔőŤĔĜēįĔļĳǞē´ ŒũŸļĔũĝŻĔũĖ ǧǨ ǬǧǦǨ ŦŻĴĖĉ ūĔĹżŬ ǫǨŽŘ ŏǙňǘē ŪĜ KWWSDSSVZKRLQWLULVELWVWUHDPBHQJSGI"XD XD

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ǨǬ

ǨǦǨǦ ŧĔőŤ ĚũŲũŤē ŪŤĔőũŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤēĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘŴ ȕĚżŤŴǜē ĚżĩŁŤē ĚŻĔŐĴŤĔĖ ĚťŁĝũŤē ĚŝĖĔĹŤē ĚŻĔŐĴŤēŴ ȕęĴĸǜē ŪżōŭĜŴ ȕĚżĖĔĥŬǞē ĚĩŁŤēŴ ȕźĴĽėŤē ĔŲŤ ĚŝĨǙŤē ŢťĜŴ ęįǘŵťŤ ŽũżťĩŤē ŧĳŵŤē ķŴĴżŘ ħĔŝŤ ūēİťėŤē ŮŨ ȒǭǦ ŧİŝĜ ūĉ ŽŭňŵŤē ŒżŭũĝŤē ĦŨĔŬĴĖ ţǙĬ ŮŨ źĴĽėŤē ěēįĔŅŨ ĚŨŴĔŝŨ ěǘĔĨ ŮŐ ūēİťėŤē ŮŨ ȒǭǦ Ŗ ǀťė ƿĝŬĉ ĚżŭėŤē ǁ ĚŻĴĹżŭŤĔĖ ŞťőĝŻ ĔũżŘ ěĔĖŴĴšżũŤē ŹťŐ ȒǯǦ ĚėĹŬ ŹťŐ ŎŘĔĩĜŴ ūēİťėŤē ŞŝĩĜ ūĉ ěēİĨŵŤē Ŵĉ ěĔőňĔŝũŤē ŒżũĤ ŽŘ Ŵ ŽŭňŵŤē İżőŁŤē ĔżũżťĩŤĔŨĳŵŤĔĸŴĴżřĨ ĔŝťĖ ĚżŉŕĝŤē ŮŨ ĔŲŤ ĚŤįĔőũŤēĚŻĳēįǞē ĚżŭňŵŤē ŪżőŉĝŤē ĦŨēĴĖ ŽŘ źĴĽėŤ ŽťŻ ĔŨ ǭ ŦšĽŤē ĴōŬē ǨǦǨǦ ŧĔőŤ ĚũŲũŤē ŪŤĔőũŤē ŦũĽĜ ĚŻİőũŤē ƻĔũōŬ ūēİťėŤē ŮŨ ȒǭǦ ĲřŭĝŬĉ ƿ ŃēĴŨĉ ţēİŀĴĝŤ ǁ ŞżŝĩĜŵĩŬĵĴĩũŤē ƿ ŧİŝĜ ţēİŀĳ ŹťŐęĳįĔŜ ƻĔżĹŭĤĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĔŲżťŐĆĔŅŝŤĔĖ ĚťŁĝũŤē ěĔŻĔŕŤē ŮŨ Ȓǯǫ ŮŐ ŦŝŻǘĔŨ ūēİťėŤē ŮŨ ȒǭǦ ŒŅĭ ƿĝŬĉ ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ łĩŘ ţĔű ŽŘ ŦŨēŵĩŤēĆĔĹŭŤē ĚŝėĹũŤēŴ ęĴĩŤē ŮŲĝŝŘēŵũĖ ȕźĴűĶŤē Ŵĉ Ŵ źĴĽėŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżřĖ ěĔĖĔŁũŤē ŦŨēŵĩŤē ŮŨ ȒǯǦŴ ȕęĴżŭĝĹũŤēŴ ŽĜǙŤē ŦŨēŵĩŤē ŮŨ ȒǯǫŴ ţĔőŘ ģǙŐ źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ŹťŐ ęİĨēŴ ĚŐĴĥĖ ģǙőťŤ źĴűĶťŤ ŽĖĔĥŻč ŦŁŨ ŮŲŻİŤ ŮŐ ţĔőŘ ĴĬć ŽĤǙŐ ŧĔōŭĖ Ŵĉ ŮżťťżĹżŭżĖ ŮżĜēĶŭżėŤĔĖ ŦŜǜē ŦŅőŤē ŽŘ ųŜĳĵ ŞŻĴň ĚńĴőũŤē ĚżĹżĐĴŤē ūĔšĹŤē ěĔđŘ ŮŨ ȒǭǦ ĚėĹŭťĨĔĝżŬĉ ǁ ƿ ŹťŐ ţŵŁĩŤē źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤēĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżřĖ ĚĖĔŀǟŤ ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ Ěťŀ ĞũŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ŮŨ ĚťŨĔŠ ĚřĐĔň źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤēĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżřĖŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤēĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ěĔżŜēŵŤē ŹťŐ ţŵŁĩŤē ŦũĽŻĔũĖ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚťŁĝŨ ěĔŨİĬ ūēİťėŤē ŮŨ ěĔŜĔżĹŤē ŒżũĤ ŽŘ ěĔŨİĭŤē ůĲű ŹŤč Žĩ ƿĜŴĉ ƻĔżĹŭĤ

ȒǭǦ ƻĔũōŬūēİťėŤēŮŨȒǦǭĲřŭĜ ĚŻİőũŤēŃēĴŨǜēİ ŀĴĝŤ ƿ ǁ ƻĔżĹŭĤĚŤŵŝŭũŤē

ǨǦǨǦ ŧĔőŤ ĚŻĴŉŝŤē ƿ ěĔŻĔŕŤē ŽŘ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ěĔŻĔŕŤēŴ ŗēİűǜĔĖ İļĴĝĹĜ ūĉ ūēİťėťŤ ŽŕėŭŻ ĔŨŴ ǨǦǨǦ ŧĔőŤ ĚĨŵũňŴ ĚżťũŐ ĚżŭňŴ ěĔŻĔŔŴ ŗēİűĉ ŒńŴ ĔũĖ ȕźĴŉŝŤē ƿ śĔżĹŤē ęĔŐēĴŨ ŒŨ ȕŮšũŨ ĞŜŴ ŏĴĸĉ ŽŘ ůİőĖ ěĔŐŵũĥũŤēŴ ȕĔŲĜĔżŨĔŭŻįŴ ĚŻĴŉŝŤē ƿ ĚđĖŴǜē Ěőżėň ŢŤı ŽŘ ŒũĝĥũŤēŴ ĚżĩŁŤē ĚŻĔŐĴŤē Ūō ƿŬ ŦŠĔżűŴ ȕęĳĴŅĝũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ŽŕėŭŻŴ ĔŲĝđėőĜ ŮšũŻ ŽĝŤē įĳēŵũŤēŴ ȕĔũŲĜēĳİŜŴ ŽťĩũŤē ŹŤč įĔŭĝĸǘĔĖ įİĩ ƿĜ ūĉŴ ŞżŝĩĝťŤ ĚťĖĔŜ ěĔŻĔŕŤē ūŵšĜ ūĉ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĚŤĔĨ ŮŐ ĚĨĔĝũŤē ěĔŬĔżėŤē ŦŅŘĉ ţǙĬ ŮŨ İŀĴťŤ ŒŅĭ ƿĜ ūĉŴ ȕĔŲŤ ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘēŴ ĔŲĜĔűĔĥĜēŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ūĉ ŽŕėŭŻŴ ķĔżŝťŤ ĚťĖĔŝŤē ěēĴļČũŤēŴ ĴżŻĔőũŤē ŮŨ ĚŐŵũĥŨ ŒżũĥŤē ŹťŐ ěĔŻĔŕŤē ŞėŉŭĜ

Ǩǭ

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ūǙżĹŤēŴ źĴűĶŤĔĖĚĖĔŀǞē ěǘİőũĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ěĔŻĔŕŤē Ǭ ŦšĽŤē

źĴűĶŤĔĖĚĖĔŀǞēěǘİőŨ ěēĆēĴĤǞē ęĴĝřŤē ŽŘ ĚťĥőũŤē ǨǦǧǬ-ǨǦǨǧ

ǬȓǦ

ǫȓǦ ĚĖĔŀǞē ěǘİőŨ ņřĬ źĴűĶŤĔĖ ěĔŬĔżėŤēȒǯǦ ĚėĹŭĖ ƻĔżũŤĔŐ (ǨǦǧǮ ŧĔőŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤēĚżĸĔĸǜē

ǪȓǦ (ŮżŻǙũŤĔĖ (ŮżŻǙũŤĔĖ

ǩȓǦ

ǨȓǦ

ǧȓǦ

Ǧ ǨǦǩǦ ǨǦǨǦ ĚŭĹŤē ǨǦǧǦ

ūǙżĹŤĔĖĚĖĔŀǞēěǘİőŨ ĚťĥőũŤē ěēĆēĴĤǞē ęĴĝřŤē ŽŘ ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ

ǯǦȓǦ

ņřĬ ūǙżĹŤĔĖĚĖĔŀǞē ěǘİőŨ ěĔŬĔżėŤēȒǯǦ ĚėĹŭĖ ƻĔżũŤĔŐ ŧĔőŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĸĔĸǜē (ǨǦǧǮ

ǫǦȓǦ

ǧǦȓǦ

ǨǦǩǦ

ǨǦǨǦ ĚŭĹŤē

ǨǦǧǦ

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ǨǮ

ǨǦǨǦ ŧĔőŤ ĚũŲũŤē ŪŤĔőũŤē - ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸē ęįŵĹŨ ǭ ŦšĽŤē

ȒǭǦ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē İŀĴĝŤ ƻĔũōŬ ĲřŭĜ ūēİťėŤē ŮŨ ǁ źĴĩĝŤ ŮŲŭŨ ȒǯǦŴ ȕźĴűĶŤē źĴĩĝŤ ŦŨēŵĩŤē ĆĔĹŭŤē ŮŨ ŦŜǜē ŹťŐ Ȓǯǫ ŒŅĭĜ ūēİťėŤē ŮŨ ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżřĖ ŮŲĝĖĔŀč ĳĔėĝĬǘē ĞėġŻ ŮũŨ Ȓǯǫ ŦŁĩĜŴ ȕźĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ ŒĤĔŭŤē ģǙőŤē ŹťŐ ŦŨēŵĩŤē ŮŨ źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ŽŘ ĔŲżŤč ŦżĩĜ Ŵĉ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚŝťőĝũŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ŧİŝĜ ūēİťėŤē ŮŨ źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżřĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ěĔŨİĭŤēŴ ĚżŤŴǜē ĚżĩŁŤē ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ěĔŨİĬ ŒżũĤ ĳĔňč ĔŲŤ ĚŝĨǙŤēŴ ęįǘŵťŤ ĚŝĖĔĹŤē ĚŻĔŐĴŤēŴ ęĴĸǜē ŪżōŭĜŴ ŒżŭũĝŤē ĦŨĔŬĴĖ ţǙĬ ŮŨ źĴĽėŤē ŽũżťĩŤē ŧĳŵŤē ķŴĴżřŤ ęįĔŅũŤē ěĔĨĔŝťŤē ŧİŝĜ ūēİťėŤē ŮŨ ŽŭňŵŤē ĚżŨŵĠĴĥŤē ěēįĔŅũťŤ ĚżŭėŤē Ǎ ĚŻĴżĹżŭŤē ĚŨŴĔŝŨ ŮŐ Ŗ ǁťėĜ ūēİťėŤē ŮŨ

ȒǭǦ ĚżŬĔšĹŤēěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŮŨ ĔŲŤ ĴŘēŵĝĜ ĚżĹżĐĴŤē ŮŨ ĚťŨĔŠ ĚŐŵũĥŨ ĚŝťőĝũŤēěĔŨİĭŤē ĚŻİőũŤēŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ķŴĴżŘŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĔũĖ ȕźĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ěĔżŜēŵŤē ŢŤı ŽŘ

ŪŐǜē ĴĠǜē ğǙġŤē ŮŨ ĚĹũĬ ŽŘ ĚĨĴĝŝũŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘĔũŲĹĝĸŴ :ǨǦǩǦ ŧĔŐ ţŵťĩĖ ĚĩŁŤĔĖ ĚŝťőĝũŤē ĚŻĔŔ ęĴĽŐ ūŴį ţĔřňǜēŴ İżŤēŵũŤēŴ ěĔŲŨǜē ěĔżŘŵŤ ĚŻĔŲŬ ŒńŴ ȖĔŲŻįĔřĜ ŮšũŻ ŽĝŤē ĚĹŨĔĭŤē Ůĸ ŽĐĔĖŵŤē İėšŤē ĕĔŲĝŤē ĚĩŘĔšŨŴ ĵİŻǜē ĚđĖŴǜ ĚŻĔŲŬ ŒńŴ ȖŶĴĬǜē ĚŻĳĔĹŤē ŃēĴŨǜēŴ ĴżŔ ŃēĴŨǜē ŮŐ ĚũĤĔŭŤē ęĴšėũŤē ěĔżŘŵŤē ņżřĭĜ ĶŻĶőĜŴ ģǙőŤēŴ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ţǙĬ ŮŨ ĢťġŤē ĳēİŝũĖ ĚŻİőũŤē ȖŮżĝżĹřŭŤē ĚŨǙĹŤēŴ ĚĩŁŤē ĚĩŁŤĔĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ěĔŨİĬ ŹťŐ ŒżũĥŤē ţŵŁĨ ūĔũń ěĔŨŵťőũŤēŴ ȕęĴĸǜē ŪżōŭĜŴ ȕĚżĖĔĥŬǞēŴ ĚżĹŭĥŤē ěĔżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ŽŘ ĚżĖĔĥŬǞē ĚĩŁŤē ģĔŨįčŴ ȕĚżŐŵĝŤēŴ ȖĚżŭňŵŤē ĦŨēĴėŤēŴ ĚŻĔũĩŤē ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕĚťŨĔĽŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ĚżŉŕĝŤē ŞżŝĩĜ ěĔŨİĬ ŹťŐ ţŵŁĩŤē ĚżŬĔšŨčŴ ȕĚżŤĔũŤē ĴňĔĭũŤē ŮŨ ŒżũĥŤē ţŵŁĨ ĚżŬĔšŨčŴ ęİżĥŤē ĚżĸĔĸǜē ĚżĩŁŤē ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ĚŤĔőřŤēŴ ęİżĥŤēŴĚŬŵŨĊũŤē ěĔĨĔŝťŤēŴ ĚŻŴįǜē ŹťŐ ǁ ĚřťšĝŤē ęĳŵĹżũŤēŴ ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĚżŤĔőŘ İļǜēŴ ĚőĸŵũŤē ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘē ŪŲĹĝĸ ĚżŉŕĝŤē ŞżŝĩĜ ŽŘ ƻēĴżėŠ ƻĔŨĔŲĸč ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ȕĚĩŁŤē ŽŘ ƻĔŨŵũŐ ķĔŭŤē ŞĨ ūĔũńŴ ȕĚťŨĔĽŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ŮżŻǙŨ ıĔŝŬĎĖ ȕǨǦǩǦ ŧĔőŤ ĚŨēİĝĹũŤē ĚżũŭĝŤē ĚŉĬ ĲżřŭĜŴ ĚżŘĔŐŴ Ěĩŀ ŮżĹĩĝĖŴ ȕĴļĔėŨ ĴżŔŴ ĴļĔėŨ ŵĩŬ ŹťŐ ħēŴĳǜē ŪōŬ įŵĤŴ İŭŐ ĴĠǜē ēĲű ŚŐĔŅĝżĸŴķĔŭŤē ŮŨ ĴėŠĉ įİŐ ĚĖŵĩŁŨ ȕěēĆēĴĤǞē ůĲű ŪŐİĜ ĚŻŵŜ ĚżőũĝĥŨŴ Ěżĩŀ źİŁĝŤēŴ ȕŶĴĬǜē ĚżĩŁŤē ěǘĔĥũŤē ŽŘ ęĵĶőŨ ĚĖĔĥĝĸĔĖ ĚĖĔŀǞē ĴňĔĭŨ İŻĶĜ ŽĝŤē ĚżũżōŭĝŤēŴ ĚżŐĔũĝĤǘē ŦŨēŵőťŤ ěĔŨİĭŤē ĚĨĔĜč śŵőĜŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚũĐǙũŤē ĚŉĬ ŽŘ ĢŤĔġŤē ŗİŲŤē ĞĩĜ ģĳİŭĜ ŽĝŤē ěĔŻĔŕŤē ŽŉŕĜŴ ŮũŅĝĜ ǘŴ ȕĚőĸēŴ ěǘĔĥŨ ǨǦǩǦ ŧĔőŤ ĚŨēİĝĹũŤē ĚżũŭĝŤē ǧǩ Ŵĉ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŹŤč ęįİĩŨ ęĳĔļč ěĔŻĔŔ ŞżŝĩĜ ŹťŐ ŦũőŤē ŒŻĴĹĜ ūĊļ ŮŨŴ ĔŲĖ ĚŀĔĬ ěĔŻĔŔ ūĉ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚŝťőĝũŤē ǨǦǨǦ ŧĔŐ ĚżũŭĝŤē ŗēİűĉ ŮŨ įİőŤĔĥŨ ŽŘ ŧİŝĝŤē ĵēĴĨč ŹťŐ İŐĔĹŻ ǨǦǩǦ ŧĔőŤ ęįİĩũŤē ĚŨēİĝĹũŤē

ȕǨǦǩǦ ŧĔőŤ ĚŨēİĝĹũŤē ĚżũŭĝŤē ĚŉĬ :ĔŭũŤĔŐ ŦŻŵĩĜ ± ǧǭǦ ęİĩĝũŤē ŪŨǝŤ ĚŨĔőŤē ĚżőũĥŤē ĳēĴŜ ǧǩ (ǨǦǧǬ ŦŻĴĖĉ ūĔĹżŬǨǨ ŽŘ ŏǙňǘē ŪĜ KWWS:ZZZXQRUJJDVHDUFKYLHZBGRFDVS"V\PERO $5(6 /DQJ ( :ĴōŬē

Ǩǯ

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚŀĔĬ ĚŭżőŨ ěĔŻĔŔ įŵĤŴ ŧİŐ ŹťŐ ĘĜĴĝŻ İŜŴ ŧĔőŤ ĚŨēİĝĹũŤē ĚżũŭĝŤē ĚŉĬ ŽŘ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƻĔŀŵŁĬŴ ĔŲĜĔŻŵŤŴǜ ūēİťėŤē İŻİĩĜ ĚżťũŐ ŹťŐ ĳĔĠć ǨǦǩǦ ŃēĴŨǜē ěēĴļČŨ ķĔżŝŤ ęĔŉőũŤē ĚŻŵŤŴǜē ŹŤč ĚėĹŭŤĔĖ ūĔšũĖ ĚŕŤĔėŤē Ěżũűǜē ŮŨ ųŬĉ ĴżŔ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŽŘ ĚŭżėũŤē ěēĆēĴĤǟŤ ŦŨĔĽŤēŴ ŒŻĴĹŤē ĲżřŭĝŤē ūĉ şĳİŬ ūĉ ĚżũŭĝŤē ĚŉĬ ŞżŝĩĜ ŽŘ ęİĽĖ ŪŲĹżĸ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ůĲű ǨǦǩǦ ŧĔőŤ ĚŨēİĝĹũŤē

ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ źİŁĝťŤ ĚŤĔőřŤē ěēĆēĴĤǞē İŐĔĹĝĸŴ ŃēĴŨǜē ĚŨŴĔŝŨ ĚĖĳĔĩŨ:ŽťŻ ĔŨ ŹťŐ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŝťőĝũŤē ĚżėťĹŤē ŦĐĔŁĩŤē ŹťŐ ĆĔŅŝŤē ȖěĔĖŴĴšżũŤē ěēįĔŅũŤ ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ ţĔŝĝŬē ŮŨ İĩŤē ȖęįǘŵŤē ŽġŻİĩŤĔĖ Ěĩŀ ŪŐį ȖŪŝőŤē ĆĘŐ ŦżťŝĜ ȖūĔňĴĹŤē ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵŤēŴ ȖźĴĽėŤē ŪŲĝżŘĔŐŴ ĕĔėĽŤē

ĚżŲżĤŵĝŤē ďįĔėũŤē :ĚżŤĔĝŤē ďįĔėũŤĔĖ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē İļĴĝĹĜŴ ȖĚżĩŁŤē ěĔŨİĭŤĔĖ ĚťŨĔĽŤē ĚżŉŕĝŤē ȖĚŤĆĔĹũťŤ ĔŲŐŵŅĬŴ ĚŨŵšĩŤē ĚŨēŵŜ ȖěĔŭżėŤĔĖ Ǐ ęİ ǍŭĹũŤē ěĔĸĔżĹŤēŴ ěĔŨİĭŤēŴ ěǙĬİĝŤē ŮżĖ ęēŴĔĹũŤēŴ ūĔĹŬǞē śŵŝĨ ďįĔėŨ ĶŻĶőĜŴ ĚŻĔũĨ ȖĚĩŁŤē ŽŘ ŗĔŁŬǞēŴ ŮżĹŭĥŤē ĦŨēĴėŤēŴ ěĔŐĔŉŝŤē ŮżĖ ŊĖĴŤēŴ ŦŨĔšĝŤēŴ ĚŠēĴĽŤē ȖĚżŭőũŤē ěĔżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘēŴ ŃēĴŨǜē ŮŨ ƻēĳĴŅĜ İļǜē ĿĔĭļǝŤ ŗįĔŲŤē şēĴļǞē ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ĚĩŁŤē ĦŲŬ ŹŤč ĚżŤĔĩŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ęįŵĹŨ İŭĝĹĜ ȕĚĩŁŤē ĶŻĶőĜŴ ȕŃĴũŤē ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵŤĔĖ ŹŭőŻƿ źĲŤē ǧǪĚżŨŵũőŤē ĚĖĔĥĝĸē ĶŻĶőĜ ŹŤč ŗİŲĜŴ ȕǘĔũĤč ūĔšĹŤē ĳĔũŐĉ ĚŤĔňčŴ ƻ ŶİũŤē ĚťŻŵň ĚŨēİĝĹŨ

ūŵőũĝĥŨ ĕĔėĽťŤ įĔŬ ŽŘ ĆĔŅŐĉ ± ǦǬ ŽĹŭĥŤē ŚżŝġĝŤē ŏŵńŵŨ ĚĽŜĔŭũŤ ȕěēįĔżőŤē ŶİĨč ŽŘ ęĴĸǜē ŪżōŭĜŴ ēİŭŔŴĉ

ĚŔĔżŀŴ ȖěĔŻŵŤŴǜēŴ ĚĩŁŤē įİŲĜ ŽĝŤē ĴňĔĭũŤē İŻİĩĝŤ ĴŉĭťŤ ƻĔńĴőĜ İļǜē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē Ěĩŀ İŀĳŴ ŪżżŝĜ ĚżĸĔĸǜē ĚżŨŵũőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ŚĐĔŌŴ ŦũĽĜ ǧǪ ĚżŤĔőŘ ŪżżŝĜŴ ȕĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŒżũĥŤ įŴįĴũŤē ĚżŤĔŐŴ ĚũĐǙŨ ĚŻĔŐĳ ĴżŘŵĜ ūĔũńŴ ȖěĔŻŵŤŴǜēŴ ĔűİŻİĩĜ ŪĝŻ ŽĝŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ěǙšĽũŤē ŦĩŤ ĚżŨŵũŐ ěĔĸĔżĸ ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ŢťĜ

ěĔŲĤŵĝŤē ěēĆēĴĤǞēŴ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ĚŻŵŤŴǜē ěēı

ǦǪ

Ǧǭ

ǩǧ

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ǧ ŽĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ųĤŵĝŤē ŦũőŤē ĶżŠĴĜ ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ěĔŨŵťőũŤē ĴżŘŵĜ ŽŘ ĚŻŴēĶŤē ĴĥĨ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ěĔŨŵťőũťŤ ŧĔōŬ įŵĤŴ ĴėĝőŻ ěǙĬİĜ ĲżřŭĜŴ ȕŽĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ŊżŉĭĝŤēŴ ȕŦŻŵũĝŤēŴȕęŵŐİŤē ȕĔŲŭżĹĩĜŴ ĔűİŀĴŤŴ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĚŤĔőŘ ĔŨ ŗĴőĜ ūĉ ūēİťėŤē ŹťŐ ŮżőĝŻŴĔűĴĠĉ ŹťŐ ěĔŭżėŤē ǁ ŪŻİŝĝŤŴ ŗĴőĜ ūĉŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĚđĖŴĉ ŮŨ ĔŲĖ ĚżŭňŵŤē ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘēİļĴĝĹĜ ŽšŤ ĚŜǙőŤē ěēı ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘē ųĤŴĉ ĚĠİĩũŤē ĚŝżŜİŤē ěĔŨŵťőũŤē ŢťĝĖ

ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĆĔĖŴ ĚŘĴőŨ ƻĔŁżŁĬ ĚũũŁŨ ĚĖĔĥĝĸē ĲżřŭĜ ŦĤĉ ŮŨ

ĚđĖŴǜēŪŲŘ

ĳĔũġĝĸǘēŴęŵŐİŤēŦĤĉŮŨĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘēěĔŨŵťőũŤē

ęİŻİĥŤē ěĔĖĔŀǞē ğİĩĜ ŮŻĉ ŪŲŘ ĚđĖŴǜē ĚŘĴőŨ ŦũĽĜ ŽĝŤē ŦŨēŵőŤē İŻİĩĜŴ ȕğİĩĜ ŇĔĸŴĉ źĉ ŽŘŴ ğİĩĜ ŚżŠŴ ŮŨ İĩĜ ǁ Ŵĉ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ţĔŝĝŬē ŦŲĹĜ ŮšũŻ ȕŢŤı ŹťŐ ĆĔŭĖŴĔŲĖ ŏĔřĝŬǘēŴ ĚũĐǙũŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ĴŘēŵĜ ƻ ĔűĶżŠĴĜŴ ĚŻĔŐĴŤēŴ ģǙőŤēŴ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ĦŨēĴĖ ěĔŻŵŤŴĉ ĘżĜĴĜ ūēİťėŤē İŐĔĹŻ ūĉ ĚżŬĔšĹŤēŴ ĚżŘēĴŕĥŤē ŊĐēĴĭŤē ŪĸĴŤ ŮšũŻŴ ĔűĲżřŭĜŴ ĚżŤĔőŘ İļǜēŴ ęĆĔřŠ ĴġŠǜē ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘē ŪżũŁĜ ŹťŐ ĚřŭŁŨ ěĔŬĔżĖ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ěĔŨŵťőũŤē ŪōŬ ĴŘŵĜ ūĉ ŽŕėŭŻŴ ŪĸĴŤŴ ĚđĖŴǜē ěĔűĔĥĜē İŀĴŤ ŽŭňŵŤē ūŴį ŶŵĝĹũŤē ŹťŐŴ ğİĩĜ ŽĝŤē ĚżĹżĐĴŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤēŴ ĚżŘēĴŕĥŤē ŒŜēŵũťŤ ŊĐēĴĬ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ţĔŝĝŬē ěǘĔĨ ŪōőŨ ĔŲŭżĖ ŒńēŵũťŤ ƻĔőėĜ ěĔŨİĭŤēŴ įĳēŵũŤē łżŁĭĜ ŮŨ ŢŤı Ů ǁšũżĸŴ ĔŲżŘ ĴĠǜē ŪōŐĉ ŞżŝĩĜ ŮšũŻ ŽĝŤē

œŵŁĜ ūĉ ȕęįŴİĩũŤē įĳēŵũŤē ŦŌ ŽŘ ȕūēİťėŤē ŹťŐ ŮżőĝŻ ĚżťĩũŤē įĳēŵũŤē ŧēİĭĝĸē ĴŻĴėĝŤ ĚťŨĔļŴ ĚŻŵŜ ěĔŔŵĹŨ ĚŻĔŐĳŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ŽŘ Ćēįǜē İżĤ ŧĔōŬ įŵĤŴ İőŻŴĚżĤĳĔĭŤē įĳēŵũŤē İĽĩŤŴ ȕĔűĔńĴŨ ƿ ŽĸĔżĹŤē ŧēĶĝŤǘē İĽĩŤ ƻĔŻĳŴĴń ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ěĔŨŵťőũťŤ İŻİĩĜ ŮŨ ūēİťėŤē Ů ǁšũŻ ĢżĨȖĚŻŵŜ ĳĔũġĝĸē ěēĳĴėŨ ĚŔĔżŁŤŴ ƻēįĔŭĝĸē ěĔŨİĭŤēŴ ěǙĬİĝŤē ŮŨ ĚŤĔőŘ ĚŨĶĩŤ ĚżŬēĶżŨ įēİŐčŴ įĳēŵũťŤ ĘĹŬǜē łżŁĭĝŤē ŽŘ ĞėŤēŴ ȕźĴŉŝŤē śĔżĹŤē ŹŤč ŦŻŵũĜ ĳįĔŁŨ İŻİĩĜŴ ȕŽĩŁŤē ŧĔōŭŤē ěĔŻŵĝĹŨ ŚťĝĭŨ ĴėŐ ĔŲżťŐ ţŵőŻŴ ĚťũĝĩŨ ǁ

ūēİťėŤēūŵšĜūĉźĳŴĴŅŤēŮŨ ĚŻİőũŤēŃēĴŨǜēĚđĖŴĉŮŨĚŭżĖŹťŐ ǁ ȕĔŲżŘ ƻĔżĹŭĤĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĔŲĖĚŉėĜĴũŤēěĔĖĔĥĝĸǘēŮŨŴ

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ǩǨ

ĶŠĴŻ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ěĔŨŵťőũťŤ źŵŜ ŧĔōŬ ŹŤč ĚĤĔĨ şĔŭűŴ ģĔĝŬč:ŽťŻ ĔŨ ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŹťŐ ŒżũĥĜŴ ģēĴĭĝĸēŴ ȕŮĹŤēŴ ĺŭĥŤē ŏŵŬ ĘĹĨ ĚřŭŁŨ ěĔŬĔżĖ ŽŉŕĜ ŽĝŤē ŶĴĬǜē ěĔŬĔżėŤē ŒũĤ ŪōŬ ŮŨ ŧĔōĝŬĔĖ ěĔŬĔżėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżřŠ ȕĚĩŁŤĔĖ ŞťőĝĜ ŶĴĬĉ ěĔŐŵńŵŨ ţĔřňǜē ĚĩŀŴ ĚżĖĔĥŬǞē ĚĩŁŤēŴ ĚŨŵŨǜē ĚĩŀŴ ȕźĴĽėŤē ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ţŵĨ ĚŻŵŝŤē ěĔŬĔżėŤē ĪżĝĜŴ ĔũŠ ȕĚżŤĔőŘ İļĉŴ śįĉ ŵĩŬ ŹťŐ ĚŜǙőŤē ěēı ĦŨēĴėŤē ĶżŠĴĜ ŮŨ ĴėŠĉ įēİŐĉ ŹŤč ţŵŀŵťŤ ĔŲřżżšĜ Ŵĉ ěĔŨİĭŤē ĴĽŬ ĪżĝĜ ŦũőŤē ŽŘ ƻĔũŲŨ ƻĔšŻĴļ ŽŬİũŤē ŒũĝĥũŤē ĴėĝőŻŴĚĤĔĩŤē źŴı ŒũĤ ūĔũńŴ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ěĔŨŵťőũŤē ŪōŬ ĶŻĶőĜ ŹťŐ ŹťŐ ŒřŭŤĔĖ įŵőŻ ŽŜǙĬĉ ŵĩŬ ŹťŐ ĔŲŨēİĭĝĸēŴ ěĔŬĔżėŤē ĚżťĩũŤē ěĔőũĝĥũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē İŀĴĜ ěĔŬĔżĖ ŧēİĭĝĸē ƻĔŅŻĉ ŮšũŻŴ ĚĖĔŀǞēŴ ĳĔĽĝŬǘē ěǘİőŨ ĴŻİŝĝŤ ķĔĸĊŠ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē źĴűĶŤĔĖ ĚĖĔŀǞē ěǘİőŨŴ ȕūǙżĹŤēŴ źĴűĶťŤ ĚżŭňŵŤē ŧİŝĝŤē ŪżżŝĝŤ ěēĴŻİŝĝŤē ůĲű ŧēİĭĝĸē ŮšũŻŴȕŽŝťĭŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ůĲű ŗēİűĉ ŵĩŬ ĵĴĩũŤē ŞĖĔĹŤē ŽĐĔŜŵŤē ģǙőŤē įĔũĝŐǘ ŦũĝĩũŤē ĴĠǜē İŀĳ ŽŕėŭŻŴ ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżřĖ ŶŴİőŤĔĖ ŞťőĝŻ ĔũżŘ ŃĴőĝťŤ ŮŨ ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕĚżťĩũŤē ěĔőũĝĥũŤē ŚťĝĭŨ ŽŘ źĴĽėŤē ěĔżŠŵťĹŤēŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē İŀĴĜ ţǙĬ ĦŨēĴėŤēŴ ěĔĸēĳİŤē ūĉ ŮżĨ ŽŘŴ ĚŻŴįǜē ĚŨŴĔŝŨŴĚżĹŭĥŤē ěĔŭżĖ ǁ ŹťŐ źŵŉŭĜ ǘ ęĴšėũŤē ĚťĨĴũŤē ůĲű ŽŘ ĞŻĴĤĉƿ ŽĝŤē ȕĚżĹŭĥŤē ěĔĸĳĔũũŤē ŽŘ ĴňĔĭũŤē ŮŐ ņŻŵőĝŤē ŹťŐ ţİĜ ŽŕėŭŻ ųŬĎŘ ȕĆēĴĽőŤē įİőĜ Ŵĉ ěĔżŜēŵŤē ŧēİĭĝĸē ŒĤēĴĜ ŦġŨ ĚĥŤĔőŨ ƻĔŅŻĉ ūĔũńŴ ųĝżŤĔőŘ ūĔũŅŤ ŪŲũŤē ĳĔšĝĖǘē ēĲű İŀĳ ĚőŜŵĝũŤē ĴżŔ ųėŜēŵŐ

ŃēĴŨǝŤŽŭňŵŤēİŀĴĝŤē ƻĔżĹŭĤĚŤŵŝŭũŤēĚŻİőũŤē

ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē İŀĴĝŤ ĚżĹżĐĳ ĴŀĔŭŐ ĚőĖĳĉ şĔŭű ěǘİőŨ ŪżżŝĜ ěĔżťũŐŴ ȕěǘĔĩŤē ŮŐ ŖżťėĝŤē:ŽűŴ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ěĔŨĵǙĝŨ ěĔėėĹŨ ŪżżŝĜŴ ȕĳĔĽĝŬǘē ěĔĖŴĴšżũŤē ěēįĔŅũŤ ĔŲĝŨŴĔŝŨ İŀĳŴ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ŖżťėĝŤē ŹŤč ƻĔżŤĔĨ ĚżŭőũŤē ĚżŭňŵŤē İŀĴĝŤē Ūō ƿŬ ŪōőŨ İŭĝĹĜŴ ěĔŨĵǙĝũŤē ŹŤč įĔŭĝĸǘĔėĜǘĔĩŤē ŮŐ ŦŨĔĽŤē ţĔŝĝŬǙŤ ūēİťėŤē ŹŤč ęİŐĔĹũŤē ŪŻİŝĜ ĞŜŵŤē ĳŴĴũĖ ŽŕėŭŻŴ ēĲű ĘťŉĝŻ ŮŤŴ ěĔėėĹũŤē İŀĴĜ ŹŤč ěĔŨĵǙĝũŤē İŀĴĜ ŮŨ ĴŻŵŉĜ ƻĔŅŻĉ ŦĖ ȕĘĹĩŘ ĚżŭňŵŤē ĚŻĴėĝĭũŤē ěēĳİŝŤē ĶŻĶőĜ ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĚřťšĝŤē ęĳŵĹżŨ łżĭĽĜ ŦĐĔĸŴ ğēİĩĝĸēŴ ĶŠĴŻ ūĉ ŽŕėŭŻŴĚŻĔŐĴŤē ĶŠēĴŨ ŽŘ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ěēĵēĴŘǞēŴ ūǙżĹŤēŴ źĴűĶŤē ŹťŐ ěǘĔĩŤē ŮŐ ŽŭňŵŤē ŖżťėĝŤē ŽŕėŭŻ ȕŢŤı ŹŤč ĚŘĔńǞĔĖ ĚżťĸĔŭĝŤē ěĔĨĴŝŤēŴ ĚżťżťĨǞē ŮżĖ źĴűĶŤē ĳĔĽĝŬē ěǘİőũŤ ŽŭżĜŴĴŤē İŀĴŤē ĆēĴĤč ūēİťėťŤ ŽŘ ĔũĖ ęįİĩũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤĔŭżĖŴ ŦŨēŵĩŤē ĆĔĹŭŤē ūŵťŨĔőŤēŴ ȕţĔĤĴŤē ŒŨ ĺŭĥŤē ūŵĸĳĔũŻ ŮŻĲŤē ţĔĤĴŤē ŢŤı ŽŭżĜŴĴŤē İŀĴŤē ĆēĴĤč ūēİťėťŤ ŽŕėŭŻ ĔũŠ ȖĺŭĥŤē ţĔĥŨ ŽŘ ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŮżĖ ĚŻĴġĩŤē ęĴĠİĝũŤēŴ ūǙżĹŤē ĳĔĽĝŬē ěǘİőũŤ ŮżŝűēĴũŤē ŮżĖŴ ĔŲĜēı ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŨĵǙĝũťŤ ŽĤǙőŤē ĴżĖİĝŤē ŧİĭĝĹĜ ŽĝŤē ūēİťėŤē ŹťŐ ŮżőĝŻŴ ŽšŤ ŃēĴŨǜē ůĲű ěĔėėĹũŤ ƻĔũżżŝĜ ěēŵŭĸ ŒŅĖ ŦŠ źĴĥĜ ūĉ ūŵšŻ ūĉ ŽŕėŭŻŴ ųĥĐĔĝŭĖ ģǙőŤĔĖ ĚŝťőĝũŤē ěĔżŀŵĝŤē İļĴĝĹĜ ĚŨŴĔŝũŤ ŽŭżĜŴĴŤē İŀĴťŤ ŏŵńŵŨ ŧĔōŬ ūēİťėŤē ŒżũĤ ŶİŤ ĚżŭėŤē Ǎ ěēĳŵšũŤē ěēįĔŅŨ

ȕţĔĤĴŤē ŒŨ ĺŭĥŤē ūŵĸĳĔũŻ ţĔĤĳ ± ǦǮ İŭŲŤē ȕŽŲŤį ŵżŬ

ǩǩ

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ĚżũŤĔőŤēĚĩŁŤēĚũōŭŨŹŤčĚėĹŭŤĔĖĚŻŵŤŴǜēěēıěēĆēĴĤǞē ŽŘ ūēİťėŤĔŸŤč ęİŐĔĹũŤē ŪŻİŝĜŴ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ęįĔżŝŤĔĖ ŏǙŉńǘē ŧēİĭĝĸē ŽŘŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē İŀĴĜ ĶŻĶőĜ ŪŐįŴ ȕĴĠǜēŴ ĆĘőŤē ĴŻİŝĜŴ İŀĴĝŤē ēĲű ŽŘęİĨŵũŤē ěĔżĥŲŭũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĚđĖŴǜ ŊĐēĴĬ ŪĸĳŴ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸē ěĔŨŵťőŨ Ūō ƿŬ ĴŻŵŉĜ ŦżťĩĜ ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕĔŲŤ ĚĖĔĥĝĸǙŤŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŖżťėĝŤē ĶŻĶőĜ ŽŘ ūēİťėŤē ŪŐįŴ ȖěĔŘĔĩĤǞē İŀĴŤ ĚřŭŁũŤē ěĔŬĔżėŤē İŀĳŴ ȕěĔėėĹũŤē ŪżżŝĜŴ ȕĳĔĽĝŬǘē ěǘİőŨ ŪżżŝĜŴ ȖěǘĔĩŤē ŮŐ ěĔŬĔżĖ ŒũĥŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ŪōŭŤē ĶŻĶőĜŴ ȖěĔĖŴĴšżũŤē ěēįĔŅŨ ĚŨŴĔŝŨ ĔũĖ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĔŲŤįĔėĜŴ ĚżŭňŵŤē İŀĴĝŤē ŗĔŁŬǞē İŀĴŤ ŦżťĩĝŤēŴ ĚřŭŁũŤē ěĔŬĔżėŤē ŢŤı ŽŘ ŹŤč ƻēįĔŭĝĸē ĔŲťżťĩĜŴ ĚřŭŁũŤē ěĔŬĔżėŤē ŒũĤ ūĊĽėĜēįĔļĳǞē ŪŻİŝĜ ěĔŐŵũĥũŤēŴ ĚżťĩũŤē ěĔőũĝĥũŤē şēĴļčŴ ŚżŭŁĝŤē ŦŨēŵŐ ŚťĝĭŨ ĚżĹżĐĴŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕęĳĴŅĝũŤē ęįİĩũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ţŵŁĩŤē įŵŲĤ ŽŘ ȕźĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ ŹŤč ĚėĹŭŤĔĖ ŧēİĭĝĸēŴ ȖęįŵĥŤē ŽŤĔŐ ŦżťĩĜ ĆēĴĤčŴ ęįŵĥŤē ĚżŤĔŐ ěĔŬĔżĖ ŹťŐ ĚżĹżĐĴŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŧĔĥĨĉ ĴŻİŝĝŤ ƻĔżŤŴį ęİũĝőũŤē śĴŉŤē ěĔŻĔŔ İŻİĩĜ ŽŘŴ ȕźĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ ŹŤč ĚėĹŭŤĔĖ ĚėĹŭŤĔĖ ĚżĹżĐĴŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ěĔŨİĭťŤ ĦŨēĴėŤē źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ ŹŤč ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē İŀĴĜ ĴŀĔŭŐ ņőĖ ŮżĖ ŊĖēŴĳ įŵĤŴ ūĔũń ŽĝŤē ŢťĜ ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ĚũĐĔŝŤē ěĔżŤǚēŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ěēįĔŅŨ ĚŨŴĔŝŨ İŀĴĜŴ źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżřėŝťőĝĜ ěĔĖŴĴšżũŤē

ūēİťėŤēŹŤčĚėĹŭŤĔĖĚŻŵŤŴǜēěēıěēĆēĴĤǞē ŧĔōŬ ŽŘ ųĥŨįŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē İŀĴĜ ĶŻĶőĜ ȕŽĩŁŤē ŧĔōŭŤē ĶŻĶőĜ ĳĔňč ŽŘ ŽŭňŵŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ěĔŨŵťőũŤē ĚũōŭŨ ěēįĔļĳǞ ƻĔőėĜ ęİĨŵŨ ěĔżĥŲŭŨŴ ěēĴļČŨ ŧēİĭĝĸĔĖ ŮŐ ěĔŬĔżėŤē ŒũĤ śĴň ņĭũĝĜ ūĉ ūĔũńŴ ȖĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ŦšĽĜ ǘŴ ĚżŜǙĬǜē ĴżŻĔőũŤē ŽŘŵĝĹĜŴ ęįŵĥŤē ĚżŤĔŐ ěĔŨŵťőŨ ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ţĔĥŨ ŽŘ ŮżťŨĔőŤē Ŵĉ ĚżťĩũŤē ěĔőũĝĥũŤē ŹťŐ ĴňĔĭŨ ĔŲżťŐ ŮżũĐĔŝŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ěĔŬĔżėŤē ŒũĤ ŮżĹĩĜ ŽťŻ ĔŨ ĔŲŭżĖ ŮŨ śĴŉĖ ěĔŬĔżėŤē ŦżŁřĜ ęįĔŻĵ ƻēįĔŭĝĸē ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚŝťőĝũŤē ĚřŭŁũŤē ĺŭĥŤē ŏŵŬŴ ŮĹŤē ŦũĽĜ ŽĝŤē ŚżŭŁĝŤē ŦŨēŵŐ ŚťĝĭŨ ŹŤč ěĔőũĝĥũŤē şēĴļčŴ ȖŽŘēĴŕĥŤē ŒŜŵũŤēŴ ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ĚŐŵũĥũŤēŴ ŶŵĝĹŨ ŞżŝĩĝŤ ęįİĩũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤēŴ ęĴĠĊĝũŤē ĚżťĩũŤē ŦżťĩĝŤēŴ ěĔŬĔżėŤē ŮŨ ęįŵĥŤē ŽŤĔŐ ĚńĴŐ İļĉ Žű ŽĝŤē ęįİĩũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŹťŐ ŗĴőĝŤē ǁ ŽĝŤē ŮŠĔŨǜēŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚĖĔŀǞē ĴŉĭŤ ŒżĥĽĝŤ ěĔżŤć ĆĔĽŬčŴ ȖŃēĴŨǜē ůĲű ţĔŝĝŬē ěǘĔĨ ŪōőŨ İŲļ ŮŐ ŽŭżĜŴĴŤē ŖżťėĝŤēŴ ȖęĳĴŅĝũŤē ĚżťĩũŤē ěĔőũĝĥũŤē ĚŠĳĔĽŨ ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚĖĔŀǞē ěǘİőũŤ źĳŴİŤē ŪżżŝĝŤēŴ ěǘĔĩŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĚťšĽŨ ŪĥĨ ŪżżŝĝŤ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚżĸĔĸǜē ŮŨ śĴŉĖ ȕĚŘİŲĝĹũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŮżĖ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĚđĖŴĉ ŚŀŴŴ ȖěĔŬĔżėŤē ŚżŭŁĜ ĔŲŭżĖ ȖŚżŤĔšĝŤēŴ ŦżĖĔŝőŤē ĢżĨ ŮŨ ĔűĴĠĉ ķĔżŜŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ěēįİĩŨŴ ĴŉĭŤē ŦŨēŵŐ ţŵĨ ěĔŬĔżĖ ģēĳįč ĶżŠĴĝŤē ģēĳįčŴĔŲĝĥŤĔőŨŴ ěēįİĩũŤē ůĲű ŪŲřŤ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ŧēİĭĝĸēŴ ĆĔŅĝŜǘē ĘĹĨ ŃĴőĝŤē ŦėŜ ŽĐĔŜŵŤē ģǙőŤē ŹťŐ ĆēŵĹĖ Ćēŵĸ ĚŻĳĔšĝĖǘēŴ ĚŻįĔżĝŐǘē ŽŠĳĔĽĝŤē ĆĔŁŝĝĸǘē ěĔżĥŲŭŨ ƻ ĚżĹżĐĴŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŧĔĥĨǜ ĚŝżŜį ěēĴŻİŝĜ įēİŐǞ ŽĤŵŤŵżėŤē İŀĴĝŤē ĦŨįŴ ȖǙŁřŨ ƻĔũŲŘ ĚżŭňŵŤē ūŴį ĚđĖŴǜē ŪŲŘŴ ƻ ķŴĴżŘ ěĔřťŨ ŽŘ ŽŠŵťĹŤē İŀĴĝŤē ĪĹũŠ ŶĴĬǜē ĦŨēĴėŤē ŒŨ ģǙŐŴ ŹńĴũŤē ŽŉŤĔĭŨ ŒėĝĜ ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕźĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ĆēĴĽőŤē įĔũĝŐēŴ ęįŵĥŤē ūĔũń ţǙĬ ŮŨ ĚżŭňŵŤē ěēĴėĝĭũŤē ěēĳİŜ ĶŻĶőĜ ŃēĴŨǝŤ ŽŭżĜŴĴŤē İŀĴŤē ūĔũŅŤ ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ĶŠēĴŨ ŽŘ łżĭĽĜ ŦĐĔĸŴ ěēįĔŅũŤ ĚżŭėŤē Ǎ ĚŻĴżĹżŭŤē ĚŨŴĔŝŨŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ěĔĖŴĴšżũŤē

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ǩǪ

ĚŤĆĔĹũŤēŴĦŨēĴėŤēĲżřŭĜŴŽŭňŵŤēŽĥżĜēĴĝĸǘēŊżŉĭĝŤē

ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘēţŵĨěĔŭżėŤēţįĔėĜŴİŀĳŴŒėĝĜ

ěĔŨŵťőũŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ěĔŨŵťőũŤē ŧĔōŬ ĴŘŵŻ ūĉ ĘĥŻ ŹŤč İŭĝĹĜ ĔűĲżřŭĝŤ ĚŉĬŴ ĚżŭňŴ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸē ŒńŵŤ ĚŨĵǙŤē ěĔŻĔŕŤē ŒŨ ŞĹĝĜŴ ȕĚżŭňŴ ěĔŻĔŔ įİĩĜŴ ȕźĴŉŝŤē śĔżĹŤē ĲżřŭĝŤē ĚŉĬŴ ĚżŭňŵŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ůĲű ųĤŵĜŴ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĚżŭňŵŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘē ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĔűıĔĭĜē ŧĶťŻ ŽĝŤē ěēĆēĴĤǞē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ŚŁĜ ūĉ ŽŕėŭŻŴ ŹťŐ ŗĴőĝŤē ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕĚżŭňŵŤē ěĔŻĔŕŤē ŞżŝĩĝŤ ĚŻŵŤŴǜē ěēı ŒŜēŵũŤēŴ ęįİĩũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ěǙĬİĝŤĔĜĔŻŵŤŴĉİŻİĩĜŴ ȕŽťĩũŤē ŽĐĔĖŵŤē ŒńŵŤē ŹŤč ƻēįĔŭĝĸē ěĔŨİĭŤē ŪŻİŝĜ ģıĔũŬŴ ĴĠǜē ĚũżōőŤēŴ ěĔŭżėŤĔĖ ęİŭĹũŤē ŒėĝĜ ųŭšũŻ ŪżżŝĝŤēŴ İŀĴťŤ ĳĔňč ĲżřŭĜŴ ȕśĔżĹťŤ ĘĹŬǜē ěĔŻĔŕŤē ĕŵŀ ĵĴĩũŤē ŧİŝĝŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ůĲű ŮżĖ ĚĩńēŴ ŊĖēŴĳ şĔŭű ūŵšĜ ūĉ ŽŕėŭŻŴ ȕĚŜǙőŤē ěēı ŶĴĬǜē ĚżŐĔŉŝŤē ěĔżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘēŴ ĚżĩŁŤē ȕęįİĩŨ ŃēĴŨĊĖ ĚżŭőũŤē ŶĴĬǜē ěĔżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘēŴ ȕĚżĖĔĥŬǞēŴ ĚżĹŭĥŤē ĚĩŁŤēŴ ŦĹŤĔĖ ĚżŭőũŤē ěĔżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘĔŠ ƻĔŜĔŉŬ ŒĸŴǜē ĚżŭňŵŤē ĚżĐĔũŬǞēŴ ĚżĩŁŤē ěĔżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘēŴ ŹťŐ ĶŠĴŻ ŽŭňŴ ĦŨĔŬĴĖ İťĖ ŦŠ ŶİŤ ūŵšŻ ūĉ ŽŕėŭŻŴ įĳēŵũŤĔĖ ųőĝũĜ ŒŨ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ēĲű ŽŘ ŮżĝżŭňŴ ĚŉĬŴ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸē ĲżřŭĝŤ ĚŨĵǙŤē ěēĳİŝŤēŴ ųŭŐ ŖżťėĝŤēŴ ŧİŝĝŤē İŀĴŤŴ ūĊĽŤē ĕŵŀ ŧİŝĝŤē ŮŐ ŖżťėĝŤēŴ ŪżżŝĜŴ ŒėĝĜ ūēİťėŤē ŹťŐ ŮżőĝŻŴ ŶİŨ ūĊĽĖ ěēĴļČŨ ŧēİĭĝĸĔĖ ĔŲżťŐ ŞřĝũŤē ěĔŻĔŕŤē ŧēİĭĝĸē ŧĶťŻŴěĔŨİĭŤē ĴĠĉŴ ĚżŉŕĝŤē ŦĐĔŁĨŴ ĴŘēŵĝŤē ūēİťėŤē ŦĬēį ěĔŬĳĔŝũŤē İŝŐ Ŵĉ - ĚżőĤĴũŤē ĚŬĳĔŝũŤē ĺĸĉ ĚũĐĔŝŤē ěēŴįǜē ŧēİĭĝĸē ĘĥŻŴĆēįǜē ŪżżŝĝŤ -ĔŲŭżĖ ĔũżŘŴ ĴżĖēİĝŤēŴ ěĔĸĔżĹŤĔĖĚŀĔĭŤē ĴżĖēİĝŤē ĲżřŭĜ ŽŘ ŧİŝĝŤē ķĔżŝŤ ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘē ĶŻĶőĜ ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ĚżťšżŲŤēŴ ĚżŬŵŬĔŝŤē Ę ǁŠĴũŤē ĴļČũŤē ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ĿĔĭļǜē ŪŀŵĖ ĿĔĭŤē ĴļČũŤēŴ ǧǫĚżŭňŵŤē ěĔĸĔżĹťŤ ǧǬ źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ ŒŨ ŮżĽŻĔőĝũŤē

ŒũĤ ŹťŐ ƻēĳįĔŜ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ěĔŨŵťőũŤē ŧĔōŬ ūŵšŻ ūĉ ĘĥŻ ȕĔŲťũŠĊĖ ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ĚťĹťĸ įēİĝŨē ŹťŐ ĔŲťżťĩĜŴ ĚřŭŁŨ ěĔŬĔżĖ ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ȕĚŻĔŐĴŤēŴ ģǙőŤēŴ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ěĔŨİĬȕŽŘ ŦġũĝĜ ŽĝŤēŴ İŻİĩĜŴ ȕĔŲĐēįĉŴ ěĔŨİĭŤĔĖ ĚżŉŕĝŤē ŽŘ ěēĴŕġŤē İŻİĩĜ ŧİŝĝŤē ķĔżŝŤ ěēĴļČŨ İŻİĩĝĖŴĔŲŭżĹĩĜ ŧĶťŻ ŽĝŤē ěǘĔĥũŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ŪżżŝĜ ūēİťėŤē ŒżŉĝĹĜ ȕěǙĬİĝŤē ŪżżŝĜŴ İŀĴŤŴ ĔŲŭŐ ŖżťėĝŤēŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚŝťőĝũŤē ŮšũŻŴĔŲĝĖĔĥĝĸē ŽŘ ŗĔŁŬǞē ŮŨ İŻĶŨ ŞżŝĩĜŴ ĔŲŭżĹĩĜŴ ȕǘ ŧĉ ĔŲĖ ŒřĝŭŻŴ ƿ ĚĨĔĝŨ ěĔŨİĭŤē ĞŬĔŠ ēıč ĔŨ įİĩĜ ūĉ ĔŲŤ ģıĔũŬ źĉŴ ȕİĤŵĜ ŮŻĉŴ ěēĴŕĠŴ ěĔŘĔĩĤč şĔŭű ĞŬĔŠ ēıč ĔŨŴ ěĈĽŭũŤē ţǙĬ ŮŨ ȕǙġŨ ĚżŤĔőŘ İļǜēİő ƿĜ ěĔŨİĭŤē ŪŻİŝĜ ƻ źĉŴ ǁ ȕ(ŶĴĬǜē ģŵŲŭŤē Ŵĉ ȕĚżőũĝĥũŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē Ŵĉ ȕĚżĩŁŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘē ŊĖĳ ĘťŉĝŻŴŮżĹĩĜ ŹŤč ģĔĝĩŻ ĴŀĔŭőŤē ŶĴĬǜē ĚżĐĔũŬǞēŴ ĚżĩŁŤē ěēĳįĔėũŤĔĖ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŮżĖ ŖżťėĝŤē ŽŘ śĔĹĜǘēŴ ĚżĩŁŤē ěĔŨŵťőũŤē ŪōŭŤ ĴėŠĉ ƻĔĥŨį ĚżĩŁŤē ĦŨēĴėŤē ŧŵũŐ

ūēİťėŤēŹťŐŮżőĝŻŴ ĕŵŀĵĴĩũŤēŧİŝĝŤēŒėĝĜ ƿ ĔŲżťŐŞřĝũŤēěĔŻĔŕŤēœŵťĖ ųŭŐŖżťėĝŤēŴŧİŝĝŤēşēıŪżżŝĜŴ ūĊĽĖěēĴļČŨŧēİĭĝĸĔĖ ĚżŉŕĝŤēŦĐĔŁĨŴĴŘēŵĝŤēŶİŨ ěĔŨİĭŤēĴĠĉŴ

ĵİŻǜē ūĊĽĖ ęİĩĝũŤē ŪŨǝŤ ĚŨĔőŤē ĚżőũĥťŤ ĚżĐĔŭġĝĸǘē ęĳŴİŤē ŮŐ ǨǦǧǦ ŧĔŐ ŽŘ ęĳįĔŁŤē ŖżťėĝŤē ĚŝżĠŴ ŮŨ Ǫ ŦżŻĲĝŤē ŽŘ ĚżŭňŵŤē ěĔĸĔżĹťŤ Ę ǁŠĴũŤē ĴļČũŤē įĴŻ ǧǫ :ŽŤĔĝŤē ŊĖēĴŤē ĴōŬē ȕĚżĸĔĸǜē ěēĴļČũŤē ŮŻŵšĜ ūĊĽĖ ĚżŲżĤŵĜ ďįĔėŨ :ĵİŻǜēĚŻĴĽėŤē ĚŐĔŭũŤē łŝŬ ķŴĴżŘ ūĊĽĖ ŧēĶĝŤǘē ūǙŐč İŀĳ ųĸŴĴżřĖ ŶŴİőŤēŴ (ǨǦǧǬ ŦŻĴĖĉ ūĔĹżŬ ǨǨ ŽŘ ŏǙňǘē ŪĜ KWWS:GDWDXQDLGVRUJSXE0DQXDO-&B&RUHB,QGLFDWRUVBBHQSGI :ŽŘ ȕźĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ ŒŨ ŮżĽŻĔőĝũŤē ĿĔĭļǜē ŪŀŵĖ ĿĔĭŤē ĴļČũŤēĴōŬē ěĔŨŵťőũŤē ŮŨ İŻĶũťŤ ǧǬ (ǨǦǧǬ ŦŻĴĖĉ ūĔĹżŬ ǨǨ ŽŘ ŏǙňǘē ŪĜKWWS:ZZZVWLJPDLQGH[RUJ

ǩǫ

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ūēİťėŤēŹŤčĚėĹŭŤĔĖĚŻŵŤŴǜēěēıěēĆēĴĤǞē ěĔőĤēĴŨ ĆēĴĤčŴ ĚŤĆĔĹũťŤ ĔŲŐŵŅĬŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚŝťőĝũŤē ĦŨēĴėŤē ŽŘ ūŴČĽťŤ İŻİĹŤē ŚŻĴŁĝŤē ĶŻĶőĜ ěĔĤĔĩŤē ŽŭňŵŤē ŶŵĝĹũŤē ŹťŐ įĳēŵũŤē łżŁĭĜŴ ŊŉĭŤēŴ ěĔżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē İĹĥĜ ūĉ ūĔũń ŹťŐ ęİŐĔĹũťŤ ĦŨēĴėťŤ ĚũōĝŭŨ ěĴżŕĜ ĔũťŠ ĚżťőřŤē ĚŻĴŉŝŤē ŢŤĲŠŴ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĚĩŘĔšũŤ ŽŭňŵŤē ĦŨĔŬĴėŤē ŪżżŝĜŴ İŀĴŤ ěēĴļČũŤē İŻİĩĜŴ ĚżŭňŴ ŪŤĔőŨŴ ěĔŻĔŔ ŒńŴ ŮżĹĩĜ ĚťŀēŵũŤ ěĔũżżŝĝŤē ůĲű ŧēİĭĝĸēŴ ĔŲŭŐ ŧĔōĝŬĔĖ ŖżťėĝŤēŴ ĔŲĝĖĔĥĝĸē ŒńŴ ŪżżŝĜ ūēİťėŤē ŒżŉĝĹĜ ĢżĩĖ ŗĔŁŬǞē İŀĴŤ ĦŨēĴėŤē ŒŨ ŞĹŭĜ Ǎ ĔŲŬĉŴ ȕĿĔĭŤēŴ ŧĔőŤē ŮżŐĔŉŝŤē ǙŠ ŽŘ ĔŲťũŠĊĖ ěĔŨİĭŤē ĚťĹťĸ Œė ǁĝĜ ĚŜǙőŤē ěēı ŪżżŝĝŤēŴ İŀĴŤē Ĵňĉ ūĉ ūĔũń ĘżŤĔĸĉ ŧēİĭĝĸēŴ ȖŮżũĐǙũŤē ŦżťĩĝŤēŴ ŚżŭŁĝŤē ţǙĬ ŮŨ ŗĔŁŬǞē ŶİŨ Œė ǁĝĝŤ ŒńŵĜ ĔŲŬĉŴ ȕŶĴĬǜē ĚżĩŁŤē ěĔŨŵťőũŤē ŪōŬ ĴŻŵŭĜ ŹťŐ ęİŐĔĹũŤēŴ ȕĚżĝĩĝŤē ĚżŭėŤē ŽŘŴ ěĔŨİĭŤē ŪŻİŝĜ ŽŘ ĳŵŁŝŤē ųĤŴĉ ŗĔĽĝŠǘ ĚżŭňŵŤē ūŴį ěĔŬĔżėŤē ŊĐēĴĬ ŪĸĳŴ ŒũĤ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ěĔŨİĬ ĚĨĔĜč ŶİŨ İŀĳŴ ȖĚżŘĔńč ěĔŨİĬ ŪŻİŝĜ ĘťŉĝĜ ŽĝŤē ŒńēŵũŤē ūĊĽĖ ęĲĭĝũŤē ěēĳēĴŝŤē ĔŲĜįŵĤŴ ĔŲżťŐ ţĔėŜǞēŴ ęįİĩũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũťŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤēĚĩŁŤēĚũōŭŨŹŤčĚėĹŭŤĔĖĚŻŵŤŴǜēěēıěēĆēĴĤǞē ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ŞťőĝŻ ĔũżŘ ěĔŻŵŤŴǜē İŻİĩĜŴ ŽŭňŵŤē ŽĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ŊżŉĭĝŤē ūĊĽĖ ĔűĲżřŭĜŴ ĔŲġŻİĩĜŴ ěēįĔļĳč ŒńŴ ęįİĩũŤē ĚżũŤĔőŤē ěĔŻĔŕŤē ĕŵŀ ĵĴĩũŤē ŧİŝĝŤē ŪżżŝĝŤ ĚũōĝŭũŤē ěĔőĤēĴũťŤ ĚŻĴŉŝŤēŴ ĚżũżťŜǞē ĚũōŭũŤē ĘĜĔšŨ ęİŐĔĹŨŴ Ȗ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ǨǦǩǦŴ ǨǦǨǦ ŽŨĔőŤ ěēĳĔũġĝĸǘē ĶżŠĴĝŤ ĴĠǜē ŃēĴőĝĸēŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĦŨēĴĖ ĔŲŻİŤ ŽĝŤē ūēİťėŤē ŹŤč ŽŭŝĝŤē ŪŐİŤē ŪŻİŝĜ ŦĬēį ěĔŬĳĔŝũŤē Ŵĉ ĚżőĤĴũŤē ĚŬĳĔŝũŤē ĺĸĉ ŧēİĭĝĸē ŪŐįŴ ěĔŻĔŕŤē ĕŵŀ ŽũżťŜǞēŴ źĴŉŝŤē ŧİŝĝŤē ĚŤĔĨ ţŵĨ ěĔŬĔżėŤē ĴżŘŵĜ ěĔŻĔŕŤē œŵťĖ ĕŵŀ ĵĴĩũŤē ŧİŝĝŤē ŪżżŝĝŤ ĚżŐĴřŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē İżőŀ ŹťŐ ĔŲŭżĖ ĔũżŘŴ ūēİťėŤē

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ǩǬ

Ǩ ŽĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ųĤŵĝŤē ĴĠǜē ğēİĨč ŹŤč ĚżŨēĴŤē ěǙĬİĝŤē Śťĝĭĝĸ ĚżĸĔĸǜē ěĔŨİĭŤēŴ ěǙĬİĝŤē ūĉ ŮŨ ŪŔĴŤē ŹťŐŴ śĔżĹŤēŴ ĚżĐĔĖŵŤē ŏĔńŴǜē ŹŤč ƻēįĔŭĝĸē ȕĴĬć ŹŤč İťĖ ŮŨ :ĚżŤĔĝŤē ŦĬİĝŤē ěǘĔĥŨ ŮŨ ŦŠ ĚżŉŕĜ ŽŕėŭŻ ȕźĴŉŝŤē ƿ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ţĔŝĝŬē ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ȖĔŲĖĔĹĝŠēŴ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĴšėũŤē łżĭĽĝŤē ŞżŝĩĜ ȖģǙőŤĔĖ ŹńĴũŤē ŊĖĳŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ȖŃēĴŐǜē ŶŴı ŹńĴũťŤ ŽĤǙőŤē ĴżĖİĝŤē ĴżŘŵĜ ȖŪŲżŤč ģǙőŤē ŪŻİŝĜŴ ĆēĴĽőŤē ŹŤč ţŵŀŵŤē ŮŨ łťĭĝŤē (ǧ :ĴĠǜē ŪōŐĉ ŞżŝĩĝŤ ěǙĬİĝŤē ŧ ǂĶĨ ŪŻİŝĜ ŧǜē ŮŨ źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘŴ źĴűĶŤē ţĔŝĝŬē ęįĔŅũŤē ěĔĨĔŝťŤē ŮŨ ĚťŨĔšŤē ęįĔřĝĸǘē (Ǩ ȖŦřŉŤē ŹŤč (ǩȖB İėšŤē ĕĔŲĝŤǘŴ źĴĽėŤē ŽũżťĩŤē ŧĳŵŤē ķŴĴżřŤ ȖĔűĴĠĉŴ ĚżŭėŤē Ǎ ěēĳŵšũŤē ěēįĔŅŨ ĚŨŴĔŝŨ ĳĔĽĝŬē ĚĩŘĔšŨ

ěĔŨİĬ ŮũťŨĔšŤē ŚżŉŤē ŹťŐ ķĔŭŤē ŦŁĩŻ ūĉ ŽŕėŭŻ ĔŲżŤč ūŵĤĔĝĩŻ ŽĝŤē ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĚŀĔĭŤēİĐēŵřŤēĚŨĶĨĚżĸĔĸǜēěǙĬİĝŤēŮŨĚŐŵũĥŨİŻİĩĜ ƻĔżĹŭĤĚŤŵŝŭũŤēĚŻİőũŤēŃēĴŨǜĔĖ

łĭŻ ĔũżŘ ěǙĬİĝŤēŴ ěĔŨİĭŤēŴ ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ęįŵĤ ūĔũń ĚťĹťĸ ĶŻĶőĜ (ǧ: ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ěǙŁŤē įĔĥŻč (Ǩ ȖĚŻĔŐĴŤēŴ ģǙőŤēŴ łżĭĽĝŤēŴ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ūĔũń ĦŨēĴĖ ĲżřŭĜ (ǩ ȖĦŨēĴėŤēŴ ěĔŨİĭŤē ŮżĖ ŦŨĔšĝŤēŴ ŮżĹĩĝŤēŴ ęįŵĥŤē

ěĔŨİĭŤēŴ ěǙĬİĝŤē ŮŨ ĚŐŵũĥŨ İťĖ ŦŠ įİĩŻ ūĉ ŧĶťŻ ŖťėĜŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚżĸĔĸǜē ŹŁŜĉ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ěĔżĥżĜēĴĝĸē ęįŵĥŤē ĚżŤĔŐ ěĔŨİĬ ĚťĹťĸ ħĔĝĜ ĔŨİŭŐ ĚżŤĔőřŤē ŮŨ ĚĤĳį ĔűĴżĖİĜŴ ĔŲŁżĭĽĜŴ ŃēĴŨǜē ůĲű ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵťŤ ķĔŭŤē ŧĔŨĉ ĦŨį ŹŤč ĚŘĔńǞĔĖŴ ĚťĹťĹŤē ůĲŲĖ ūŵőřĝŭŻŴ ȕŽĤǙőŤē ȕĚżŭżĜŴĴŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ŪŻİŝĜ ěĔżťũŐ ŽŘ ĚŜǙőŤē ěēı ěĔŨİĭŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŹŤč ĚŲĤŵũŤē ĚżŐŵĜ ŹŤč ĚĤĔĩŤē ŵŐİĜ İŜ ęįİĩũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ĚĖĔŀǞēŴ ĳĔĽĝŬǘē ěǘİőũĖ İťĖ ŦŠ İļĴĝĹŻ ūĉ ŽŕėŭŻŴ ěĔŻŵŤŴĉ įİĩŻ ŽšŤ Ŵ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ȕģǙőŤē ŹŤč ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ŮŨ ěĔŨİĭŤē ĚťĹťĸ ĴėŐ ěǙĬİĝŤē ĚŤŵėŝŨŴ ĚŤĔőŘ ĘżŤĔĸĊĖ ŧĶĨ ŽŘ ěǙĬİĝŤē ůĲű ŧİŝŻŴ ěǙĬİĝŤē śĔŉŬ ŒżĸŵĜ ŮšũŻ ȕěēĳİŝŤēŴ įĳēŵũŤē įĔŻįĵē ŒŨŴ ŃēĴŨǜē ŦĐĔŁĨ ŮżĹĩĜ ĚťŀēŵŨ ŗİŲĖ ƻĔżĥŻĳİĜ ěĔŨİĭŤēŴ ĞĝėĠĉ İŜŴŪŐǜē ĚżĩŁŤē ŦĐĔŁĩŤēŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ěǙĬİĝŤē ŮŨ ƻĔĥŻĶŨ ŦũĽĜ ŽĝŤē ŧĶĩŤē ūĉ ħŵńŵĖ ěĔŭżėŤē Ǐ ęįĴřŭũŤēŴ ĚťŝĝĹũŤē ěǙĬİĝŤē ŮŨ ŪōŐĉ ƻēĴĠĉ ŞŝĩĜ ĴōŭĜ ūĉ ŽŕėŭŻ ȕĔŲĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ěǙĬİĝŤē ŧĶĩŤ ūēİťėŤē İŻİĩĜ İŭŐŴ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔŘ ĚėĨĔŁũŤē ŶŴİőŤē ěǘĔĨ ŽŘ ŮšũŻŴ ȕşŵťĹŤĔĖ ĚŝťőĝũŤē ĴňĔĭũŤē ŽŘ şĴĝĽĜ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ŮšũŻŴ ųĜēı ĞŜŵŤē ŽŘ ęįİőĝŨ ŶŴİŐ ěǘĔĨ ĕĔĹĝŠē ĚŻİőŨ ŃēĴŨĉ ĕĔĹĝŠēŴ ţĔŝĝŬē ĴĹżĜ ūĉ ęįŵĤŵũŤē ŶŴİőťŤ ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭŨ ŶĴĬĉ ŹťŐ ƻēĴļČŨ ŶŴİőŤē ěǘĔĨ ŶİĨč łżĭĽĜ İőŻŴ ƿ źĴĽėŤē ěǘĔĨ ūĉ ŮŨ ŪŔĴŤē ŹťŐŴ ŶĴĬǜē ěǘĔĩŤĔĖ ĚĖĔŀǞē ĴňĔĭŨ ĚŝżŜİŤē ĚżũŤĔőŤē ěēĴŻİŝĝŤē ūĎŘ ȕĚőĐĔļ ĚėĨĔŁũŤē ŶŴİőŤē ȕęįİĩũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē İő ƿĜŴ ĴŘēŵĝĜ ǘ ĔŲĜǘİőũŤ ŹŤč ĚėĹŭŤĔĖ ĚżĹżĐĴŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ěǘĔĩŤ ŃĴőĝŤē ęİŻİļ ȕźĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ ŮŨŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚėĨĔŁũŤē ŶŴİőŤē ŧĔōŭŤē ěĔŻŵĝĹŨ ŒżũĤ ŹťŐ ĚŀĔĬ ĚŻĔŭŐ ĆǙŻč ŽŕėŭżŘ ȕŪĠ ěēı ĴżŔŴ ŃēĴŐǜē ěēı ĚėĨĔŁũŤē ŶŴİőŤē ěǘĔĩŤ ŽĩŁŤē ūĔšĹŤē ŧŵũŐ ŽŘŴ ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ůĲű ŽŘ ŃēĴŐǜē

ĚŐĴĸ ūĔũŅŤ ŧĔōĝŬĔĖ ĚżĸĔĸǜē ĚŨĶĩŤē ĚőĤēĴŨ ŮŨ İĖǘŴ ęİŻİĤ ěĔŭżĖ ěĴŲŌ ĔũťŠ ĿĴřŤē ŧĔŭĝŔēŴ ěēĳĔšĝĖǘē ĦŨį ĴŘŵĜ ŗŵĸŴęİŻİĤ ģŵŲŬŴ ěĔżĤŵŤŵŭšĜ ĞĠİĩ ƿĝĸēŴ ŹťŐ ūēİťėŤē ęİŐĔĹũŤ ĚĠİĩŨ ĚżŲżĤŵĜ ďįĔėŨ ĚũōŭũŤē Ǎ ĔűĲżřŭĜŴ ĔŲĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ĚżĸĔĸǜē ěĔŨİĭŤēŴ ěǙĬİĝŤē ŒńŴ

ǩǭ

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ŽŘ ŦġũĝĜ ĚżĐĔŭĠ ęĶżũĖ ěǙĬİĝŤē ůĲű ŮŨ İŻİőŤēĵĔĝũŻŴ ŽŘ ĔũĖ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ȕįŵŁŝũŤē ĴżŔ ŦũĩŤēŴ źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ ŢŤı ĶżŠĴĜ İőŻŴěĔżŜēŵťŤ ŮżŝűēĴũŤē ŧēİĭĝĸē ŞŻĴň ŮŐ ƻĔŀŵŁĬŴ ƿ ĔũĖęįİĩũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŹťŐ ŽŕėŭŻ ĔũŠ ěǙĬİĝŤē ķŴĴżŘ ŹŤč ĚėĹŭŤĔĖ ĚżĹżĐĴŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŢŤı ŽŘ ŮŨ ŦŨēŵĩŤē ĆĔĹŭŤēŴ ŮżŝűēĴũŤēŴ (źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ĚŘĴőũŤē ĵĶő ƿĜ ĔŨİŭőŘ ȕŢŤı ŹŤč ĚŘĔńǞĔĖŴ ěĔŻŵŤŴǜē ŮŨ İĩŻŴ ƿ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚżőũĝĥũŤē ĚŝťőĝũŤē ěĔŨİĭŤĔĖ ŏĔřĝŬǘē ęįĔŐ ƻ įēįĶŻ ȕĶżżũĝŤēŴ ŪŀŵŤē ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ

ĔŲĖĔĹĝŠēŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤĚŤŵŝŭũŤēĚŻİőũŤēŃēĴŨǜēţĔŝĝŬēŮŨĚŻĔŜŵŤē

ĚŻĔŜŵťŤ ĚżŤĔőŘ İļǜē ĦŲŭŤē ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ŦĐĔĸŴ ĚřżŤŵĜ İő ƿĜ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē Ĵňĉƿ ŦũőĜŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŮŨ ĦŻĶŨ İĤŵŻ ĔŨİŭŐ ŦŅŘĉ ŵĩŬ ŹťŐ ěĔŭżėŤĔĖ ǁ ęİŭĹũŤē ĚťŨĔĽŤē ĚżťšżŲŤēŴ ĚżėŉŤē ĚŻŵżĩŤēŴ ĚżŠŵťĹŤē ģŵŲŭŤē ŮŨ ŽĥżĜēĴĝĸē ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŪŲŘ ĦŻĶũŤē ēĲű ŦũĽŻ ūĉ ŽŕėŭŻŴ ȕěĔżŜēŵŤē ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕĚżŤŴǜē ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ĘżŤĔĸĉŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ƻēĴĠĊĜ ŏĴĸǜēŴ ƻēĳĴŅĜ İļǜē ĿĔĭļǜē ŒŨ ŦũőŤē ŹťŐ ĶżŠĴĝŤēŴ ĘĥŻ ȕŢŤı ŹťŐ ęŴǙŐŴŮżŝűēĴũŤē ĔũżĸǘŴ ȕŃēĴŨǜē ůĲŲĖ ķŴĴżŘ ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ŹŤč ĚżŨēĴŤē įŵŲĥŤē ĚřżŤŵĜ ŦũĝĽĜ ūĉ ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŹťŐ ĶŠĴĜ ĴŀĔŭŐ ŹťŐ źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻŵżĩŤē ěĔŨŵťőũŤē ĚĨĔĜč ūĔũń ĚŤĔőřŤē ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ĘťŉĝĜŴ ūĔĝĬŴ ŪżőŉĝŤē ŦġŨ ěĔŨİĭŤēŴ (ěĔżŜēŵŤē ŦġŨ ŒťĹŤēŴ ĳĔňč ŽŘ (ĚŻĔŐĴŤēŴ ģǙőŤēŴ ĳĔėĝĬǘēŴ ŽŐŵŉŤē ŽėŉŤē ĳŵŠĲŤē ěǙĬİĝŤē İő ƿĜ ȕŢŤı ŹŤč ĚŘĔńǞĔĖŴūĔĹŬǞē śŵŝĨ ŦřšŻ ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵťŤ Ěżũűǜē ĚŕŤĔĖ ĚżŠŵťĹŤē ȕźĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻĴŠĲŤē ěĔżŜēŵŤē ŞĹĝũŤē ŧēİĭĝĸǘē ŒżĥĽĜ ŦũĽĜŴ ŽŐŵŤē ęįĔŻĵ ŹťŐ ĶżŠĴĝŤē ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ĚżŐŵĝŤēŴ ȕĚŻŵġŬǜēŴ įİŐ ŦżťŝĜŴ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ŃēĴŨǜē ŮŐ ŚĽšŤē ěēĳĔėĝĬē ŹťŐ ţĔėŜǞē ęįĔŻĵŴ ȕĆēĴĽőŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ĚżŘĔőŤē ĶŻĶőĜ ŮŐ ǙŅŘ ȕĚżĹŭĥŤē ęĴļĔőũŤē ĆİĖ ĴżĬĊĜŴ źĴĽėŤē ƻ ĚżĹŭĥŤē

ŽŘ ĚżťĩŨ ĚżŨŵšĨ ĴżŔ ĚũōŭŨ ± Ǧǯ ěĔŨİĭĖ ĆĔĹŭŤē İŻŴĶĜ ħĴĝŝĜ ēŵŔēĳĔšżŬ ĚťŨĔšĝŨ

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ǩǮ

ūēİťėŤēŹŤčĚėĹŭŤĔĖĚŻŵŤŴǜēěēıěēĆēĴĤǞē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵŤĔĖ ƻĔŝżĠŴ ƻĔňĔėĜĳē ŊėĜĴĜŴ ĆĔĖŵťŤ ƻĔŝŘŴ ŪũŁĜ ŽĝŤē ĚťŨĔĽŤēŴ ĴĠǜē ĚũżōőŤē ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ěǙĬİĝŤ ĚŻŵŤŴĉ ĆĔŉŐč ŽťŻ ĔŨ ŦũĽĜ ŽĝŤēŴȕŒżŭũĝŤē ĦŨēĴĖŴ ȕţĔřňǜēŴ ěĔŲŨǜē ĚĩŀŴ ȕĚżĖĔĥŬǞēŴ ĚżĹŭĥŤē ĚĩŁŤēŴ ȕźĴĽėŤē ȖŮżŝűēĴũŤē ŹŤč ĚŲĤŵũŤē ĚĩŁťŤ ĦŻŴĴĝŤē ĦŨēĴĖŴ ĚżŐŵĝŤēŴ ĚťŨĔĽŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ěĔŨŵťőũŤē ȕŮżŝűēĴũťŤ ĔũżĸǘŴȕįŵŁŝũŤē ĴżŔ ŦũĩŤēŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŮŨ ĚżĐĔŭġŤē ĚŻĔũĩťŤ ĚŻŵġŬǜēŴ ĚŻĴŠĲŤē ěĔżŜēŵŤē ĦŨēĴĖ ȖęįİĩũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŹťŐ ĴżűĔũĥŤĔĖ ţĔŁĜǘēŴ ĚżŐŵĝŤē ěĔŨİĬ ţǙĬ ŮŨŴ ĚżťĩũŤē ěĔőũĝĥũŤē ţǙĬ ŮŨ ĔŲőŻĵŵĜŴ ŽĜǙŤē ĆĔĹŭŤē ŹťŐ ěĔżŜēŵŤē ŒŻĵŵĜŴ ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ŪŻİŝĝŤ ĚżŘĔńč ĲŘĔŭŨ ĔŲřŀŵĖ ęĴĸǜē ŪżōŭĜŴ ţĔřňǜēŴ ěĔŲŨǜē Ěĩŀ ěēįĔżŐ ŧēİĭĝĸē Ȗ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĴŉĭŤ ĚńĴŐ ŮšŻ ūĉ ŮšũŻ ŃēĴŨǜē ţĔĥŨ ŽŘ ĚřťšĝŤē ęĳŵĹżũŤēŴ ęįŵĥŤē ĚŬŵũŅũŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ŹťŐ ĘťŉŤēŴ ŃĴőŤē ęįĔŻĶŤ ŽŐĔũĝĤǘē ŞŻŵĹĝŤē ĦŨēĴĖ ŧēİĭĝĸē ęįĔŻĵ ȖĚŻİżťŝĝŤē ĴżŔŴ ĚŻİżťŝĝŤē ĲŘĔŭũŤē ŽŘ ěĔżŜēŵŤēŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ȖĆĔŅĝŜǘē ĘĹĨ ŽŐŵŉŤē ŽėŉŤē ĳŵŠĲŤē ūĔĝĬ ŹťŐ ŒżĥĽĝŤē B İėšŤē ĕĔŲĝŤǘŴ źĴĽėŤē ŽũżťĩŤē ŧĳŵŤē ķŴĴżřŤ ęįĔŅũŤē ěĔĨĔŝťŤē ĴŘēŵĜ ūĔũń İļǜē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ěĔĤĔżĝĨǘ ƻĔŝŘŴ ȕĚżŘĔőŤē ĳŵōŭŨ ŮŨ ĚżĹŭĥŤē ĚĩŁŤē ŒŨ ŦŨĔőĝĜ ŽĝŤē ĴňĔĭũŤē ŮŨ İĩŤē ěǙĬİĜ ĶżŠĴĜŴ ŪżũŁĜ ŦŨēŵőŤēŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚĖĔŀǞē ĴŉĬ ŮŨ ŹťŐĉ ŶŵĝĹũŤ ĚńĴŐ ķĔŭŤē ŦőĥĜ ŽĝŤē ĚżĸĔĸǜē ŦŨēŵőťŤ źİŁĝŤēŴ Ȗ ƻēĳĴŅĜ ŪŻĴĥĜ ŮŐ ĊĽŭĜ ŽĝŤē ūĔĹŬǞē śŵŝĨ ěĔŠĔŲĝŬē şĳēİĜ ŹŤč ĚżŨēĴŤē ěǙĬİĝŤē ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕĚũĐǙũŤēŴ ĚŤĔőřŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ĚĨĔĜč śŵőĜ ŽĝŤē ŽĹŭĥŤē ųĤŵĝŤĔĖ ŞťőĝũŤē ŚŭőŤēŴ ĺŭĥŤē ŏŵŬ ŹťŐ ŪĐĔŝŤē ŚŭőŤē ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ȕĺŭĥŤē ţĔĥŨ ŽŘ ŦũőŤē Ŵĉ ĚżĹŭĥŤē ĚżťġũŤē ěĔżŠŵťĸ ŽĤǙőŤē ĔűĴżĖİĜŴ ĚżŬĔĹŭĥŤē ĚŻŵŲŤēŴ ĚżũŤĔőŤēĚĩŁŤēĚũōŭŨŹŤčĚėĹŭŤĔĖĚŻŵŤŴǜēěēıěēĆēĴĤǞē ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŜ ěǙĬİĝŤ ŒŻĴĹŤē ģĔŨįǞēŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ūĊĽĖ ĚĠİĩŨ ěēįĔļĳč ĴĽŬŴ ĢŻİĩĜ ǁ ĿĔĬ ŧĔũĝűē ęĳĔŐč ŒŨ ȕĚđĖŴǜē ěĔŜĔżĸ ŚťĝĭũŤ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ŧĶĨ ŽŘ ěĔŭżėŤĔĖ ęİŭĹũŤē ęİŻİĥŤē ĚżũŤĔŐ ĴżŻĔőŨ ŒńŴ ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕĚŤĔőřŤē ĚŻŵġŬǜēŴ ĚŻĴŠĲŤē ěĔżŜēŵŤē ĦŨēĴĖ ĶŻĶőĜŴ ȖĆĔĹŭŤēŴ ŮżŝűēĴũŤēŴ ęįİĩũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũťŤ ĆēĴĽŤē ĴżĹżĜŴ ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚĖĔŀǞē ĴňĔĭŨŴ ĴĠĊĝŤē ĚŐĴĸ ŮŨ İĩŤē ěǙĬİĜ ūĊĽĖ ĚŘİŲĝĹũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũťŤ ěēįĔļĳč ĴĽŬŴ ĢŻİĩĜ ĚŠĳĔĽũŤēŴ ĚŝġŤēŴ ĚŬŴĴũŤē ęįĔŻĵŴ ŮżšũĝŤēŴ ĴňĔĭũŤē ŮŨ İĩŤĔĖ ĚżŭőũŤē ęİŻİĥŤē ěēĳįĔėũŤē ĶŻĶőĜ ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ĆĔŠĴĽŤē ŒŨ ŦũőŤēŴ ȖƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ŚŜēŵũŤēŴ ŗēĴŐǜē ĳŴį ţŵĨ ěēįĔļĳǞēŴ ěĔŭżėŤē ŪŻİŝĜŴ ȖęįİĩũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŮżĖŴ ěĔĖĔĽŤēŴ ěĔŝűēĴũŤē ěĔżĝřŤē ŮżĖ źĉĴŤĔĖ ęįĔŻĵ ŹŤč ęŵŐİŤēŴ Ȗ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚĖĔŀǞē ĴňĔĭŨŴ ĴĠĊĝŤē ĚŐĴĸ ŮŨ İĩŤē ŹťŐ İŐĔĹĜ ŽĝŤē ĺŭĥŤē ŏŵŭĖ ĚŝťőĝũŤē ĚżĖĔĥŻǞē İżŤēŵũŤē ŮżĖ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŹťŐ ĆĔŅŝťŤ ěēĆēĴĤǞēŴ įĳēŵũŤēŴ ŧēĶĝŤǘē

ŊĖĳŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤĚŤŵŝŭũŤēĚŻİőũŤēŃēĴŨǝŤĴšėũŤēłżĭĽĝŤē ģǙőŤĔĖŹńĴũŤē

ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĴšėũŤē łżĭĽĝŤē ŞżŝĩĜ ŮšũŻ ĚĥżĝŬ ţǙĝŐǘē ŗĔĽĝŠē źĉ ȕźĴĩĝŤĔĖ :ŽťŻ ĔŨ ŞŻĴň ŮŐ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ųżťŐ ĴŲōĜ ǘ įĴŘ ŶİŤ ĴŉĭŤē ŦŨēŵŐ ŹŤč įĔŭĝĸĔĖ ĳĔėĝĬǘē ŃēĴŐǝŤ ŽĸĔĸǜē ĘėĹŤē ŗĔĽĝŠĔŻĉ ȕłżĭĽĝŤĔĖ ȖŃēĴŐǜē ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĴšėũŤē łżĭĽĝŤē ĴėĝőŻŴ ģǙőťŤ ĚŀĴŘ ŦŅŘĉ ȕŃēĴŐǜēĚũŻİőŤē ěǘĔĩŤē ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ţĔŝĝŬē ŮŨ İŻĶũŤē ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵťŤŴ ȕŮżŤĔőřŤē ŪŐİŤēŴ ŽėŉŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŪōőŨ ūǜ ƻēĴōŬ ȕ ƻĔėőŀ ēĲű ūŵšŻ ūĉ ŮšũŻŴ ŶŴİőŤē (Ǯ ŦšĽŤē ĴōŬē ŃēĴŐǜēĚũŻİŐ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŦŌ ŽŘ įĳēŵũŤē ęįŴİĩũŤē ěĔđżėŤē ŽŘ ƻēĳįĔŬ źĴĩĝŤē ŦōŻŴ ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĚřťšĝŤē ęĳŵĹżŨ ěēĳĔėĝĬē įŵĤŴ ŧİŐ ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ĶŠēĴŨ ŽŘ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē

ǩǯ

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē :Ǯ ŦšĽŤē ĚũŻİőŤē ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ţĔĤĴŤē ŮŨ ƻēĴĠĊĜ ĴġŠĉ ĆĔĹŭŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚĖĔŀǟŤ ĆĔĹŭŤē ŮŨ ĚńĴŐ ĴġŠĉ ţĔĤĴŤēŴ ȕŃēĴŐǜē ŃēĴŐǜē ěēı ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē

ŃēĴŐǜē ěēı ěǘĔĩŤē

ŃēĴŐǜē ĚũŻİőŤē ěǘĔĩŤē

ŃēĴŐǜĔĖŮżĖĔŁũŤēŹńĴũťŤŽĤǙőŤēĴżĖİĝŤēĴżŘŵĜ

ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ŮżĖĔŁũťŤ ųĜĔŨİĬ ŧİŝŻ ĚżŤŴĉ ĚŻĔŐĳ ĶŠĴŨ ŦšŤ ŽŕėŭŻ ĴżĖİĝťŤ ƻĔġŻİĨ ǘŵŠŵĜŴĴĖ ŒėĝŻ ūĉ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƻ ŮŨ ŃēĴŐĊĖ ĚĖŵĩŁŨ ŃēĴŨĊĖ ŮżĖĔŁũŤē ĿĔĭļǝŤ ŽĤǙőŤē ĚżŲżĤŵĝŤē ďįĔėũŤē ŹŤč ƻēįĔŭĝĸē ŢŤıŴ ȕŪŲĐēĴĽőŤŴ ȕŏŵŭŤē ēĲű ěēįĔżŐ ŦũĽĜŴ ĚżŤŴǜē ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ĲŘĔŭŨ ŏŵŭĝĜŴĚżũŤĔőŤē ȕĚżĖĔĥŬǞēŴ ĚżĹŭĥŤē ĚĩŁŤē ěĔŨİĬŴ ĚżŤŴǜē ĚżĩŁŤē ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ěĔŨİĭŤēŴ ȕęįǘŵťŤ ĚŝĖĔĹŤē ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ěĔŨİĬ ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ķŴĴżŘ ŒŨ ŮżĽŻĔőĝũťŤ ŽĤǙőŤē ĴżĖİĝŤēŴ ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ĴŘŵĜ ŽĝŤē ĴżĖİĝŤē ŊĖĳ ĘĥŻ ȕŢŤı ŹťŐ ęŴǙŐŴźĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē łĭŻ ĔũżŘ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ěǘĔĩŤ ŽĤǙőŤē ƻĔŝżĠŴ ƻĔŉĖĳ ĴňĔĭũťŤ ŃĴőĝŤē ęİŻİĽŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕźĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ěĔŨİĭĖ ĚżŐŵĝŤē ěĔŨİĬ ŢŤı

źĴĩĝŤē ģŵŲŬ ŮŨ ĚřżŤŵĜ ĘĹŬĉ ĳĔżĝĬē İťĖ ŦŠ ŹťŐ ŮżőĝżĸŴ ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĚđĖŴĉ Ěőżėň ŹŤč ƻēįĔŭĝĸē łżĭĽĝŤēŴ ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤēŴ ȕĔŲĜĔżŨĔŭŻįŵŲżŘ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ţĲĖ ŧĶťŻŴĚĨĔĝũŤē ěĔŭżėŤēŴ ȕŽĩŁŤē ųŨĔōŬŴ ęĳĴŅĝũŤē ǁ ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ŽĤǙőŤē ĴżĖİĝŤēŴ ŗĔĽĝŠǘ ĚŀĔĬ įŵŲĤ ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŮżĖ ŃēĴŐǜē ĚũŻİőŤē ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚėĹŭŤĔĖ ĚżĹżĐĴŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŦũĽĜ ŽĝŤē ęįİĩũŤē ĕĔėĽŤēŴ ŮżŝűēĴũŤēŴ ȕźĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ ŹŤč ěǙĬİĜ ĆēĴĤčŴ ȕĔŲŻĴĩĜŴ ěǘĔĩŤē ŮŐ ŚĽšŤē ŦġŨ ȕŦŨēŵĩŤēŴ ūĔũŅŤ ĚŀĔĬ ĚŻĔŭŐ ĆǙŻč ŧĶťŻŴĆēĴĽőŤē ŹŤč ţŵŀŵťŤ ĚŭĹĩŨ ƻĔŅŻĉŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē łżĭĽĜ ĚĨĔĜč İĩťŤ ŢŤıŴ ȕěĔŨİĭŤēŴ łżĭĽĝŤē ŦĐĔĸŴ ęįŵĤ ūĔũŅŤ ŦĤĔőŤē łżĭĽĝŤē ŒŉŝŻŴłżĭĽĝŤē ŽŘ ĊŉĭŤē ĴňĔĭŨ ŮŨ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ţĔőřŤē ŽĤǙőŤē ĴżĖİĝŤēŴ ęİżőĖ ŦżĖĔŝŐŴ ěĔřŐĔŅŨ ĳŵŉĜ ŒŭũŻŴ ţĔŝĝŬǘē ĚťĹťĸ ŃēĴŨǜē ůĲŲŤ ŶİũŤē

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ǪǦ

ŮŨźĴĽėŤēŽŐĔŭũŤēĵŵőŤēķŴĴżŘŴźĴűĶŤēţĔŝĝŬēŮŨłťĭĝŤē ŦřŉŤēŹŤčŧǜē

ŪŲŤģǙőŤēŪŻİŝĜŴĆēĴĽőŤēŹŤčţŵŀŵŤē

ķŴĴżŘ ţĔŝĝŬē ŮŨ łťĭĝŤĔĖ ƻĔŨēĶĝŤē ūēİťėŤē ŮŨ įİŐ ŒŉŜ ŦřŉŤē ŹŤč ŧǜē ŮŨ źĴűĶŤēŴ źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ŮŨ İŻİőŤē ŽŘŴ(³ŽŝťĭŤē źĴűĶŤē´ ŪĸĔĖ ĔŅŻĉ ŗŴĴőũŤē ŦřŉŤē ŹŤč ŧǜē ŮŨ źĴűĶŤē ţĔŝĝŬē ŮŨ łťĭĝŤē ŊėĜĴŻ ȕūēİťėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ ţĔŝĝŬē ŮŨ łťĭĝťŤ ĚżĐĔŭġŤē ěǙũĩŤĔĖ ūēİťėŤē ņőĖ ĉİĖŴ ȕ(ŦřŉŤē ŹŤč ŧǜē ŮŨ źĴűĶŤēŴ źĴĽėŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ ţĔŝĝŬē ŮŨ łťĭĝťŤ ĚżĠǙĠ ěǙũĨ ĲżřŭĜ ŽŘ ŹŤč ŧǜē ŮŨ B İėšŤē ĕĔŲĝŤēŴ źĴűĶŤēŴ źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ǧǭ ƻēįēİőĝĸē ĔűıĔĭĜē ĘĤēŵŤē ěēŵŉĭŤē İŐĔĹĝĸŴ (ŦřŉŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ĔŲĥŨēĴĖ ĶŻĶőĜ ŹťŐ ȕūēİťėŤē ęĵĔĤǞ ŮŨ İĩŤē ŹťŐ İŐĔĹĜ ūĉ ĔŲŬĊļ ŮŨŴ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ŦĬēį ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŚťĝĭŨ ŮżĖ ĔũżŘ ěĔŘĔĩĤǞē İĨēŵŤē İťėŤē ŧĳŵŤēķŴĴżřŤęįĔŅũŤēěĔĨĔŝťŤēŮŨĚťŨĔšŤēęįĔřĝĸǘē B İėšŤēĕĔŲĝŤǘŴźĴĽėŤēŽũżťĩŤē

ŃēĴŨǜē ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ŮŨ ĉĶĥĝŻ ǘ ĆĶĤ ĆēĴĽőŤē ĳĔŉĬč ūč ģŵŲŬ ŮŻĔėĝĜŴĔŲĖ ŮżĖĔŁũŤē ĚŻĔŐĳŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ȕŗŴĴōťŤ ƻĔőėĜ ģǙőŤēŴ ęĳŵĽũŤē ŪŲżŤč ŪŻİŝĜŴ ĆēĴĽőŤē ĳĔŉĬč ŒżĥĽĜ ŽŘ ŦġũĝĜ ŽĝŤē ŹńĴũŤē ŦėŜ ǀ ŮŨĚŤĔĨǞē ŦũĽĜŴ ŦėŜ ǀ ŮŨĚŤĔĨǞēŴ ȕ(ŪŲĹřŬĊĖ ŪŲĐēĴĽőĖ ţĔŁĜǘē ŹťŐ ŹńĴũŤē ĳĔŉĬč ĚżĩŁŤē ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ěĔŨİĬ ŧİŝŨ ŹŤŵĝŻ ěĔŨİĭŤē ŽŨİŝŨ ŹńĴũŤē ĚŘĴőũĖ ĚŻİŜĔőĝŤē ĚŤĔĨǞēŴ ȕ(ģǙőťŤ ĘĜĴŻŴ ĴżĽőŤē ŽĝŝŻĴň ŮżĖ ŊĖĴŻ ŮżĜŵŉĬ ŮŨ ĦŲŬ ěĔŨİĭŤē ŽŨİŝŨŴ ȕ(ěĔŨİĭŤē ŽŨİŝŨ ŦėŜ ǀ ŮŨ ĚŤĔĨǞēŴ ŹńĴũŤē ŦėŜ ǀ ŮŨ ĚŤĔĨǞē ƿ źĲŤē ņŻĴũŤē ĲĬĊŻ ĢżĨ ĴżĽőťŤ ŦĥőũŤē ĞŁĭļ ģǙőŤēŴ ǁ łĩŘ ūŴį ůĴżĽŐ ŹŤč ĚŻŴįǜē Ŵĉ ĚżėŉŤē ěĔřŀŵŤē ųĝĖĔŀč ŦŨĔļ ĦŲŬ ŏĔėĜē ŹťŐ ĢĩŤē ŽŕėŭŻŴ (ĴżĽőŤē ēĲŲŤ ŞėĹŨ ȕĴżĽőŤē ģǙŐ ěǘİőŨŴ ęĳŵĽũŤē ęįĔŻĵ ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ŮŻĴżĽőťŤ ūŵšĜ ūĉ ĘĥŻŴęįǘŵťŤ ĚŝĖĔĹŤē ĚŻĔŐĴŤē śĔżĸ ŽŘ ĔũżĸǘŴ śŵŝĩŤē ŹŤč ęİŭĝĹŨ ĳĔżĝĬǘē ĔŲżťŐ ŒŝŻ ŽĝŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ģǙőŤē ĚĨĔĜč ūĔũń ŒŨ ȕŮżĹŭĥŤē ŮżĖ ęēŴĔĹũŤē ŧİőŤ ĚżŐēĴŨŴ ųĖ ŦżĥőĝŤēŴ ĆēĴĽőťŤ ĴĠǜēŪōŐĉŞżŝĩĝŤěǙĬİĝŤēŧĶĨ

ŽũżťĩŤē ŧĳŵŤē ķŴĴżřŤ ęįĔŅũŤē ěĔĨĔŝťŤĔĖ ŪżőŉĝťŤ ŮšũŻ ŞŭŐ ūĔňĴĸ ěǘĔĨ ŽŘ ƻēİŻİļ ƻĔńĔřĭŬē ŞŝĩŻ ūĉ źĴĽėŤē ŮŨć B İėšŤē ĕĔŲĝŤē ħĔŝŤ ūĉ ĔũŠ ȕķŴĴżřŤē ŮŐ ĚĥĜĔŭŤē ŪĨĴŤē B İėšŤē ĕĔŲĝŤē ķŴĴżřĖ ŶŴİőŤē ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ŽŘ ţĔőŘŴ ůĲű ŞżėŉĜ ŽŘ ĚŐĴĹŤē ųĤŴ ŹťŐ ūēİťėŤē ĴōŭĜ ūĉ ŽŕėŭŻŴǧǮ ķŴĴżřŤ ęįĔŅũŤē ěĔĨĔŝťŤĔĖ ŪżőŉĝťŤ ĔŲőżĸŵĜ Ŵĉ ĦŨēĴėŤē ĚŻĔŜŵťŤ ŦŨĔļ ĳĔňč śĔżĸ ŽŘ źĴĽėŤē ŽũżťĩŤē ŧĳŵŤē ħĔŝťŤē ūŵšŻ ūĉ ĘĥŻŴ ųĝĩŘĔšŨŴ ŪĨĴŤē ŞŭŐ ūĔňĴĸ ŮŨ ĚŐŵũĥũŤē ĘĹĨ źĴĽėŤē ŽũżťĩŤē ŧĳŵŤē ķŴĴżřŤ įĔŅũŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ĦŨēĴėŤē ŽŘ ĚżĸĔĸĉ ęĶżŠĳ ĔŲŘİŲĝĹŻ ŽĝŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ěĔżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘēŴ ŽĩŁŤē ŽŐŵŤē ęįĔŻĵ ŒŨ ŮżŝűēĴũťŤ ŮżŝűēĴũŤē ŹŤč ţŵŀŵťŤ

ŹťŐ ĚżĸĔĸǜē ěǙĬİĝŤē ůĲŲŤ ŽťšŤē ĴĠǜē ŪżōőĜ ŮšũŻ ƻēİŻİĩĜŴ ȕŶĴĬĉ ěēĳįĔėŨ ŮżĖŴ ĔŲŭżĖ ŒũĥŤĔĖ ĚżŨŵũőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ ţĔŝĝŬē ŮŨ łťĭĝťŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚťũĩŤē:ŽťŻ ĔŨ ŽŘ ŒĸŵĝŤē ȖŦřŉŤē ŹŤč ŧǜē ŮŨ źĴűĶŤēŴ źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ȖźĴĽėŤē ŽũżťĩŤē ŧĳŵŤē ķŴĴżřŤ ęįĔŅũŤē ěĔĨĔŝťŤĔĖ ŪżőŉĝŤē ķŴĴżŘ ŹťŐ ĴĠĉ ŮŨ ēĲŲŤ ĔũŤ ŽŐŵŉŤē ŽėŉŤē ĳŵŠĲŤē ūĔĝĬ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĴĐĔĸŴ źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ěēįĔŅŨ ĚŨŴĔŝŨ ĳŵŲōŤ źİŁĝŤē ěĔżĥżĜēĴĝĸē Ȗ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚżŭėŤē Ǎ ěēĳŵšũŤē

ĚũōŭũŤē ĞŝŝĩĜ ǁ ĔĖŵŠ ŮŨ ŦŨēŵĨ ± ǧǦ ŮŨ łťĭĝŤē ŮŨ ǨǦǧǫ ŵżŬŵŻ ūēĴŻĶĨ ŽŘ źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ ţĔŝĝŬē ĔĖŵŠ ŽŘ ŦřŉŤē ŹŤč ŧǜē ŮŨ źĴűĶŤēŴ

:ŽŤĔĝŤē ŊĖēĴŤē ĴōŬē ³ŦřŉŤē ŹŤč ŧǜē ŮŨ źĴűĶŤēŴ źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżřĖ ŶŴİőŤē ţĔŝĝŬē ŮŨ łťĭĝŤē :ŞŝĩĝŤē ěĔżťũŐ ŴĴżŻĔőũŤē ūĊĽĖ ĚżũŤĔőŤ ē ěēįĔļĳǞē ǧǭ (ǨǦǧǬ ŦŻĴĖĉ ūĔĹżŬ Ǩǧ ŽřŐǙňǘĔũĜ KWWS:DSSVZKRLQWLULVELWVWUHDPBHQJSGI"XD XD :ŹťŐ ĚĨĔĝŨ ȕǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ęĴĝřŤē ŽŘ ŽĸŴĴżřŤē İėšŤē ĕĔŲĝŤē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ęįŵĹŨ ĴōŬē ǧǮ (ǨǦǧǬ ŵŻĔŨ ĳĔŻĉ ǫ ŽŘ ŏǙňǘē ŪĜ KWWS:ZZZZKRLQWKHSDWLWLVQHZV-HYHQWVVWUDWHJ\ -HQ

Ǫǧ

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ĚżũŤĔőŤēĚĩŁŤēĚũōŭŨŹŤčĚėĹŭŤĔĖĚŻŵŤŴǜēěēıěēĆēĴĤǞē ŽĤǙőŤē ĴżĖİĝŤĔŬĊĽĖ ĔűĴĽŬŴ ŧĔōĝŬĔĖ ęİĨŵũŤē ĚżŲżĤŵĝŤē ďįĔėũŤē ĢŻİĩĜ ĚŻĴŻĴĹŤĔĜēįĔļĳǞē ŦũĽĜ ŽĝŤēŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ȖģǙőŤē ŽŘ ŧēİĝĹũŤēŴ ŒŻĴĹŤē ŒĸŵĝŤē ųĤŵĝĸ ŽĝŤē ĚżĥŨĴėŤēŴ ĚżťżŕĽĝŤēŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĳĔėĝĬē ģŵŲŬ ūĊĽĖ ęİĨŵũŤē ěēįĔļĳǞēŴ ĚŀĔĭŤē łżĭĽĝŤē ŦĐĔĸŴŴ ěĔżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘĔŻĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘŴ łżĭĽĝŤē ŹťŐ ĿĔĬ ųĤŵĖ ĶżŠĴĝŤē ŒŨ ȕěǙĬİĝŤē ğİĨĉ ŮũŅĝĜ ŽĝŤē ȕĔũŲĖ ďįĔėũŤē ŚżżšĜ ŽŘ ūēİťėŤē ŪŐįŴ ȖūĔũōĝŭũŤē źĴĩĝŤēŴ ĳĔėĝĬǘēŴ ȖĴšėũŤē ěĔŭżėŤĔĖ ęİŭĹŨ ĚżŲżĤŵĜ ďįĔėŨ ĴżŘŵĜŴ ȖĔűİŀĳŴ ĔűĲżřŭĜŴ ĚżŲżĤŵĝŤē ȕłżĭĽĝŤēŴ ȕęĳŵĽũŤĔėũűİŻŴĶĜŴ ŪŲőŨ ŦŀēŵĝŤēŴ ȕĔŲġŻİĩĜŴ ĆēĴĽőŤē ŖżťėĝŤ ģǙőŤēŴ ŪŻİŝĜ :ŦřŉŤē ŹŤč ŧǜē ŮŨ źĴűĶŤē ţĔŝĝŬē ŮŨ łťĭĝťŤ ŪŐİŤē ŒŻĴĹĜ ţĔŝĝŬē ŮŨ łťĭĝŤē ŮŨ ŞŝĩĝŤē ĴżŻĔőŨ ŞżŝĩĜ ĚżřżŠ ţŵĨ ĚżŭŝĜ ěēįĔļĳč ŦĐĔĸŴ ŧĔŨĉ ŞĐēŵőŤē łżťŝĜ Ŧėĸ İŻİĩĜŴ ȖŦřŉŤē ŹŤč ŧǜē ŮŨ źĴűĶŤē ȖŦřŉŤē ŹŤč ŧǜē ŮŨ źĴűĶŤē ţĔŝĝŬē ŮŨ łťĭĝŤē ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ģǙőŤēŴ łżĭĽĝŤē ŮżĖ źĴűĶŤē łżĭĽĜ ŮżĹĩĝŤ ęİŻİĤ ěĔżĤŵŤŵŭšĜ ğēİĩĝĸē ŒŻĴĹĜŴ ųĤǙŐŴ İżŤēŵũŤēŴ ŦŨēŵĩŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ęįŵĥŤē ĚżŤĔŐ łżĭĽĜ ŦĐĔĸŴ ĴŘēŵĜ ūĔũŅŤ įŵŲĥŤē ĶŻĶőĜ ŞėĹũŤē ĳĔėĝĬǙŤ ĚũōŭũŤē ĦŨĔŬĴĖ ĶŻĶőĜ :ĔŲĝĨĔĜčŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē łżĭĽĝŤ ĚżŐŵŭŤē ęİżĤ ŦĐĔĸŴ ĚĨĔĜč ĚŐĴĸ ūĔũŅŤ ĚżĨǙŁťŤ ŦĐĔĸŴ ĚĨĔĜč ŧĔŨĉ ŞĐēŵőŤē łżťŝĜ ŹťŐ ŦũőŤēŴ Ȗ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ĔŲĝřťšĜ ĴĹŻŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē łżĭĽĝŤ ĚżŐŵŭŤē ęİżĤ ŽĤǙőŤē ĴżĖİĝŤē ŽŘ ěēĴŕġťŤ ĚĥŤĔőũŤ ğŵĩĖ ĆēĴĤčŴ ğŵĩėťŤ ĦŨĔŬĴĖ ŒńŴ ȖįĳēŵũŤē ŹŤč ĴŝĝřĜ ŽĝŤē ěĔđżėŤē ŽŘ Ĕ ƻ żĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ŪĹĝĜ ģŵŲŬŴ ěĔżĤŵŤŵŭšĜŴ ĚżŁżĭĽĜ ěēĳĔėĝĬē İŻİĩĝŤ ğŵĩėŤē ŪŐįŴ ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē łĭŻ ĔũżŘ ţŵėŝŤēŴ ĚżŬŵŨĊũŤēŴ ęĆĔřšŤēŴ ĚżŤĔőřŤĔĖ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē : ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē İń ŒżŭũĝŤē ūĊĽĖ ěēįĔļĳǞē ĶŻĶőĜ ţŵĨ ęĳŵĽũŤē ŪŻİŝĜŴ ȕŒżŭũĝŤē ěĔĸĔżĸ ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ěĔŐĴĥŤēŴ ţŴēİĥŤē ŪżżŝĜ ŢŤĲŠŴ ȕĴňĔĭũťŤ ŃĴőĝŤē ęİŻİĽŤē ěĔđřŤē ĚŻĔũĩŤ ĚżŤĔőŘ İļǜē śĴŉŤē ŒżŭũĝŤē įĔũĝŐē ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ūēİťėŤē ŽŘ ĚżťżŕĽĝŤē ğŵĩėŤē ŪŐįŴ ȖĳŵŠĲŤē Ěĩŀ ĦŨēĴėĖ ųŉĖĳ ŦĤĉ ŮŨŴ źĴĽėŤē ŽũżťĩŤē ŧĳŵŤē ķŴĴżřŤ įĔŅũŤē ħĔŝťŤĔĖ ķŴĴżřŤ įĔŅũŤē ħĔŝťŤē ĴŘēŵĜ ūĔũń ŹŤč ĚżŨēĴŤē įŵŲĥŤē ŪŐįŴ ȖŮżŝűēĴũŤē ţŵĨ ěēįĔļĳč įēİŐčŴ ȕęĳŵĹżŨ ĳĔőĸĊĖ ūēİťėŤē ŽŘ źĴĽėŤē ŽũżťĩŤē ŧĳŵŤē ŪżőŉĝŤē ĦŨĔŬĴĖ ĘŬĔĤ ŹŤč ĔűįĔũĝŐē ŮšũŻ ŽĝŤē ŶĴĬǜē ĚżĩŁŤē ěǙĬİĝŤē

ūēİťėŤēŹŤčĚėĹŭŤĔĖĚŻŵŤŴǜēěēıěēĆēĴĤǞē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē łżĭĽĜŴ źĴĩĜ ūĊĽĖ ĚżŲżĤŵĝŤē ďįĔėũŤē ŚżżšĜ ŦĐĔĸŴ ĆēĴļ :ĔűĲżřŭĜŴ źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ŒżĸŵĜŴ ĔűįĔũĝŐēŴ ȕ ƻĔŝėĹŨ ĔŲĝżĨǙŀ ĚũōŭũŤē ěĴėĝĬē ŽĝŤē łżĭĽĝŤē ŮŨ İĩťŤ ęįŵĥŤē ŮżĹĩĜŴ ęįŵĥŤē ūĔũń ĴżĖēİĜ ĲżřŭĜŴ ȖĔŲŨēİĭĝĸē ŽŘ ĔŲŁĩŘŴ ěĔŭżőŤē ĲĬĉ ŮżĖ ĴżĬĊĝŤē ŦżťŝĜŴ łżĭĽĝŤē ŽŘ ĊŉĭŤē ĴňĔĭŨ ģǙőŤē ĚĨĔĜčŴ ĦĐĔĝŭŤē ŮŐ ŖżťėĝŤēŴ ěēĴėĝĭũŤē ūĊĽĖ ěĔŭżėŤĔĖ ęİŭĹŨ ĚżŭňŴ ĚżŲżĤŵĜ ďįĔėŨ śĔŉŬ ŒżĸŵĜŴ ĲżřŭĜ ěĔŬĔżėŤē ŹŤč ƻēįĔŭĝĸē ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ŽĤǙőŤē ĴżĖİĝŤē ĚĨĔĝũŤē ĚŻĴŉŝŤē ěĔŨİĭŤēŴ ĴżŘŵĜŴ ŃēĴŐǜē ĚũŻİőŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŗĔĽĝŠǘ ěĔżĥżĜēĴĝĸē ĲżřŭĜ ŦŨēŵĩŤēŴ ĚżĹżĐĴŤēŴ ęįİĩũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŮżĖ ŽĤǙőŤē ĴżĖİĝŤē ěǙĬİĜ ŒŨ ȕěǘĔĩťŤ ŮżũōĝŭũŤē źĴĩĝŤē Ŵĉ ĳĔėĝĬǘĔŠ ȕŮżŝűēĴũŤēŴ ȖĆēĴĽőŤē ŹŤč ţŵŀŵťŤ ĚŭĹĩŨ ǁ ĴżĖİĝŤē ŽŘ ŧēİĝĹũŤēŴ ţĔőřŤē ŒĸŵĝŤē ųżĤŵĝŤ ĲżřŭĝŤē ŊŉĬ ĢŻİĩĜ ƻēįĔŭĝĸē ŢŤıŴ ȕŃēĴŐǜē ěēı ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ŽĤǙőŤē ȖěĔŭżėŤē ğİĨĉ ŹŤč ĚżĩŁŤē ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ĶŠĴŨ ŽŘ ŹŉőĜ ęİĨēŴ ĚŐĴĥĖ ģǙőŤē ŧēİĭĝĸē ŒżĥĽĜ ȖģǙőŤĔĖ ŧēĶĝŤǘē ęįĔŻĶŤ ȕŮšŨĉ ĔũġżĨ ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŮżĖ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ŽĤǙőŤē ĴżĖİĝŤē ĦŨį źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ěĔŨİĬŴ ęįİĩũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ȕęĴżŉĭŤē ĚėĨĔŁũŤē ţǙĝŐǘēŴ ŶŴİőŤē ěǘĔĩŤ źİŁĝťŤ ůĔńĴŨ ĚŻĔŐĳŴ źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ ƻĔŀŵŁĬŴ ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ŽĤǙőŤē ĴżĖİĝťŤ ĚŤĔőŘ ĚŻŴįĉŴ Œťĸ ĴŘēŵĜ ūĔũń ĆēĴļ ūĔũńŃēĴŨǜē ůĲű ŮŨ ģǙőŤē ķĔŭŤē ĺũĝťŻ ĔŨİŭŐ Ĕ ƻ żĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĴĹŻŴ ĚĨĔĜč ŧĔŨĉ ěĔėŝőŤē ŦżťŝĜ ŹťŐ ŦũőŤēŴ ȖęįŵĥŤē ĚŬŵũŅŨ ĴżŜĔŝŐ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĚżŐŵŭŤē ęİżĥŤē łżĭĽĝŤē ŦĐĔĸŴ ĚřťšĜ įĔũĝŐē :ĆēĴĽőťŤ ŽĤǙőŤē ĴżĖİĝŤē ĶŻĶőĝŤ ěĔżĥżĜēĴĝĸē ĲżřŭĜŴ įēİŐč ĚżŀŵŁĬ ĚŻĔũĨŴ ȖĔűĲżřŭĜ ŶŵĝĹŨ ŪżżŝĜŴ ĆēĴĽőŤē ŖżťėĝŤ ěĔżĥżĜēĴĝĸē ĆēĴĽőŤē ģǙŐŴ ęĳŵĽũŤē ěĔŨİĭĖ ŊĖĴŤē ūĔũńŴ ȖŹńĴũŤē ŮŝĩĖ ŪĐǙũŤē ģǙőŤē ŪŻİŝĜ ūĔũńŴ źĴűĶŤē źĴĩĝŤ ŦŨēŵĩŤē ŒżũĤ ŏĔŅĬč ţĔŝĝŬē ŮŨ łťĭĝŤē įŵŲĤ ŊĖĳ ŮŲŭŨ ĚėĤŵũŤē ţĔŁŨǜē ěēŴĲŤ ŮżťĹŭėŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ ţĔŝĝŬē ŮŨ łťĭĝŤē įŵŲĥĖ ŦřŉŤē ŹŤč ŧǜē ŮŨ źĴűĶŤē ŮŨ İĩŤēŴ ĚżŉŕĝŤē ęįĔŻĶŤ įĔŲĝĤǘēŴ ȖŦřŉŤē ŹŤč ŧǜē ŮŨ źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ŹŤč ŧǜē ŮŨ źĴűĶŤē ţĔŝĝŬē ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ěǙĬİĜ ŪŻİŝĜ ŽŘ ęēŴĔĹũŤē ŧİŐ ęĵĔĤǞē ĴżŻĔőŨ œŵťĖ ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ŦřŉŤē ęįĔŅũŤē ěĔĨĔŝťŤĔĖ ŪżőŉĝťŤ ĦŨĔŬĴĖ ŞżėŉĜ ŽŘ ĚŐĴĹŤē ųĤŴ ŹťŐ ĴōŭŤē ūĔňĴĸ ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵťŤ ŦŨĔļ ĦŲŬ ĳĔňč ŽŘ źĴĽėŤē ŽũżťĩŤē ŧĳŵŤē ķŴĴżřŤ ĶŻĶőĝĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ěĔŨŵťőũŤē ĔŲŭũń ŮŨ ȕěĔŨŵťőŨ ĚŨĶĨ İŻİĩĜŪĨĴŤē ŞŭŐ ĦŨēĴĖ ĲżřŭĜ ŒŨ ŞżĹŭĝŤĔĖ ĔŲũŻİŝĜ ŮšũŻŴ ŮżŝűēĴũŤē ŗİŲĝĹĜ ȕĚĩŁŤē źĴĽėŤē ŽũżťĩŤē ŧĳŵŤē ķŴĴżřŤ ęįĔŅũŤē ěĔĨĔŝťŤĔĖ ŪżőŉĝŤē ĚżŭňŵŤē ĦŨēĴėŤē ŽŘ B İėšŤē ĕĔŲĝŤǘ ęįĔŅũŤē ěĔĨĔŝťŤĔĖ ŪżőŉĝŤē ģēĳįč ŒŨ ȕŢŤĲĖ ŏēĴĸǞēŴ ȕŦőřŤĔĖ ŢŤı ĲřŭĜ ŪŤ ŽĝŤē ūēİťėŤē ŽŘ ŒńĴŤē ŒżŭũĝŤ ĞŜŵŤē ŽŘ B İėšŤē ĕĔŲĝŤē ķŴĴżŘ ħĔŝťĖ ŪżőŉĝŤē ĚŐĴĤ ĆĔŉŐč ūĔũń ęįǘŵŤē İŭŐ ŪĐǙũŤē

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ĚŀĔĭŤēěǙĬİĝŤēŴěĔŨİĭťŤŊĖēŴĴŤēŴĳĵĈĝŤēųĤŴĉĶŻĶőĜ ƻĔżĹŭĤĚŤŵŝŭũŤēĚŻİőũŤēŃēĴŨǜĔĖ

ĔűĴĠĉŴĚżŭėŤēěēĳŵšũŤēěēįĔŅŨĚŨŴĔŝŨĳĔĽĝŬēĚĩŘĔšŨ Ǎ

ĚŻĔŐĴŤēŴ ģǙőŤēŴ łżĭĽĝŤēŴ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ĚťĹťĸ ĶŻĶőĜ ³ĕĴĹĝŤē´ ŮŨ ŹŬįǜē İĩŤē ŞżŝĩĝŤ ěĔŨİĭŤē ŪżōŭĜ ŽŕėŭŻ ȕĚťĹťĹŤē ůĲű ŶİŨ ŹťŐ ĆĔŝėĝĸǘē ŮŨ ŦġŨǜē ŶŵĝĹũŤēŴ ŦũĽĜŴĚŻĔŐĴŤēŴ ĚŻĔŜŵŤĔĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ěǙĬİĝŤĔĖ ŧēĶĝŤǘēŴ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ěǙĬİĜ ţŵėŜ ŶİŨ:ŽťŻ ĔŨ ĚżĹżĐĴŤē ěĔŻİĩĝŤē ŮŠĔŨĉ ņőĖ ŽŘ ĶżżũĝŤēŴ ŪŀŵŤēŴ ȖĔŲżťŐ ţĔėŜǞēŴ ĚŤĔőřŤē ŦżťŝĜŴ ĴĠǜē ŪżōőĝŤ łżĭĽĝŤē ųżĤŵĜŴ ȖĚżĩŁŤē ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ěĔŨİĭĖ ķĔŭŤē ŊĖĳ ȖİĨ ŹŬįĉ ŹŤč ĒňĔĭŤē łżĭĽĝŤē ūĔũń ȖūĔšŨǞē ĳİŝĖ ęĴšėŨ ĚťĨĴŨ ŽŘ ĚũĐǙũŤē ģǙőŤēŴ ģǙőŤĔĖ ŧēĶĝŤǘē ŹńĴũŤĔũĐǙĜ ūĉŴ ķĔŭŤē ŹťŐ ěĔŨİĭŤē ĶŠĴĜ ūĉ ŽŕėŭŻŴ ĳēİŀč ūŴį ĚŭŻĔėĝũŤē ŪŲĜĔĤĔĨ ŽėťĜŴ ķĔŭŤē śŵŝĨ ŧĴĝĩĜŴ ĶŠĴĜ ŽĝŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ūĊĖ ƻĔũťŐȖŪŲżťŐ ŦŨĔĩĝŤē Ŵĉ ŧĔšĨǜē ĴġŠĉ ĔŲŬŵŠ ŹŤč ĚŘĔńǞĔĖ ĚżŤĔőŘ ĴġŠĉ ūŵšĜ İŜ ķĔŭŤē ŹťŐ ĚżőũĝĥũŤē ěĔšėĽŤēŴ ěĔđřŤē şēĴļč ūĉ ĞėĠ ĔũŠ ęĆĔřŠ ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŹŤč ţŵŀŵťŤ ƻĔŀŵŁĬŴ ţĔőŘ ƻĔŅŻĉ ĘőŁŻ İŜ ŽĝŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ęįİĩũŤē ŮżŝűēĴũŤĔŠ ŢŤĲŠ ĔŲŬĊĖ Ū ǍťĹũŤē ŢťĜ ŦġŨ ĔŲżŤč ţŵŀŵŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ ŹŤč ĚėĹŭŤĔĖ ĚżĹżĐĴŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤēŴ źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ŹťŐ ƻĔŻŵŜ ƻĔŝżĹŭĜ ƻĔŅŻĉ ĚŻŵŝŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ĚťĹťĸ ĘťŉĝĜŴ ĚżŤć ŒŨ ĚżĩŁŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ŪŻİŝĜ ěĔŻŵĝĹŨ ŚťĝĭŨ İżőŀ ěĔŐĔŉŝŤē İżőŀ ŹťŐ ĚŤĔőŘ ĚŤĔĨč ĦŨēĴėŤēŴ ěĔŨİĭŤē ŮżĖ ŦŨĔšĝŤēŴ ěǙŁŤē įĔĥŻč ĦŨēĴėŤēŴ ěĔŨİĭŤē ŮżĖ ěǙŁŤēŴ ŦŨĔšĝŤē ŮŨ İŻĶũŤē įĔĥŻč ūč ěĔŨİĭŤē ĴĐĔĸŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ĔũĖ ĚťŁŤē ěēı ŶĴĬǜē ĚżĩŁŤē ěǘĔĥũŤĔĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ĦŨēĴėŤēŴ ȕęĴĸǜē ŪżōŭĜŴ ȕźĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ ŢŤı ŽŘ ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ĚĩŁŤē ĶŻĶőĜŴ ȖİżŤēŵũŤēŴ ěĔŲŨǜē ĚŻĔŐĳŴ ĚĩŁŤēŴ ĚŻĳĔĹŤē ĴżŔ ŃēĴŨǜēŴ ŒżŭũĝŤēŴ ȖĚżĹŭĥŤē ĚĩŁŤē ěĔŐĔŉŝŤēŴ ĚťŨĔĽŤē ĚżŤŴǜē ĚżĩŁŤē ĚŻĔŐĴŤē źĉ ȕ(ĚżĹřŭŤē ŽĝŤē ķĳēİũŤē ŽŘ ĚżĩŁŤē ĚżŐŵĝŤē ĦŨēĴĖ ŦġŨ ŶĴĬǜē ņřĭŻ ūĉ ųŬĊļ ŮŨ (ĚżŭŲũŤē ĚĩŁŤēŴ ȕŮżŝűēĴũŤē ŗİŲĝĹĜ ŦŅŘĉ ŦĐĔŁĨ ŹŤč źįČŻŴ ęĆĔřšŤē ŮĹĩŻŴ ŚżŤĔšĝŤē śĔżĹŤē ŹťŐ ĚũĐǙũŤē ŊĖēŴĴŤēŴ ŦŨĔšĝŤē ģıĔũŬ ŚŜŵĝĝĸŴ ğŵĩėŤĔĖ İļĴĝĹĜ ūĉ ŽŕėŭŻŴ ȕŽĩŁŤē ŧĔōŭŤēŴ źĴŉŝŤē ĚżťżŕĽĝŤē

ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĴġŠĉ ŮŨ ƻēİĨēŴ ūǙżĹŤē İőŻƿ ĚńēĴũŤĔĜǘİőŨ ŹťŐ ĴżėŠ ĴĠĉ ųŤŴ ŪŤĔőŤē ţŵĨ ƻĔŐŵżļ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚżńĔũŤē įŵŝőŤē ĴŨ ŹťŐ ĚżŭėŤē Ǎ ĚŻĴĹżŭŤē ěĳŵň İŜŴěĔżŘŵŤēŴ ĔŨ ȕŶŴİőŤē ģǙŐ ŽŘ ĚŨİĭĝĹũŤē ĚŻŴįǜē ĚżėŤĔŕŤ ĚŨŴĔŝŨ ĚũōŭŨ ěĵĶŐŴģǙőťŤ ĚťĖĔŝŤē ĴżŔ ĚĖĔŀǞĔĜǘĔũĝĨē İŻĶżĸ ěēĳŵšũŤē ěēįĔŅŨ ĚŨŴĔŝŨ İŀĴĜ ĦŨĔŬĴĖ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ĚŨŴĔŝŨ İŀĳ ŞżĹŭĝŤ ěēĴėĝĭũŤē ŮŨ Ěšėļ ĆĔĽŬĎĖ ĚżŭėŤē ǁ ĔŲĖ İļĴĝĹĜ ŽšŤ ěĔŬĔżĖ ŪŻİŝĜŴ ĚŻŴįǝŤ ĚżŭėŤē ǁ ĚŻĴĹżŭŤē ĚėėĹũŤē ŶĴĬǜē ŦŨēŵőŤē ŦũĽĜŴĚżĤǙőŤē ĚżŲżĤŵĝŤē ďįĔėũŤē ĔŲĝŨŴĔŝŨ ŦũĝĩŻ ŽĝŤē ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĺĖĴŲŤē ķŴĴżŘŴ ĚėĨĔĽŤē ĚżėŤŵťŤē ĚżŨŵĠĴĥŤē ěēįĔŅũťŤ ŦũőŤē ĚŉĭĖ ŊėĜĴĜ ŽűŴȕĚŻĴŠŴİŤē ĚżŨİĝĹũŤēŴ ŊżĹėŤē ǧǯ ěĔĖŴĴšżũŤē ěēįĔŅŨ ĚŨŴĔŝũĖ ĚżŭőũŤē ĚżťšŤē ĚżũŤĔőŤē

(ǨǦǧǫ ǨǦ-ǬǮŏ Ŀ ģĳēĴŝŤē ĴōŬē ǧǯ

Ǫǩ

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ĚżũŤĔőŤēĚĩŁŤēĚũōŭŨŹŤčĚėĹŭŤĔĖĚŻŵŤŴǜēěēıěēĆēĴĤǞē ěēįĔŅŨ ĚŨŴĔŝŨ ŒŨ ŦŨĔőĝŤē ŽŘ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ęįĔżŝŤĔĖ ŏǙŉńǘē ěēįĔŅũŤ ĚżŭėŤē Ǎ ĚŻĴżĹżŭŤē ĚŨŴĔŝũŤ ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘē ŞżĹŭĜ :ěĔĖŴĴšżũŤē ěēįĔŅŨ ĚŨŴĔŝũĖ ĚżŭőũŤē ĚżũŤĔőŤē ŦũőŤē ĚŉĬ ŒŨ ěĔĖŴĴšżũŤē ǨǦ ěĔĖŴĴšżũŤē Ǩǧ ĚżŭėŤē ǁ ěēĳŵšũŤē ěēįĔŅŨ ĚŨŴĔŝŨ İŀĴĜ ĦŨĔŬĴĖ ŪŐį ęįĔŻĵ ĆēŵĝĨēŴ ěĔĖŴĴšżũŤē ěēįĔŅŨ ĚŨŴĔŝŨ İŀĴŤ ŶĴĬǜē įŵŲĥŤēŴ ȖģǙőťŤ ŦĖĔŝŤē ĴżŔ ūǙżĹŤē ĳĔĽĝŬē

ūēİťėŤēŹŤčĚėĹŭŤĔĖĚŻŵŤŴǜēěēıěēĆēĴĤǞē ěēįĔŅŨ ĚŨŴĔŝŨ İŀĴŤ ěǙĬİĝŤēŴ ěĔżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ĲżřŭĜ ĶŻĶőĜ ȖĚżŭňŵŤē ěēĴėĝĭũŤē Ěšėļ ěēĳİŜ ĶŻĶőĜ ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕěĔĖŴĴšżũŤē ŽŘ ěĔĖŴĴšżũŤē ěēįĔŅũŤ ĚżŭėŤē Ǎ ĚŻĴżĹżŭŤē ĚŨŴĔŝŨ İŀĴĜ ĦŨįŴ ŚżżšĜŴ ȖěĔĖŴĴšżũŤē ěēįĔŅŨ ĚŨŴĔŝŨ İŀĴĝŤ ĚżŭňŵŤē ĚŉĭŤē ĲżřŭĜŴ ĚŨŴĔŝũŤē ŇĔũŬǜ ƻĔőėĜ ĚżĤǙőŤē ĚżŭňŵŤē ĚżŲżĤŵĝŤē ďįĔėũŤē ŮŨ İĩŤēŴ ȖěĔĖŴĴšżũŤē ěēįĔŅŨ ĚŨŴĔŝŨ ĳĔĽĝŬē ŮŨ İĩťŤ ěǙĬİĝŤē ĔŲĐēĴļŴ ěĔĖŴĴšżũŤē ěēįĔŅŨ ŚŀŴ ĦŨēĴĖ ŮżĖ ĔũżŘ ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕŦŨĔšĝŤēŴ ūŴĔőĝŤēŴ ŊĖēŴĴŤē ĶŻĶőĜ ěĔżŤŴČĹŨ ŮũŅĝĜ ŽĝŤē ĦŨēĴėŤēŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŃēĴŨǜēŴ ĚżĖĔĥŬǞē ĚĩŁŤēŴ źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ ūĊĽĖ ĚŻĳĔĹŤē ĴżŔ ŃēĴŨǜēŴ ūĔňĴĹŤēŴ ŦřŉŤē ŹŤč ŧǜē ŮŨ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ȖŮżŝűēĴũŤē ĚĩŀŴ ĚżĩŁŤē ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ěĔŨİĬ ţǙĬ ŮŨ ĦŨİŤē ĚżťũŐĚťŀēŵŨ ĶŻĶőĜ ȖĚũĐĔŝŤē ĚżŤŴǜē ĚżŭňŵŤē Ūō ƿŭŤē ŽŘ ĚĩŘĔšũŤēŴ ĚŻĔŜŵťŤ ĚżĹżĐĴŤē ěēĴļČũŤē ĦŨį Ȗ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŪżżŝĜŴ İŀĴŤ ŧĔōŭŤē ěĔŻŵĝĹŨ ŚťĝĭŨ ŮżĖ ŮżżŘĔšŤē ŞżĹŭĝŤēŴ ŦŀēŵĝŤē ūĔũń ȖĿĔĭŤēŴ ŧĔőŤē ŮżŐĔŉŝŤēŴ ŽĩŁŤē ęįŵĤ İŻİĩĝŤ ĚĩŘĔšũŤēŴ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ěĔŨİĬ ĚťĹťĸ ŦżťĩĜ ĆēĴĤǞē ıĔĭĜēŴ ȕŚőŅŤē ŮňēŵŨ Ūűĉ İŻİĩĜŴ ȕěĔŨİĭŤē ĚżĩżĩŁĝŤē

ȖūǙżĹŤē ģǙŐ ūĊĽĖ ĚżŲżĤŵĝŤē ďįĔėũŤē ĢŻİĩĜŴ ĺĖĴŲŤē ķŴĴżŘŴ ĚėĨĔĽŤē ĚżėŤŵťŤē ĚŨŴĔŝŨ ĳŵŲŌ ţĔũĝĨē İŀĳŴ ȖěĔĖŴĴšżũŤē ěēįĔŅũĖ ģǙőťŤ ĚŻĴŠŴİŤē ĚżŨİĝĹũŤēŴ ŊżĹėŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĚŻĔŐĳ ĶŠēĴŨ ĴŻŵŉĝŤ ğŵĩėŤē ŽŘ ĳĔũġĝĸǘē ęįĔŻĵŴ ŗĴőĝŤē ŮŨ ŦŅŘĉ ŶŵĝĹũĖ ĪũĹĜ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ěĔĖŴĴšżũŤē ěēįĔŅŨ ĚŨŴĔŝŨ ŹťŐ ěĔŨİĭŤē ŮżĖ ŊĖēŴĴŤē ĆĔĸĳč ŽŘ ŧİŝĝŤē ĵēĴĨč ŽŘ ūēİťėŤĔũŐį :ĔŲĥŨįŴ ȖţĔőřŤē ŊĖĴŤē ķĔżŝŤ ĘżŤĔĸĉŴ ěēĴļČŨ ħēĴĝŜē ěĔŨİĭŤē ĦŨİėŝťőĝŻ ĔũżŘ ĔűĴĽŬŴ ěĔĸĳĔũũŤē ŦŅŘĉ ŞżĠŵĜ ȖĚŤēŵĥŤē ŚĜēŵŲŤē ŞŻĴň ŮŐ ĚżĩŁŤē ěĔŨİĭŤēŴ ĚżŭňŵŤē Ūō ƿŭŤē ŽŘ ŪżżŝĝŤēŴ İŀĴťŤ ĚũōŭũŤē ĳĔňč ŧēİĭĝĸē Ȗ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŪżżŝĜŴ İŀĴŤ ŮőŕżťėĝŤēŴ ěĔŨİĭŤē ĚťĹťĸ ţŵĨ ĚżŭňŵŤē ěĔŬĔżėŤē ŒũĤ ĴżĹżĜ ȖĦĐĔĝŭŤē Ūűĉ ħēĴĝŜēŴ ěĔŨİĭŤē ĚťĹťĸ ŽŘ ĚŠĴĝĽũŤē ŚőŅŤē ŮňēŵŨ İŻİĩĜ ȖĔŲŤ ĔŲĝĥŤĔőũŤ ěǙĬİĝŤē ěēįĔļĳǞē ŽŘ ĚŤĔőřŤē ģŵŲŭŤēŴ ěǙĬİĝŤē ŹťŐ ŗĴőĝŤē ģēĳįč ĚũōŭũŤĔĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ĚżĥŨĴėŤēŴ ĚżťżŕĽĝŤē

:ŽŤĔĝŤē ŊĖēĴŤē ĴōŬē ȕěĔĖŴĴšżũŤē ěēįĔŅũŤ ŃēĴŨǜē ĚŨŴĔŝũĖ ĚżŭőũŤē ĚżũŤĔőŤē ŦũőŤē ĚŉĬ ŹťŐ ŏǙňǙŤ ǨǦ (ǬǧǦǨ ŦŻĴĖĉ ūĔĹżŬ ǨǨ ŽŘ ŏǙňǘē ŪĜKWWS:ZZZZKRLQWGUXJUHVLVWDQFHJOREDOBDFWLRQBSODQHQ :ŽŤĔĝŤē ŊĖēĴŤē ĴōŬē ȕĚżŭėŤē ǁ ěēĳŵšũŤē ěēįĔŅŨ ĚŨŴĔŝŨ İŀĴĜ ĦŨĔŬĴĖ ŮŐ ěĔŨŵťőũŤē ŮŨ İŻĶũťŤ Ǩǧ (ǬǧǦǨ ŦŻĴĖĉ ūĔĹżŬ ǨǨ ŽŘ ŏǙňǘē ŪĜKWWS:ZZZZKRLQWUHSURGXFWLYHKHDOWKWRSLFVUWLVJRQRFRFFDOBUHVLVWDQFHHQ

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ǪǪ

ǩ ŽĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ųĤŵĝŤē ŗĔŁŬǞē ŞżŝĩĜ ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ěĔŨİĭŤē ŪŻİŝĜ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚŝťőĝũŤē ěĔŻĔŕŤē œŵťĖ ūč śŵŝĨ ďįĔėŨ ŹŤč İŭĝĹĜ ŦũőťŤ ĚżĜēŵŨ ĚđżĖ ĘťŉĝŻ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ǘč ŢŤı ŹŭĹĝŻ ŮŤŴ ȕŮżĹŭĥŤē ŮżĖ ęēŴĔĹũŤēŴ ūĔĹŬǞē ŹťŐ ĴĠǜē ĚũżōőŤēŴ ĚėĸĔŭũŤē ěĔŨİĭŤēŴ ěǙĬİĝŤē ĶżŠĴĝĖ ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ęįİĩũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ĚĖĔŀǟŤ ĚńĴŐ ĴġŠǜēŴ ĴŉĭťŤ ĚńĴŐ İļǜē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē İŲĽĜ ŽĝŤē ŮŠĔŨǜē ŽŘŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚĨĔĜč ūŵšŻ ūĉ ŽŕėŭżŘ ȕŽŤĔĝŤĔĖŴĔŲĖ ĚĖĔŀǟŤ ěǘĔĨ ŪōőŨ ŮšũŻ ĔŨ ŵűŴ ȕĶżżũĝŤē ŮŨ ƻĔżŤĔĬŴ ƻĔřŁŭŨ ĚŤĔőřŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚĖĔŀǞē ğİĩĜ ĢżĨ Ȗ ƻĔŻİĩĜ ŦšĽŻ ūĉ ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŮżĖ ĴżėŠ ţİőũĖ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ěĔŻİĩĜ ūŵŲĤēŵŻ İŜ ŪŲťŠŴ ȕŮżŝűēĴũŤē ŮżĖŴęįİĩũŤē ȕĔŲĖ ŮżŉėĜĴŨ ĆĔŝėŤē Ŵĉ ĚżĩŁŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ŹŤč ţŵŀŵŤē ŽŘ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖĚŀĔĭŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ƻĔŀŵŁĬŴ ĿĔĭļǜē ŮŨ ęĴżėŠ ĚėĹŬ ūĎŘ ȕŢŤĲŤ ĚĥżĝŬŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚĖĔŀǞē ĴňĔĭũŤ ŃĴőĝŤē źİŻİĽŤē ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ěĔŨİĬŴ śĴň ūŵŨİĭĝĹŻ ǘ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ūŵŨİĭĝĹŻ ǘ Ŵĉ ȕĚŁĭĽŨ Ǎ ĴżŔ ŪŲĜǘĔĨ ŦōĜ Ŵĉ ȕĚżŤĔőřĖ ųĖ ūŵŨĶĝťŻ ǘ Ŵĉ ģǙőŤē ūŴĔőĝŤē ţǙĬ ŮŨ ĚżĤǙőŤē ěĔŨİĭŤĔĖ ĚżŉŕĝŤē ęįĔŻĵ ŮšũŻŴ ŦġŨ ŶĴĬǜē ĚżŨŵšĩŤē ěĔŐĔŉŝŤēŴ ĚżĩŁŤē ĦŨēĴėŤē ŒŨ ȕūŵĥĹŤē ĚĩťŁŨŴ ȕĚżŭŲũŤē ĚĩŁŤēŴ ȕŪżťőĝŤē ěĔŐĔŉŜ ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ŽŨİŝŨŴ ĚżőũĝĥũŤē ěĔũōŭũŤē ŢŤĲŠŴ (ęĴĥŲŤēŴ ĿĔĭŤē ŏĔŉŝŤē ŮŨ ĚżĩŁŤē ĴňĔĭũŤēŴŶŴİőŤĔĖĴĠĊĝŤēĚŐĴĸŮŨİĩŤē

ŃēĴŨǜē ěĔŨİĬ ŹťŐ ķĔŭŤē ŒżũĤ ŦŁĩŻ ūĉ ŽŕėŭŻ ūŵšĜ ūĉŴ ȕĔŲżŤč ūŵĤĔĝĩŻ ŽĝŤē ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ĚżŘĔŠ ęįŵĤ ěēı ěĔŨİĭŤē ůĲű

ĚĖĔŀǞē ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ŮŐ ķēĴŠ ǁ ĉĴŝĜ ŧĉ ± ǧǧ ĔżĹżŬŴİŬč ȕźĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżřĖ

ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĴĠĊĝŤē ĚŐĴĸ ŮŨ İĩťŤ ĚŤĔőřŤē ěǙĬİĝŤē ŚŜŵĝĜ ĆĔŭĖ ŹťŐ ĔŲŤ ŃĴőĝŤē ĴŉĬŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē İĩŤēŴ ĚĩŁŤē ŒżĥĽĜ ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ųĤŵũŤē ŦŀēŵĝŤēŴ ŽŐŵŤē ĚżĹŭĥŤē ĚĩŁŤē ěĔŨİĬ ĚĨĔĜč ęįĔŻĵ ŹťŐŴ ȕĴňĔĭũŤē ŮŨ ůĲű ŽŘ ŧİŝĜ ĵēĴĨč ĘťŉĝŻŴĔŲŨēİĭĝĸēŴ ĚżĖĔĥŬǞēŴ ĶżżũĝŤēŴ ŪŀŵŤē ŮŨ İĩťŤ ĚŤĔőŘ ěēĆēĴĤč:ŽťŻ ĔŨ ěǘĔĥũŤē ěēĳįĔėŨ ȖĚżťĩũŤē ěĔőũĝĥũŤēŴ ĚżĩŁŤē ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ŮŠĔŨĉ ŽŘ ŹťŐ ŪĐĔŝŤē ŚŭőťŤ ŶİŁĝĜ ŽĝŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ŪŻİŝĜŴ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ĚŻŵŲŤē Ŵĉ ŽĹŭĥŤē ųĤŵĝŤĔĖ ĚŜǙőŤē źı ŚŭőŤēŴ ĺŭĥŤē ŏŵŬ ěĔŐŵũĥũŤēŴ ĆĔĹŭŤē Ů ǁšũĜ ŽĝŤē ěǙĬİĝŤē ȖĚżŬĔĹŭĥŤē İŜ ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ņőĖ ŽŘŴ ĚŨŵŀŵũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ĴĠĊĝŤē ĚŐĴĸ ęįĔŻĵ ŹŤč ĳĔń ŵĩŬ ŹťŐ ţŵĩšŤē ŽňĔőĜ źįČŻ İŭŐ ųĜĔŐēĴŨ ŽŕėŭŻŴ ĴňĔĭŨ ŹťŐ źŵŉŭĜ ŽĝŤē ěĔżŠŵťĹŤēŴ ěĔŨİĭŤē ŪżũŁĜ

śŵŝĨĵĶőĜŮżŬēŵŜŴěĔĸĔżĸŹťŐŦũĝĽĜĚżĜēŵŨĚđżĖĚđżŲĜ ŮżĹŭĥŤēŮżĖęēŴĔĹũŤēŴūĔĹŬǞē

ĚĩŁŤē ĵĶőĜŴ ŽũĩĜ ŽĝŤē ěĔĸĔżĹŤēŴ ŮżŬēŵŝŤē ūĔšŨĎĖ śŵŝĩŤēŴ ĚĩŁŤē ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕūĔĹŬǞē śŵŝĨŴ ĚżŨŵũőŤē İĩĜ ūĉ ȕŽŕėŭŻ ĔũŠ ĔűıĔřŬč ŪĝŻ ĔŨİŭŐ ȕĚżĖĔĥŬǞēŴ ĚżĹŭĥŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĴňĔĭũŤ ŃĴőĝŤēŴ ŶŴİőŤĔĖ ĴĠĊĝŤē ĚŐĴĸ ŮŨ ĚżĩŁŤē ěĔŨİĭŤēŴ ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ĚĨĔĜč ŮĹĩĜŴ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ŒĸŵĜŴ Ȗ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ŶĴĬǜē ǁ ěĔėŝőŤē ĞŤēĵĔŨŴĔŲĝżŤĔőŘŴ ĔŲĜįŵĤ ŮŨ İŻĶĜŴ ĔŲŜĔŉŬ ķĔŭŤē ŽŭġĜ ěĔėŝőŤē ŮŨ ĔűĴżŔŴ ĚżĹĸČũŤēŴ ĚżŬŵŬĔŝŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚŝťőĝũŤē ěĔŨİĭŤĔĖ ŏĔřĝŬǘē ŮŐ ęĴżġŠ ūēİťĖ ŽŘ ŮũŅŻ ūĉ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŜ ŹťŐ ĘĥŻŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ĦŨēĴėťŤ ĚżũżōŭĝŤē ĪĐēŵťŤēŴ ŮżŬēŵŝŤēŴ ěĔĸĔżĹŤē ęİŬĔĹŨ ĚżŭňŵŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘē ĚŉĽŬĉŴ ĚŜǙőŤē ěēı ĚżŭňŵŤē ĶŻĶőĜŴ ĚŻĔũĨŴ ŮżĹŭĥŤē ŮżĖ ęēŴĔĹũŤē ĶŻĶőĝĖ ŢŤıŴ ȕ ƻĔŨŵũŐ İļǜē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũťŤ ĚżĩŁŤēŴ ĚżŬĔĹŬǞē śŵŝĩŤē ĔũĖ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚĖĔŀǞē ĴŉĭŤ ĚńĴŐ ŮżŝűēĴũťŤŴ (ęįİĩũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŢŤı ŽŘ

Ǫǫ

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ĔŲŉĖĳŴĆĔŠĴĽŤēŴĚżťĩũŤēěĔőũĝĥũŤēşēĴļč

ĚũĐǙũŤēěĔŨİĭŤĔĖĚżŬĔšĹŤēěĔŐŵũĥũŤēŒżũĤŹŤčţŵŀŵŤē

ŮŻĴĬǚē ĆĔŠĴĽŤēŴ ĚżťĩũŤē ěĔőũĝĥũŤē ŒŨ ŦũőŤē ŽĹĝšŻ ěǙĬİĝŤē ĚŨĶĨ İŻİĩĝŤ ĚŕŤĔĖ Ěżũűĉ ĚŘĔŠ ěĔŻŵĝĹũŤē ŹťŐ ȕĚŤĆĔĹũŤēŴ ĦŨēĴėŤē ŮżĖ ŞżĹŭĝŤēŴ ěĔĸĔżĹŤē śĔĹĜē ŮżĹĩĜŴ ĦŨēĴĖ ŪżũŁĜ ŹťŐ ĴĠČĜ ŽĝŤē ŦŨēŵőŤē ŚťĝĭŨ ĚĥŤĔőŨŴ ĔŲťĐĔŁĨŴ ĔŲĐēįĉŴ ĔűĲżřŭĜŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĔũĖ ȕĚżŨŵũőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ďįĔėũĖ ěĔŠēĴĽŤē İļĴĝĹĜ ūĉ ŽŕėŭŻŴ ĚŤĆĔĹũŤēŴ ȕĚŨŵšĩŤē ĘŬĔĤ ŮŨ ĚŻŵŜ ĚŨēŵŜ ęĳŴĴń ŢŤı ŽŘ ŮżĹŭĥŤē ŮżĖ ęēŴĔĹũŤēŴ ūĔĹŬǞē śŵŝĨ ĶŻĶőĜŴ ȕĚżŨŵũőŤē ŒŨ źŵŝŤē ŦũőŤē İŐĔĹżĸŴĚĩŁŤē ţĔĥŨ ŽŘ ŗĔŁŬǞēŴ ƻĔŀŵŁĬŴ ȕŽŭŻİŤē ŏĔŉŝŤē ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕŽŬİũŤē ŒũĝĥũŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ĴŘēŵĜ ūĔũń ŹťŐ ȕŽťĩũŤē ŒũĝĥũŤē ŶŵĝĹŨ ŹťŐ ŊĖēŴĴŤē İŐĔĹĝĸ ĔũŠĚŘĔŠ ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũťŤ ĚżĸĔĸǜē ŒũĝĥũŤēŴ ĿĔĭŤē ŏĔŉŝŤē ŮŨ ěĔŨİĭŤē ŽŨİŝŨ ŒŨ ĚũōŭũŤē ęįŵĥŤē ūĔũń ŮżĹĩĜ ŒŨ ĚżŉŕĝŤē ŒżĸŵĜ ŹťŐ ƻĔŅŻĉ ŽŬİũŤē ųĹřŬ ĞŜŵŤē ŽŘ ĚżĩŁŤēŪōŭŤēĶŻĶőĜ

ŮŨ ŵĩŬ ŹťŐ ūĔšĹŤē ŧŵũŐ ěĔĤĔżĝĨē ĚżėťĜ ŮŐ ǙŅŘ ƻ ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŹŤč ţŵŀŵŤē ĘĹĝšżĸ ȕĚżŤĔőřŤē ĆĔŅŝťŤ ĚŕŤĔĖ Ěżũűĉ ŪŲŤ ĘĹŬǜē ěǙĬİĝŤĔĖ ęįİĩũŤē ūēİťėŤē ŽŘ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĚđĖŴĉ ŹťŐ ŽĝŤē ŞĐēŵőŤē ŹťŐ ĘťŕĝŤē Ŵĉ ĚŤēĵǞ ěēĆēĴĤč ıĔĭĜē ŮŨ İĖǘŴ ěĔŨİĬ ŹťŐ ţŵŁĩŤē ŮŨ ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ůĲű ŒŭũĜ ŪŐǜē ĚżĩŁŤē ěĔŨİĭŤēŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ůĲű ŦũĽĜ İŜ ȕĚżŬĔšĹŤē ĚŐŵũĥũťŤ ƻĔŝŘŴŴĔŲżŤč ģĔĝĩĜ ŽĝŤē ņőĖ ŪŻĴĥĜŴ ȕĔńĴťŤ ĔżŬİŤē ƿ ŮĹŤĔĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ŮżŬēŵŝŤē ŞĐēŵőŤē ŒŨ ĺŭĥťŤ ţĔĤĴŤē ĚĸĳĔũŨŴ ĺŭĥŤĔĖ ţĔŕĝļǘĔŠ ěĔżŠŵťĹŤē ŚŭőŤēŴ ȕŽĹĸČũŤē İżőŁŤē ŹťŐ ĶżżũĝŤēŴ ŪŀŵŤēŴ ȕţĔĤĴŤē ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ŶĴĬǜē ŚŭőŤē ĳŵŀŴ ĺŭĥŤē ŏŵŬ ŹťŐ ŪĐĔŝŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĚĖĔĥĝĸǙŤ ƻĔŅŻĉ ŽŕėŭŻŴĴżĽőŤē ŚŭŐ ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŚťĝĭŨ ģĔżĝĨē ţĔũĝĨē İĹĥĜ ūĉ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚřťĝĭŨ ŏēŵŬĉŴ ěǙĬİĝŤē ŮŨ ĚřťĝĭŨ ěĔŐŵũĥŨ ŹŤč ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ŮŨ ƻĔŁżŁĬūĔżėŁŤēŴţĔĤĴŤēŗēİŲĝĸē

ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ĴżŘŵĜ ŹťŐ ĳįĔŜ źŵŜ Žĩŀ ŧĔōŬ įŵĤŴ ŦšĽŻ ĚżŤĔőřŤĔėũĹĝĜŴ ĔŲżťŐ įĔũĝŐǘē ŮšũŻ ķĔŭŤē ŹťŐ ĶŠĴĜ ŽĝŤē ŽŘ ķĔĸǜē ĴĥĨ ȕĿĔĭŤēŴ ŧĔőŤē ŮżŐĔŉŝŤē ŽŘ ŗĔŁŬǞēŴ ŪĹĝŻŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĚŤĔőřŤē ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘē ęĆĔřšŤē ĚżŤĔŐ ģıĔũŬ:ĚżŤĔĝŤē łĐĔŁĭŤĔĖ ŧĔōŭŤē ēĲű ŦġŨ ĚťŨĔŐ ŶŵŜ ȖĚŐŵŭĝũŤē ŹńĴũŤē ěĔĤĔĨ ŽėťĜ ěĔŨİĭŤē ŪŻİŝĝŤ ŢťĝũĜŴ ĚżŘĔŠ įēİŐĊĖŴ ĘĸĔŭũŤē ŦšĽŤĔĖ ĚŐĵŵŨŴ ĚĖĳİŨ źŵŜ ŧĔōŬ ȖěĔĤĔżĝĨǘē ĚżėťĝŤ ĚŨĵǙŤē ěēĳĔŲũŤē ŮŨ ƻĔĥŻĶŨ ĚřťšĝŤē ęĳŵĹżŨŴ ĔŲżťŐ ţŵőŻ ĚĨĔĜč ȖĚżĩŁŤē ěĔŨŵťőũťŤ Žĩŀ ŦŻŵũĜ ȖĚżĸĔĸǜē ĚżėŉŤē ěĔżĤŵŤŵŭšĝŤēŴ ěĔĥĝŭũťŤ ůĲű ŦšĖ ŪĹĝŻ ǘŴūŴČĽŤē ŚŻĴŁĜ ŮĹĨŴ ĚŻŵŜ ęįĔżŜ ȖŗĔŠ ŮűēĴŤē ĞŜŵŤē ŽŘ ĚżĩŁŤē ŪōŭŤē ŮŨ ƻēİĤ ŦżťŝŤē ǘč łĐĔŁĭŤē ĚŀĔĭŤēěĔđżėŤēŗēİŲĝĸē

ĚżŬĔšĸ ĚŐŵũĥũŠ ţĔũűǟŤ ūĔżėŁŤēŴ ţĔĤĴŤē ŃĴőĝŻ ĔŨ ƻĔėŤĔŔ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĚĩŘĔšũŤ ƻĔŀĔĬ ƻēĶżŠĴĜ ĘťŉĝĜ ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘē ĚŉĽŬĉ ěĉİĖ İŜŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ şĳİĜ źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ŹťŐ ĚťŨĔĽŤē ģŵŲŭŤē ĆēŵĝĨē ūĔũń Ěżũűĉ İŻēĶĝŨ ŵĩŬ ŹťŐ ǙŅŘ ūĔżėŁŤēŴ ţĔĤĴťŤ ěĔŨİĭŤē ĚĨĔĜč ūĔũń ŹťŐ ĶŠĴĜĴŀĔŭŐ ƻ ĦŨēĴĖ ĚżŘĔńǞē ěǙĬİĝŤē ŦũĽĜ İŜŴěĔżĝřŤēŴ ĆĔĹŭŤĔŭŐ ŒżĥĽĜŴ ȕţĔĤĴŤē ŹŤč ĚŲĤŵũŤē ŽŠŵťĹŤēŴ ŽŐĔũĝĤǘē ĴżżŕĝŤē ŽňĔőĜ ŹťŐ ĶŠĴĜ ŽĝŤē ĦŨēĴėŤēŴ ȖŽŐŵŉŤē ŽėŉŤē ĳŵŠĲŤē ūĔĝĬ ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŹťŐ ĶżŠĴĝŤēŴ ȖūĔŨįǞē įēŵŨŴ ţŵĩšŤē ĚťŝŭĝũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ęįİĩũŤē ȕţĔĤĴŤē ŒŨ ĺŭĥŤē ūŵĸĳĔũŻ ŮŻĲŤē ţĔĤĴŤēŴȕūŴĴĤĔŲũŤēŴ ŹťŐ ĳŵŠĲŤē ūŴįįĴĝũŤēŴ ȕĺŭĥŤē ţĔĥŨ ŽŘ ĳŵŠĲŤē ūŵťŨĔőŤēŴ ĺŭĥŤē ţĔĥŨ ŽŘ ěǙŨĔőŤē

ŶŴİőŤĔĖ ĴĠĊĝŤē ĚŐĴĸ ěĔŻŵĝĹŨ ĔŲżŘ ŒřĜĴĜ ĚŀĔĬ ěĔđżĖ şĔŭű İŜŴ ĔűĴňĔĭũŤ ŃĴőĝŤēŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĔŲĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ĚżĸĔĸǜē ěĔŨİĭŤē ĚĨĔĜĎŷŵĝĹŨ ĔŲżŘ ŹŬİĝŻ ŮżđĤǙŤē ěĔũżĭŨŴ ĵĔĥĝĨǘē ĶŠēĴŨŴ ūŵĥĹŤē ŽŘ ĔũŠ ȕęİĽĖ ŮżőĝŻŴŞťŝťŤ ęĴżġŨ ĚżŬĔĹŬč ƻĔŐĔńŴĉ İŲĽĜ ŽĝŤē ŮŠĔŨǜēŴ įēĴŘǜē ŹŤč ĚŨİŝũŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ūŵšĜ ūĉ ŮũŅĜ ūĉ ūēİťėŤē ŹťŐ ŒĸŴǜē ŒũĝĥũťŤ ĴŘēŵĝĜ ŽĝŤē ŢťĝŤ ĚŻŴĔĹŨ ěĔđżėŤē ůĲű ŽŘ ƻĔŜĔŉŬ

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ǪǬ

ūēİťėŤēŹŤčĚėĹŭŤĔĖĚŻŵŤŴǜēěēıěēĆēĴĤǞē ŶŵĝĹŨ ŹťŐĉ İŲĽĜ ŽĝŤē ŒŜēŵũŤēŴ ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŹŤč ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ěĔŨİĭŤēŴ ěǙĬİĝŤē ųżĤŵĜ :ŶŴİőŤĔĖ ĴĠĊĝŤē ĚŐĴĸŴ ĴňĔĭũŤēŴ ģĔżĝĨǘē ŮŨ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ĚżŭňŵŤē ŦũőŤē ŊŉĬ ŽŘ ŮżĹŭĥŤē ŮżĖ ęēŴĔĹũŤē ŹŤč ĚżŨēĴŤēŴ ěĔŭżėŤĔĖ ęİŭĹũŤē ěǙĬİĝŤē ĦŨį ȖŚŭőťŤ ŶİŁĝĜŴ ěĔżĝřŤēŴ ĆĔĹŭŤē Ů ǁšũĜŴ ĚżĖĔĥŻǞē ŗēĴŐǜē ŒĥĽĜ ŽĝŤē ěǙĬİĝŤē ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ȖŮżŝűēĴũťŤ ĚżĸēĳİŤē ĦűĔŭũŤē ŽŘ ĚżĹŭĥŤē ĚĩŁŤĔĖ ŦŨĔĽŤē ŚżŝġĝŤē ģēĳįčŴ ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚĖĔŀǟŤ ĚńĴőũŤē ęįİĩũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ěĔĤĔĨ ĚżėťĝŤ ƻĔŁżŁĬ ĚũũŁũŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ŧĶĨ ĲżřŭĝŤ ĚŻŵŤŴǜē ĆĔŉŐčŴ İŻİĩĜŴ ĚĩŁĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ŦġŨ ĚėĸĔŭũŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ŮŨ ŒĸŴĉ ĚŨĶĩĖ ŊĖĴŤē ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕĔŲŭŨ ƻēĳĴŅĜ İļǜēŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ȖŪżőŉĝŤē Ŵĉ źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ Ŵĉ ŦřŉŤēŴ ŧǜē ĚŝťőĝũŤē ĚżŭňŵŤē ĦŨēĴėŤēŴ ěĔĸĔżĹŤēŴ ěĔżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ŽŘ ĶżżũĝŤēŴ ŪŀŵŤē ŮŨ İĩťŤ ęįİőĝŨ ěĔŐĔŉŜ ŮżĖ ĚŠĴĝĽŨ ěēĆēĴĤč ģēĳįčŴ Ȗ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ȖĔŲũŻİŝĜŴ ěĔŨİĭŤē ŊżŉĭĜ ŽŘ ūēĴŜǜē ěĔšėļŴ ĚżőũĝĥũŤē ěĔũōŭũŤē şēĴļčŴ ŮżĖ ĔŲżťŐ ţĔėŜǞēŴ ĔŲĜįŵĤŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜēŴ źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżřĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ĚĨĔĜč İŀĳŴ ȖęįİĩũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ȖěĔŨİĭŤē ĚĨĔĜč ŮżĹĩĝŤ ĔńĴŤĔĖ ĚŝťőĝũŤē ěĔĸĔżĹŤē ĚőĤēĴŨŴ ŮżŝűēĴũťŤ ĚũĐǙŨ ěĔŨİĬ ŪŻİŝĜŴ ŪŨǜē ĘĝšŨ ųőńŴ źĲŤē ŵĩŭŤē ŹťŐ ūŵĥĹŤēŴ ĆĔŭĥĹťŤ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ěǙĬİĝŤē ŮŨ ĚťŨĔļ ĚŨĶĨ ĲżřŭĜŴ ȖĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ĚũōŭŨŴ ĚũŻĴĥŤēŴ ěēĳİĭũŤĔĖ ŽŭőũŤē ęİĩĝũŤē ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĚżŭňŵŤē ŊŉĭŤē ŽŘ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĚżĸĔĸǜē ěĔŨİĭťŤ ďĳēŵň ŊŉĬ ģēĳįčŴ ŞťŝťŤ ęĴżġŨ ĚżŬĔĹŬč ƻĔŐĔńŴĉ İŲĽĜ ŽĝŤē ŮŠĔŨǜē ŽŘ ĚŜǙőŤē ěēı ěĔŨİĭŤē ĚŻĳēĴũĝĸē ūĔũŅŤ :ţǙĬ ŮŨ ĚŬŵŨĊũŤē ĚżőũĝĥũŤēŴ ĚżĹĸČũŤē ěĔđżėŤē ĚđżŲĜ ĔũĖ ŮżĹŭĥŤē ŮżĖ ęēŴĔĹũŤēŴ ūĔĹŬǞē śŵŝĨ ĵĶőĜ ŽĝŤē ĚĩŁŤĔĖ ĚŝťőĝũŤē ěĔĸĔżĹŤēŴ ŮżŬēŵŝŤē ĚŔĔżŀ ŽŘ ĚżŨŵũőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ěĔŭżĖ ţĔũőĝĸē Ȗ ƻĔżŤŴį ĔŲżťŐ ŞřĝũŤē İŐēŵŝŤēŴ ŗēĴŐǜē ŒŨ ŞĹĝŻ ĶżżũĝŤēŴ ŪŀŵŤē ŮŐ ŹńĔŕĝĜ ŽĝŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ŮŠĔŨĉ ŽŘ ƻĔŀŵŁĬŴ ĚżĜĔĸĔżĹŤēŴ ĚżũżōŭĝŤēŴ ĚżŬŵŬĔŝŤē ěĔĸĳĔũũŤēŴ ŞĐēŵőŤē ĚŤēĵčŴ ȖĔŲőĥĽĜ Ŵĉ ŚŭőŤēŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē łĭŻ ĔũżŘ ŮżĹŭĥŤē ŮżĖ ęēŴĔĹũŤēŴ ūĔĹŬǞē śŵŝĨ ŹťŐ ĚżĩŁŤē ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ŽŨİŝŨ ĘŻĳİĜ ūĔũńŴ ȖźĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘŴ ūĔĹŬǞē śŵŝĨ ěĔŠĔŲĝŬĔĖ ĚŝťőĝũŤē ŪŤĔōũŤē şĳēİĜ ūĔũŅŤ ĚŤĆĔĹũŤēŴ İŀĴťŤ ĚťŝĝĹŨ ěĔżŤć ĆĔĽŬčŴ ěĔżŤǚē ţǙĬ ŮŨŴ ȕŽőũĝĥŨ ĦŲŬŴ ĚżĩŁŤē Ūō ƿŭŤē ţǙĬ ŮŨ ĚżŭňŵŤē ĦŨēĴėŤē ŽŘ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ěĔŨİĭŤĔĥŨį ȖźĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘŴ ŮżŝűēĴũŤē ĚĩŀŴ ŦřŉŤēŴ ŧǜē ĚĩŀŴ ĚżĖĔĥŬǞēŴ ĚżĹŭĥŤē ĚĩŁŤĔĖ ĚŝťőĝũŤē ŚĽšŤē ĳĔėĝĬēŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĚżŤŴǜē ĚŻĔŜŵŤē śĔŉŬ ŽŘ ŒŻĴĹŤē ŒżĸŵĝťŤ ŒťĹŤēŴ ěēĳĔŲũŤĔĖ ŮżżĩŁŤē ŮżťŨĔőŤē ĶżŲĥĜŴ ȖĔŲĤǙŐŴĔŲŭŐ ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘē ŽŘ ěĔżŤİżŁŤēŴ ĿĔĭŤē ŏĔŉŝŤē ŮŨ ěĔŨİĭŤē ŽŨİŝŨ įŵŲĤ İĽĨ ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ěĔŨİĭŤē ŪŻİŝĜ ģŵŲŬŴ śĴň ŧēİĭĝĸēŴ ȖęįİĩũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũťŤ ƻĔŀŵŁĬŴ ȕŒżũĥťŤ ĚŤĔőŘŴ ĚřŁŭŨ ěĔŨİĬ ĴŘŵĜ ŽĝŤē ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ȖĿĔĭŤēŴ ŧĔőŤē ŮżŐĔŉŝŤē ŮżĖŴ ĚżőũĝĥũŤē ěĔŐĔũĥŤē ŒŨ ŶŵŜĉ ěĔŠēĴļŴ ƻĔŬŴĔőĜ ĚżũżōŭĝŤēŴ ĚżŬŵŬĔŝŤē Ĵňǜē ĴĹżĜ ūĉ ūĔũńŴ ęįĔŻĵŴ ȕǙġŨ ƻ ŪżżŝĝŤēŴ İŀĴŤēŴ ȕěĔŨİĭŤē ŪŻİŝĜŴ ȕĦŨēĴėŤē ŊżŉĭĜ ŽŘ ĚŠĳĔĽũŤē ĶŻĶőĝŤ ěēĳİŝŤē ĚżũŭĝŤ ĴėŠĉ ŪŐį ĴżĹżĜ Ŵĉ ĴżŘŵĜŴ ȖĚżŐŵĝŤēŴ ĚżőũĝĥũŤē ūēĴŜǜē ŪŐİŤ ĚżőũĝĥũŤē ĦŨēĴėŤē ŽŘ ĳĔũġĝĸǘē ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ěĔŨİĬ İŀĳ ŽŘ ĚżőũĝĥũŤē ěĔŐĔũĥŤē şēĴļčŴ

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ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ĚżũŤĔőŤēĚĩŁŤēĚũōŭŨŹŤčĚėĹŭŤĔĖĚŻŵŤŴǜēěēıěēĆēĴĤǞē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŹŤč ěĔŨİĭŤē ŪŻİŝĜ ģıĔũŬŴ ĚżĸĔĸǜē ŧĶĩŤē İŻİĩĜ ŽŘ ĚŜİŤē ęįĔŻĵ ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ĚżŤĔĩŤē ěēįĔļĳǞē ŹŤč įĔŭĝĸǘē ȖĚżĹżĐĴŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤēŴ ŮżŝűēĴũŤēŴ ȕěĔżĝřŤēŴ ĆĔĹŭŤē ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕĚŭżőũŤē ěĔđżėŤēŴ ŗŴĴōŤēŴ ŒŜēŵũŤēŴ ěēįĔļĳǞē ŹťŐ ţĔėŜǞē ŒżĥĽĜŴ ȕţĔřňǜēŴ ŮżŝűēĴũŤē ŮżĖ ĕĔŁĝŔǘē ěǘĔĩŤ źĴŻĴĹŤē ŽĤǙőŤē ĴżĖİĝŤē ūĊĽĖ ěēįĔļĳč ĴĽŬŴ ŪŻİŝĜŴ ŪŻİŝĜ ŮŠĔŨĉŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĦŨēĴĖ ŽŘ ĆĔĹŭŤē ŮżĖ ŽĹŭĥŤē ŚŭőŤēŴ ĴżĽőŤē ŚŭőŤ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŜ ĚĖĔĥĝĸē ūĊĽĖ ȖěĔŨİĭŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĴŉĭŤ ƻēĴżėŠ ƻĔńĴőĜ ĚńĴőũŤē ęįİĩũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŮżĖ ĔũżŘ ŚŭőťŤ ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘēŴ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ţŵĨ ěĔŭżėŤē ĴĽŬŴ ŒżũĥĜŴ ȖĺŭĥŤē ţĔĥŨ ŽŘ ūŵťŨĔőŤēŴ ȕųĹřŬ ĺŭĥŤē ŏŵŬ ŹŤč ŪűċēĴĽŐ ŽũĝŭŻ ŮŻĲŤē ĿĔĭļǜē ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵťŤ ĚŨĶĨ ŪżũŁĜ ŽŘ ūĔšĹťŤ ęİĩĝũŤē ŪŨǜē śŴİŭŀŴ ŚżĹżŬŵżŤēŴ ŵšĹŬŵżŤē ŒŨ ūŴĔőĝŤēŴ ȖŪŲőŜēŴ ŒŨ ŦŨĔőĝĜŴ ĕĔėĽŤē ěĔĤĔĨ ŽėťĜȕĔŲŤ ŽĤǙőŤē ĴżĖİĝŤēŴ ŽŘ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ěĔŨİĬ ŪŻİŝĜ ūĊĽĖ ĔŲĜēįĔļĳǞ ŮżđĤǙŤē ūŴČĽŤ ęİĩĝũŤē ŪŨǝŤ ĚżŨĔĹŤē ĚżńŵřũŤē ĢŻİĩĜŴ ȖŞťŝťŤ ęĴżġŨ ĚżŬĔĹŬč ƻĔŐĔńŴĉ İŲĽĜ ŽĝŤē ŮŠĔŨǜē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ěĔŨİĭŤĔŬĊĽĖ ųĜēįĔļĳǞ ŪōĝŭũŤē ĢŻİĩĝŤē ŹťŐ ĚũŻĴĥŤēŴ ěēĳİĭũŤĔĖ ŽŭőũŤē ęİĩĝũŤē ŪŨǜē ĘĝšŨ ŒŨ ŦũőŤēŴ ūŵĥĹŤēŴ ĆĔŭĥĹťŤ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ȖŮżĹŭĥŤē ŮżĖ ęēŴĔĹũŤēŴ ūĔĹŬǞē śŵŝĨ ŒĥĽĝżĝŤē ĚżĜēŵũŤē ĚđżėťŤ ƻĔũŐį ūēİťėŤē ŦĬēį ĚżĜēŵũŤē ĚŻŵŐİŤēŴ ĚżĸĔżĹŤēŴ ĚżŭŝĝŤē ĚđżėŤē ĚđżŲĜ ȖĚżŤŴİŤē İŐēŵŝŤēŴ ŗēĴŐǜē ŒŨ ĔŲĝŨĆēŵũŤ ĚĩŁŤĔĖ ĚŝťőĝũŤē ĔŲĜĔĸĔżĸŴ ĔŲŭżŬēŵŜ ĪżŝŭĜŴ ĚőĤēĴŨ ŽŘ ĆĔŅŐǜē ţŴİŤē ŪŐįŴ ūĊĽĖ ĚũĐĔŝŤē ěēįĔļĳǞĔĖ ŏĔřĝŬǘē ŹťŐ ŒżĥĽĝŤēŴ ţĔřňǜēŴ ŮżŝűēĴũŤē ŹťŐ ĶżŠĴĝŤē ŒŨ ŽĹŭĥŤē ŚŭőťŤ źİŁĝŤē ūĊĽĖ ĪŁŭŤē ŪŻİŝĜŴ ĦŨēĴėŤēŴ ěĔŨİĭŤē ŮŠĔŨĉ ŽŘ ĆĔĹŭŤē İń ŚŭőťŤ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŜ ĚĖĔĥĝĸē :ĚżĩŁŤē Ūō ƿŭŤē ŦĬēį ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖĚŀĔĭŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ŦŨĔšĜ ĶŻĶőĝŤ ěēŴįǜēŴ ěēįĔļĳǞē ĴĽŬŴ ŒńŴ ȖźĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĳĔėĝĬē ŽŘ ěēĴėĝĭũŤē ěēĳİŜ ĶŻĶőĝŤ ěēŴįĉ ĴŻŵŉĜ ȖĚżĩŁŤē ŪōŭŤē ĦŲŬ ţǙĬ ŮŨ ĔŲżťŐ ŗēĴļǞēŴ ĦŨēĴėŤē ęĳēįč ĶŻĶőĝŤ ěēŴįĉ ĴŻŵŉĜŴ ŃēĴŨǜē ĚŀĔĭŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ŪŻİŝĝŤ ěēŴįĉŴ ĚżŲżĤŵĜ ďįĔėŨ įēİŐč ŽŘ ŽťĩũŤē ŒũĝĥũŤēŴ ŽŬİũŤē ŒũĝĥũŤē ŽťġũŨŴ ĆĔŠĴĽŤē şēĴļčŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

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ŒťĹŤēŴĚŻŴįǜēŴłżĭĽĝŤēŦĐĔĸŴŴěĔĨĔŝťŤēĚĨĔĜčūĔũń ĚżŐŵŭŤēęİżĥŤēŶĴĬǜē

ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĚŤĔőřŤē ĦŨēĴėŤē ŚŜŵĝĜ ĚŬŵũŅũŤē ěĔĨĔŝťŤē ŮŨ ŒŉŝŭĜ ǘ ěēįēİŨč įŵĤŴ ŹťŐ ŦĐĔĸŴŴ ĚŻŴįǜēŴ źĴĽėŤē ŽũżťĩŤē ŧĳŵŤē ķŴĴżřŤ ęįŵĥŤē ŶĴĬǜē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ŒťĹŤē ŮŨ ŢŤı ĴżŔŴ łżĭĽĝŤē ęĳēįčŴ ĆēĴĽťŤ ĚŻŵŜ Ūō ƿŬ ŞżėŉĜ ŧĶťŻŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĴőĹĖ ĔŲĐēĴļŴ ĚėĸĔŭũŤē ěĔĥĝŭũŤē ĳĔżĝĬē ūĔũŅŤ ěēįēİŨǞē ŮšũŻŴ ěĔŨİĭŤē ŪŻİŝĜ ĚŉŝŬ ŹŤč ęĆĔřšĖ ĔŲŤĔŁŻčŴ ĘĸĔŭŨ ęįŵĥŤē ĚŬŵũŅŨ Œťĸ ĆēĴļ ūĔũŅĖ ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ęįŵĤ ŮżĹĩĜ ȕĚżŤŴİŤēŴ ĚżŭňŵŤē ĴżŻĔőũŤēŴ İŐēŵŝŤĔĖ ěĔŨİĭŤē ŧēĶĝŤēŴ ŹńĴũŤē ŧĔŨĉ ĔŲĝĨĔĜč ŮżĹĩĜŴ ȕĳēĴũĝĸĔĖ ĔŲŭżĹĩĜŴ ĔűİŀĳŴ ŪŲĜĔżťŅŘĉŴ ŪŲĜĔĤĔĩŤ ĘĹŬĉ ĔŲťőĤŴ

ūēİťėŤēŹŤčĚėĹŭŤĔĖĚŻŵŤŴǜēěēıěēĆēĴĤǞē ŮżĹĩĜ ĴżĖēİĜ ŞżėŉĜŴ ȕĔűĲżřŭĜ İŀĳŴ ȕĚżŤŴİŤē ĴżŻĔőũŤēŴ ĚżŲżĤŵĝŤē ďįĔėũŤē ŹŤč ƻēįĔŭĝĸē ęįŵĥŤē ūĔũŅŤ ĚżŭňŴ ĴżŻĔőŨŴ İŐēŵŜ ĲżřŭĜŴ ŒńŴ ŮŨ ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕęįŵĥŤē ĚŬŵũŅũŤē ěĔżŜēŵŤēŴ łżĭĽĝŤē ŦĐĔĸŴŴ ěĔĨĔŝťŤēŴ ĚŻŴįǜē ĆēĴļ ūĔũńŴ ȕĳŵŁŜ ĔŲĖ ŽĝŤē ŒńēŵũŤē ŽŘ ęįŵĥŤē ĔŲĝŨĆǙŨŴ ĳēĴũĝĸĔĖ ĔŲŤŵėŜŴ ěĔŨİĭŤē ŮŨ ęįĔřĝĸǘē İŀĴŤ ěĔżŤć ŒńŴŴ ȖĚżĨǙŁŤē ŮŨ ŞėĹũŤē ŞŝĩĝťŤ ĚũōŭũŤē Ūō ƿŬ ŧēİĭĝĸē ţǙĬ ęįŵĤ İŀĴŤ ĚżŭňŵŤē ĚżőĤĴũŤē ěēĴėĝĭũŤē ĶŻĶőĜŴ ȖŪŲĜĔżťŅŘĉŴ ĚżĩŁŤē ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ţĔĥŨ ŽŘ ŮżťŨĔőŤēŴ ĚżťĩũŤē ěĔőũĝĥũŤēŴ ŹńĴũŤē ěĔĤĔĩŤ łżĭĽĝŤē ěēĳĔėĝĬē :ūŴĶĭũŤē įĔřŬ ĘŭĥĜŴ ĚŻĳŴĴŅŤē ŒťĹŤē ěēįēİŨč ĚŻĳēĴũĝĸē ūĔũŅŤ ĔũűİŀĳŵńĴőŤēŴ ĘťŉŤĔĖČėŭĝťŤ ěĔżŤć ŒńŴ ĚŉĭŤē ŽŘ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ģǙőŤ łżĭĽĝŤē ŦĐĔĸŴŴ ĚŻŴįǜēŴ źĴĽėŤē ŽũżťĩŤē ŧĳŵŤē ķŴĴżřŤ įĔŅũŤē ħĔŝťŤē ģēĳįč ȖěēįēİŨǞē ęĳēįčŴ ĆēĴĽťŤ ĚżŭňŵŤē ŶĴĬǜē ŒťĹŤēŴ ěĔżŜēŵŤēŴ łżĭĽĝŤē ŦĐĔĸŴŴ ĚŻŴįǜēŴ ěĔĨĔŝťŤĔĖ ŞťőĝĜ ŽĝŤē ŽĩŁŤē ŧĔōŭŤĔĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ŒťĹŤē ĆēĴļ ěĔżťũŐ ĶŻĶőĜŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚŉėĜĴũŤē ęįŵĥŤē ĚŬŵũŅũŤē ĚżũŤĔőŤēĚĩŁŤēĚũōŭŨŹŤčĚėĹŭŤĔĖĚŻŵŤŴǜēěēıěēĆēĴĤǞē :ęįŵĥŤē ūĔũń ŽŘ ŪŐİŤē ŪŻİŝĜŴ źįĔżŝŤē ĳŴİŤĔĖ ŏǙŉńǘē ȖĚũōŭũŤē ěēįĔļĳč ŽŘ ųĜēĴļČŨŴ ųĤŵŲŬŴ ęįŵĥŤē ŮżĹĩĜ ďįĔėŨŴ ęįŵĥŤē ūĔũń İżŠĊĜ ĚŻŴįǜē ęįŵĤ ūĔũŅŤ ŶĴĬǜē ĚŀĔĭŤē ěĔŠĴĽŤē Ŵĉ ŮżőŭŁũŤēŴ ęįŵĥŤē ĚėŜēĴŨ ěēĴėĝĭŨŴ ĚżŭňŵŤē ĚżũżōŭĝŤē ěĔŉťĹŤē ěēĳİŜ ĆĔŭĖ ŪŐįŴ ȖĚĹżŭĥŤē ĚŻŴįǜē ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ łżĭĽĝŤē ŦĐĔĸŴŴ ĚŻŴįǜē ĚżĨǙŁŤ ŞėĹũŤē ĳĔėĝĬǙŤ ŧİŝĝŤē ŹťŐ ŮżőŭŁũŤē ŒżĥĽĝŤ ĚżĨǙŁťŤ ŞėĹũŤē ĳĔėĝĬǙŤ ĚũōŭũŤē ĦŨĔŬĴĖ ĶŻĶőĜŴ ȖęİŻİĥŤē ěĔŝżėŉĝťŤ ŒŻĴĹŤē ŪżżŝĝŤē ĴżĹżĝŤŴ ęĶŲĤǜēŴ ŪŲĤǙŐŴ ĔűĔńĴŨ ĚŻĔŐĳŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ěĔŨİĬ ĚťĹťĸ įēİĝŨē ŹťŐ ęįŵĥŤē ŮżĹĩĜ ŮŐ ŧĔōĝŬĔĖ ŖżťėĝŤēŴ ěĔŉťĹŤē ěēĳİŜ ĆĔŭĖ ęİŬĔĹŨŴ ȖĚŨĵǙŤē ěĔżŀŵĝŤē ĳēİŀčŴ ƻĔŻĳĔĥĜ ĚĨĔĝũŤē ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ŒťĹŤē ĆēįĉŴ ęįŵĤ ŪżżŝĜ łżĭĽĝŤē ŦĐĔĸŴŴ ȕĚĹżŭĥŤē ĚŻŴįǜē ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕĚŻŴįǜē ęįŵĤ ūĔũŅŤ ŮżőŭŁũŤēŴ ęįŵĥŤē ĚėŜēĴŨ ěēĴėĝĭŨŴ ĚżŭňŵŤē ĚżũżōŭĝŤē

Ǫǯ

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

Ǫ ŽĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ųĤŵĝŤē ĚŨēİĝĸǘē ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ŦŻŵũĝŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĚŨēİĝĹŨ ĚĖĔĥĝĸē ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ŦŻŵũĝŤē ĴżŘŵĜ ĘťŉĝŻŴ Ěżĩŀ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸē ŽŘ ƻĔĥŨİŨ ƻĔĥŲŬ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ȕěǘĔĥŨ ĚĠǙĠ ŽŘ ěēĆēĴĤč ıĔĭĜēŴ ƻĔŜĔŉŬ ŒĸŴĉ ĚŨĔŐ ĚżŭňŴ ŃēĴŨǜē ĦŨēĴĖ ŚżŤĔšĜ ŒŘİŤ ĚżŘĔŠ ţēŵŨĉ ĚđėőĜ:ŽűŴ ŦŻŵũĝŤē ţǙĬ ŮŨ ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ĚřŁŭŨ ěĔżŤć ŒńŴ ȖĚżĤĳĔĭŤē ĳįĔŁũŤēŴ ĿĔĭŤēŴ ŧĔőŤē ŽťĬēİŤē ŞżŝĩĜ ȖĚżŤĔũŤē ĴňĔĭũŤē ŮŨ ĚŻĔũĩŤē ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ţēŵŨǜē ŒżũĥĝŤ ųĤŴĉ ŮżĹĩĜŴ ŚżŤĔšĝŤē ŦżťŝĝĖ įĳēŵũťŤ ŦġŨǜē ŧēİĭĝĸǘē ĚżŉŕĝŤē ŹťŐ ĴżėŠ ĴĠĉ ŽĩŁŤē ŧĔōŭŤē ŦŻŵũĝťŘ ęĆĔřšŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ŦĐĔŁĩŤēŴ ŗĔŁŬǞēŴ ĦŨēĴėŤĔĖ ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ŧēİĝĹũŤē ŦŻŵũĝŤē ūĔũń İŐĔĹżĸŴ ŹťŐ ŞėŉŻ ŽĩŁŤē ŧĔōŭŤē ĦŲŬ ţǙĬ ŮŨ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ŽŘ ĳĵĈĝŤēŴ ęĆĔřšŤē ųĤŴĉ ŮŨ İŻĶũŤē ĚŤĔřŠ ŹťŐ ŧĔōŭŤē śĔŉŬ ŧĔōŭŤē ŧŵũŐ ţĲĖ ĚŨēİĝĹũŤē ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘē ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ŦŻŵũĝŤē ĴżŘŵĜ ĘťŉĝŻŴ :ŽűŴ ȕěǘĔĥŨ ĚĠǙĠ ŽŘ įŵŲĥŤē ŦŻŵũĝŤē ģŵŲŬŴ źĳĔšĝĖǘē ŦŻŵũĝŤē ţǙĬ ŮŨ ěēįēĴŻǞē ęįĔŻĵ ȖęİŻİĥŤē ȖţēŵŨǜē ŒżũĥĜŴ ĚżŤĔũŤē ĴňĔĭũŤē ŮŨ ĚŻĔũĩŤē ęĆĔřšŤē ŮżĹĩĜŴ ŚżŤĔšĝŤēŴ ĴőĹŤē ņřĬ

ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ěĔŨİĬ ķĔŭŤē ŹŝťĝŻ ūĉ ŽŕėŭŻ ŃĴőĝŤē ūŴį ĔŲżŤč ūŵĤĔĝĩŻ ŽĝŤē ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚżŤĔŨ ěĔĖŵőŁŤ ŮŻĴŁŭŐ ęēŴĔĹũŤē ŧİŐ ŮŨ İĩŤēŴ ĴŝřŤē ţĔŁđĝĸē ĴėĝőŻ şĔŭűŴ ǨǦǩǦ ĔőŤ ĚŨēİĝĹũŤē ĚżũŭĝŤē ĚŉĬ ŽŘ ŮżŻĳŵĩŨ ğĳēŵšŤ ūŵńĴőĝŻ ŽũŤĔőŤē ŶŵĝĹũŤē ŹťŐ łĭļ ūŵżťŨ ǧǫǦ ĴŝřŤē ŮĠēĴĖ ŽŘ ŧĔŐ ŦŠ łĭļ ūŵżťŨ ǧǦǦ ŒŝŻ ĔũŠ ȕĚżŤĔŨ ĚŀĔĭŤē ŪŲŤēŵŨĉ ŮŨ ĔŲŬŵťũĩĝŻ ŽĝŤē ģǙőŤē ěĔŝřŬ ĘėĹĖ ţĔĥŨ ŽŘ ŗĔŁŬǞēŴ ŽŤĔũŤē ŮŨǜē ūĔũń ūĎŘ ȕŽŤĔĝŤĔĖŴ ĚżũŭĝŤē ŗēİűĉ ŞżŝĩĝŤ ŮżżĸĔĸĉ ŮŻĴŁŭŐ ūǙšĽŻ ĚĩŁŤē ĚĥŤĔőũŤ ƻēĳĔňč ĚťŨĔĽŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ĚżŉŕĝŤē ĴŘŵĜŴ ȕĚŨēİĝĹũŤē ŮżĝŤĊĹũŤē ŮżĜĔű ŞżŝĩĝŤ ŒĸŵŨ ĦŨĔŬĴĖ ŽŘ ĳĔũġĝĸǘē źİĩĜ ūēİťėŤē ųĤēŵĜŴ ŧĔőŤ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚŝťőĝũŤē ěĔŻĔŕŤē ŶİũŤē ŹťŐ ŦŻŵũĝŤē ĚŨēİĝĸē ūĔũń ŒŨ ȕůİőĖ ĔŨŴ ǨǦǨǦ ěĔŻŵŤŴǜē ĴżŕĜ ǁ śĔżĸ ŽŘ ēĲű ŦŠŴ ȕųĹřŬ ĞŜŵŤē ŽŘ ŦŻŵŉŤē ūĉ ŧĶťŻŴŽĤĳĔĭŤē ŽŤĔũŤē ŪŐİŤē ūĊĽĖ ŮżŝżŤē ŧİŐŴ ĚżĐĔũŬǞē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĦŨēĴėŤ ŽťĬēİŤē ŦŻŵũĝŤē ęįĔŻĵ ůĔĥĜē ĴũĝĹŻ ĚŅřĭŭũŤē ūēİťėŤē ņőĖ ūĉ ŮŨ ŪŔĴŤē ŹťŐ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ŹŤč ģĔĝĩĝĸ ȕŦżŝĠ ĆĘŐ ĞĩĜ ĔŲŭŨ ħĵĴĜ ŽĝŤē ƻĔŀŵŁĬŴ ȕŦĬİŤē śĔŉŭŤē ŒżĸŵĜ ĚŐĴĸ ūĔũŅŤ ĴżėŠ ŽĤĳĔĬ ŪŐį

ĴėŠĉ ŽŘ ņŻĴũĝŤē ŽřŌŵŨ ĳįĔŠ ± ǧǨ źįČŻ ūĉ ĳĴŝũŤē ŮŨ ĔŕŬŵĜ ěĔżřĽĝĹŨ ǁ śĔŉŭŤē ĚŅŻĴőŤē ĞŬĴĝŬǞē ĚŨİĬ ţŵŀŴ ŹťŐ ęĴżėŠ ěĔŭżĹĩĜ ţĔĬįč ŹŤč ĔŕŬŵĜ ŽŘ ĔŲżŘ ĚżėŉŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ǫǦ

ţēŵŨǜēŒżũĥĜŴĚżŤĔũŤēĴňĔĭũŤēŮŨĚŻĔũĩŤē

ŽĝŤē ŽĩŁŤē ŦŻŵũĝŤē ŪōŬ ŞżėŉĜ ūēİťėŤē ŹťŐ ŮżőĝŻ ĚŀĔĭŤē ŪŲŤēŵŨĉ ŮŨ śĔřŬǞē ŹŤč ķĔŭŤē ĳēĴŉńē ŮŨ ŦťŝĜ ŢŤıŴ ĚżĸĔĸǜē ĚżĩŁŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ŒżũĤ ŹťŐ ţŵŁĩťŤ ŏŵŜŵŤē ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵŤēŴ ěĔŨİĭŤē ůĲű ĚĨĔĜč ęįĔŻĵ ŗİŲĖ ĔűİĨ ŹŤč ĚżĠĳĔšŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ěĔŐŵŘİũŤē ŦżťŝĝŤŴĴŝřŤē ŽŘ ĚŀĔĭŤē ţēŵŨǜē ŮŨ śĔřŬǞē ĚėĹŬ ĵŴĔĥĝĜ ǘĉ ŽŕėŭŻ ȕŹŬįǜē ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē İőĜŴŽĩŁŤē śĔřŬǞē ŽŤĔũĤč ŮŨ ȒǨǦ±ǧǫ ƻĔżėĹŬ ĚťŲĸ ĔŲĝĩŘĔšŨŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ěĔđżėŤē ŪōőŨ ŽŘ ĚřťšĝŤē ęĳŵĹżŨŴ ĉİėũŤē ĢżĨ ŮŨ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ěĔŨİĬ ŮŨ ĴżġšŤĔŨİŝ Ǎ ŻŴ ƿ ŦġŨ ĚũŐēİŤē ěĔėżĜĴĝŤē ƻĔŅŻĉ ūēİťėŤē ŧİĭĝĹĜ ĔũŠ ȕ ƻĔŬĔĥŨ ŚżŤĔšĝŤē ņřĬ ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ȕİŻēĶĝŨ ŵĩŬ ŹťŐ (ěĔŨİĭŤē ĚŻĶŠĴŨǘ ŒŨŴĚŨİĭŤĔĖ ūŴİżřĝĹũŤē ĔŲťũĩĝŻ ŽĝŤē ęĴļĔėũŤē ĴżŔ ŹťŐ ŃĴř ƿĜ ŧŵĸĳ şĔŭű ĞŤēĵĔŨ ŮŠĔŨǜĔŭŨ İŻİőŤē ŽřřšŤı ŶĴĬǜē ěĔŝřŭŤē ŹŤč ĚėĹŭŤĔĖ ţĔĩŤē ŵű ĔũŠŴŮŻİżřĝĹũŤē ĴżŔŴ ĚżũĸĴŤē ĚŀĔĭŤē ŪŲŤēŵŨĉ ŮŨ įēĴŘǜē ĔŲťũĩĝŻ ŽĝŤē ęįĔřĝĸǘē ņŻŵŝĜ ŹŤč źįČĜ ŧŵĸĴŤē ůĲű ūĎŘ ȕ(ĚżũĸĴŤē ȕěĔŨİĭŤē ĚĨĔĜč ŽŘ ěĔŘĔĩĤč ŮŐ ĴřĹĜŴ ȕĚŨİĭŤē ŮŨ ģǙőŤē śĔřĬč ĴňĔĭŨ İŻĶĜŴ ȕģǙőŤĔĖ ŹńĴũŤē ŊĖĳ ŚőŅĜŴ ŹťŐ ĚŻĳŴĴń ĴżŔ ĚżŤĔŨ ĆĔėŐĉ ŦšĽĜ ĔŲŬĎŘ ȕŢŤı ŹťŐ ęŴǙŐŴ ŽŘ ŮšŨĉ ĔũġżĨ ĴōŭĜ ūĉ ūēİťėťŤ ŽŕėŭŻŴĚżĽżőũŤē Ĵĸǜē ŃēĴŨǜē ŚťĝĭũĖĚŀĔĭŤē ěǙĬİĝťŤ İĐēŵřŤē ŧĶĨ ŞżŘŵĜ ŞżŝĩĜŴ ĚżŤĔũŤē ĚŻĔũĩŤē ŮżĹĩĜ ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ƻĔŻĳŴĴń ēĲűİőŻŴ ƿ ċĶĥĝŤēŴ ĚżĤēŴįĵǘē ţǙĬ ŮŨ įĳēŵũŤē ĳēİűč źįĔřĝŤ ęĆĔřšŤē ěĔĖĔĹĩťŤ ĚŻĴŉŝŤē ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ĚũōŭŨ ĚŁŭŨ ĴŘŵĜŴ ěĔŬĔżėŤē ŒũĥťŤ ūēİťėťŤ ĚťŨĔšĝŨŴ ęİĨŵŨ ĚŁŭŨ ǨǩĚżĩŁŤē ŗİŲĖ ȕĞżŜŵĝŤē ŪĐǙŨ ŵĩŬ ŹťŐ ƻĔŻŵŭĸ ĚżĩŁŤē ěĔŝřŭŤē ŮŐ ŮŨ İĩŤēŴ ĚżĠĳĔšŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ěĔŝřŭŤē ŮŨ ūĔšĹŤē ĚŻĔũĨ ĚĩŁŤē ţĔĥŨ ŽŘ ěĔŘĔĩĤǞē ęĆĔřšŤēųĤŴĉŮżĹĩĜŴŚżŤĔšĝŤēŴĳĔőĸǜēņřĬ

źĳĔšĝĖǘēŦŻŵũĝŤēţǙĬŮŨěēįēĴŻǞēęįĔŻĵ ęİŻİĥŤēŦŻŵũĝŤēģŵŲŬŴ

ĚťŨĔĽŤē ĚżŉŕĝŤē ŦŻŵũĜ ŹŤč ĔŲżőĸ ŽŘ ūēİťėŤē ŒżĥĽĜ ŽŕėŭŻ ęįİĩũŤē ŦŻŵũĝŤē ĔŻĔŅŜ ŮŨ ĚŐŵŭĝŨ ĚŐŵũĥŨ łżĩũĜ ŹťŐ ȖłżŁĭĝŤē ěĔżŤćŴ ŦŻŵũĝŤē ěĔŝŘİĜ ŃēĴőĝĸē:ŦũĽĜ ŽĝŤēŴ ŃēĴőĝĸē ȖĆēĴĽŤē ěĔżŤćĚŨĆēŵŨ ȖţēŵŨǜē ŒżũĥĜ ěĔėżĜĴĜ İżĨŵĜ ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżřĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ěǙĬİĝŤē ĦŨį ĚżŬĔšŨč İėšŤē ĕĔŲĝŤēŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜēŴ źĴĽėŤē ĚżŭňŵŤē İĐēŵřŤē ŧĶĨ ŽŘ ŞżŝĩĝŤ ĚŭűēĴŤē ĚżťĩũŤēŴ ĚżŤŴİŤē ŦŻŵũĝŤē ěĔŨēĶĝŤē ŽřšĜ ǘŴ ūŵšĝĸŴ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ůĲű ŽŘ ĚŭżėũŤē ǨǦǩǦ ŧĔŐ ěĔŻĔŔ ŒżĸŵĝŤē ŦŻŵũĝŤ ĚżŘĔńč ŦŻŵũĜ ĳįĔŁŨ ŹŤč ĚĤĔĨ şĔŭű ĊĽŭĜ ŽĝŤē ĚżťŻŵũĝŤē ěēĴŕġŤē İĸŴ ĦŨēĴėŤē śĔŉŭŤ ŧēİĝĹũŤē ŊŉĬ ŒńŴ ūēİťėŤē ŹťŐ ŮżőĝżĸŴŮżĩŬĔũŤē ěĔŻŵŤŴĉ ţİėĜ ŮŐ ƻĔżťĩŨ ĚŤŵũũŤē ĦŨēĴėŤē ěįēĵ ĔũťŠ ĔűĲżřŭĜŴ ĚżŤĔŨ ĚżŤĔŝĝŬē ŦĬİŤē ĚŉĸŵĝũŤēŴ ĚŅřĭŭũŤē ūēİťėŤē ŮŨ ĴżġšŤē ŢťũŻŴ ĔũĖ ĚŐŵŭĝŨ Ěżťšżű ĕĔėĸĉ ŹŤč įŵőĜ ęįŴİĩŨ ĚżŤĔŨ ęĳİŜ ęĳēįǞē ěēĳİŜ ŚőńŴ ȕŽũĸĴŤē ĴżŔ ŏĔŉŝŤē ŪĥĨ ŢŤı ŽŘ ŮŨ İĩŻ ĔŨ ȕ(ĚŨĔőŤē ĚżŤĔũŤē ęĳēįǞē ĆŵĸŴ ȕĚŨĔőŤē ĚżŤĔũŤē ŹťŐ ĚżŤĔőřĖ ĚżťĩũŤē įĳēŵũŤē ŮŨ ĴżėŠ ĳİŜ ĚđėőĜ ŹťŐ ĔŲĜĳİŜ İżĥŤē Ćēįǜē ŮŨ ŪŔĴŤē ŹťŐ ŢŤıŴ ȕŊĸŵĝũŤēŴ ĴżŁŝŤē ŮżŻİũŤē ŹŤč ĚĤĔĩĖ ŦōĜ ŽĝŤē ūēİťėŤē ŹťŐ ŮżőĝżĸŴŽťšŤē įĔŁĝŜǙŤ ŪŐİŤē İĽĩŤ ĔűĵĶőĜŴ ĔŲĜĔżĥżĜēĴĝĸē ŚżšĜ ǁ ūĉ ŽĤĳĔĭŤĔũŐİŤē ęŵŐİŤē įŵŲĤ ĵĶőĜ ūĉŴ ȕŽĤĳĔĭŤē ĳįĔŁũŤē ŮŨ ŦŠ ŮŨ ĚżŨŵšĩŤē įĳēŵũŤē ęįĔŻĵ ŪĤĴĝĜ ƾ ǘŴ ĚŁŁĭũŤē įĳēŵũŤē ęįĔŻĵ ŹŤč ęĳŴĴŅŤĔĖ ĚżĤĳĔĭŤēŴ ĚżťĬēİŤē ĚŁŁĭũŤē ĚżťšŤē ĚżŨŵšĩŤē įĳēŵũŤē ŪĥĨ ūǜ ȖĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĴżŔ ĚżŬēĶżũŤē ěĔŁŁĭŨ ūŵšĜ ĔũĖĳŴ ȕĘťŝĝťŤ ĚńĴŐ ĚĩŁťŤ ŹťŐ ęĴżġŠ ěĔŜĔżĸ ŽŘ ĚżŨŵšĩŤē ěĔŻŵŤŴǜē ŒŨ ĚŝĹĝŨ ūēİťėŤē ŒżĥĽĜ ŽŕėŭŻŴ ĚżĸĔżĹŤē ęįēĳǞē įŵĤŴ ŮŨ ŪŔĴŤē ěēı ěǙĬİĝŤēŴ ěĔŨİĭŤĔĖ ĚżŉŕĝŤē ĚŨēİĝĸē ŹŤč ĴōŭŤē ŹťŐ ĔŲĜēı İĨ ŽŘ ĦŨēĴėŤē ĚŨēİĝĸē ŮŨ ǘİĖ ƻ ĚŻŵŤŴǜē ŦŻŵũĜ ĚŉĬ ŒŨ śĔĹĜǘē ŞżŝĩĜ ŹťŐ ūēİťėŤē ŒżĥĽĜ ŽŕėŭŻŴ ıĔĭĜēŴ ĚżťĩũŤē ĚżėŻĴŅŤē ŪōŭŤē ŮżĹĩĜ ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ǨǨŪŐǜē ĚżũŭĝŤē ţēŵŨǜē ěĔŝŘİĜŴ ŽŤŴİŤē ŽėŻĴŅŤē ĕĴŲĝŤē İń ĚŨĳĔŀ ěēĆēĴĤč ŹťŐ ųĹřŬ ĞŜŵŤē ŽŘ İżŠĊĝŤē ęįĔŐč ŒŨ ȕĚŐŴĴĽũŤē ĴżŔ ěĔŻŵŤŴǜē İŻİĩĝŤ ŧĵǙŤē ŽĸĔżĹŤē İżŻĊĝŤē ĕĔŉŝĝĸē

ģŵŲŭŤēŴ ěǙĬİĝťŤ ūēİťėŤē ĳĔżĝĬē ĚżŤĔũŤē įŵżŝŤē ŃĴřĜ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ţĔĥŨ ŽŘ ĚżŤĔőŘ İļǜē ěĔđżėŤēŴ ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŹŤč ĚŉĽŬǜē ůĲű ųżĤŵĜŴ ĚŻŴįǜē ĳĔőĸĉ ņřĬŴ ȕĴĠǜē ŪōŐĉ ĔŲżŘ Şŝĩ ƿĝĸ ŽĝŤē ĦŨēĴėŤē İő ƿĜŴ ěĔŨİĭŤē ęĆĔřŠ ęįĔŻĵŴ ȕĚżĩŁŤē ŒťĹŤē ĴĐĔĸŴ ĘĸĔšũŤēŴ ţĔũŤē ŦĖĔŝŨ ĚũżŝŤē ŞżŝĩĜ ĚżŬĔšŨč ĞėġĜ ŽĝŤē ĚėŤĔŉũťŤ ŦŅŘĉ ŒńŴ ŽŘ ȕĔŲŤǙĬ ŮŨ ęĆĔřšŤē ŮŐ ĚũĤĔŭŤē ŽŤĔũŤē ŪŐİŤē ŹťŐ ţŵŁĩŤēŴ įĳēŵũťŤ ţįĔŐ łżŁĭĝĖ ĘĸĔšũŤē ŞżŝĩĜ ĚżŬĔšŨč ĢĩĖ ŹŤč ĚĤĔĨ şĔŭűŴŽĤĳĔĭŤē ĦŨēĴėŤē İżőŀ ŹťŐ ęĆĔřšŤē ŮŐ ĚũĤĔŭŤē

:ęİĩĝũŤē ŪŨǝŤ ĚőĖĔĝŤē ĚżŐĔũĝĤǘēŴ ĚŻįĔŁĝŜǘē ūŴČĽŤē ęĳēįǞ ŽŬŴĴĝšŤǞē ŒŜŵũŤē ĴōŬē ȕĚżũŭĝŤē ŦŻŵũĜ ǨǨ (ǨǦǧǬ ŦŻĴĖĉ ūĔĹżŬ ǨǨ ŽŘ ŏǙňǘē ŪĜ KWWS:ZZZXQRUJHVDIIG :ŽŤĔĝŤē ŊĖēĴŤē ĴōŬē ȕĚżĩŁŤē ěĔĖĔĹĩťŤ ĚŻĴŉŝŤē ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ĚũōŭŨ ĚŁŭŨ ūĊĽĖ ěĔŨŵťőũŤē ŮŨ İŻĶũťŤ Ǩǩ (ǨǦǧǬ ŦŻĴĖĉ ūĔĹżŬ ǨǨ ŽŘ ŏǙňǘē ŪĜ KWWS:ZZZZKRLQWKHDOWK-DFFRXQWVSODWIRUPBDSSURDFKHQ

ǫǧ

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ūēİťėŤēŹŤčĚėĹŭŤĔĖĚŻŵŤŴǜēěēıěēĆēĴĤǞē ĚżťĩũŤē įĳēŵũťŤ ŽŘĔšŤē łżŁĭĝŤē ūĔũŅŤ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ģǙŐ ŽŘ ĳĔũġĝĸǙŤ ŚżŤĔšĝŤē ęĳİŝŨ ěēĳĴėŨ ĚŔĔżŀ :ĚżĤĳĔĭŤēŴ źĉ ŮżżĤĳĔĭŤē ŮżĩŬĔũŤē ŹťŐ ƻēįĔũĝŐē İļǜē ěĔŨİĭŤēŴ ĦŨēĴėťŤ ĚżŤĔŝĝŬǘē ěĔĤĔĩŤē ŹťŐ ĿĔĬ ųĤŵĖ ĶżŠĴĝŤē ŒŨ ĚżŤĔŨ ĚżŤĔŝĝŬē ŊŉĬ ŒńŴ ȖĿĔĭŤē ŏĔŉŝŤē ěĔŐĴėĜ Ŵĉ ĚżŤŴİŤē ěĔŬŵőũŤē Ŵĉ İťėŤē ģĳĔĬ ŮŨ ūŵĩŬĔũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĦŨēĴėŤ ěēįēĴŻǞē ŮŨ ĔŲŬĊĽĖ ŃŴĔřĝŤē ŪĝŻ ĚėĹŬ łżŁĭĜ ŒŨ ȕĚĩŁŤē ĶŻĶőĝŤ śŴİŭŁŠ ęİŻİĤ ŦŻŵũĜ ěēŵŭŜ ĴŻŵŉĜŴ ȖĚťŁŤē ěēı ěĔŨİĭŤēŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ŽĩŁŤē ŮżŨĊĝŤē Ūō ƿŬ źįĔřĜ ŽŤĔĝŤĔĖŴ ĴėŠĉ ěĔőũĥŨ ŽŘęįŵĤŵũŤē ĚőũĥũŤē ţēŵŨǜē ĦŨİĖ ĚĩŁŤē ţĔĥŨ ŽŘ ŗĔŁŬǞē ŮŨ İŻĶŨ ŞżŝĩĜŴ ȖęĉĶĥũŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ŪŐİŤ ĚŀĔĭŤē ĚżťĩũŤēŴ ĚżŭňŵŤē ĘĐēĴŅŤē ŧēİĭĝĸē ŦġŨ ȕźĳĔšĝĖǘē ŦŻŵũĝŤē ŧēİĭĝĸēŴ ěĔŨİĭŤē ŹťŐ ţŵŁĩŤē ŮŨ ķĔŭŤē Ů ǁšũĜ ŽĝŤē ŪĐĔĹŝŤē Ūō ƿŬ ŦġŨ ěĔżŤǚē ŮŨ ŢŤı ĴżŔŴ ĚżŤĔũŤē ĚŻĔũĩťŤ ĦŨēĴĖŴ ĚĩŁŤē ŦŻŵũĝŤ ŪōŬ ĲżřŭĜ ȖĚżŤĔŨ ěĔĖŵőŁŤ ŃĴőĝŤē ūŴį ęįŵĥŤē ĚŬŵũŅũŤē ĚżĸĔĸǜē ŶĴĬǜē ĚżŤĔũŤē ŞĐēŵőŤē ŮŨ İĩŤēŴ ĚżũĸĴŤē ĴżŔ ŮŻİżřĝĹũŤē ŧŵĸĳ ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ŪŲŤēŵŨĉ ŮŨ ķĔŭŤē śĔřŬǞ ŽĥŻĳİĝŤē ĆĔŲŬǞē ŽĩŁŤē ŮżŨĊĝŤē ĦŨēĴĖ ŽŉŕĜ ūĉ ūĔũńŴ ȖŶĴĬǜē ĚżĩŁŤē ěĔŨİĭŤēŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ěĔŨİĬ ŹťŐ ţŵŁĩŤē ŧĔŨĉ Ȗ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĚťŨĔĽŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ĚżėŻĴŅŤē ěēįēĴŻǞē ųŤŵũĜ źĲŤē ŪŐİŤē ŪŻİŝĜ ŒŨ ȕŒŘİŤē ŹťŐ ŪŲĜēĳİŜ ŽĩŁŤē ŮżŨĊĝŤē Ūō ƿŬ ŽŘ ķĔŭŤē ěĔũűĔĹŨ İĹĥĜ ūĉ ūĔũńŴ ȖĴĠĊĝŤē ŽőŻĴĹŤēŴ ĆēĴŝřťŤ ĚżŨŵšĩŤē ĚŨĴĥũŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ĔŲżŘ ĔũĖ ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŒżũĤ ŽŉŕĜ ĢżĩĖ ĚťŨĔļ ĚżŤĔũŤē ĴňĔĭũŤē ŮŨ ĚŻĔũĩŤē ŪōŬ ūŵšĜ ūĉ ūĔũńŴ ǁ ĚĽũŲũŤēŴ ǁ ĘŬēŵĥŝżėŉĜŴ ȕĚżŐŵŉŤē łĬĴŤē ţǙĬ ŮŨ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ŒťĹŤē ĳĔőĸĉ ņżřĭĝŤ ĚťŨĔļ ěĔżĥżĜēĴĝĸē ŏĔėĜē ȕĚżŨŵũőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ĚŻĔũĩŤ ĚŻĴšřŤē ĚżšťũŤē śŵŝĨ ŮŨ ęĳĔĥĝŤĔĖ ĚťŁĝũŤē ĘŬēŵĥŤĔĖ ŞťőĝũŤē ĚżũŤĔőŤē ęĳĔĥĝŤē ĚũōŭŨ śĔřĜē ĔŲŭũŅĝŻ ŽĝŤē ĚŬŴĴũŤē ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕĚŻĴšřŤē ĚżšťũŤēŴ ĳĔšĝĖǘēŴ ĚżŨŵũőŤēĚĩŁŤē ūĊĽĖ ŮżĝżũŤĔőŤē ŦũőŤēĚŉĬ Ŵ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ŒŨ ŹļĔũĝŻ ĔũĖŴ ȕĆĔŅĝŜǘē ĘĹĨ ȕĳĔőĸǜē ūĊĽĖ ŮżőŭŁũŤē ŒŨ ęĴļĔėũŤē ěĔńŴĔřũŤēŴ ȕĳĔőĸǜē ŽŘ ěŴĔřĝŤēŴ ȕŏēĴĝĬǘē ěēĆēĴĖ ĚńĳĔőũŤ ŶŴĔŐİŤē ŒŘĳŴ ȕĚżŨēĶŤǞē łĬĴŤē ŽťĩũŤē ŒżŭŁĝŤēŴ ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ŪŻİŝĜ ģıĔũŬ ŚżżšĜŴ ęĆĔřŠ ĴġŠǜē ŒŻĵŵĝŤēŴ ĆēĴĽŤē ŪōŬŴ ŊżŉĭĝŤē ŮżĹĩĜ ţǙĬ ŮŨ ęĆĔřšŤē ųĤŴĉ ęįĔŻĵ ĆĔŅĝŜǘē ĘĹĨ ŧĔŲũŤē ŒŻĵŵĜ ęįĔŐč ĕŵťĸĉ ŞżėŉĜ ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕĆĔĖŵŤēŴ źĴŉŝŤē śĔżĹŤē ŹŤč ƻēįĔŭĝĸē ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ĚżũŤĔőŤēĚĩŁŤēĚũōŭŨŹŤčĚėĹŭŤĔĖĚŻŵŤŴǜēěēıěēĆēĴĤǞē ŽťĬēİŤē ŪŐİŤē ţǙĬ ŮŨ ŦŨĔšŤĔĖ ĚŤŵũŨ ĚĖĔĥĝĸē ŹŤč ęŵŐİŤēŴ įĳēŵũŤē ŮŨ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ěĔĤĔżĝĨǘē ĴŻİŝĜ :ŹťŐ ĶżŠĴĝŤēŴ ŽĤĳĔĭŤēŴ ĚżŤĔũŤē ěĔżŤǚē ţǙĬ ŮŨ įĳēŵũŤē ĚđėőĜŴ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ĚŻŴįǜēŴ łżĭĽĝŤē ŦĐĔĸŴ ĚřťšĜ ŪŐį Ŵĉ ņżřĭĜ ȖĚũĐĔŝŤē ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĳĔũġĝĸǘē ěēĳĴėŨ ĚŔĔżŀ ŽŘ ūēİťėŤē ŪŐįŴ ȖĚĹżŭĥŤē ěĔĥĝŭũŤē ĚĨĔĜč ŒżĸŵĜŴ ĚŻĔũĩŤ ĚżĨǙŁťŤ ŞėĹũŤē ĳĔėĝĬǙŤ ĚũōŭũŤē ĦŨĔŬĴĖ ĶŻĶőĜŴ Ȗ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ĦŨēĴėŤē ŮũŅĝĜ ŽĝŤē ĚĩŁŤē ŦŻŵũĝŤ ĚżŭňŵŤē ŊŉĭŤē ŒńŴ ŪŐįŴ ŦŻŵũĝŤē ěĔĨĴĝŝŨŴ ĚŨēİĝĹũŤēŴ ĚŻĳĔšĝĖǘē ěĔżŤǚē ĢĩĖŴ ȖūēİťėŤē ĘŬĔĤ ŮŨ ĔűįĔũĝŐē ŪŐįŴ ĚżĩŁŤē ěĔĖĔĹĩťŤ ĚŻĴŉŝŤē ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ĚũōŭŨ ĚŁŭŨ ĶŻĶőĜŴ ŽŭňŵŤē ŽĩŁŤē ŮżŨĊĝŤē ŪżũŁĜ ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕĚŤįĔŐŴ ĚŻŵŜ Žĩŀ ŦŻŵũĜ Ūō ƿŬ ĆĔĽŬǞ ŽŭřŤē ŪŐİŤēŴ ěēįĔļĳǞē ŪŻİŝĜŴ ȖŽĩŁŤē ŦŻŵũĝťŤ ůĲżřŭĜŴ ŽŨēĶŤǞē ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżŤǚē ţǙĬ ŮŨ ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕĔŲżőŭŁŨŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ŒťĹŤē ĳĔőĸĉ ţŵĨ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸē ěĔŨŵťőŨ ŪŻİŝĜ ŹťŐ ŃŴĔřĝŤē ŹťŐ ĔŲĜēĳİŜ ĶŻĶőĝŤ ūēİťėŤĔŸŤč ŪŐİŤē ŪŻİŝĜŴ ȖĚżũżōŭĝŤē ĚŤĔĩŤē ěĔŬĔżĖ İŐēŵŜŴ ĳĔőĸǜē ŮŐ ŖżťėĝťŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ĚũōŭũŤ śŵŝĨ ŮŨ ęĳĔĥĝŤĔĖ ĚťŁĝũŤē ĘŬēŵĥŤē ūĊĽĖ śĔřĜǘē ŽŘ įĴĜ ŽĝŤĔŨĔšĨǜĔŨēİĭĝĸēȕĆĔŅĝŜǘē ĘĹĨ ȕŞżėŉĜŵŭżőŭŁũŤē ŒŨ ĳĔőĸǜē ņżřĭĜ ĚżŨŵũőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ĚŻĔũĨ ŹŤč ĚżŨēĴŤē ĚŬŴĴũŤē ĘŬēŵĥĖ ŞťőĝĜ ŽĝŤēŴ ȕĚŻĴšřŤē ĚżšťũŤē

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ǫǨ

ǫ ŽĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ųĤŵĝŤē ŦũőŤē ŒŻĴĹĜ ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ĳĔšĝĖǘē ĚŻİőũŤēŃēĴŨǜēŮŨĚŻĔŜŵŤēŮŨŦġŨǜēŶŵĝĹũŤēŞżŝĩĜ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē

ŞżŝĩĝťĤĉ ŮŨ ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘē ĳĔĹŨ ĴżżŕĜ ĚĨŵũŉŤē ěĔŻĔŕŤē ĔũŲŭšũŻ ŮżĝťŤē ĚŘĴőũŤēŴ ěēŴįǜē ĳĔšĝĖǘēŴ ğŵĩėŤē ĴŘŵĜ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘē ĳĔĹŨ ĴżżŕĜ ŪżōőĜŴ ŗĔŁŬǞē ŞżŝĩĜŴ ęįŵĥŤēŴ ęĆĔřšŤē ŮżĹĩĜŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚĨŵũŉŤē ěĔŻĔŕŤē ŞżŝĩĜ ŪĝŻ ūĉ İőėĝĹũŤē ŮŨŴ ĴĠǜē ŹťŐ ūēİťėŤē ěİũĝŐē ŵŤ ǨǦǩǦŴ ǨǦǨǦ ŽŨĔőŤ ęįİĩũŤē ĚũĐĔŝŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ŪŻİŝĜ ģŵŲŬŴ ěĔżĤŵŤŵŭšĝŤēŴ ŗĳĔőũŤē ĘĹĩŘ ęİŻİĤ ģŵŲŬŴ ěĔżĤŵŤŵŭšĜ ĴŻŵŉĝŤ ƻĔĖŵťŉŨ ĳĔšĝĖǘē ĺżŤŴ ĴġŠĉ ƻĔŨēİĭĝĸē ĚżŤĔĩŤē ěēŴįǜē ŧēİĭĝĸǘ ƻĔŅŻĉ ŦĖ ȕĘĹĩŘ ŮŠĔŨǜē Ŵĉ ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔđřŤē ŚťĝĭŨ ĚŨĆēŵũŤ ĔŲřżżšĝŤŴ ęĆĔřŠ ĴĽėŤĔżŐĔŭũŤēĵŵőŤĔĸŴĴżřĠŵĩėũŐİĜĚũōŭũŤĔŘŃēĴŔǜē Ŵĉ ȖĚżĩŁŤē ğŵĩėŤē Ūō ƿŬ ěēĳİŜ ĆĔŭĖ:ŽťŻĔũżřŤĔġũŤǙżėĹŸťőŻ İŐēŵŜ ŒńŴ ȖğŵĩėŤē ěĔŻŵŤŴĉ İŻİĩĜ ţŵĨ ĆĔŠĴĽŤē İĽĨ ěĔŭżėŤē ĚũĤĴĜ ĴżĹżĜ ȖęİżĥŤē ĚżġĩėŤē ěĔĸĳĔũũťŤ ĴżŻĔőŨŴ İļĴĝĹĜ ěĔĸĔżĸŴ ĚřťšĝŤē ęĳŵĹżŨ Ěżĩŀ ěĔżĤŵŤŵŭšĜ ŹŤč įŴİĩŨ ĳŴİĖ ĚũōŭũŤē ŏǙŉńē ŮŨ ŪŔĴŤē ŹťŐŴěĔŭżėŤĔĖ ǁ ŒŨ ĘġŠ ŮŐ ŦũőĜ ĔŲŬĎŘ ȕěĔĥĝŭũŤē ĴŻŵŉĜŴ ĢĩėŤē ŽŘ ƻēİĤ ĚĨĔĜč ūĔũŅŤ ŮżőŭŁũŤēŴ ĴŻŵŉĝŤēŴ ĢĩėŤē ţĔĥŨ ŽŘ ĆĔŠĴĽŤē ęİŻİĥŤē źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżřĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ěĔżĤŵŤŵŭšĝŤē ŮšũŻ ĔŨ ŏĴĸĊĖ ĔŲĝřťšĜ ĴĹŻŴ ūēİťėťŤ ĚżĸĔĸǜē ēĲű ūĎŘ ȕĳĔšĝĖǘē ţĔĥŨ ŽŘ źŵżĩŤē ĆĔŠĴĽŤē ĳŴİŤ ƻēĴōŬŴ ŽĝŤē ĳĔšĝĖǙŤ ĚżĹżĐĴŤē ěǘĔĥũŤē ŮżėŻ ŽĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ųĤŵĝŤē ĴĐĔĸŴ ĚũōŭũŤēŴ ūēİťėŤē ĘŬĔĤ ŮŨ ƻĔŠĴĝĽŨ ƻēİŲĤ Ęťŉĝĝĸ ěĔŻĔŔ ŞżŝĩĝŤ Ěŭĸ ǧǫ ĚŕŤĔėŤē ĚżŭŨĶŤē ĚťŲũťŤ ƻēĴōŬŴĆĔŠĴĽŤē ŶİũŤē ŹťőġĩėŤē ěĔŻŵŤŴĉ İŻİĩĜ ŽŘ ĴōŭŤē ŽŕėŭŻ ȕǨǦǩǦ ŧĔŐ ůĲű ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ęįŵĹŨ ĶŠĴĜŴ ŦŻŵŉŤēŴ ŊĸŵĝũŤēŴ ĴżŁŝŤē ŊĸŵĝũŤēŴ ĴżŁŝŤē ŶİũŤē ŹťŐ ěĔŻŵŤŴǜē ŹťŐ

ŃēĴŨǜē ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵťŤ ĚżĹżĐĴŤē ěĔżĤŵŤŵŭšĝŤē ĴżŕĝĜ ŪŤ ęĴżĬǜē ĚŬŴǚē ŽŘ ǙżťŜ ǘč ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƻ ĚŻŵġŬǜēŴ ĚŻĴŠĲŤē ěĔżŜēŵŤē ĚżŤĔőŘ ěŵėĠ ŮŨ ŪŔĴŤē ŹťŐŴ ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜēŴ įŵŁŝũŤē ĴżŔ ŦũĩŤē ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ŽŘ ĔŲŨēİĭĝĸēŴ ĔŲŤŵėŜ ŶŵĝĹŨ ŽŬİĜ ūĎŘ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ŞŝĩĜ ŧİŐ ŽŭőŻ ĴũĝĹŨ ĴżŔ Ŵĉ Īżĩŀ ĴżŔ ŵĩŬ ŹťŐ ŮŨ ŽĝŤē ěēĳĔšĝĖǙŤ ęĴżėŠ ĿĴŘ şĔŭűŴĚŭšũũŤē ĔŲőŘĔŭŨ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ĵĶőĜ ūĉ ĔŲŬĊļ ĚŻİőũŤēŃēĴŨǜēłżĭĽĜŦĐĔĸŵŤŦġŨǜēŶŵĝĹũŤēŞżŝĩĜ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē

ģŵŲŭŤēŴ ěĔżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘēŴ łżĭĽĝŤē ěĔżĤŵŤŵŭšĜ ūĊļ ŮŨ ŹŤč łżĭĽĝŤē ŦĐĔĸŵĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ĚŭĹĩũŤēŴ ęİŻİĥŤē şĔŭűŴŹńĴũŤē İŀĳ ĶŻĶőĜ ŹŤčŵŜįǜēŴ ĴšėũŤē łżĭĽĝŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĚĩŘĔšũĖ ŃŵŲŭŤē ŧĔŨĉ ŚŝĜ ęĴżėŠ ĚėŝŐ ŹŤč ĳĔŝĝŘǘē ŽŘ ŦġũĝĜ ĔŲŭŨ ĚŻĔŜŵŤēŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĶŠēĴŨ ŽŘ ĔŲżťŐ įĔũĝŐǘē ŮšũŻ ĚřťšĝŤē ĚŅřĭŭŨ ěēĳĔėĝĬē ţĔĥũŤē ēĲű ŽŘ ĳĔšĝĖǙŤ ęİŻİŐ ĿĴŘ İĤŵĜŴ ȕĚŻĔŐĴŤē ģǙőŤēĘżŤĔĸĉŴĚŻŴįǜŦġŨǜēŶŵĝĹũŤēŞżŝĩĜ

Ūō ƿŬŴ ĚŻŴįǜē ĚżŬŵŨĊŨ ŽŘ ęĴżėšŤē ěēĳŵŉĝŤē ŮŨ ŪŔĴŤē ŹťŐ ŧĶťŻ ěǘĔĥŨ şĔŭű ĞŤēĵĔŨ ȕĔŲŤŵėŝŨ Ŵ ĔŲĝŐĔĥŬŴ ģǙőŤē ƻĔŭšũŨ İőŻŴ ƿ ĔŲŭżĹĩĜ ěĔŨİĭŤēŪŻİŝĝŤŦġŨǜēŶŵĝĹũŤēŞżŝĩĜ

ŒŨ ěĔŨİĭŤē ŪŻİŝĜ ģŵŲŬ ŞřĝĜ ĔŨİŭŐ ŽťšŤē ĴĠǜē įēįĶŻ ƻĔŀŵŁĬŴ ŪŲĜĔĤĔżĝĨēŴ ŮżťũĝĩũŤē ŮŻİżřĝĹũŤē ŒŜēŴ ţŵŀŵŤē ĘőŁŻ ŽĝŤē ĚŻŵŤŴǜē ěēı ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ěǘŵŠŵĜŴĴĖ ŧİĭĝĹĜŴ ȕęĆĔřšŤē ŧİŐ ųĤŴĉ ŮŨ İĩĜŴ ȕ(ĔŲżŤč ǙŨĔŠ ƻĔŠēĴļč ĚżťĩũŤē ěĔőũĝĥũŤĔŠĴĽĜŴ ȕęİĨŵŨŴ ĚŉĹėŨ ƻ ŽĨēŵŭŤē ůĲű ŦŠ ŽŘ ĳĔšĝĖǘē ŮŨ İŻĶũťŤ ĿĴŘ şĔŭűŴ

ǫǩ

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ūēİťėŤēŹŤčĚŻŵŤŴǜēěēıěēĳĔšĝĖǘē ƻĔŀŵŁĬŴ ȕįŵŁŝũŤēĴżŔ ŦũĩŤē ěǘĔĨŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵťŤ ģŵŲŭŤēŴ ŃēĴŔǜē ęįİőĝũŤē ěĔżĤŵŤŵŭšĝŤē :ğĔŬǞē ĔŲżŘ ŪšĩĝĜ ŽĝŤē ěĔżĤŵŤŵŭšĝŤē ęįĔŻĶŤ ęİŻİĥŤē ŞŻŵĹĝŤē śĴňŴ ȕŚżŤĔšĝŤē ņřĬŴ ţŵėŝŤē ęįĔŻĶŤ ęİŻİĤ įēŵŨŴ ěĔũżũŁĜ ĔŲżŘ ŧİĭĝĹ ƿĜ ŽĝŤē ĚŻŵġŬǜēŴ ĚŻĴŠĲŤē ěĔżŜēŵŤē ȖĔŲŨēİĭĝĸēŴ ĔŲżťŐ ĘťŉŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵŤēŴ ŦũĩŤē ŒŭŨ ĚżĐĔŭġŤē ĚŻĔũĩŤē ūĊĽĖ ȕūĔżėŁŤē ƻĔŀŵŁĬŴ ȕŮżŝűēĴũŤē ŒŨ ŦŀēŵĝŤēŴ şŵťĹŤē ĴżżŕĜ ģŵŲŬŴ ȖźĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ ŴĉŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ęĴĠİĝũŤēŴ ŊżĹėŤē ĺĖĴŲŤē ķŴĴżŘ ƻĔŀŵŁĬŴ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĕĔĹĝŠē ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵťŤ ěĔĨĔŝťŤē śĔŉŬ ęįĔŻĵŴ ĚżŭėŤē Ǎ ĚŻĴżĹżŭŤēŴĚŻĴġĩŤē :ĔŲũŻİŝĜŴ ĚŨİĭŤē śĔŉŬ ŒżĸŵĜ ŽŘ ěēĳĔšĝĖǘē ŹŤč ĚŘĔńǞĔĖ B İėšŤē ĕĔŲĝŤēŴ źĴĽėŤē ŽũżťĩŤē ŧĳŵŤē ķŴĴżřŤ ęįĔŅũŤē ěĔĨĔŝťŤĔĖ ŪżőŉĝŤē ĦŨēĴĖ śĔŉŬ ŽŘ ƻēĴżėŠ ƻĔőĸŵĜ ŒĸŵĝŤĔŨĶťŻ ȖěĔĨĔŝťŤē įĔũĝŐē ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ĚżťżŕĽĝŤē ğŵĩėŤē ĶŻĶőĜ ȖĚŻĔŐĴŤēŴ ģǙőŤĔĖ ţĔőřŤē ŊĖĴŤēŴ ŞżŜİŤēŴ ĴšėũŤē łżĭĽĝŤē ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕŧĔŲũŤē ŒŻĵŵĜ ęįĔŐčŴ ĚŻĶŠĴŨǙŤē ŽĬŵĜŴ ȖĚťŨĔĽŤē ěĔŨİĭŤĔĖ ęįİĩũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŹŤč ţŵŀŵťŤ ǘŵėŜ ĴġŠǜē ģıĔũŭŤēŴ ĚżőũĝĥũŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ŪŻİŝĜŴ ƻ ŚĜĔŲŤē ĴėŐ ĚżĩŁŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ŧēİĭĝĸēŴ ŮżŨİĭĝĹũťŤ ĚũĐǙũŤē ěĔŨİĭŤēŴ ȖĚżĩŁŤē ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ķĔũĝŤē şŵťĹĖ ĚżŭőũŤē ğŵĩėŤē ĶŻĶőĜŴ ȖǘŵėŜ ĴġŠĉŴ ĘĹŬĉ Žű ŽĝŤē ŮżŝűēĴũťŤ ţŵũĩũŤē ƻ

ȕŦŨĔšĝŤē Ŵĉ ŽĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ŊĖĴŤē ŮŨ ĚŤįĔėĝŨ ĚőřŭŨ Şŝĩĝĸ ŽĝŤē ěĔŨİĭťŤ ĪńēŵŤē İŻİĩĝŤē ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ĔŲťŨĔšĜŴ ěĔŨİĭŤĔŭżĖ ŊĖĴŤēŴ ŦŨĔšĝŤē Ŵĉ ŊĖĴťŤ ęĴšĝėŨ ěēĆēĴĤčŴ ěĔżŤć ŹŤč ĚŘĔńǞĔĖ : ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĳĔėĝĬǘĔĥŨ ŽŘ ěēĳĔšĝĖǘē ĴżĖİĝŤē ĴżŘŵĜŴ ȕęįİĩũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŇĔĸŴĉ ŽŘ ŃēĴŨǜē ůĲű źĴĩĜ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸē ŮżĹĩĝŤ ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ĶŠēĴũĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ěēĳĔėĝĬǘē ģēĳįč ȖĔűİŀĳŴ ěǘĔĩťŤ ŽĤǙőŤē ȖĔŲŨēİĭĝĸē ŽŘ ŊĹĖǜēŴ ŞĠŴǜēŴ ŏĴĸǜēŴ ĚřťšĝŤē ęĳŵĹżũŤē ŽĜēĲŤē ĳĔėĝĬǘē ŴĉŴ ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ĶŠēĴŨ ŽŘ łżĭĽĝŤē ěēĳĔėĝĬē ěĔżĤŵŤŵŭšĜŴ ęĴĠİĝũŤē ƻĔŀŵŁĬŴ ȕİĨēŴ ūć ŽŘ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭŨ ĚŻİőŨ ŃēĴŨĉ ęİőŤ ŮŨēĶĝũŤē łżĭĽĝŤē ŮŨ Ů ǍšũĜ ęįİőĝŨ ěĔŁŭŨ ĴŻŵŉĜŴ ȖŽĸŴĴżřŤē ŦũĩŤēŴ ĚżŨŵĠĴĥŤē ěēįĔŅũŤē ĚŨŴĔŝŨ ŹŤč ĚŘĔńǞĔĖ ȕźĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘŴ źĴűĶŤēŴ ĚżŭėŤē Ǎ ĚŻĴżĹżŭŤēŴĚŻĴġĩŤē ȖŽńŵĩŤē ŽĖĔŲĝŤǘē ŃĴũťŤ łżĭĽĝŤē ěēŴįĉ ŮżĹĩĜŴ ĿĴřŤēŴ ęĴżėšŤē ěĔŻİĩĝŤē İŻİĩĝŤŴ ȕūēİťėŤē ŽŘ ĚőŻĴĹŤē ěēĳĔėĝĬǘē įĔũĝŐǘ ĚżŤĔőŘ İļǜē ĘżŤĔĸǜē įĔļĳǞ ĚżťżŕĽĝŤē ğŵĩėŤē ĆēĴĤčŴ ĔŲĖ ĚŝťőĝũŤē ęİŻİĤ ĚŻŴįĉŴ ȖĚŻŴįǜē ĚŨŴĔŝŨ ĴňĔĭŨ ŮŨ İĩťŤ ŶŵŜĉ Ūō ƿŭőńŴ :ĴżŜĔŝőŤē ĚŨŴĔŝũŤŴ ģǙőŤē ŧĔŨĉ ěĔŻİĩĝťŤ źİŁĝŤē ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ěēĳĔšĝĖǘē ŚżŤĔšĝŤēŴ ĚżũĹŤē ŦżťŝĝŤ ĚżĤǙőŤē ěĔŐĴĥŤē įİŐ ŦżťŝĜŴ ȖŊżĹėŤē ĺĖĴŲŤē ķŴĴżŘŴ ĚżŭėŤē Ǎ ĚŻĴżĹżŭŤēŴ źĴűĶŤē ģǙőŤ ĚżŤĔőŘ İļĉ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ĚũōŭŨ ŹŤč ĚėĹŭŤĔĖ ĚŻŵŤŴǜē ěēı ěēĆēĴĤǞē ȕĚŻĔŐĴŤē ĶŠēĴŨ ŽŘ ĳĔėĝĬǘē ƻĔŀŵŁĬŴ ȕęİŻİĤ ěĔżĤŵŤŵŭšĜ ğēİĩĝĸē ĶżřĩĜ ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ĔŲũŐįŴ ĿĔĭŤēŴ ŧĔőŤē ŮżŐĔŉŝŤē ŮżĖ ěĔŠēĴĽŤē ĴŻŵŉĜ ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜēŴ źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ ĕĔĹĝŠē ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵťŤ ĚŤĔőřŤĔĜĔĖŴĴšżũŤē ěēİżėŨ ĴŻŵŉĜŴ ȕęįİőĝũŤē ěĔŁŭũŤē ĆĔĽŬčŴ ęİŻİĥŤē ģǙőŤē ěēĳĔżĬ ŒńŴŴ ȖŶĴĬǜē ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚżťżŕĽĝŤē ğŵĩėŤēŴ ĚżŤĔĩŤēŴ ęİŻİĥŤē ĚżŁżĭĽĝŤē ěĔżĤŵŤŵŭšĝŤē ŽťŻ ĔŨ ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕĔűİżĨŵĜŴ ĚŻĳĔšĝĖǘē ģŵŲŭŤēŴ ěĔżĤŵŤŵŭšĝŤĔŭŨ ŞŝĩĝŤē ȖěĔŨİĭŤē ŪŻİŝĜ ģıĔũŬ ŚŁĜ ŽĝŤē ěĔĸĳĔũũŤē ŦŅŘĉ ĴĽŬŴ Ȗ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē źĴĩĝŤ ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ĶŠēĴŨ ěēĳĔėĝĬē ĲżřŭĜ ţĔĥŨ ŽŘ ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĚřťšĝŤē ęĳŵĹżũŤē ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ĶŠēĴŨ ěēĳĔėĝĬē ĴŘēŵĜ ūĔũńŴ ȖĳĔšĝĖǙŤ ĚũŐēį ĚđżĖ ŞťĬ ūĊĽĖ ūēİťėŤĔŸŤč ěēįĔļĳǞē ŪŻİŝĜŴ ŦĬİŤē ĚŉĸŵĝũŤēŴ ĚŅřĭŭũŤē ūēİťėŤē ŽŘ ƻĔŀŵŁĬŴ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē

:ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ĲżřŭĜ ĚŠēĴĽŤēŴ ęįĔżŝŤē ŪżżŝĝŤēŴ İŀĴŤēŴ ĚŤĆĔĹũŤēŴ

Ǧǫ

ǧǩ

ǫǫ

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ĆĔŠĴĽŤē ŒŨ ūŴĔőĝŤē ŽŘ ŪŲŨ ŽũżōŭĜ ĳŴİĖ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ĚũōŭŨ ŒťŉŅĜ ŪŐİŤ ěĔũōŭũŤēŴ ěĔŐĔŉŝŤēŴ ěĔŲĥŤē Źĝļ ŮżĖ ŒũĥŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŜ ŦėŜ ǀ ŮŨ ĚŝĹĝŨŴ ĚŝĹŭŨ ĚĖĔĥĝĸē ţŴİŤē ŒŨ ŦũőŤē ŮŐ ǙŅŘŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƻ ĆĔŠĴĽŤē ŒŨ ƻĔŅŻĉ ĘġŠ ŮŐ ĚũōŭũŤē ĚŬĔŨĉ ŦũőĜ ȕĆĔŅŐǜē ĚżĐĔŭġŤē ĚĩŬĔũŤē ěĔŲĥŤē :ŢŤı ŽŘ ĔũĖ ȕŮŻĴĬǚē ŮżżĹżĐĴŤē ěĔĹĸČũŤēŴ ŞŻįĔŭŁŤēŴ ĚżĐĔũŬǞē ěēĳįĔėũŤēŴ ěǘĔŠŵŤēŴ ŏĔŉŝŤēŴ ěĔšėĽŤēŴ ĚżŭŝĝŤē ěĔĹĸČũŤēŴ ŽŬİũŤē ŒũĝĥũŤēŴ ěĔŠēĴĽŤē ěĔšėļŴ źĳĔĥĝŤē ĿĔĭŤē

ĚŻĴŉŝŤēŴ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚŤĆĔĹũŤēǫ İőĖ ĔűİŀĳŴ ūēİťėŤē ŽŘ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ĲżřŭĜ ūĔũŅŤŴ :ĚżŤĔĝŤē ĺũĭŤē ĚżĹżĐĴŤē ěēŵŉĭŤē ħĴĝŝŬ ȕĔűįĔũĝŐē ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘĔĖ ŚŻĴőĝťŤ ĚżũżťŜč ŦũŐ ĚŝťĨ İŝŐ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ łĐĔŁĭťŤ ƻĔőėĜ ĚřżšŨ ĚżũżťŜč ěĔżĥżĜēĴĝĸē ŒńŴ ūĔũŅŤŴ ȖĚżũżťŜǞē ūĔĥťŤē ŹŤč ĔŲũŻİŝĜŴ ęįİĩũŤē ĚżũżťŜǞē ȖĚżũżťŜč ŦũŐ ŊŉĬŴ ĚżũŤĔŐ ŦũŐ ĚŉĬ ŒńŴ ŹŤč ūēİťėŤē ĚżũżťŜǞē ěĔŐĔũĝĤǘē ŵŐİĜ ūĉ ŽŕėŭŻ ŦũőŤē ŊŉĬŴ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŜ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸē ŃēĴőĝĸē ĲżřŭĝŤ ŽŭŨĵ ĳĔňč įēİŐǞŴ źĴŉŝŤē śĔżĹťŤ ƻĔőėĜ ĔŲřżżšĝŤ Ȗ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ĚżĹŭĥŤē ĚĩŁŤē ţŵĨ ĚŠĴĝĽŨ ĚŻĴŉŜ ŦũŐ ěĔŝťĨ İŝŐ İėšŤē ĕĔŲĝŤēŴ źĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘŴ ĚżĖĔĥŬǞēŴ ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ěĔŨİĬ ĦŨį ŽŕėŭŻ ŚżŠŴ ŮŻĉ ŊżŉĭĝŤ Ȗ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ŧİŝĝŤē ŮŐ ŖżťėĝŤĔĖ ħĔũĹťŤ źĴŉŝŤē İŀĴŤē ŧĔōŬ ĶŻĶőĜ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸē ĲżřŭĜ ĴĠĉŴ ĵĴĩũŤē ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĴŘĔŅĝĜ ŮŻĲŤē ĚĩťŁũŤē ĕĔĩŀĉŴ ĆĔŠĴĽŤē ŞĹŉŤ ƻēĴōŬ Ćēįǜē ęİżĤ ěĔżŤć įŵĤŴ İőŻƿ ȕĚŤĔőřŤē ĚĖĔĥĝĸē İĽĩŤ ŪűįŵŲĤ ůĲű ŮũŅĝĜ ūĉ ŧĶťŻŴ Ěżũűǜē ŖŤĔĖ ƻēĴŨĉ ĚŤĆĔĹũťŤ ĚŘĔřļŴ İżřĝĹĜŴŽŬİũŤē ŒũĝĥũŤē ŦėŜ ǀ ŮŨ ĚŻŵŜ ĚŠĳĔĽŨ ěĔżŤǚē ŚŻĴŁĝŤēŴ ĚŻŵŝŤē ęįĔżŝŤē ŮŨ ĚŠĴĝĽũŤē ĚŤĆĔĹũŤē ĚżťũŐ ŦėŜ ǀ ŒŨ ĚżŝżŝĨ ĚŠĳĔĽŨ ūĔŭũŅĝŻ ŮŻĲťŤē ūŴČĽťŤ İŻİĹŤē ĚĩńēŴ ĚżŭňŴ ěĔŻĔŔ ŒńŴŴ ȖŮżżŭőũŤē ĚĩťŁũŤē ĕĔĩŀĉ ĴĐĔĸŴ ǨǦǩǦ ŧĔőŤ ĚŨēİĝĹũŤē ĚżũŭĝŤē ĚŉĬ ěĔŨēĶĝŤē ĺšőĜ ĚũĐǙŨ ěēĴļČŨ ŧēİĭĝĸēŴ ȖĚťŁŤē ěēı ĚżũŤĔőŤē ěĔŨēĶĝŤǘē ŧİŝĝŤē ŒėĝĝŤ ĔűĴĠĉŴ ĔŲĜįŵĤŴ ĔŲĝżŉŕĜŴ ěǙĬİĝŤē ĴŘēŵĜ ūĊĽĖ ŖżťėĝŤēŴ ŪżżŝĝťŤ ĚťŨĔļŴ ĚŘĔřļ ěēĆēĴĤč ĮżĸĴĜŴ ȖĵĴĩũŤē

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ǫǬ

ŖżťėĝŤēŴ ŪżżŝĝŤēŴ İŀĴŤē ĔŲũżżŝĜŴźĴŉŝŤēŶŵĝĹũŤēŹťŐĚĖĔĥĝĸǘēİŀĳ ųŭŐŖżťėĝŤēŴĚżũŤĔőŤēěĔŻĔŕŤēŴŗēİűǜēŵĩŬĵĴĩũŤēŧİŝĝŤēİŀĳ ƿ

ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŜ ĚĖĔĥĝĸē ĲżřŭĜ ŽŘ ĵĴĩũŤē ŧİŝĝŤē ŪżżŝĜ ŽŕėŭŻ ěēĴļČũŤĔŨēİĭĝĸĔĖ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ěĔżŀŵĝŤē ĲĬĉ ŒŨ ȕĴĠǜēŴ ĚżŉŕĝŤē ŦŀĔĨŴ ĴŘēŵĝŤĔĖĚŀĔĭŤē ŽŘŴĳĔėĝŐǘē ŮżőĖ ĲżřŭĝŤē İŀĳ ūĊĽĖ ĚŜǙőŤē ěēı ŶĴĬǜē ŒėĝĜ źĴĥżĸ ȕǨǦǩǦ ŧĔőŤ ĚŨēİĝĹũŤē ĚżũŭĝŤē ĚŉĬ śĔżĸ ĚŝťőĝũŤē ĚŨēİĝĹũŤē ĚżũŭĝŤē ŗēİűĉ ŽŘ ĵĴĩũŤē ŧİŝĝŤē ųŭŐ ŖżťėĝŤēŴ ĚĩŁŤĔĖ ŹŤč ĚżĩŁŤē Ūō ƿŭŤē ĶŻĶőĜ İŀĴĖ ĚŝťőĝũŤē ěēĴļČũŤē İŭĝĹĜŴ ĚżŭňŵŤē ĚżĩŁŤē ěĔżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ŪżżŝĜŴ İŀĴŤ şĴĝĽŨ ģĔŲŭŨ ȕĚŻĴŉŝŤē ĚżĩŁŤē Ūō ƿŭŤē İŀĴĜ ǁ ģĔŲŭŨ Ūĸē ųżťŐ ŞťŉŻ ŧİŝĝŤē ķĔżŝŤ ěēŴįĉ ƻĔŅŻĉ şĔŭűŴųŝżĹŭĜ ĚũōŭũŤē ŹŤŵĝĜŴ ĚżťšżŲŤēŴ ĚżŬŵŬĔŝŤē ĴżĖēİĝŤēŴ ěĔĸĔżĹŤē ĲżřŭĜ ŽŘ ĵĴĩũŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżřŤ ĚĖĔĥĝĸǘē ĚŉĽŬĉ ĶŻĶőĜ ŹŤč ĚżŨēĴŤē ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜēŴ źĴĽėŤē ŞżŝĩĜŹťŐĚũĐĔŝŤēęĳēįǟŤĚżũŤĔőŤēĚĩŁŤēĚũōŭŨĳĔňč ĦĐĔĝŭŤē

ěĔńēĴőĝĸē ĆēĴĤǞ ŊżŉĭĝŤē ŽũŤĔőŤē İżőŁŤē ŹťŐ źĴĥŻ ěĔŨēĶĝŤǘē ŚťĝĭŨ ŽŘ ĵĴĩũŤē ŧİŝĝŤē ŪżżŝĝŤ ĚũōĝŭŨ Ŗ ǍťėĜ ŽĝŤē ěĔŬĔżėŤē ŹŤč ěĔńēĴőĝĸǘē ůĲű İŭĝĹĝĸŴȕěĔŻĔŕŤēŴ ŪżżŝĝŤēŴ İŀĴŤē ěĔżŤć ŚťĝĭŨ ţǙĬ ŮŨ ūēİťėŤē ĔŲŭŐ ŽũŤĔőŤē ŮŻİżőŁŤē ŹťŐ ĵĴĩũŤē ŧİŝĝŤē ŪżżŝĜ źĴĥżĸŴ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ůĲű ŽŘ ĚŐŵńŵũŤē ěĔŻĔŕŤē ŵĩŬ ŽũżťŜǞēŴ ĚŬĳĔŝũŤē ĺĸĉ ƻĔŅŻĉ ŧİĭĝĹ ƿĝĸ ĔũŠŪōĝŭŨ ŵĩŬ ŹťŐ ŪżżŝĝŤ -ĔŲŭżĖ ĔũżŘŴ ūēİťėŤē ŦĬēį ěĔŬĳĔŝũŤē Ŵĉ - ĚżőĤĴũŤē ůĲű Ğũũŀ ƿ İŜŴěĔŻĔŕŤē œŵťĖ ŹŤč ŽőĹŤē ŽŘ Ćēįǜē ĚżŘĔńč ěĔŻŵŤŴĉ ŮũŅĝĝŤ ŽřšŻ ĔũĖ ĚŬĴŨ ūŵšĝŤ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŜ ĚĖĔĥĝĸē ŽŘ ƻĔġŻİĨ ěįİĨ ƿ ŽĝŤē ěēĴŕġŤē İĹŤ Ŵĉ Ŧŀēŵĝĸ ȕŃĴŕŤē ēĲŲŤŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ūēİťėŤē ŹŤč ęİŬĔĹũŤē ŪŻİŝĝŤ ĔŲĐĔŠĴļ ŒŨ ĔŲťũŐ ĚũōŭũŤē ŽŘŴ ĚżĹżĐĴŤē ěēĴļČũťŤ İĨŵũŤēŴ ŞĹŭũŤē ŒũĥŤē ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ŮŐ ŪōĝŭũŤē ŖżťėĝŤē ħĴĝŝŻŴȕĚżũżťŜǞēŴ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĴŻĳĔŝĝŤē įēİŐč ƿ ěĔŬĔżėŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǙŤ ĚŤĆĔĹũŤēŴ İŀĴťŤ ƻĔėĸĔŭŨ ƻēĳĔňč ĚũōŭũŤē İőĝĸŴ ƻĔŅŻĉ İŀĴĝĸ ĔũŠȕŮżżĹżĐĴŤē ĚĩťŁũŤē ĕĔĩŀĉ ŒŨ ĳŴĔĽĝŤĔĖ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚżŲżĤŵĝŤē ĔŲĐįĔėŨ įĔũĝŐē ţŵĨ ěĔŬĔżėŤē ţįĔėĝĜŴ ĲżřŭĜ ŽŘ ĵĴĩũŤē ŧİŝĝŤē ţŵĨŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ĶŻĶőĜŴ ěĔėŝőŤē ŹťŐ ĆŵŅŤē ŊżťĹĜ ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ȕĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ěĔĸĳĔũũŤē ŦŅŘĉ

ŚŁĝŭŨ ŃēĴőĝĸē ţǙĬ ŮŨ ŦũőŤē ĚŉĬ ĲżřŭĜ İŀĳ źĴĥŻ ŖżťėĝŤē ŒŨȕĚżĐĔŭĠ ŦŠ ŽŘ ŹŤŴǜē ĚŭĹŤē ĚŻĔŲŬ ŽŘ ęİũŤē İżőŀ ŹťŐ ĚőŜŵĝũŤē ĦĐĔĝŭŤē ŞżŝĩĜ ŽŘ ĵĴĩũŤē ŧİŝĝŤē ŮŐ ĚżĐĔŭĠ ŦŠ ĚŻĔŲŬ ŽŘ ĚũōŭũŤē

ǫǭ

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ŽŭňŵŤē ŶŵĝĹũŤē ŹťŐ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ĲżřŭĜ ŒńŴ ĚżťũŐ ųżĤŵĜ ŹŤč ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ŗİŲĜ ĚżŭňŵŤē ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ěĔżĥżĜēĴĝĸē ŹťŐ įēİŐǞē ĚżťũŐ ţǙĬ ŒĸēŵŤē İżŻĊĝŤē İŐĔĹżĸŴ ȕĔűĲżřŭĜŴ ĚżũŭĝŤē ĆĔŠĴļŴ ĚũōŭũŤē ųŨİŝĝĸ ĔŨ ŒŨ ĲżřŭĝŤē ĚżŤĔőŘ ĚŔĔżŀŴ ĚżŭňŴ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸē ŒńŴ ĚżťũŐ ŪŐİŤ ęİŐĔĹŨ ŮŨ ȕĚŻĴŉŝŤē ĚżšťũŤē ŮŨ ŮżšũĝŤē ŦĤĉ ŮŨŴĳĔũġĝĸǘē ěēĳĴėŨ ūĊĽĖ ĚżŭňŵŤē ŊŉĭŤē Ŵĉ ěĔżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ĚŨĆēŵŨ ŮŨ İĖǘ ŦġŨ ĚũĐĔŝŤē ŊŉĭŤē ŒŨ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżŭňŵŤē ěĔżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘēŴ ĚżŭňŵŤē ĚżũŭĝŤē ŊŉĬ ŧĆēŵĝĜ ūĉ ŽŕėŭŻ ĔũŠŶĴĬǜē ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ěĔżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘēŴ ĚżŭňŵŤē ĚżŤĔũŤēŴ ĚżŉżŉĭĝŤē ěēĳŴİŤē ŒŨ ȕūĔšŨǞē ĳİŝĖ ȕ ƻĔŅŻĉ (ǯ ŦšĽŤē ĴōŬē

ĚżŤĔũŤēŴ ĚżŉżŉĭĝŤē ěēĳŴİŤē :ǯ ŦšĽŤē

ūŴĔőĜ ĚżŤć ĕĔĩŀĉ ŦšŤ ĚĩťŁũŤē

ĚżŭňŴ ĚŉĬ ĚŤŵũŨ

ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ĲżřŭĜ ĔűİŀĳŴ ĚżŭňŵŤē

ŚŜŵũŤē ŦżťĩĜ ěĔŻŵŤŴǜē İŻİĩĜŴ

ŚŻĴŁĝŤ Ŧšżű ŧŵŐİŨ ūŴČĽŤē ěĔőŻĴĽĝĖ

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ǫǮ

ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ĲżřŭĝŤ ęĳİŝũŤē ŚżŤĔšĝŤē ȕŽũŤĔőŤē ŶŵĝĹũŤē ŹťŐ ĚŻŵŤŴǜē ěēı ĚŉĽŬǜē ŮŨŴ ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ĶŠēĴŨ ěēĳĔėĝĬē ĴŻŵŉĝŤ ŚżŤĔšĝŤē ĴėŠĉ łŁĭĝĸ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ĚřťšĝŤē ĳŵĹżũŤē źĴĩĝŤē ŮżĹĩĝŤ ůĲű İŀĴĜ ūĊĽĖ ěēįĔļĳǞēŴ ĚżťżŕĽĝŤē ğŵĩėŤēŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĳǘŴį ūŵżťŨ ǨǬǦǦ ŮŨ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ŚżŤĔšĝŤē įēįĶĜŴŃēĴŨǜē ŽŘ ŽšŻĴŨĉ ĳǘŴį ūŵżťŨ ǪǦǦǦ ŹŤč ǨǦǧǬ ŧĔŐ ŽŘ ŽšŻĴŨĉ ŪżőŉĝŤē śĔŉŬ ŽŘ ŽĥŻĳİĝŤē ŒĸŵĝŤē ŦőřĖ ǨǦǨǧ ŧĔŐ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ęįĔŅũŤē ěĔĨĔŝťŤĔĖ (ǧǦ ŦšĽŤē ĔŲĤǙŐŴ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǙŤ ŦŨĔšŤē ĲżřŭĝŤē ūĉ ŹŤč ěēĴŻİŝĝŤē ĘűĲĜ ŽŘ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ŽŘ ŽšŻĴŨĉ ĳǘŴį ūŵżťŨ ǧǮ ǨǦǦ Śťšĝżĸ ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ęĴĝřŤē ĚŻŵŤŴǜē ěēı ěǙĬİĝŤē ĲżřŭĝŤ ĔŲŭŨ Ȓǯǯȓǭ ȕĺũĭŤē ěēŵŭĹŤē ĳǘŴį ūŵżťŨ ǫǩ ŵĩŬŴ ȕŦĬİŤē ŊĸŵĝŨŴ ņřĭŭŨ ƻēİťĖ ǧǧǭ ŽŘ ğŵĩėŤēŴ ŪŤĔőŤē ŶŵĝĹŨ ŹťŐ ŽŭŝĝŤē ŪŐİťŤ (ȒǦȓǩ ŽšŻĴŨĉ (ǧǦ ŦšĽŤē ĴōŬē ĔŲĐĔŠĴļŴ ĚũōŭũŤē ĚŘĴőũĖ ęŵŐİŤēŴ ěĔĨĔŝťŤĔĖ ŪżőŉĝŤē ŽŘ ŚżŤĔšĝťŤ ĚŠĴĩũŤē ŶŵŝŤē ŦġũĝĜŴ ūŵżťŨ ǩǨǬǦ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ęįĔŅũŤē ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē źĴĩĜŴ ȕ(ŽšŻĴŨĉ ĳǘŴį ŮżĖ ĚŻĴġĩŤē ęĴĠİĝũŤē źĴĩĜŴ ȕ(ŽšŻĴŨĉ ĳǘŴį ūŵżťŨ ǩǬǯǦ Ůũń źĴűĶŤē źĴĩĜŴ ȕ(ŽšŻĴŨĉ ĳǘŴį ūŵżťŨ ǨǫǪǦ ŮżŝűēĴũŤē ĳİŝĜŴ(ŽšŻĴŨĉ ĳǘŴį ūŵżťŨ ǧǪǦǦ ęįǘŵťŤ ĚŝĖĔĹŤē ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ źĴŻĴĹŤē ŽĤǙőŤē ĴżĖİĝŤē ĚřťšĜ ŪŻİŝĜ ŦšĽŻ ȕŽšŻĴŨĉ ĳǘŴį ūŵżťŨ ǩǦǦǦ ŖťėũĖ ǘĔũĤč ƻĔżĹŭĤ ƻ ŽŁżĭĽĝŤē ĳĔėĝĬǘēŴ ŽšŻĴŨĉ ĳǘŴį ūŵżťŨ ǮǧǮ ěĔŨİĭŤē ĔŲŭŨ ŽšŻĴŨĉ ĳǘŴį ūŵżťŨ ǧǪǦǦ ĚŻĴġĩŤē ęĴĠİĝũŤēŴ ūǙżĹťŤ

ĔšŬǘ źĴĸ ěĔōŘĔĩŨ ŽŘ ĚżĩŁŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ± ǧǪ

ǫǯ

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ęĴĝřŤē ŽŘ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ŚżŤĔšĜ ĴŻİŝĜ :ǧǦ ŦšĽŤē

ǪǦǦǦ$

ǩǫǦǦ$

ǩǦǦǦ$

ǨǫǦǦ$

S N O ILL I M

ěĔŐŵũĥũŤē ŹŤč ţŵŀŵŤē ĚŘİŲĝĹũŤē ĚżŬĔšĹŤē ĳĔũġĝĸǘēŴęŵŐİŤǙĤĊŭŨ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ěĔŨŵťőũŤē

ǨǦǦǦ$

ǧǫǦǦ$ ģǙőŤēŴ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ĳĔšĝĖǘē ĚŨēİĝĸǘē ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ŦŻŵũĝŤē ĦŨĔŬĴėŤē ŪŐį B İėšŤē ĕĔŲĝŤēŴ źĴĽėŤē ŽũżťĩŤē ŧĳŵŤē ķŴĴżŘ ěĔĨĔŝŤ ĴĠǜē ŪżōőĝŤ ěǙĬİĝŤē ŧĶĨ ŽĤǙőŤē ĴżĖİĝŤēŴ ģǙőŤēŴ łżĭĽĝŤē ĴňĔĭũŤē ŮŨ İĩŤēŴ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ǨǦǨǧ ǨǦǨǦ ǨǦǧǯ ǨǦǧǮ ǨǦǧǭ ǨǦǧǬ $ ǫǦǦ$

ǧǦǦǦ$

ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ǬǦ

ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ĶŠēĴŨ ěēĳĔėĝĬē ĴŻŵŉĜ ŽŘ ĳĔũġĝĸǘē ņĭũĝżĸŴ ŃēĴŨǜē łżĭĽĜ ŚżŤĔšĜ ņřĭĖ ĚżťėŝĝĹŨ ěēĳŵŘŴ ŮŐ ěǘĔĩťŤ ęĳēįč ŮżĹĩĜŴ ȕĔŲŻĴĩĜŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē (ěĔėėĹũŤĔŸťőũĐĔŝŤē ĦŲŭŤē ŹŤč ŽŨĵǙĝũŤē ĦŲŭŤē ŮŨ ţŵĩĝŤē ĚũŻİŐ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŗĔĽĝŠēŴ ŃēĴŨǜē ĆĔėŐĉ łżťŝĜ ŽŘ ŧĔŲĸǞē ŽŤĔĝŤĔĖŴ ȕŃēĴŐǜē ĳĔũġĝĸǘē ūĎŘ ȕŢŤı ŹŤč ĚŘĔńǞĔĖŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŧĳŵŤē ķŴĴżřŤ ęįĔŅũŤē ěĔĨĔŝťŤĔŘǙĭĖ ěĔĨĔŝťŤē ŽŘ ŃĔřĭŬǘē ĵĶőŻ ūĉ ŦėŝĝĹũŤē ŽŘ ųŭšũŻ źĴĽėŤē ŽũżťĩŤē ĳİŝĖ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ţĔŝĝŬē ěǘİőŨ ŽŘ ĴżėŠ ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĚĩŘĔšŨ ĲżřŭĜ ţŵũ Ǎ Żƿ ūĉ ŒŜŵĝũŤē ŮŨŴ ţǙĬ ŮŨ ūēİťėťŤ ĚżťĩũŤē įĳēŵũŤē ŮŨ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē łĭŻ ĔũżŘ ĚżŭňŵŤē ŒżŭũĝŤē ĦŨēĴĖ ţǙĬ ŮŨŴ ȖĚżĩŁŤē ŪōŭŤē ŪŐİĖ źĴĽėŤē ŽũżťĩŤē ŧĳŵŤē ķŴĴżřŤ ęįĔŅũŤē ěĔĨĔŝťŤē ȒǭǦ ŽŤēŵĨ ŽŉŕŻ ĔŨ ŵűŴ ȕěĔĨĔŝťŤē ĆēĴĽŤ ŮżĩŬĔũŤē ŮŨ ţǙĬ ŮŨ ŦŻŵũĝťŤ ĚťűČũŤē ūēİťėŤē ŽřũżőŉĝŤē ŚżŤĔšĜ ŮŨ ŦũĽĜ ǘŴ ǨǪŒżŭũĝŤēŴ ěĔĨĔŝťŤē ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ŽũŤĔőŤē ŚŤĔĩĝŤē ķŴĴżŘ ĦŨēĴĖ ŮżĖ ĚŠĴĝĽũŤē ĚŉĽŬǜē ĚŻĴŻİŝĝŤē ĚřťšĝŤē źĴĩĜŴ ŽĐĔŜŵŤē ŚżŝġĝŤē ŦġŨ ȕźĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē śĔżĸ ŽŘ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŮŨ ęįĔřĝĸǘē ŹŤč ĚŘĔńǞĔĖźĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ ŗŵĸ ȕźĴĽėŤē ŽŐĔŭũŤē ĵŵőŤē ķŴĴżŘ ŮŨ ĚŻĔŜŵŤē ěĔżŬēĶżŨ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ěēĳįĔėũŤē ģĔĝĩĜ ŧǜē ĚĩŁĖ ĚŀĔĭŤē ěǙĬİĝŤē ŮŨ ţēŵŨǜē ŮŨ ęįĔřĝĸǘē ŹŤč ĚĖĔĥĝĸē ŹŤč ĚĤĔĨ şĔŭűŴŒżŭũĝŤē ĦŨēĴĖŴ ŞűēĴũŤēŴ ŦřŉŤēŴ ģĔĝĩĝĸŴĦŨēĴėŤē ŮżĖ ĔũżŘ ĳĵĈĝŤē ųĤŴĉ ĶŻĶőĝŤ ǙŨĔšĜ ĴġŠĉ ƻ ŮżĩŬĔũŤē ŪŐį (ęįĔŻĵŴ ĚťŀēŵŨ ŹŤč ŦĬİŤē ĚŅřĭŭũŤē ūēİťėŤē ŦĬİŤē ĚŉĸŵĝũŤē ūēİťėŤē ŮŨ ĔżťőŤē ĚĩŻĴĽŤē ĔŨĉ ȖŮżżŤŴİŤē ƻĔżťĬēį ŧĵǙŤē ŦŻŵũĝŤē ĚđėőĜ ŽŘ ĪĥĜ ūĉ ŒŜŵĝũŤē ŮũŘ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ěĔżĥżĜēĴĝĸē ěİŐĉƿ ēıč ƻĔŨŵŐİŨ ȕŽĸĔżĹŤē ŧēĶĝŤǘē ĴėĝőŻŴěĔżŬēĶżŨ ĔŲŤ ĞőńŴŴ ĚĩżĩĽŤē ūēİťėŤē ŮŨ ĘŬĔĤ ŦŠ ŮŨ ĚżŤĔũŤē ěĔŨēĶĝŤǘĔĖ ĚżũŤĔőŤē įŵŲĥťŤ Ěżũűǜē ŖŤĔĖ ȕĚĩŬĔũŤē ūēİťėŤēŴ įĳēŵũŤē ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŮŨ łťĭĝťŤ

ŮŨ ȒǪǦ ŦũĩĜ ŽĝŤē ȕŶĴėšŤē ĆēĴĩŁŤē ĕŵŭĤ ĔżŝŻĴŘĉ ŦġũĜŴ ųĝėĹŬ ĔŨ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ŽũŤĔőŤē ĆĘőŤē ĚĩŘĔšũŤē ĚřťšĜ ŮŨ ȒǩǦŴ ěĔŨİĭŤē ŹŤč ĚĤĔĩŤē ŮŨ ȒǪǪ ĔŲżťŻȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚŉėĜĴũŤē ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĆĘőŤē ŮŨ Ȓǧǫ ŦũĩŻ źĲŤē ȕďįĔŲŤē ŊżĩũŤē ĕĴŔ ŪżťŜč ĚĤĔĩŤē ŮŨ ȒǧǫŴ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǝŤ ŽũŤĔőŤē ŦũĩŻŴĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚĩŘĔšũŤē ĚřťšĜ ŮŨ ȒǨǬŴ ȕěĔŨİĭŤē ŹŤč ŃēĴŨǝŤ ŽũŤĔőŤē ĆĘőŤē ŮŨ ȒǨǦ Ĕżĸć śĴļ ĕŵŭĤ ŪżťŜč ŽŘŴĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚřťšĝŤē ŮŨ ȒǧǮŴ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ěĔŨİĭŤē ŪĥĨ ŮŨ ȒǨǬ ĶŠĴĝŻ ȕ ƻēİťĖ ǧǧǭ ĔűįİŐ ŖŤĔėŤē ūēİťėŤē ȖŦĬİŤē ĚŅřĭŭŨ ūēİťėŤē ŽŘ ŚżŤĔšĝŤē ŮŨ ȒǧǫŴ ĔŲżŤč ĚĤĔĩŤē ŽŘ ŚżŤĔšĝŤē ŮŨ ȒǩǯŴ ěĔŨİĭŤē ŹŤč ģĔżĝĨǘē ŮŨ ȒǪǭŴ ŮŨ ȒǨǭŴ ȖŦĬİŤē ĚŉĸŵĝũŤē ūēİťėŤē ŮŨ ĔżŬİŤē ƿ ĚĩŻĴĽŤē ĔżťőŤē ĚĩŻĴĽŤē ŽŘ ŚżŤĔšĝŤē ŮŨ ȒǪǬŴ ěĔŨİĭŤē ŹŤč ģĔżĝĨǘē ŦĬİŤē ĚŉĸŵĝŨ ūēİťėŤē ŮŨ ĆĔėŐǜ ĚũōŭũŤē ěēĴŻİŝĜ ŹŤč ěēĴŻİŝĝŤē ůĲű İŭĝĹĜŴǨ ęĴőĽũŤēŴ ĚėĨĔĽŤē ĚżėŤŵťŤēŴ ĚżŭėŤē Ǎ ĚŻĴżĹżŭŤēŴĚŻĴġĩŤē ęĴĠİĝũŤē ěǘİőŨ ŽŘ ŃĴĝřũŤē ŒĤēĴĝŤēŴ ȕǨǦǧǨ ŧĔŐ ŽŘ ĚżťėŲũŤē ĚŻĔŕŤ ƻĔŝŘŴ ǨǦǧǮ ŧĔŐ ŽŘ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŽĤǙőŤē ĴżĖİĝŤē ĳİŝŻŴ ƿ ǨǦǩǦ ŧĔőŤ ęįİĩũŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ĚťĖĔŝŤē ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ůĲŲŤ źĴŻĴĹŤē ĕĔŲĝŤǘēŴ Ǩ ŊũŭŤē ŮŨ ŊżĹėŤē ĺĖĴŲŤē ķŴĴżŘŴ ȕģǙőťŤ ĚżŀŵĝŤē ŧēİĭĝĸĔĖ ȕĚżėżėĩŤē ęĳŵŉřũŤēŴ źĴżĝšėŤē ŽťėŲũŤē ěĔŨĵǙĝũťŤ ŽĤǙőŤē ĴżĖİĝŤē ĚťŀēŵũĖ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ŽŘ ęįĳēŵŤē ēĲű ūĔŠ ĔũġżĨ ŃēĴŨǜē ůĲű ěĔėėĹŨ ĳĔėĝĬē ŽŘ ŒĸŵĝŤēŴ įŴįĴũŤē ŽŤĔŐŴ ƻĔŻİĥŨ ŧĳŵŤē ķŴĴżřŤ ęįĔŅũŤē ěĔĨĔŝťŤĔĖ ŪżőŉĝŤē ņĭũĝżĸŴ Ůĸ ŽŘ ŽĜǙŤēĆĔĹŭŤē ŏĔŅĬčŴ ěĔżĝřťŤ źĴĽėŤē ŽũżťĩŤē ŚżŤĔšĜ ĢżĨ ŮŨ ęĴżėŠ ěēĳŵŘŴ ŮŐ źĴĩĝŤē łĩřŤ ĕĔĥŬǞē ĚŻĔŜŵŤĔĖ ĚżťėŝĝĹũŤē ěēŵŭĹŤē ŽŘĚżĤĔĝŬǞēŴ ĚżĩŁŤē ĚŻĔőŤē ŮŨ ĚŝŝĩũŤē İĐēŵřŤē ŮũŅĝĝĸŴŪĨĴŤĔŝŭőĜĔŬĔňĴĹŭŨ ņřĬŴ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ĚĩŘĔšŨ ŮżĹĩĜ ęįİĩũŤē ĚŻĔŕťŤ ƻĔŝŘŴ ȒǯǦ ĚėĹŭĖ ĔŲĖ ĚĖĔŀǞē ěǘİőŨ ěēĳŵŘŵŤē ŮŨ İŻĶũŤē ŞżŝĩĜ ǨǦǩǦ ŧĔőŤ ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē ŽŘ ěĔĖŵŬ źįĔřĜ ĚĥżĝŬ ĚżĩŁŤē ĚŻĔŐĴŤē ŚżŤĔšĜ ŽŘ ĚżťėŝĝĹũŤē ŽŘ ĘėĹĝĜ ŽĝŤē ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜĔĖ ĚĖĔŀǞē ĚĥżĝŬ ěĔżŘŵŤēŴ ĚńēĴũŤēŴ ȕĚŻįĔŁĝŜǘē ĚżĤĔĝŬǞē ŽŘ ĴĐĔĹĬ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ŃēĴŨǜē ŹŤč ŶĶőŻ źĲŤē ŪŝőŤē ĚżĹřŭŤē ĳĔĠǚēŴ ĚżŝťĭŤē ěĔřŐĔŅũŤēŴ ŦũĩŤē ěĔřŐĔŅŨŴ ŽŘ ĴżėŠ ŃĔřĭŬē ğŴİĨ ŒŜŵĜ ŹťŐ ĚřťšĝŤē ĴŻİŝĜ źŵŉŭŻŴ ĴėŐ źĴĽėŤē ŽũżťĩŤē ŧĳŵŤē ķŴĴżřŤ ęįĔŅũŤē ěĔĨĔŝťŤē ĳĔőĸĉ ęĴĠİĝũťŤ ĚżŁżĭĽĝŤē ěēĳĔėĝĬǘēŴ ȕ(ŦĬİŤē ěĔŻŵĝĹŨ ĚŘĔŠ ŚŜŵĝĜŴ ǨǦǧǬ ŧĔŐ ŮŨ ƻēĳĔėĝŐĔĠİĩżŬĉ ŃĴĝřŻ źĲŤē ȕĚŻĴġĩŤē ŃĔřĭŬǘē ēĲű ŹťŐ ŽĸĔĸĉ ŦšĽĖ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ŚżŤĔšĝŤē İŻĶŨ ŞŝĩĜ ēıč ŦŜĉ ūŵšĜ ūĉ ŮšũŻŴ ȕĳĔőĸǜē ŽŘ ŃĴĝřũŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǙŤ ŽŭŨĶŤē ĳĔňǞǘǙĬĳĔőĸǜĔńĔřĭŬē ŮŨ

:ĴōŬē ȕ ȕŒżŭũĝŤēŴ ěĔĨĔŝťŤē ŦĤĉ ŮŨ ŽũŤĔőŤē ŚŤĔĩĝŤē ūĊĽĖ ěĔŨŵťőũŤē ŮŨ İŻĶũťŤ ǨǪ (ǨǦǧǬ ŦŻĴĖĉ ūĔĹżŬ ǨǨ ŽŘ ŏǙňǘē ŪĜ KWWS:ZZZJDYLRUJ

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ǨǦǨǧ-ǨǦǧǬ ȕ ƻĔżĹŭĤ ĚŤŵŝŭũŤē ĚŻİőũŤē ƿ ŃēĴŨǜē ūĊĽĖ ĚĩŁŤē ŏĔŉŝŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤē ĚżĥżĜēĴĝĸǘē

ĴŻŵŁĝŤē

© Lajolo / CC BY 2.0 – Ǧǧ © Adam Jones, Ph.D. - Global Photo Archive / CC BY 2.0 – ǦǨ © WHO/Yoshi Shimizu – Ǧǩ © Jonathan Torgovnik/Reportage by Getty Images – ǦǪ © UNAIDS – Ǧǫ © Jonathan Torgovnik/Reportage by Getty Images – ǦǬ © Christine Meynent – Ǧǭ © UNAIDS/M. Qaraishi – ǦǮ © Alfredo L. Fort – Ǧǯ © WHO/Pan American Health Organization – ǧǦ © Aulia Human, Courtesy of Photoshare – ǧǧ © Tom Perry / World Bank – ǧǨ © WHO/L. Cipriani – ǧǩ © World Bank/Simone D. McCourtie – ǧǪ

ţĔŁĜē ÞěĔŨŵťőũŤē ŮŨ İŻĶũťŤ ĚżũŤĔőŤēĚĩŁŤēĚũōŭŨ ğŵĩėŤēŴĚżĖĔĥŬǞēĚĩŁŤĔĖĚżŭőũŤēęĳēįǞē DYHQXH$SSLD *HQHYD 6ZLW]HUODQG UHSURGXFWLYHKHDOWK#ZKRLQW :ŽŬŴĴĝšŤǞē İŻĴėŤē ūēŵŭŐ ZZZZKRLQWUHSURGXFWLYHKHDOWK WHO/RHR/09

June 2016

全球卫生部门战略草案

性传播感染， 2016-2021年终结性传播感染

全球卫生部门战略草案

性传播感染， 2016-2021年终结性传播感染

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

WHO/RHR/16.09 世界卫生组织出版物可从世卫组织网站（www.who.int）获得，或者自版权所有。 WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland （电话： +41 22 791 3264；传真： +41 22 791 4857；电子邮件： bookorders@who.int）购买。要获得复制许可或翻译世卫组织出版物的许可，无论是为了出售还是为了非商业性分发，均应通过世卫组织网站（http://www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/ index.html）向世界卫生组织出版处提出申请。本出版物采用的名称和陈述的材料并不代表世界卫生组织对任何国家、领地、城市或地区或其当局的合法地位，或关于边界或分界线的规定有任何意见。地图上的虚线表示可能尚未完全达成一致的大致边界线。凡提及某些公司或某些制造商的产品时，并不意味着它们已为世界卫生组织所认可或推荐，或比其它未提及的同类公司或产品更好。除差错和疏忽外，凡专利产品名称均冠以大写字母，以示区别。世界卫生组织已采取一切合理的预防措施来核实本出版物中包含的信息。但是，已出版材料的分发无任何明确或含蓄的保证。解释和使用材料的责任取决于读者。世界卫生组织对于因使用这些材料造成的损失不承担责任。 2016-2021年全球卫生部门艾滋病毒、病毒性肝炎和性传播感染战略的定稿见第六十九届世界卫生大会的正式记录（文件WHA69/2016/REC/1）。

设计和排版： 400.co.uk 印刷：瑞士日内瓦世卫组织文件编制服务科

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

01 02 03 04 05

背景：为何防治性传播感染是全球要务战略的框架愿景，目标，具体目标与指导原则战略方向与重点行动战略的实施：领导，伙伴关系，问责，监测和评价

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2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

引言与背景

这份《2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案》（ “战略草案” ）基于《20061 2015年预防和控制性传播感染全球战略》实施情况的评估结论，提出了终结性传播感染流行这一公共卫生问题的愿景、目标、具体目标、指导原则与重点行动。

1 文件A68/36进展报告G部分。

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

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2030年可持续发展议程》确立了一系列宏伟的全球卫生目标与具体目标。其中目标3载明要“让不同年龄段的所有人都过上健康的生活，促进他们的福祉” （见专栏1），同时还关注卫生相关领域，这对战略草案意义重大。本战略草案阐述卫生部门可为实现具体目标做出的一项重要贡献，并列出各国和世卫组织需要采取的行动。如果落实，这些行动将加快、加强防治性传播感染工作，在终结疾病流行方面取得切实进展。此外，战略一旦通过，实施将需要政治承诺与资源，支持未来五年迅速推进防治举措，并支持将防治工作持续到2030年及其后更长时间。

本战略草案指出，卫生部门如何应对性传播感染流行对于实现全民健康覆盖至关重要，而后者是《2030 年可持续发展议程》确认的可持续发展目标中的一个重要卫生目标。本战略一旦通过，其实施将有助于大幅减少性传播感染新增病例及此类感染（包括死产和宫颈癌）导致的死亡人数，同时将促进个体健康、男女性健康、以及所有人的福祉。战略将引导加快并注重综合预防工作，扩大在证据基础上综合运用行为方法、生物医学方法以及结构性方法；促进人们获取信息了解自己的性传播感染状况，增加对治疗以及必要的全面长期护理的获取，抵制普遍存在的污名化和歧视。本战略草案秉持以人为本方针，立足于人权、性别平等与健康公平原则。

让不同年龄段的所有人都过上健康的生活，促进他们的福祉

2 联合国大会70/1号决议——变革我们的世界： 2030年可持续发展议程，见http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc. asp?symbol=A/ RES/70/1&Lang=E （2016年4月13日访问）。

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

专栏1. 可持续发展目标3 让不同年龄段的所有人都过上健康的生活，促进他们的福祉 3.1 到2030年时，全球孕产妇死亡率每10万例活产减至低于70例 3.2 到2030年时，新生儿和5岁以下儿童不发生可以预防的死亡，所有国家都争取将新生儿每1 000例活产的死亡率至少降至12例，将5岁以下儿童每1 000例活产的死亡率至少降至25例 3.3 到2030年时，阻止艾滋病、结核病、疟疾和被忽视的热带疾病的流行，防治肝炎、通过水传播的疾病和其他传染病 3.4 到2030年时，通过预防与治疗，将非传染性疾病导致的过早死亡减少三分之一，促进精神健康与福祉 3.5 进一步预防和治疗滥用药物行为，包括滥用麻醉药品和酗酒行为 3.6 到 2020年时，全球道路交通事故造成的死伤人数减半 3.7 到2030年时，每个人都能获得性健康和生殖健康服务，包括获得计划生育、信息和教育服务，做到国家战略和方案中有生殖健康的内容

3.8 实现全民健康覆盖，包括提供财务风险保护，每个人都可以获得优质基本保健服务，并获得安全、有效、优质和价廉的基本药物和疫苗 3.9 到2030年时，大幅减少因危险化学品以及空气、水和土壤污染死亡和患病的人数 3.a 酌情在所有国家加强执行《世界卫生组织烟草控制框架公约》的力度 3.b 支持研发用于防治主要发生在发展中国家的传染性和非传染性疾病的疫苗和药品，根据《关于<与贸易有关的知识产权协议>与公共健康的多哈宣言》的规定，提供廉价基本药品和疫苗，《多哈宣言》申明发展中国家有权充分利用《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》中关于采用灵活办法保护公众健康，尤其是让所有人获得药品的条款 3.c 在发展中国家，尤其是最不发达国家和小岛屿发展中国家中，大幅增加医疗资金和医疗人员的招聘、培养、培训和留用 3.d 加强所有国家，特别是发展中国家警示、缓解和管理国家和全球健康风险的能力

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

本战略草案与《2030年可持续发展议程》及实现全面健康覆盖的努力方向完全一致，同时契合世卫组织针对其他重要领域的全球卫生战略和计划，这些领域包括性与生殖健康，艾滋病毒，暴力侵害妇女和女童行为，青少年健康，孕产妇、新生儿和儿童健康，非传染性疾病，以人为本的综合卫生服务，病毒性肝炎，结核病以及血液安全3。在下一阶段防治性传播感染的工作中，必须重视建立广泛的伙伴关系，强调与其他卫生、发展问题的密切联系。本战略草案虑及了一些重要发展伙伴的全球卫生战略，这些伙伴包括全球抗击艾滋病、结核病和疟疾基金；美国总统防治艾滋病紧急救援计划；全球疫苗免疫联盟；以及《妇女、 4 儿童和青少年健康全球战略（2016-2030年）》。本战略草案界定了优质的性传播感染防治服务，这些服务对于满足人民需求与偏好不可或缺；建议了行动举措，以消除性传播感染流行的根本决定因素，包括污名化和歧视以及不平等，这些因素加大感染风险，限制了获得有效预防、治疗服务的途径。此外，战略草案阐述如何确保服务做到公平覆盖，如何确保为有需要的所有人带来最大帮助，既要注重一般人群，又要注重特定人群（见专栏2）。

专栏2. 特定人群每个国家应当界定受性传播感染流行影响最严重的特定人群，相关防治工作应当以流行病学和社会情况为基础。性传播感染方面需要重视的特定人群将包括最可能拥有大量性伴侣的人群，如性工作者及其顾客。需要考虑的其他人群包括男男性行为者、变性者和已经患有性传播感染的人群，包括艾滋病毒感染者。这些人群中许多也被确认为艾滋病毒方面的重点人群。另外一些特别容易遭受性传播感染的人群可能包括青少年、妇女、流动人口、流落街头的儿童和青少年、囚犯、吸毒者以及受冲突和内乱影响的人群。

本战略草案还建议了一些尽量避免需要服务者陷入财务困境的方法，并鼓励创新，以加快前进步伐。战略强调的许多重点行动，都借鉴了从实施2006-2015 年防治性传播感染全球战略 5以及各国防治举措 6中获得的大量有力证据。

3 世卫组织一些重要的全球卫生战略和计划可在线获取，具体包括：关于艾滋病毒、病毒性肝炎和性传播感染的三份2016-2021年全球卫生部门战略，见： http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/ghs-strategies/en/和http://www. who.int/hiv/strategy2016-2021/online-consultation/en/ （2016年4月 24日访问）；另一份是终结结核病战略，见http://www.who.int/tb/strategy/en/ （2016年4月20日访问）。此外，还可获得关于世卫组织宣传作用和当前在线磋商活动的信息，例如 “让年轻人发表意见” ，见http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/en/ （2016年4月20日访问）；和《世卫组织抗微生物药物耐药性全球行动计划》http://www.who.int/drugresistance/global_action_plan/en/ （2016年4月24日访问）。 4 《妇女、儿童和青春期健康全球战略（2016-2030年）》可自http://www.everywomaneverychild.org/global- strategy-2获取（2016年4月22日访问）。 5 《2006-2015年预防和控制性传播感染全球战略》，见http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/toolkits/stis_strategy[1]en.pdf （2016年4月22日访问）。 6 参见文件A68/36 进展报告G部分（2015年）。

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

战略纲要

本战略草案包括以下五个主要部分（战略纲要见图1）：

01 02 03 04 05

背景—— 审视性传播感染流行的现状及负担，确定未来面临的机会与挑战，提出为卫生部门防治性传播感染提供充足资金的理由。战略的框架—— 阐述战略的三个组织框架（全民健康覆盖，完整连续的性传播感染防治服务，以及公共卫生方针），介绍战略结构。愿景、目标、具体目标和指导原则—— 提出一系列2020年、 2030年要达到的影响、服务覆盖具体目标，防治举措在此基础上展开。战略方向与重点行动—— 建议各国和世卫组织按照五个战略方向采取行动。战略的实施：领导，伙伴关系，问责，监测和评价—— 阐明实施工作的要素。

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

图1. 2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案纲要

愿景：

全世界无新发性传播感染、无性传播感染相关并发症和死亡，无歧视，人人都能自由方便地获取性传播感染防治服务，从而使人们能够健康长寿。

目标：

终结作为重要公共卫生问题的性传播感染流行。

2030年的具体目标：

全球梅毒螺旋体发病率降低90% （2018年全球基线）。全球淋病奈瑟菌发病率降低90% （2018年全球基线）。 80%国家每10万例活产中的先天性梅毒病例≤50。在通过国家免疫规划提供人乳头状瘤病毒疫苗的国家保持90%的全国覆盖率并在其每个区县（或同等行政区划）保持至少80%覆盖率。

行动框架：监测和评价战略方向1 促进重点行动的信息 “何人 ” 与 “何处”

全民健康覆盖；完整连续的服务；以及公共卫生方针。

全民健康覆盖的三个方面战略方向2 产生影响的干预措施 “什么” 战略方向3 公平地提供服务 “做法” 战略方向4 筹资促进可持久性 “筹资” 战略方向5 开展创新，加快进展 “未来”

战略的实施：

领导、伙伴关系、问责、监测与评价

国家行动

国家伙伴的行动

世卫组织行动：总部、区域和国家

全球伙伴的行动

01 背景：为何防治性传播感染是全球要务

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

性传播病原体带来的全球发病率与死亡率负担不仅影响生活质量，而且危害性与生殖健康，以及新生儿与儿童健康（见图2）。性传播感染还会间接助长艾滋病毒的性传播，导致细胞变化，进而发展成癌症。性传播感染给中等收入和低收入国家的家庭和国家卫生系统造成严重的资金负担，给个人的整体福祉带来负面影响（专栏3）。

专栏3. 性传播感染的隐形代价据估计，每年15-49岁人群中有3.57亿例新发性传播感染病例，这些病例源自四种可治愈的感染（参见图2）：沙眼衣原体（1.31亿例）；淋病奈瑟菌（7800万例）；梅毒（600 万例）和阴道毛滴虫（1.42亿例） *。一些病毒性性传播感染的患病率同样很高，估计单纯疱疹病毒2型感染者达4.17亿人，感染人乳头状瘤病毒的妇女人数约达2.91亿。这些性传播感染的患病率随区域和性别而有所不同。这些流行病严重影响全球各地儿童、青少年和成人的健康和生活： • 胎儿和新生儿死亡——妊娠期间梅毒感染每年导致30多万胎儿和新生儿死亡，并使另外21.5万婴儿面临更大的早亡风险； • 宫颈癌——人乳头状瘤病毒感染每年导致约53万宫颈癌病例和26.4万例宫颈癌死亡； • 不孕症——淋病和衣原体等性传播感染是导致世界各地不孕症的重要原因； • 艾滋病毒风险——梅毒、淋病或单纯疱疹病毒感染等性传播感染的存在大大增加了罹患或传播艾滋病毒感染的风险（在某些人群中风险可增加两到三倍）； • 性传播感染带来的生理、心理和社会后果严重影响染病人群的生活质量。 *最新估算为2012年数据。

充分控制和/或消除性传播感染将有助于减少人类的疾患与痛苦

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

性传播感染带来的并发症极大影响性与生殖健康。性传播感染患者中男女人数基本相当（单纯疱疹病毒2型病例除外），不过存在一些地区差异（见图3(a) 和3(b)）；但并发症在几个方面对女性影响更大。

性传播感染数据有限，尤其是按性别分类的数据不足，全球防治举措因此受到局限。另外各区域和国家之间以及内部的报告做法也不一致。本战略草案建议重点关注两个方面：首先，收集更完善的性传播感染负担数据，按性别、年龄分组，以便衡量控制性传播感染的进度；其次，确定重点行动领域。

02 – 一对斯里兰卡夫妇。

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

图2. 世卫组织估算： 2012年有3.57亿可治愈的性传播感染新发病例

可治愈的性传播感染：衣原体，淋病，梅毒，滴虫病

1800 万

3100 万

6400 万

1.42 亿

6300 万

3900 万

世卫组织美洲区域世卫组织非洲区域世卫组织东地中海区域世卫组织欧洲区域世卫组织东南亚区域世卫组织西太平洋区域

资料来源： Newman LM, Rowley J, Vander Hoorn S et al. 2012年全球四种可治愈的性传播感染的患病率和发病率估算见PLosOne 2015。

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

图3(a) 2012年四种可治愈的性传播感染的估计发病率（按区域和性别

90 80 70 60 50 百万 40 30 20 10 0 非洲美洲东地中海欧洲东南亚西太平洋滴虫病淋病衣原体梅毒滴虫病淋病衣原体梅毒

图3(b) 2012年单纯疱疹病毒2型的估计患病率（按区域和性别）

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 非洲美洲东地中海欧洲东南亚西太平洋

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

近年来，性传播感染防治工作取得了显著进步。例如，一般人群梅毒患者中杜克雷嗜血杆菌（软下疳）发病率出现大幅下降，此类感染的后遗症（包括新生儿结膜炎）出现显著下降。接受梅毒和艾滋病毒筛查的孕妇数量增加，获得适当治疗的渠道更多，使同时阻断艾滋病毒和梅毒母婴传播更为可行。此外，人乳头状瘤病毒疫苗进一步普及，已经降低了子宫颈癌前病变和生殖器疣的发病率。进一步加快全球防治举措，将有助于保持这些成果，并在此基础上，推动在管理和减少性传播感染方面取得更大成功。

实现2030年宏伟目标所需的大部分工具已经具备。一些潜在的重大创新并不遥远，如性传播感染的卫生服务点检测工具、预防性传播感染的疫苗和多用途技术。但是充分利用这些创新需要迅速增加防治性传播感染投资，将资源集中到最有效的规划、最亟需的人群和地理区域，衔接性传播感染干预措施与其他卫生服务，达到共赢。本战略草案详细阐述了这些重要方向。

优先将三种性传播感染作为全球战略重点

本战略草案把重点主要放在三种感染上，这些感染需要立即采取行动控制，并且可以监测： 01/ 淋病奈瑟菌，因为不可治愈淋病的风险在加大并且存在与包括沙眼衣原体在内的其他性传播感染发生合并感染的风险； 02/ 梅毒螺旋体，消除先天性梅毒需要建立强大的系统以确保能对所有孕妇进行筛查和治疗并在特定人群中控制梅毒感染； 03/ 人乳头状瘤病毒，聚焦疫苗接种，争取消除宫颈癌和生殖器疣。针对这三种性传播感染有非常经济有效的干预措施。

世卫组织还认识到沙眼衣原体感染的重要性而且在青少年人群中感染率不断上升。但是，由于控制和测量衣原体感染的最佳策略仍有待确定，因此鼓励进一步开展研究和成本效益分析。此外，世卫组织还将推动卫生服务点检测方法，将其作为性传播感染梯级结构及完整连续防治服务的关键步骤。

02 战略的框架

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

这份拟议的性传播感染战略是三份相关的卫生部门 2016-2021年战略之一，制定这些战略旨在推动实现《2030年可持续发展议程》及其设定的目标。健康是新议程中的一个重要目标，这也反映了健康对于减轻贫困、促进发展的核心作用。

这份卫生部门战略草案在广泛的2015年后发展框架下考虑如何应对性传播感染负担。其中阐明了为达到全球防治性传播感染目标需要采取的重点行动，防治性传播感染如何有助于实现全民健康覆盖以及其他重要卫生目标。本战略草案基于三大总体框架：全民健康覆盖；完整连续的性传播感染防治服务；以及公共卫生方针。

全民健康覆盖全民健康覆盖（参见图4）是战略的总体框架之一，包含三大相互关联的目标： 01/ 提供更广泛、更优质和更可及的基本卫生干预措施和服务（覆盖所需服务）； 02/ 根据所需，更公平更合理地使用服务（覆盖需要服务的人口）； 03/ 降低成本，为需要服务的人群提供财务保障（覆盖服务成本）。随着资源增加，效率和能力提高，可以进一步扩大服务范围，提高服务质量，覆盖更多人口，并且降低患者的直接成本，从而逐步实现全民健康覆盖。每个国家都需要根据本国情况，决定实现全民健康覆盖的最适合路径，确定优先事项，作出权衡，以便能在以最快速度推进的同时，确保方案的可持续性、质量和公平性。

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

从全民健康覆盖的角度出发（图4），战略草案强调需要：加强卫生与社区体系；确定高效的干预举措；消除助长疾病流行、阻碍防治举措的社会决定因素；确保人民能享受到所需的优质医疗服务，不会因此限于财务困境或受到侮辱。战略草案尤其关注与服务有效公平覆盖相关的问题，其中包括克服卫生服务的障碍和了解妇女、青少年和特定人群（见专栏3）的需求，包括与脆弱性增加有关的需求。

图4. 全民健康覆盖的三个方面：所有人获得所需的质量合格的服务，既要产生明显效果，同时又不造成财务困境

降低所分摊的成本及费用

直接费用覆盖的费用比例

覆盖更多人群目前覆盖范围

包括其他服务

服务覆盖哪些服务？

人口覆盖哪些人群？

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

完整连续的性传播感染防治服务是防治规划的组织框架

全民健康覆盖概念作为战略草案的整体框架，而消除性传播感染流行所需的完整连续服务为组织战略活动提供了全面的服务提供框架（图5）。完整连续的服务覆盖达到战略目标所需的所有干预措施，从预防、诊断、治疗到治愈，并包括所有人群：预防活动覆盖的人群；接受检测的人群；了解自己状况的人群；加入医疗计划的人群；开始治疗的人群；完成治疗的人群；治愈的人群以及接受长期医护服务的人群。本战略草案阐述了重点行动，以便加强完整连续的性传播感染防治服务中每项举措的影响和公平性，同时要特别重视覆盖滞后人口。根据实际情况，这些滞后人口可能包括女性、男性、青少年、男男性行为者、

性工作者和变性者。战略确定了确保并改善服务质量的办法，并建议实现财务可持续性的战略，把需要这些服务人群的财务困难风险降到最低。完整连续的性传播感染防治服务过程中会出现患者失访情况（参见图5）。应尽早让人们加入连续服务程序，持续进行治疗，在梯级结构中尽量减少失访。战略草案有力证明，应将高质量的防治性传播感染服务广泛扩展到初级卫生保健、性和生殖卫生服务以及艾滋病毒防治服务等领域，并强调通过与其他政府部门、社区组织及私立提供者合作，就有机会扩大服务覆盖面。

图5. 完整连续的性传播感染防治服务与梯级结构

性传播感染防治服务的梯级结构

所有人

预防活动覆盖的人群

接受检测的人群

了解自己状况的人群

完整连续的服务

加入医疗计划的人群

开始治疗的人群

完成治疗的人群

治愈的人群

接受长期医护服务的人群

预防

检测

医疗衔接

治疗

长期医护

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

公共卫生方针本战略草案立足于关注预防疾病、促进健康、确保所有人口生命质量的公共卫生方针。战略倚重在资源有限的环境下也易于推广的简单规范的干预措施和服务，旨在确保民众能够最大程度获得优质服务。通过采用公共卫生方针，本战略建议做到： • 简易规范的方案与指南； • 以人为本的综合卫生服务； • 分散提供服务； • 注重公平； • 社区参与； • 受性传播感染影响最严重的人群的有效参与； • 利用公共和私营部门的力量； • 确保服务免费或者可负担； • 重点从个体临床治疗转向基于人口的国家规划。

本战略草案提倡“将卫生问题融入所有政策”原则，必要时，可借助立法、监管和政策改革实现。战略旨在加强防治性传播感染服务与其他服务的整合和衔接，提高成效与效率。

04 – 在肯尼亚乡村诊所中一些妇女正在进行宫颈癌检测。

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

战略草案的结构

本战略草案阐明五个战略方向，以及在每个方向下各国需要采取的重点行动。此外，战略也说明世卫组织为扩大全球防治规模将提供的支持。这方面防治工作可利用根据《2030年可持续发展议程》制定的一系列框架所提供的机会，努力终结作为严重公共卫生问题的性传播感染流行。战略草案提出了2 016 -2 021年的五个战略方向（见图1），包括： • 战略方向1–促进重点行动的信息。重点是必须了

• 战略方向4–筹资促进可持续性。 –涉及全民健康

覆盖的第三个方面，探索可持续的创新筹资模式，为防治性传播感染提供资金；探索降低成本途径，确保人们能够获得所需服务，而且不会因此陷入财务困境。知识与技术差距的领域，通过创新改变防治性传播感染轨道，以便实现并超越2020年里程碑。

• 战略方向5–开展创新，加快进展。 –确定存在巨大

解性传播感染流行情况和应对措施，这是宣传、政治承诺、国家计划、资源筹集与分配、实施以及规划改进工作的基础。

• 战略方向2–产生影响的干预措施。 –涉及全民健

康覆盖的第一个方面，阐述为实现国家和全球具体目标需要在连续服务过程中提供的具有高度影响的一揽子基本干预措施，同时应考虑将这些措施列入国家健康福利计划。

本战略草案为达到2030年消除性传播感染这一公共健康威胁的目标拟定了路径。战略确定2020年和 2030年要达到的影响和服务覆盖具体目标，用以衡量实现消除目标的进度。为达到这些具体目标，需要在五个领域着手采取行动，这些领域分属五个战略方向。五个战略方向与重点行动借鉴了向2015年第六十八届世界卫生大会7 呈报的《2006-2015年预防和控制性传播感染全球战略》8实施情况的评估结论。评估强调需要： (1)加强监测，掌握更多有关患病率、病因、抗微生物药物耐药性的情况； (2)推广防治性传播感染干预举措，尤其要针对特定人群，确保营造适当的有利环境； (3)提高服务的可及性：把性传播感染的预防和管理纳入到更广泛的议程，包括防治艾滋病毒、性和生殖健康以及其他重要平台； (4)加强相关服务的筹资机制，提高人力资源能力； (5)加快普及创新技术与产品：开发卫生服务点诊断检测与新预防办法，如疫苗、杀微生物剂、单纯疱疹病毒抑制疗法、艾滋病毒预防及健康促进举措。

• 战略方向3–公平地提供服务。 –涉及全民健康覆

盖的第二个方面，确定为不同地区不同人群提供完整连续的性传播感染防治服务的最佳办法与策略，以便能实现公平，最大限度加强影响和确保质量。其中包括的重要干预举措强调人权、性别平等、消除公平获取服务的障碍，确保不同环境、地区的所有人群获得公平服务。

7 见文件A68/36进展报告G部分。 8 见《2006-2015年预防和控制性传播感染全球战略》实施进展报告，网址是http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/ publications/rtis/STIprogress.pdf?ua=1 （2016年4月22日访问）。

03 愿景，目标，具体目标与指导原则

本战略草案阐明了全球卫生部门的愿景、目标、具体目标、广泛影响和指导原则。

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

这些具体目标和里程碑于2014年8月在世卫组织性传播感染专家磋商会上提出，各国代表和此公共卫生领域的专家出席了此次会议。确定具体目标考虑到了应予立即推广的经济有效干预措施的可用情况以及现有指标和旨在削减国家报告负担的报告框架的使用情况。这些具体目标可以通过现成的全球艾滋病应对进展报告系统（淋病奈瑟菌和梅毒螺旋体）以及《全球疫苗行动计划》（人乳头状瘤病毒疫苗接种）

进行监测。建议的70%目标基于专家共识，不依赖模拟实验提供数据。人乳头状瘤病毒疫苗接种目标契合《全球疫苗行动计划》设定的目标9。全球目标应该在2030年前达到，与可持续发展目标的时间表保持一致10。 2021年将编制衡量里程碑进度的报告，同时评估是否在按计划实现目标。届时也可能而做出调整，以契合达到2030年全球目标所需的条件。

愿景全世界无新发性传播感染、无性传播感染相关并发症和死亡，无歧视，人人都能自由方便地获取性传播感染防治服务，从而使人们能够健康长寿。

目标终结作为重要公共卫生问题的性传播感染流行11。

2030年全球具体目标全球齐心协力，迅速推广有效的干预措施和服务，达到一系列宏大的具体目标（见图6），到2030年终结作为重要公共卫生问题的性传播感染流行： • 全球梅毒螺旋体发病率降低90% （2018年全球基线）； • 全球淋病奈瑟菌发病率降低90% （2018年全球基线）； • 8 0%的国家每十万活产的先天性梅毒病例在50例以下12; • 在通过国家免疫规划提供人乳头状瘤病毒疫苗的国家保持90%的全国覆盖率并在其每

个区县（或同等行政区划）保持至少80%覆盖率。

9 见文件WHA65/2012/REC/1，附件4。 10 如前所述，经确认的可持续发展目标和具体目标载于联合国大会70/1号决议 – 变革我们的世界： 2030年可持续发展议程，见http://www.un.org/ga/search/ view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E （2016年4月22日访问）。 11 终结作为重要公共卫生问题的性传播感染流行的目标包括：减少淋病奈瑟菌和梅毒螺旋体发病率；通过人乳头状瘤病毒疫苗的高覆盖率消除先天性梅毒和宫颈癌前病变。 12 符合《全球验证标准和程序指南：消除艾滋病毒和梅毒母婴传播》，见http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/ 10665/112858/1/9789241505888_eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1 （2016年4月25日访问）。

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

2020年里程碑 2020年里程碑（见图7）包括： • 70%的国家具备性传播感染监测系统，能够监测 • 70%的国家通过国家免疫规划提供人乳头状瘤病

毒疫苗 • 70%的国家报告淋病奈瑟菌的抗微生物药物耐药

实现相关具体目标的进展。 • 70%的国家对至少95%的孕妇进行艾滋病毒和/或

性情况 • 在通过国家免疫规划提供人乳头状瘤病毒疫苗

梅毒筛查；对95%的孕妇进行艾滋病毒和/或梅毒筛查——需获得孕妇自由事先知情同意； 90%的艾滋病毒阳性孕妇得到有效治疗； 95%梅毒血清阳性孕妇接受至少一剂肌注苄星青霉素治疗或获得其他有效治疗方案。 • 70%的艾滋病毒重点人群能获得与防治性传播感

的国家保持90%的全国覆盖率并在其每个区县（或同等行政区划）保持至少80%覆盖率。

染和艾滋病毒相关的所有服务，包括安全套。 • 70%的国家在所有涉及初级保健、艾滋病毒护理、

生殖卫生、计划生育以及产前和产后护理的环境中提供性传播感染防治服务或与这类服务的相关信息。

的国家具备性传播感染监测系统

70%

2020年国家具体目标参考全球目标和具体目标，各国应当尽快为自己制定 2020年及以后要实现的宏伟但切实可行的国家目标和具体目标，要顾及到国家具体情况，包括国内流行病的性质和动态，受影响的人群，卫生保健和社区系统的结构与能力以及可筹集的资源情况。具体目标应当切实可行并以目前能获得的关于性传播感染状况、趋势和对策的尽可能最佳数据为依据，同时应当通过一套标准和可衡量的指标来加以监测。具体目标应当适用于每个人。

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

图6. 发病率目标：梅毒与淋病

梅毒发病率

6.0

加快行动 2016-2021年

5.0

4.0 ）

全球梅毒发病率到2030年降低

百万（

90% 3.0

（2018年基线）

2.0

1.0

0 2010 2020 年份 2030

淋病发病率

90.0

加快行动 2016-2021年

百万（

50.0

全球淋病发病率到2030年降低

）

90%

（2018年基线）

10.0

2010

2020 年份

2030

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

图7. 防治性传播感染战略草案——2020年里程碑

70% • •

的国家

70% 重点人群能获得与防治性传播感染和艾滋病毒相关的所有服务，包括安全套。

具备性传播感染监测系统对至少95%的孕妇进行梅毒筛查，对90%的孕妇进行艾滋病毒检测，95%的艾滋病毒阳性孕妇得到有效治疗。 • 在所有涉及初级保健、艾滋病毒护理、生殖卫生、计划生育以及产前和产后护理的环境中提供性传播感染防治服务或与这类服务的相关信息 • 通过国家免疫规划提供人乳头状瘤病毒疫苗 • 报告淋病奈瑟菌的抗微生物药物耐药性情况

广泛影响在更大范围内更有成效地防治性传播感染，将直接和间接地挽救数百万生命，帮助更多人增进健康与福祉，能极大促进达到全民健康覆盖目标、实现人民的全面健康权利、以及实现《2030年可持续发展议程》。如果有坚实的卫生和社区体系支持，结合其他卫生领域的加强举措，消除加大性传播感染风险、阻碍获得适当服务的社会和制度因素，防治行动的影响会成倍递增。《2030年可持续发展议程》中可持续发展目标3下的具体目标涉及领域广泛，并未特别提及性传播感染或纳入相关具体目标13。加速行动以实现与性传播感染有关的2020年具体目标将加强一系列2030年可持续发展目标的进展。在2030年要达到的13项卫生相关具体目标中，本战略草案将对其中5项有所贡献： • 母亲、新生儿和5岁以下儿童不发生可以预防的

死亡； • 阻止艾滋病的流行，防治肝炎和其他传染病； • 通过预防与治疗，将非传染性疾病导致的过早死

亡减少三分之一，促进精神健康与福祉； • 每个人都能获得性健康和生殖健康服务，包括获

得计划生育、信息和教育服务，做到国家战略和方案中有生殖健康的内容； • 实现全民健康覆盖，包括提供财务风险保护，每

个人都可以获得优质基本保健服务，并获得安全、有效、优质和价廉的基本药品和疫苗

13 联合国大会70/1号决议——变革我们的世界： 2030年可持续发展议程，见http://www.un.org/ga/search/ view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E （2016年4月22日访问）

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

有效的防治性传播感染举措将有利于：遏制抗微生物药物耐药性；避免出现新生儿预后不利情况；减少艾滋病毒传播；预防癌症；降低不育负担；以及促进年轻人的健康与福祉。

《2030年可持续发展议程》中未规定防治性传播感染的具体目标，可能会影响各国的重点取舍，尤其是对衡量防治性传播感染指标的重视程度。但是，各方必须认识到，迅速、广泛实施本战略草案的行动将对实现《2030年可持续发展议程》贡献甚巨。

指导原则本战略草案立足于关注预防疾病、促进健康、延长整体人口寿命的公共卫生方针14，其设计旨在倡导长期可持续的防治举措。本战略遵循以下原则： • 全民健康覆盖； • 政府管理和问责； • 循证干预、服务和政策； • 保障并促进人权、性别平等和健康平等； • 与相关部门、规划与战略进行合作、整合及衔接； • 鼓励受性传播感染影响最严重的人群切实参与，

并增强他们的权能；

06 – 在乌干达一个诊所中，年轻人在讨论性教育和计划生育问题。

14 公共卫生的核心职能包括：评估和监测受影响最严重的特定人群健康状况，确定卫生威胁和重点；根据确定的卫生问题和重点，制定对应的公共政策；确保所有人都能获得适当而低廉的医疗服务，并评估服务的有效性。

04 战略方向与重点行动

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

战略方向1：促进重点行动的信息了解性传播感染流行状况，以便实施针对性的防治行动对于有效的性传播感染干预措施而言，不论是宣传、筹资、战略规划和实施，监测与改善，还是提供所产生影响的证据，都离不开强大的战略信息系统。各国必须掌握本国的性传播感染流行状况，了解相关的防治举措，才能利用最新的准确信息指导国家防治工作。

战略信息支持宣传与投资

掌握疾病流行状况

在资源有限的情况下，为了获得国内资金防治性传播感染，以及动员外部资金，各国需要全面有力地阐明理由。运作良好的战略信息系统对于获得政治承诺和有力争取投资至关重要。各国可以凭借战略信息系统，为根据本国情况制定的有效干预和服务一揽子计划确定编制预算，决定如何把资金最恰当地分配到各级卫生系统，同时挖掘潜在的可靠资金来源。

掌握疾病流行状况需要了解新感染出现在哪里，如何出现，在哪类人群中出现；查明是哪些因素推动性传播感染的流行，哪些因素限制获得或使用适当的服务。之后就可以据此确定预防、治疗和保障方案的优先重点。绘制地理、人口地图有助于各国设计实施最高效最有效的防治规划。战略信息系统应提供国内各地的细分数据，监测流行趋势，绘制性传播感染高发地点和核心人群的地图，以便能够把资源和服务安排到能取得最大影响的地方。

各国必须掌握本国的性传播感染流行状况和了解相关的应对措施

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

国家性传播感染监测

性传播感染监测包括四方面核心内容：病例报告、患病率评价、性传播感染综合征病原学评价以及监测抗微生物药物耐药性。目前最相关的国家监测体系基于通用的综合征病例报告。随着时间推移，应该协助各国从综合征监测转向病原学监测。这一转型不仅要求加强各国实验室能力，而且需要开发并采用可负担的卫生服务点性传播感染诊断技术。国家病例报告的重点应放在梅毒、淋病、尿道分泌物和生殖器溃疡性疾病。此外，各国还应该对孕妇、特定人群（包括男男行为者和性工作者）进行常规梅毒感染监测；各国还应该监测以上人群及青少年中的淋病、衣原体感染情况。进行综合征管理的国家每隔几年应进行病原学评价，为治疗方案提供信息。所有国家都应该有一套常设系统，对淋球菌耐药性进行常规监测。

针对性传播感染的强大战略信息系统应该能够：提供按性别、年龄分组的数据；定期分析综合来自其他卫生领域（如艾滋病毒、孕产妇、生殖与儿童健康）数据收集系统的数据。有了可靠的性传播感染数据，就可以更加精准有效地聚焦相关方案，为更多有需要的人口提供或调整服务。民间社会是重要伙伴，不仅有利于强化战略信息系统，而且有利于确保数据的收集使用符合道德规范，并会增进社区利益。各国可以在性传播感染监测数据的基础上，估算梅毒、淋病、先天性梅毒的流行情况和发病率，并可使用估算数据评估达成本战略草案目标的进展。对在不同社区实行艾滋病毒感染暴露前预防的潜在影响应当进行监测，包括监测性传播感染、性行为和耐药情况。目前各种研究或早期规划都未能提供证据表明通过减少使用安全套和增加性伴侣等性行为做法能抵偿风险，因此对这种创新措施应当进行监测以确保其效益，并且还要确保解决可能出现的任何意外后果。

08 – 男男性行为者（印度新德里市）。

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

国家重点行动强化性传播感染监测，并将其纳入国家卫生信息系统，作为加强卫生系统的手段之一，遵循世卫组织指引，使用标准化指标和方法；确保数据收集方式能提供高质量信息，满足道德规范，不会给相关社区或医疗工作者带来风险。提高数据 “粒度” ：改进性传播感染相关数据的收集工作，数据分类基于不同层面，如年龄、性别、人口和地理位置；包括受影响社区和特定人群，保证数据和分析的质量。确定面临性传播感染风险最高的特定人群和传播高发地点；建立机制，推动受影响社区的参与；开展常规病例报告，定期调查核心性传播感染的患病率，以便评估目标人群中性传播感染问题的严重程度，包括通过细分数据；说明性传播感染流行情况，评估后遗症和成本影响；包括性传播感染的风险因素和决定因素数据，以便了解应对这些决定因素。适当时纳入对暴露前预防的重视。使用标准及创新参与式调查方法，准确估算重点人群规模，详细了解国内各地流行情况；将生物监测纳入其他规划，如在艾滋病毒档案中加入行为监测调查，包括接触者追踪，性伴的治疗情况。提高国家实验室能力：质量保证，采用卫生服务点诊断技术，确保对性传播感染和淋病奈瑟菌的耐药性进行常规监测。

世卫组织重点行动挥全球领导作用，发协助各国加强性传播感染监测，使用标准方法进行监测、评估负担与影响；支持开发战略信息系统，绘制性传播感染流行及防治地图，包括分析分类数据，监测不平等情况；支持各国加强病例报告、患病率评估、病原学评估及耐药性监测；加强收集、共享各国性传播感染监测数据的全球体系，包括分类数据与分析，以监测平等性。指导如何收集、分析分类数据，分类数据基于不同层面，并推动受影响社区和特定人群，包括艾滋病毒重点人群的参与，以便获得高质量数据，进行高质量分析；使用国际认可办法估算艾滋病毒重点人群规模，设定为艾滋病毒重点人群服务的规划目标。确保衔接：确保性传播感染监测的一些内容与艾滋病毒、耐药性监测等重要机制建立衔接。

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

跟踪、监测、共享防治成果证据

国家战略计划，规划实施与问责

战略信息系统应该能够收集分析整个医疗服务链条（包括预防、治疗和保健）的分类数据，查找服务覆盖面与执行存在的差距，确定需要改进的领域。设立衡量进度以及监测和评估干预措施的指标后，各国就可以评估、报告、完善防治性传播感染相关的服务，采用更加平等的防治举措。各国可以确定服务是否可及、是否得到使用，是否以及哪里存在差距与不足，哪种交付模式最有效（如是通过卫生机构、基于社区的服务中心或是其他途径），哪些方面需要改进。将性传播感染防治与其他卫生、发展行动联系起来，就需要进一步整合卫生信息系统，统一各种卫生规划的报告机制。

战略信息系统应为制定基于国情的国家战略与实施计划提供信息，定义国家具体目标，并与全球具体目标保持一致。国家战略与实施计划指导国家卫生部门如何应对性传播感染。战略应阐明达到国家具体目标需要采取的行动，包括基于地方流行病情况确定特定人群和区域；按优先程度列出影响力大的循证干预手段及最符合国情的服务交付模式；落实监测和评估框架，跟踪具体目标实现进展。本卫生部门战略草案应与其他相关的部门战略、具体疾病（如结核、性和生殖健康）战略以及内容更为广泛的国家卫生、发展战略建立明确关联。各国都应该制定专门的性传播感染防治规划，提供必要资源和能力实施相关战略与计划，并监测和报告进展。各国需使用有关服务可及性、覆盖成果及影响的指标，追踪、评估、报告实现既定具体目标情况。评估执行绩效应使用比照评估方法，即在国与国、国内各地之间比较。应使用现有工具评估实施政策、法律及结构性举措加强防治性传播感染工作的进展，工具包括国家政策综合指数15和艾滋病毒感染者污名化指数16。

各国需使用有关服务可及性、覆盖成果及影响的指标，追踪、评估、报告实现既定具体目标情况

15 《国家政策综合指数》是2010年联合国大会关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题特别会议的报告文件《监测<艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的承诺宣言>：核心指标制定准则》的附录4，见http://data.unaids.org/pub/Manual/2009/JC1676_ Core_Indicators_2009_en.pdf （2016年4月22日访问）。 16 更多信息见艾滋病毒感染者污名化指数，网址是http://www.stigmaindex.org/ （2016年4月22日访问）。

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

国家重点行动加强防治性传播感染规划的治理与问责，定期审议规划，确保国家战略、计划和资源分配符合不断演变的实际需求。设立国家具体目标与里程碑，确定监测和评估国家防治性传播感染规划的指标，以及监测公平性的指标，以便国家可以评估、定期报告防治工作进展，并在评估基础上进一步完善规划。保相关的监测和评估框架能跟踪完整的服务链条，确公共和私营部门都涵盖在内，与其他卫生信息系统相协调，并能通过适当的分类分析掌握公平性情况；使用地方数据收集、地图绘制技术检查服务提供与基础设施的不足之处，为决定在哪里投放更多服务提供信息；监测脆弱和特定人群获取、利用性传播感染防治服务的情况，以及这些服务的质量。世卫组织重点行动编制、更新、发布指南，指导各国确定防治性传播感染战略规划和优先重点；世卫组织区域和国家办事处要支持定期评估，以审视实现2020年和2030年全球具体目标的进展情况。为各国提供技术支持，帮助各国实施性传播感染防治规划，进行影响评估，确定投资重点。提供信息说明各国和区域实现具体目标的进展情况，支持使用比照评估——或在国与国、国内各地之间比较各类不同人群，衡量实现具体目标的进展情况。

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

战略方向2：产生影响的干预措施每个人都应该获得所需的全方位性传播感染防治服务尽管各国基于本国流行状况和国情，核心干预措施和服务各有不同，但都应涵盖以下干预领域： • 预防性病的传播和感染；确定一系列核心干预举措：防治性传播感染福利安排 • 性传播感染的早期诊断与治疗衔接； • 管理有症状患者； • 覆盖性伴侣，提供治疗； • 综合干预举措，取得最大影响： (1)消除梅毒和艾

每个国家都要确定一系列防治性传播感染的基本干预措施和服务。如果人们能够获得并受益于完整连续的优质服务，从性传播感染的预防、诊断到管理，防治性传播感染战略会取得最大成效。除了把相关服务纳入常规服务提供流程，可能还需要对特定人群提供有针对性的外展服务。各国充分掌握本国性传播感染流行和发病情况后，必须确定从预防到治疗连续统一链条上的优先干预手段，并以有效可行的方式综合多种干预举措。随着资源增加，能力提高，可以逐步扩大干预和服务范围，以取得更好的防治性传播感染成果及广泛卫生结果。证据显示，综合举措的影响远大于零星单独的干预措施。国家在制定其一揽子干预措施时应当考虑合并感染问题。各种性传播感染系由一些共同的风险行为导致。许多感染可同时获得而已有的感染可能促使其他性传播感染，包括艾滋病毒的传播和获得。对一种感染的诊断可指示其它感染风险。虽然合并感染很常见，但目前却无法获得关于合并感染的确切全球估算。特定人群，包括艾滋病毒重点人群面临各种性传播疾病合并感染的最高风险。因此，卫生系统各级应当特别关注上述人群以及一般人群中的有症状和无症状合并感染。

滋病毒母婴传播； (2)充分利用人乳头状瘤病毒疫苗和乙肝疫苗； (3)控制淋球菌抗微生物药物耐药性的扩散和影响； • 确保提供优质的性传播感染防治服务和干预措

施： (1)加强预防、诊断、治理和保健链条的连续统一性； (2)衔接整合各种服务与规划； (3)实施质量保证和改进规划。需要定期审议核心综合举措，确保随着新证据的出现以及新技术和新方法的开发，迅速采纳创新，抓住良机。世卫组织将更新并公布关于性传播感染的管理指南以协助各国制定和实施其核心干预措施和服务

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

预防性病的传播和感染

综合预防是预防性传播感染的最有效途径。要使基于证据的综合预防框架发挥最佳作用，需要从战略角度综合运用行为方法、生物医学方法和结构性方法，既要掌握关于性传播感染的知识，了解安全套等一级预防方法，又要注重与性传播感染方面最受影响和最脆弱的人群，尤其是青少年进行合作。艾滋病毒综合预防工作还应包括注重预防其他性传播感染的举措。有效的预防需要在人权框架下，确保能够获取关键信息、用品（如安全套）和服务（如疫苗接种、男性自愿接受包皮环切手术、监测、治疗和保健）。除此之外，行为干预对于预防包括艾滋病毒在内的性传播感染至关重要，这种干预包括提倡坚持使用男性和女性安全套；在教育中注重加强对性传播感染的认识；减少性伴侣数量；提高性传播感染，包括艾滋病毒检测的利用率；推迟首次性行为时间以及促进性健康。

许多此类干预措施有双重好处，不仅能预防性传播感染，包括艾滋病毒，还尤其能通过鼓励青少年使用安全套预防意外怀孕。着重针对特定人群（包括艾滋病毒重点人群）、青少年和孕妇进行适当干预是重中之重。此外，一旦社区掌握更多性传播感染知识，减少污名化与歧视，使用性传播感染防治服务的情况就会趋向改善。

09 – 尼加拉瓜非政府组织建议为妇女提供综合服务。

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

国家重点行动按照优先程度确定影响大的综合预防干预措施，要具体针对与预防艾滋病毒、性和生殖健康、妇幼保健和免疫规划紧密相关的流行病确定干预措施，包括： • 制定面向青少年的综合卫生信息、教育和健康促进规划； • 使用男性和女性安全套，实现预防性传播感染和意外怀孕的双重保护，要特别重视青少年群体，安全套通过社区发放，也通过外展服务为特定人群发放； • 把妇幼保健和计划生育门诊作为额外服务场所，提供保健服务，向面临性传播感染风险的女性分发安全套； • 更多使用社会营销项目，在传统和非传统场所增加高质量、可负担的防治性传播感染服务以及安全套的供应和需求； • 在适当环境中提倡男性自愿接受包皮环切手术； • 确保人们能够接种人乳头状瘤病毒疫苗和乙型肝炎疫苗。定制聚焦降低风险干预措施，既从福祉角度关注性健康，也关注最受影响人群的需求；关注突出因素，这些因素导致人们更容易遭受性传播感染，妨碍人们获得有效的相关服务，包括纠正违反人权行为的干预措施，将同性性行为或性工作视为犯罪即是违反人权做法，预防、管理针对性别的暴力，以及与性取向和性别认同相关的暴力。世卫组织重点行动更新、发布预防性传播感染的最新指南，包括：在针对不同性传播感染流行环境的综合预防举措中迅速纳入新的循证卫生部门干预办法，特别关注特定和重点人群、青少年和女性；推动有效的男性和女性安全套规划，包括建立全球标准，提供采购协助。更新、发布针对目标人群的指南，关注降低性传播感染脆弱性和风险的干预手段；与伙伴合作推动新倡议，关注降低风险、赋权，以及提高少女、女青年、特定人群和重点人群的韧性、自信和力量；提供证据和指导，显示积极性别规范和态度对于降低性传播感染脆弱性和风险的作用；倡导加大承诺、资源供给和行动力度，消除新生儿性传播感染。

性传播感染的早期诊断与治疗衔接

早期诊断性传播感染有以下途径：筛查，即基于无症状个体的风险因素进行检测后确诊；诊断，即找到症状的根本原因。早期诊断性传播感染，包括未出现症状的患者，是提供有效医治和支持的最佳机会，也是防止进一步传播的最佳时机。鉴于大多数性传播感染没有症状（见图8），早期诊断并不容易。如果没有低廉的性传播感染卫生服务点检测，在资源匮乏的环境中就很难进行筛查。

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

图8. 性传播感染女性比男性更容易感染无症状性传播疾病，男性比女性更容易感染有症状的性传播疾病

有症状病例

无症状病例

各国应基于本国性传播感染流行的性质和传播动力、受影响人群和卫生系统状况以及现有证据，选择最适合的筛查诊断综合手段。针对特定人群（包括艾滋病毒重点人群）、青少年和孕妇，尤其需要加大努力发现、管理无症状的性传播感染，如进行病例搜索或筛查，加强干预措施，把性伴侣纳入干预范围。需要特别注意的是，要确保不会封锁性传播感染诊断，确保诊断工具和服务的质量，从而把误诊的风险降到最低。及时诊断、有效管理性传播感染疾病，可以阻断传播链，防止出现并发症及长期后遗症。

管理有症状患者

针对有症状的性传播感染患者，以及患者的性伴侣，所有面向性传播感染人员的初级卫生服务点都要遵守基于全球指南的最新管理方案。初级卫生服务点有多种形式，包括初级卫生保健门诊，性和生殖健康服务机构，包括产前保健机构，还有为艾滋病毒携带者提供保健管理的服务机构。此外，性传播感染高风险人群的病例管理应与预防艾滋病毒服务紧密关联，包括外展服务。

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

覆盖性伴侣，提供治疗

消除梅毒和艾滋病毒母婴传播

通知性伴侣是有效预防治疗性传播感染工作的有机组成部份。通知性伴侣的办法、为性伴侣提供咨询治疗的办法随环境而变化，具体包括患者通知（鼓励患者自己联络性伴侣），医疗工作者通知（医疗工作者通知患者的性伴侣，安排治疗），约定性患者-医疗工作者通知（综合利用患者通知和医疗工作者通知的两步法），快速性伴侣疗法（确诊患者将处方或药物带给性伴侣，性伴侣无需事先检查）。应当鼓励采取针对伴侣双方的方法以提高咨询率和伴侣治疗率，特别是在产前保健期间。选择的战略应基于人权，对性别平等保持敏感，同时确保、加快性伴侣获得治疗。

许多国家致力于消除艾滋病毒和梅毒母婴传播（也称为“先天性梅毒”）。许多国家把消除梅毒母婴传播与双重消除运动（消除艾滋病毒和梅毒母婴传 17 播）结合在一起。有一些国家已经开始实施三重消除运动（消除艾滋病毒、梅毒和乙肝母婴传播）。准备验证所需的工作将帮助各国加强性传播感染防治规划，也应能够减少国内各人群间的不平等。

充分利用人乳头状瘤病毒疫苗和乙肝疫苗

综合干预举措，取得最大影响

结合其他行动倡议，包括消除艾滋病毒和梅毒母婴传播的全球运动；更广泛接种人乳头状瘤病毒疫苗；男性自愿接受包皮环切手术，以减少艾滋病毒和其他性传播感染；抗击淋球菌抗微生物药物耐药性的战略，这些核心干预措施对公共卫生的整体影响会更大。

接种人乳头状瘤病毒疫苗能够大幅降低该病毒引发的宫颈癌发病率；乙肝疫苗对于预防乙肝感染安 18 全而有效。各国亟需考虑进一步采用或扩大人乳头状瘤病毒疫苗接种规划，这一工作应在预防控制宫颈癌的全面框架下展开。根据目标人群接种人乳头状瘤病毒疫苗应是青少年健康规划的重要支柱，应加强针对青少年的健康教育和战略。

10 – 古巴孕妇。世卫组织于2015年 6月证实古巴已消除艾滋病毒和梅毒母婴传播。

17 《全球验证标准和程序指南：消除艾滋病毒和梅毒母婴传播》，见http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/ 112858/1/9789241505888_eng. pdf?ua=1&ua=1 （2016年4月21日访问）。 18 见《2016-2021年全球卫生部门病毒性肝炎战略》，可自： http://www.who.int/hepatitis/news-events/ strategy2016-2021/en获取（2016年5月5日访问）。

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

国家重点行动修订性传播感染和艾滋病毒筛查与诊断指南并实施：采购、引进、扩大使用世卫组织预审合格的诊断方法；落实质量保证和改进机制，降低误诊风险；减少标本收集、实验室检测、结果共享和接受治疗之间的延误。实施、推广循证式国家管理性传播感染指南，指南要基于国家数据和可提供的服务： • 落实战略，在特定和重点人群、孕妇和青少年中发现、管理无症状感染病例，如通过常规病例检测或筛查，同时加强干预，将性伴包括在干预范围； • 基于最新证据更新实施计划，为有效、可持续地推广有症状性传播感染管理提供指导； • 鼓励使用单剂量治疗，如果可行最好在卫生机构提供，以提高依从性； • 统筹针对特定人群的性传播感染管理、预防艾滋病毒服务和保健，避免严重的合并感染和合并症，特别是艾滋病毒感染。确保管理性传播感染所需有效用品和药物的可得性，保证人们寻求性传播感染治疗时可以获得：确保采购优质药物；努力减少障碍，提高优质性传播感染诊断方法的可及性和可负担性。制定实施加强性伴侣管理的战略：采用性伴侣通知战略，评估实施力度；为患者保密；确保衔接，为性伴侣提供咨询、治疗。对所有孕妇进行梅毒筛查，确保血清阳性者接受适当的青霉素注射治疗：结合致力于消除梅毒、艾滋病毒母婴传播的活动；为了达到验证标准，努力提高预防梅毒母婴传播的干预措施的覆盖面，缩小差距。即考虑推出人乳头状瘤病毒免疫接种规划，立作为预防宫颈癌的全面举措之一：整理打包信息，其中要包括针对青少年的健康促进信息，可在实施人乳头状瘤病毒免疫接种计划时一并提供。国家婴儿免疫规划中纳入乙肝病毒疫苗接种，在还未实施的国家要立即行动起来，确保按出生所需剂量及时提供乙肝疫苗，防止乙肝感染在围产期传播。

世卫组织重点行动期更新、定发布管理性传播感染综合指南，内容包括：临床、业务和规划指南，指导快速、可持续推广治疗；有关性传播感染和艾滋病毒检测方法、战略和诊断的综合指南，纳入新近创新，尤其重视早期诊断；定期检测筛查；支持各国修订、实施和监测指南；提供、更新循证指南，指导性伴侣通知、沟通和咨询、诊断和治疗工作。快支持消除梅毒母婴传播：加就如何达到消除梅毒母婴传播的验证标准，提供技术指导；为消除梅毒母婴传播，想方设法减少诊断治疗工作的障碍；加快开发新技术，改善针对孕妇和新生儿的梅毒诊断和治疗。加大努力，确保高质量的性传播感染诊断方法可及可用：加强世卫组织的资格预审规划，确保高质量的性传播感染诊断方法能迅速推广；努力消除高质量的性传播感染诊断方法的可及性和可负担性障碍。制定研究议程，开展研究，消除资源匮乏情况下管理性传播感染存在的差距；支持研究，开发与性传播感染相关的安全有效、高效且可接受的诊断检测、技术和方法。 a 加强性传播感染免疫接种指导：评估免疫接种政策的计划和剂量，建议保护高风险群体及男性的最有效方法；支持各国开展业务研究，以促进采用人乳头状瘤病毒疫苗并将该疫苗的接种与青少年健康规划挂钩；支持努力确保在各国以可负担的价格提供人乳头状瘤病毒疫苗；为其他可能与免疫接种规划一起采取的卫生干预措施制定指南。

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

控制淋球菌抗微生物药物耐药性的扩散和影响

加强性传播感染防治服务与干预措施的协同和衔接

淋病是全球最常见的一种性传播感染，对发病率和死亡率有很大影响。过去几十年，淋病奈瑟菌对几乎所有能治疗此种感染的药物都产生了耐药性，世界面临着淋病不可治愈的前景。世卫组织已经加强了淋球菌抗微生物药物耐药性监测项目，建立了实验室网络，协调监测淋球菌抗微生物药物耐药性，并为治疗指导提供数据。其他可能产生抗微生物药物耐药性的性传播感染病原体包括梅毒螺旋体、单纯疱疹病毒和杜克雷嗜血杆菌。全球遏制抗微生物药物耐药性总体行动计划即与此相关19。

诊断、治疗和保健链条的连续统一性 • 加强预防、各种服务应协调到位，最大程度降低患者“流失”，尽最大可能把患者留在服务链条，并尽最大可能坚持预防和护理措施。主要的挑战包括：对有效预防干预措施的接受度和采用率；在一些卫生保健环境中存在污名化和歧视；诊断旨在取得最大效果，最大程度减少误诊；让人们尽早接受适当的预防、治疗服务；确保治疗依从度。各项服务应以人为本，方便患者，尊重人权，不带批评或偏见地对待患者不同需求；以人为本的服务不仅更有效果，可能也更有效率。社区群体和网络的介入证明也很有效，特别是在覆盖特定人群（包括青少年和艾滋病毒重点人群等可能难以覆盖的人群）方面。强大的连续统一服务链条需要各级卫生服务机构之间做到协调有序，并建立有效的跨领域转诊机制。 • 衔接整合各种服务与规划

进一步整合衔接防治性传播感染与其他卫生领域（包括艾滋病毒、计划生育、孕产妇和新生儿保健；健康促进，包括性健康；免疫、非传染病和精神卫生）的服务和规划，即综合初级卫生保健和其他部门（如面向青少年的学校健康教育规划和职业卫生），有潜力降低成本、提高效率、取得更佳成效。恰当的整合衔接模式取决于各国的实际情况和医疗体系，并应借鉴业务研究的成果。

19 见WHA68.20号决议（2015年）。

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

国家重点行动加强实施战略和干预措施，监测抗微生物药物耐药性，包括提高国家实验室网络能力；将淋病奈瑟菌抗微生物药物耐药性监测纳入全国抗微生物药物耐药性监测计划；根据耐药性分析修订国家治疗指南，采取干预措施，控制抗微生物药物耐药性的扩散；减少抗微生物药物的处方量和采购量。强衔接、加合作和整合，包括性传播感染防治规划与针对艾滋病毒、生殖健康、母婴传播疾病、癌症和非传染性疾病、青少年健康的规划； • 支持通过初级卫生保健服务进一步进行整合； • 在国家性传播感染监测和评估体系中纳入重要的预防控制指标； • 确保各级卫生系统和公私部门之间的充分沟通和协调； • 分析预防和控制服务链条，评估服务质量，找出主要弱点并予以改进。

世卫组织重点行动发挥全球领导作用，遏制抗微生物药物耐药性：根据《抗微生物药物耐药性全球行动计划》20，协调控制淋病奈瑟菌抗微生物药物耐药性的举措： 21 • 加大对淋球菌抗微生物药物监测规划和其他行动的支持，监测抗微生物药物耐药性，遏制不可治愈淋病的扩散；

• 更新淋病治疗指南； • 监测治疗梅毒螺旋体、单纯疱疹病毒和杜克雷嗜血杆菌过程中可能出现的抗微生物药物耐药性； • 进一步投资研发现场诊断性传播感染技术，以便更及时准确地确定抗微生物药物耐药性。支持各国衔接整合服务： • 建议衡量衔接有效性的指标和方法； • 记录传播整合和移动医疗的最佳实践； • 促进各国性传播感染监测和评估系统采纳世卫组织监测和评估框架； • 协助收集各国服务链条的数据，报告主要发现； • 确定服务链条中普遍存在的弱点，建议干预措施予以改进； • 在世卫组织业务与规划指南中纳入实施有效干预措施和方式的经验信息。

20 《抗微生物药物耐药性全球行动计划》，见http://www.who.int/drugresistance/global_action_plan/en/ （2016年4月22日访问）。 21 关于淋球菌抗微生物药物监测规划的信息，见http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/rtis/ gonococcal_ resistance/en/ （2016年4月22日访问）。

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

战略方向3：公平地提供服务所有人都应获得所需的质量合格的性传播感染防治服务要实现防治性传播感染的各项具体目标，首先必须营造适当的有利环境，行动必须立足于人权和性别平等原则；其次必须做到为性传播感染高发地区、性传播感染特定人群，包括在性传播感染方面风险最高和最脆弱的人群提供适合的高影响力干预措施和服务。必须确保所有人不受歧视或忽视，能够公平获得有效服务。做到这点不易，因为性传播感染高发者常常为特定人群以及青少年，这些人在获得或持续获得卫生服务尤其是性传播感染防治服务方面可能存在困难。正因如此，很大比例的性传播感染高危人群未使用有效的预防办法和服务，得不到诊断，或者不接受或不坚持治疗。通过与其他卫生规划、政府部门（如教育、职业健康、监狱服务和移民）、以及社区类组织和私立医疗提供者合作，可以提高治疗服务的覆盖率。

11 – 一位印度尼西亚母亲在阅读艾滋病毒预防手册。

推动营造有利环境，包括倡导人权和性别平等的政策和法律

降低脆弱性和风险

有效实施保护倡导公共健康和人权（包括性、生殖健康与权利）的法律和政策，能够降低人们对性传播感染的脆弱性及感染风险；拓宽获得防治性传播感染服务和其他卫生服务的渠道；以及扩大服务的覆盖范围、提高质量、加强效果。在许多国家，法律、制度等各种壁垒还在阻碍人们使用防治性传播感染的相关服务。卫生部门必须通过推动性别平等、保护倡导面临更大性传播感染风险的人群（包括特定人群，定义见前文）和青少年的人权和健康权利，确保政策、法律和规章支持相关的国家规划和卫生部门举措。

降低性传播感染脆弱性和风险的干预措施能够发挥作用，取决于建立认知、有的放矢的开展健康促进和减少风险沟通，取决于更广泛获得、使用性和生殖健康服务。在这些领域取得进展需要：采取有效行动，减少医疗环境和社区中的污名化和歧视；预防基于性别的暴力和有关性取向或性别认同的暴力，并提供服务；采取赋权女性和受辱人群的干预措施。在一些人群中，有害使用酒精可能加重某些脆弱性，因此在设计服务时也应加以考虑。

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

为所有人群提供适当服务

社区和伙伴的合作联系

除了切实满足一般人群的需要外，为特定人群提供最适当的干预，对于各国消灭性传播感染流行至关重要。需要采取行动，克服或消除阻止这些人群获取防治性传播感染和其他广泛卫生服务的壁垒。根据不同人群的情况，这些壁垒可能包括法定承诺年龄，将性工作、男男性行为等视为犯罪，制度性污名化与歧视，基于性别及其他形式的暴力行为（包括亲密伴侣暴力）。防治性传播感染的举措也需虑及各类人群可能需要不同的干预举措和服务类型。

与社区和其他各级伙伴合作至关重要，不仅对于确定综合干预举措，加强政策统一性、规划协调和问责性如此，对于应对影响性传播感染防治规划的设计、交付、绩效和成果的各种因素也如此。伙伴关系应遵循公共卫生原则，包括需要政府有效管理，公共问责，以及倡导人权、性别和健康平等。与公民社会，包括信仰组织，进行有力合作，特别是在社区层面，有助于确保所有人群获得基本服务。与私营部门和民间社会服务提供者紧密联系也有助于扩大覆盖面，完善质量保障。

特别关注男性和男孩加强卫生系统

男性和男孩作为常常被忽视的群体，需要专门的性传播感染控制举措。防治性传播感染和艾滋病毒措施越来越认识到全面行动的重要性，其中包括的内容不仅确保女性和女孩获得服务，也确保男性和男孩获得服务。额外的干预措施可包括针对男性的社会和行为改变行动；倡导男性自愿接受环切包皮手术；关注酒精药物滥用的规划；注重特定人群，包括流动人口和移民、男男性行为者、男性性工作者和性工作者的男性客户。

强大的卫生系统能够通过公共和私营部门提供可靠、有效、公平、以人为本的医疗服务，也是有效防治性传播感染的基石。强大的卫生系统具备以下特征：满足患者多种需要的高效服务提供模式；训练有素、分布合理、数量众多、掌握相应技能的医疗工作者；稳健的卫生信息系统；基本医药产品和技术供应可靠且可负担；充足的卫生资金；以及强有力领导和治理。目前只有极少的卫生系统拥有以上所有特征。

聚焦特殊环境

在一些高脆弱性、高风险的特殊环境中，可能很难获得基本的性传播感染防治服务，如在监狱、拘留中心、难民营和其他需要人道主义关注的场所。各国应确保为这些环境中的个体提供服务，一如大众可以获得的服务。

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

国家重点行动为有需要的、风险和脆弱性最高的人群和地点提供性传播感染防治干预措施和服务： • 在国家防治性传播感染行动计划中纳入循证性别平等干预举措，涵盖倡导积极规范、赋权女性和女孩、应对暴力的干预措施； • 在学校课程中纳入全面的青少年性健康教育； • 确定并按优先次序实施定制的服务组合，满足最易受性传播感染危害的人群的需求，包括与相关广泛卫生服务，如孕产妇和儿童健康、艾滋病毒或疫苗接种服务的衔接； • 包括跨领域行动，在国家性传播感染防治战略、政策与规划中减少污名化和歧视； • 在规划、交付服务时与社区机构和同伴网络合作； • 监测特定人群获得、采用防治艾滋病毒和性传播感染卫生服务的情况，并监测服务质量； • 为青少年提供适当服务，审议承诺提高可及性的政策； • 实施联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室与世卫组织制定的针对囚犯和监狱场所的一揽子综合防治性传播感染服务； • 在国家防治性传播感染计划中纳入基本的性传播感染防治服务应急计划，确保在需要人道主义关注的环境中能持续提供相关服务。建设安全的体制和社区环境，具体手段包括： • 应用公共卫生领域证据，影响卫生相关的法律和政策，倡导人权和性别平等，遵守国际认可的规范和标准； • 消除法律、监管和政策领域容忍或鼓励污名化、歧视和暴力的障碍和做法（特别是在卫生保健环境下）； • 确保医疗工作者接受与性传播感染和艾滋病毒相关的人权和性别平等的培训； • 建设独立的监测和问责机制，处理对违反人权的投诉。基于卫生系统和社区策略，结合与性和生殖卫生、妇幼保健、青少年健康和艾滋病毒相关的机制，在国家规划中纳入性传播感染防治服务； • 为卫生工作者提供技能培训和用品，快速推广性传播感染的初级预防、检测和治疗； • 采用能为所有人，特别是特定人群提供公平有效服务的服务交付办法和举措（包括在防治性传播感染行动中引进私营提供者和药店）； • 确保法律、监管框架有利于加强与社区组织及公私部门之间的合作和伙伴关系； • 为能力建设（如强化参与方案规划、服务提供、监测和评价的过程）和加大投资（针对社区伙伴互助和外联规划）提供更多支持或便利； • 让社区组织参与监督性传播感染防治服务。

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

世卫组织重点行动基于现有指南，针对特定人群、地点、环境和情形设计更完善的基本服务综合方案和服务交付模式，包括针对女性和女孩、青少年和重点人群； • 提供并发布青少年和儿童中发生强奸情况的临床处理指南，推动在防治性传播感染规划和服务提供安排中，遵循卫生部门应对伴侣间暴力、女性遭受性暴力的指南； • 关于在性传播感染风险更高的特定人群中，包括在拥有同性性伴侣者和性工作者当中预防和应对暴力问题，整理和发布有关证据； • 与联合国教科文组织、儿童基金会和人口基金合作，设计满足年轻人需要和实际的预防、管理性传播感染一揽子方案； • 与难民署合作更新为需要人道主义关注的场所提供防治性传播感染服务的指南； • 与毒品和犯罪问题办公室合作，定期更新为囚犯和监狱场所提供防治性传播感染服务的指南。推动各国建设有利的技术、政治和宣传环境，支持倡导人权和性别平等的有利环境； • 支持会员国审议、修订与卫生相关的法律政策，使之遵循国际规范和标准； • 提供如何应对性暴力问题的咨询建议，重点关注青少年和儿童，推动在防治性传播感染服务或规划安排中遵循卫生部门应对暴力侵害女性行为的现有指南。编制发布指南，开发推广工具，加强性传播感染防治服务与卫生系统的整合： • 开发工具，加强实验室检测性传播感染和艾滋病毒的能力； • 开发工具，通过卫生系统加强规划管理和监督； • 在编制提供性传播感染防治服务指南及开发工具过程中，欢迎合作伙伴、民间社会和社区代表参与。

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

确保优质疫苗、诊断、药物和其他用品的可及性

性传播感染防治规划的有效性，取决于优质人乳头状瘤病毒疫苗、药物、诊断和其他防治性传播感染用品的不间断供应。这就要求具备强大的采购、供应管理系统，确保选择正确的产品，按合理价格购买产品，并高效递送到提供服务场所。提高医疗质量的途径包括：确保采购质量有保障的用品，确保服务遵守国家和国际规范、标准，持续监督和改进服务，服务更符合患者需求和偏好，使患者更易于获得并接受服务。

国家重点行动基于国际指南和标准，制定实施国家质保规范标准，监测实施，针对发现的薄弱点采取措施，改进质量；确保采购有质量保证的药物、疫苗、诊断工具和安全套，包括通过使用世卫组织资格预审系统；建立相关机制，持续监测使用和接受服务情况，患者、社区和卫生工作者的偏好和需求；加强国家参考实验室，监测诊断检测的质量。建立供需预测与监测机制，确保不间断供应基本用品，避免出现断货情况； • 在国家采购与供应管理计划中纳入人乳头状瘤病毒疫苗、治疗性传播感染的药物和诊断工具； • 加强卫生系统用品采购程序，确保采购有质量保证的疫苗、药物、诊断工具、安全套和其他与性传播感染相关的用品。世卫组织重点行动 • 在质量保证领域发挥领导作用，提供支持： • 强调世卫组织指南中的质量保证和改进原则、方法和指标； • 支持各国监管机构、质量控制实验室、制造商或其他私营公司的能力建设活动，确保药物质量，包括非专利药物； • 加强世卫组织的资格预审规划，鼓励制造商申请药物、诊断和工具的资格预审，为快速评估新应用提供便利； • 定期报告性传播感染预防、护理和治疗服务链条中的质量改善情况。评估市场上防治性传播感染用品的质量和效果，并发布适当建议；支持各国监管机构、质量控制实验室、制造商进行能力建设，确保药物质量，包括非专利药物和诊断用品。

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

战略方向4：筹资促进可持续性所有人都应获得所需的性传播感染防治服务，并且不会因此陷入财务困境为筹集可持续防治性传播感染的资金，需要采取根植于广泛国家卫生战略的策略，并开展三方面工作：筹集足够资金支持性传播感染防治规划，包括通过国内公私渠道和外部来源筹资；建立集合资金的公平机制，防止财务风险；通过降低成本、提高效率，优化资金使用。卫生系统的筹资情况对规划的覆盖率、公平性和卫生成果影响甚大。确保通过全系统的卫生系统策略为防治性传播感染筹集可持续的资金，有助于确保获得覆盖全系统的效率和协同效应。为可持续的防治举措筹资，需要开展三方面工作： • 通过创新筹资和新型融资渠道，增加资金； • 防范财务风险，集合资金； • 降低价格和成本，提高效率。

消除贫困、减少不平等是2030年可持续发展议程的核心命题。由于现金医疗开销，全球每年有1.5亿人遭遇严重财务困难， 1亿人贫困不堪。因此确保财务安全和健康平等，对于实现可持续发展目标至关重要。全民健康覆盖提供了解决这些问题的框架。各国既要投资扩大性传播感染防治规划，以达到 2020年及以后的目标，又要确保长期的资金可持续性，而且这一挑战还面临着发展重点不断变化、外部资金支持不确定的环境。为性传播感染防治规划提供更多国内资金的势头要继续下去，但一些低收入国家，尤其是负担大的国家，还是需要大量外部援助，才能确保快速推广规划。

12 – 汤加最大医院的护士。随着互联网宽带的应用，汤加医疗服务将大幅改善。

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

通过创新筹资和新型融资渠道，增加资金

集合资金防范财务风险

在为全面医保筹资的道路上，应鼓励各国思考一系列具体的筹资问题，包括：审议资金流动和分配机制；整合资金集中安排；统一采购机制；审议在国家福利安排中纳入防治艾滋病毒、性传播感染和肝炎干预措施的可能性。现有的国内外资金承诺不足以达到本战略草案提出的2030年目标。需要找到更多资金来源，为可持续扩大规划规模提供资金，同时填补由于捐助国重点改变而出现的资金缺口。在增加国内资金支持的规划的同时，各国需要制定实施财务过渡计划。由于各种结构性因素（包括非正规经济部门的规模、财政管理能力薄弱，以及公共财政管理不善），许多低收入和中等收入国家的财政能力受到限制，即使宏观经济表现良好，在中短期内有效筹集国内资金的能力也很有限。继续需要外部支持的国家应调整改进动员外部援助的战略，并加强宣传力度。政府从国内外获得更多资金，并不一定意味着卫生部门会得到更多资源。政府分配给卫生部门的总体资金处于波动中，不管政治意愿如何，许多情况下预算额度规模与政府优先事项并不匹配。应鼓励各国思考为优先服务和干预提供可持续资源，而不仅是从规划本身考虑。应该鼓励各国按照更为全面的发展筹资议程22，改善国内税收系统，打击国际避税行为和非法资金流动，同时加大政治宣传，以便获得重视。

各国采用的卫生筹资系统应尽量减少所有基本卫生服务的现金开支，从而提高基本服务可及性，避免造成贫困。为了最大限度避免巨额卫生支出，现金支出应限制在总卫生费用的15-20%以内。原则上而言，在大多数环境下，预防控制性传播感染相对容易，费用也在可负担范围。许多性传播感染防治服务都是免费提供，各国还在越来越多地使用支持性安排（如分散提供服务），最大限度降低服务使用者的间接成本。不过很多地方用户还是需要付费。如同其他现金开销（正规和非正规）一样，这些费用阻碍服务应用，导致服务获取方面的不公平，削弱与治疗的衔接，也加大治疗失败的风险。此外也给家庭带来不必要的经济负担。如果可能，各国应考虑统一各种疾病干预措施的福利计划。此举非常重要，不仅利于加强财务保障，而且可以提高效率，避免由于重复和分割造成的资源浪费。世卫组织卫生账户国家平台23为各国提供一个统一的综合平台，用于及时收集年度卫生支出数据，旨在保护人群不受灾难性卫生支出的影响，减少卫生领域的不平等现象。

降低价格和成本，提高效率

财政约束要求各国选择最有效的性传播感染干预措施和方法，把工作重点放在能产生最大影响的人群和地点，降低药物和其他卫生用品价格，提高服务效率。能展示高性价比和效率增益的规划能够更有力地争取到公平的资源分配和外部资金支持。另外还应该探索统筹各种规划以提高效率的潜力。

22 发展筹资，参见联合国经济和社会事务部的网站： http://www.un.org/esa/ffd/ （2016年4月22日访问）。 23 有关世卫组织卫生账户国家平台的更多信息，见http://www.who.int/health-accounts/platform_approach/en/ （2016年4月22日访问）

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

国家重点行动制定防治性传播感染投资方案，并核算成本，确保得到充足的国内外资金配额： • 编制财务过渡计划，重点要特别放在最依赖外部捐助方（即捐助国以外的捐助方——国际援助或私人捐助）的规划和服务； • 探索新筹资渠道，如成立健康促进基金，商定好部分收入专门用于性传播感染防治规划和相关服务； • 把现有的集合资金合并入更大的资金池，避免卫生保险体系的条块分割，从而提高健康平等程度； • 应用创新筹资方式，例如利用国家和地方特殊税收支持卫生服务。实施卫生筹资系统、财务风险保护计划和其他机制（如卫生券系统），让人们能够得到优质的基本服务，而不再受财务困难折磨； • 逐步取消现金支出（包括非正规的用户收费），减少其他财务障碍，利于人们获得防治性传播感染和其他卫生服务； • 确保健康保险计划覆盖全面的性传播感染防治服务；确保健康保险计划的个人缴费反映其支付能力，为贫困、脆弱人口提供补贴（政府税收出资）； • 确保财务风险保护计划广泛适用，覆盖全体人口，包括罪犯和边缘化人口。采用全面战略，降低性传播感染防治用品的价格，具体办法可酌情包括：自愿许可；适当时根据《公共卫生、创新和知识产权全球战略和行动计划》利用《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》中关于采用灵活办法保护公众健康的条款，包括强制性许可和提出专利异议；采取差别定价并与生产商直接议价，以及在当地进行生产等。通过完善规划、更有效的采购和分发系统，提高效率；基于国家背景和疾病流行情况，调整性传播感染防治服务的交付模式，包括在适当的情况下，引进任务转变模式。世卫组织重点行动估算防治性传播感染的资金需求，倡导通过国内外支持为防治规划提供充足资金，重点放在： • 降低性传播感染诊断方法和药物的成本，或提供补贴；通过现有的全球财务机制动员资金； • 加强世卫组织的资格预审规划，保护、扩大非专利产品的供应；支持各国制定投资方案和筹资提案，支持制定国家卫生筹资计划，并将性传播感染防治规划包括在内； • 宣传世卫组织的卫生账户国家平台，支持各国采用；探索创新、可持续的卫生筹资机制；为建立稳健公平的卫生筹资系统提供指导和技术支持，包括设计和实施国家强制性健康保险计划。提供有关性传播感染防治用品价格和制造商的战略信息，包括通过世卫组织全球价格报告机制和监管状况数据库；支持各国加强与制造商谈判议价的能力，并在适当时支持它们利用《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》中关于采用灵活办法保护公众健康的条款。

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

战略方向5：开展创新，加快进展改变防治轨道，实现宏大目标优化性传播感染预防举措

研究创新提供的工具和知识，可以改变性传播感染防治路径，提高效率和质量，实现公平并产生最大影响。如果各国只凭借现有的知识、技术和服务交付模式， 2020年和2030年具体目标就不太可能实现。开发新技术和方法需要创新，更有效利用现有工具、根据不同人群、环境或目的改造这些工具也需要创新。例如，世卫组织通过以下努力支持艾滋病毒研究：建设卫生研究体系的能力；召集伙伴确定研究重点；设立良好研究实践的规范和标准；协助把证据转化为可负担的卫生技术和基于证据的政策。尽管在产品研发领域的直接作用非常有限，但世卫组织与研发伙伴、制造商紧密合作，确保各国以可负担的价格尽快获得重要的艾滋病毒新技术。鉴于伙伴在创新中发挥的关键作用，本战略方向指出了一些重要的创新领域，需要各国、世卫组织和其他伙伴的共同努力。考虑到有15年时间实现2030年具体目标，研究重点应分为短期、中期和长期阶段考虑。本战略草案主要关注短期和中期的优先重点。

预防性传播感染的主要技术近年来变化不大。男用和女用安全套证明能有效预防意外怀孕和性传播感染，但接受率不高、用法不正确以及未坚持使用意味着其潜在效益还未实现。加强预防性传播感染，存在着巨大的创新机会。

优化性传播感染诊断

经过改进的新诊断技术、战略和方法将能支持更早期、更准确的诊断，以及更完善的患者监测。缺乏可靠低成本的卫生服务点检测方法，是推动防治性传播感染的一个主要障碍。此领域存在多个创新机会。

优化药物和治疗方法

药物和治疗方法在安全性、有效性和可接受性方面取得了重大进步，但依然存在一些需要而且可能改进的领域。

优化服务提供

只要服务提供方法符合实际以及潜在受益人（特别是不容易覆盖的重点人口）的需求，将低效降至最少，使用简单标准的方案，并与社区充分合作，整体的影响就会增强。所有这些领域都存在进一步创新的机会。

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

重点创新预防性传播感染和意外怀孕的多用途技术和方法，尤其是女性控制的技术： • 男用和女用安全套采用新设计和材料，提高其可接受性，降低成本，采用新的市场营销手段增加需求，提高使用率； • 针对青少年，特别是青春期男孩，就双重保护（预防怀孕和性传播感染和/或艾滋病毒）采用更有效的行为和沟通办法； • 增加疫苗品种，预防感染性病，尤其是单纯疱疹病毒、沙眼衣原体和淋病奈瑟菌感染。服务推广和提供方面的创新： • 随着加大有关接种疫苗的业务研究，需要大力推广人乳头状瘤病毒和乙肝疫苗接种规划； • 分散提供服务和改变任务，包括进行准确的早期诊断，有效衔接治疗保健； • 基于社区提供服务，采用接受度更高的模式，以便为特定人群提供全面服务； • 加强对求医行为的研究；为青少年提供更适合、更可接受的方便服务，采用移动健康服务模式； • 服务衔接和整合，包括明确哪些服务共同受益于战略衔接和整合，以及衔接或整合的创新机制和程序。性传播感染检测方面的创新： • 包括卫生服务点检测，改进目标人群筛查战略、案例管理和监测； • 可负担的卫生服务点诊断检测和/或自检技术，检测更迅速可靠，而且易于使用； • 开发复合平台，能够支持同时诊断多种性传播感染，尤其是沙眼衣原体、淋病奈瑟菌、梅毒、艾滋病毒和抗微生物药物耐药性，以及抗微生物药物耐药性和病毒载量； • 改善盆腔炎症性疾病诊断工具； • 业务研究，指导各国采用快速检测的最有效办法，并找出与此相关的主要挑战和机遇。创新应对治疗挑战和药物耐药性：更稳健的治疗方法，降低药物耐药性风险；治疗梅毒、淋病奈瑟菌和单纯疱疹病毒的更有效新药；降低治疗剂量数量，以减少毒性，降低成本。世卫组织重点行动建立、支持公私合作关系，推动研发新技术，尤其是卫生服务点检测、复合平台，推动开发有效杀微生物剂，以预防感染艾滋病毒和其他性传播疾病；以及新治疗方法。验证和规范创新技术和方法，包括：利用卫生服务点检测筛查性传播感染，使用新的以及现有的诊断技术，并进行业务研究；宣传有关服务提供模式的最佳实践；指导各国营建支持创新的环境；确保可负担的性传播感染卫生服务点检测技术的可及性，尤其是在低收入和中等收入国家。

05 战略的实施：领导，伙伴关系，问责，监测和评价

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

与伙伴合作世卫组织能发挥重要的召集者作用，把各方支持者、各部门和组织集合起来，协调一致地支持卫生部门防治性传播感染的规划。除了其会员国，世卫组织秘书处还与其他重要伙伴紧密合作，包括双边捐助方和发展机构与倡议、基金和基金会、民间社会、技术机构和网络、商业性私营部门，以及合作伙伴网络。

全球和国家问责有效应对性传播感染疾病，需要集结广泛合作伙伴和利益攸关方的力量，因此，必须建立运作良好而透明的问责机制。其中民间社会的有力参与不可或缺。相互问责的机制得益于以下一些因素：强有力的领导和治理，重视与相关利益攸关方的真诚合作；清晰的国家目标，这些目标反映了2030年可持续发展议程和其他相关的全球承诺；有关干预措施的可获得性、覆盖率、质量和影响力的指标，以跟踪进展；透明包容的评估和报告流程。为了确保各国的实施和督导工作，本战略一旦通过，建议开展五项重要步骤： • 召集区域研讨会，介绍全球卫生部门应对性传播

感染的战略，确保制订符合各地具体情况的区域战略，并呈报区域委员会； • 制订全球工作计划和区域工作计划； • 邀请各国参加区域会议，共同研讨全球卫生部门

战略及工作计划，根据各国情况进行修订，并阐明实施防治性传播感染战略的时间表； • 举办有关性和生殖健康、艾滋病毒和肝炎的国家

联合研讨会，规划在何处以及如何整合性传播感染防治服务； • 加强各国监测系统，以便报告实施防治性传播感

染战略的进展和影响。

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

监测、评价和报告

监测和报告实现全球目标及具体目标的进展

监测和评价国家层面的防治工作

计划在全球层面进行定期审议，评估实现各项承诺和具体目标的进度。审议将基于各国通过各种监测和评价机制报告的数据。定期评估全球和区域层面实现本战略所载具体目标的进展。使用比照评估方法，即在国与国、国内各地之间比较，评估达到具体目标的情况。战略设计具有充分灵活性，可以增加更多优先事项，或消除新发现的卫生部门防治性传播感染工作存在的差距。为此，世卫组织将继续与伙伴合作，为各国收集统一标准的核心指标数据提供支持，同时支持编制全球和区域报告。本战略建议定期报告数据。世卫组织将与重要的利益攸关方磋商，制定适合本战略的监测和问责框架。世卫组织还将监测、共享应用防治性传播感染指南的数据，以及战略实施进展情况，以便凸显障碍所在，同时倡导最佳实践。

评估实施卫生部门防治性传播感染战略的进展，要采用可获得性、覆盖率、成果和影响指标，同时考虑针对监测实施的其他相关建议。有关卫生领域的可持续发展目标的达成情况，将在《2030年可持续发展议程》的框架下跟踪和报告。监测卫生系统加强情况的指标来自世卫组织协调管理的共同平台，即监测和评价国家卫生战略的“ 国家卫生系统监测”平台。另外还有其他工具，可衡量为加强艾滋病毒和性传播感染防治工作而实施政策、法律和结构性举措所取得的进展。

世卫组织基于结果的管理框架

每两年进行一次中期审议，监测工作计划实施情况，审议时间放在第一年年底。每两年结束时报告实现整个组织预期成果的进度。

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

在国家层面实施战略

全球战略意在指导各国制定实施国家防治性传播感染战略。在起草阶段得到的广泛支持有助于有效实施，世卫组织和发展伙伴为支持制定国家战略提供了技术援助并阐明了需要作出投资的理由。为了强化各国自主权，国家防治性传播感染战略或规划应与现有规划保持一致性，包括国家发展规划、国家卫生部门战略和其他疾病防治战略，同时也尽量与国家计划和财务周期保持一致（见图9）。

图9. 计划和财务周期

所有利益攸关方参与的合作机制

获得资金支持的国家规划

国家战略实施和监测

分析形势，确定重点

依靠立法支持的治理结构

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

实施战略的成本估算

全面落实《2016 -2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略》， 5年大致需要182亿美元投入，其中99.7%的资金用于在117个低收入和中等收入国家实施重点干预措施，大约5300万美元（0.3%）用于世卫组织及伙伴在全球开展技术支持、研究和宣传工作（见图10）。成本动因包括：性传播感染疫苗接种（3 2 . 6 亿美元），性传播感染筛查（36.9亿美元），青少年衣原体筛查（25.4亿美元），以及产前门诊梅毒筛查（14亿美元）。性传播感染的临床管理共需30亿美元，其中提供服务需8.18亿美元，淋病和衣原体诊断检测需要 14亿美元。

在全球层面的重点活动中，成本最高的活动来自卫生服务点检测技术的研发（为了改进可负担的性传播感染筛查）、业务研究和指导性传播感染监测。全球成本从2016年的26亿美元攀升到2021年的40亿美元，性传播感染疫苗接种和治疗规模不断递增是主要驱动因素（图10）。

14 – 斯里兰卡省级卫生服务。

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

图10. 2016-2021年全球卫生部门战略成本估算 $4000

$3500

$3000

$2500

百万

$2000 覆盖目标人群 $1500 用于宣传和投资的战略信息预防和治疗方面的创新 $1000 筹资促进可持续性规划支持人乳头状瘤病毒疫苗和乙肝疫苗 $500 综合干预举措促进产生最大影响诊断、治疗和管理 $ 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 预防和减少风险

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

撒哈拉以南非洲地区，背负着全球40%的性传播感染负担，占据了全球44%的防治性传播感染服务需求和 30%的控制成本。西太平洋区域，背负着全球15%的性传播感染负担，占据了全球15%的防治性传播感染服务需求和26%的控制成本。东南亚地区背负着全球20%的性传播感染负担，占18%的控制成本。在117 个国家中，低收入国家占26%的服务量/需求， 15%的成本；中等偏低收入国家占47%的服务需求， 39%的成本，而中等偏高收入国家占27%的服务需求， 46% 的成本。这些估算基于世卫组织对各区域截止到2012年沙眼衣原体、淋病奈瑟菌、梅毒螺旋体和阴道滴虫负担的测算，并假设性传播感染率从2018年起开始下降，此假设符合本战略草案设定的2030年具体目标。临床管理采用本战略草案的建议，即继续进行综合征病例管理，在可行并具备成本效益情况下扩展病原检测，临床管理成本计入了可治愈的性传播感染，以及单纯疱疹病毒2型、细菌性阴道病和生殖支原体。为女孩接种人乳头状瘤病毒疫苗，对育龄女性进行筛查，都可以预防宫颈癌，大幅减少未来的医疗保健成本，增加生产力。根据本战略草案的2030年具体目标加强性传播感染控制，将使性传播感染率降低90% ，既减少性传播感染新发病例（避免了由于性传播感染导致的不育、孕期和先天性并发症造成的经济生产力损失、患病和死亡），也消除了负面社会心理影响，因此会节省更多卫生保健费用。估算成本时，预计人乳头状瘤病毒疫苗（涉及所有收入阶层）和衣原体诊断检测的价格将从2016年起开始大幅下降。全球成本非常依赖于这一价格下降设想，如果在战略实施期内价格进一步下降，全球成本还能更低。

投资开发卫生服务点检测方法，可以降低性传播感染诊断和筛查成本，改善病例管理（从病征到病原方法），检测到无症状的性传播感染，将来可以节省更多资金，也有助于降低性传播感染负担。此外，除人乳头状瘤病毒疫苗以外，对其他疫苗的投资将来也可以大幅减少性病传播。控制性传播感染的实施资金预期来自国家内部资源，通过卫生系统提供；人乳头状瘤病毒疫苗接种资金通过国家免疫规划提供（在有资格从全球疫 24 苗免疫联盟获得资金的国家，捐助方支持疫苗采购，这项支出占到70%的接种成本）。成本中未包含与艾滋病毒规划共同开展的活动，如预防艾滋病毒规划提供的预防教育，以及性传播感染疾病筛查。除了利用预防艾滋病毒规划预算外，性传播感染防治活动还需利用孕产妇、儿童和青少年卫生干预措施和免疫规划的资金。有必要采取更为综合的应对举措，以便加强各规划间的协同作用。低收入国家需要（持续的、更多的）国际捐助方支持。中等偏高收入国家如果能制定防治性传播感染战略并分配预算，预计从国内就能获得所需资金。

24 有关全球疫苗免疫联盟的信息，见http://www.gavi.org/ （2016年4月22日访问）。

2016-2021年全球卫生部门性传播感染战略草案

Photo credits

05 – © UNAIDS

请联络世界卫生组织欲获得更多信息， World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research 20, avenue Appia 1211 Geneva 27 Switzerland E-mail: reproductivehealth@who.int www.who.int/reproductivehealth WHO/RHR/16.09

Key facts

Organisation World Health Organization (WHO)

Document type Technical Documents

Adoption date August 2, 2016

Source World Health Organization