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Progress on implementing the Dublin Declaration on Partnership to Fight HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia: policy brief

January 1, 2008 World Health Organization

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Progress on implementing the Dublin Declaration on Partnership to Fight HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia

Policy brief 1

POLICY BRIEF

Progress on implementing the Dublin Declaration on Partnership to Fight HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia

This policy brief was written by Jeffrey V. Lazarus and Misha Hoekstra, based on the UNAIDS/WHO publication “Progress on Implementing the Dublin Declaration on Partnership to Fight HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia”, edited by Srdan Matic, Jeffrey V. Lazarus, Stine Nielsen, Ulrich Laukamm-Josten. Available at www.euro. who.int/aids © World Health Organization 2008 All rights reserved. The Regional Office for Europe of the World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either express or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. The views expressed by authors, editors, or expert groups do not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the World Health Organization. Address requests about publications of the WHO Regional Office for Europe to: Publications WHO Regional Office for Europe Scherfigsvej 8 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark Alternatively, complete an online request form for documentation, health information, or for permission to quote or translate, on the Regional Office web site (http://www.euro.who.int/pubrequest).

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Beyond the promises of Dublin When the Member States of the WHO European Region signed the Dublin Declaration on Partnership to Fight HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia in February 2004, they could not have known what a historic document it would become. Fully two years before the rest of the international community, the European Region made a visionary call in this Declaration for “universal access to effective, affordable and equitable prevention, treatment and care”. Now, four years after the Declaration signing, this initial progress report takes stock of the situation in the Region by discussing which indicators can best help us to understand current efforts to combat HIV, how to interpret the most recent data collected for these indicators and how to improve HIV efforts. The European Region is now experiencing the fastest rate of growth of HIV prevalence in any region of the world. Against the background of this worsening HIV epidemic and, in many countries, struggling health systems to address the emerging public health and societal challenges (1), the representatives of Governments from Europe and central Asia met in Dublin, Ireland, on 23−24 February 2004 for the conference “Breaking the Barriers – Partnership to fight HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia” to explore these challenges and to develop a response to them. The conference culminated in a declaration to more effectively tackle in Europe and Central Asia the HIV epidemic and its consequences. The “Dublin Declaration on Partnership to Fight HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia” recognised the principal factors contributing to the spread of HIV/AIDS, reaffirmed the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS adopted by the UN General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) on HIV/AIDS on 27 June 2001 and subsequent international commitments and agreed 33 points of action to “…accelerate the implementation of the Declaration of Commitments on HIV/AIDS”. Under the auspices of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), the WHO Regional Office for Europe and its partners have prepared this report on the progress made in implementing the Dublin Declaration since it was signed in early 2004. In accordance with Action 33 of the Declaration, this progress report seeks to help the Member States of the Region to “closely monitor and evaluate the implementation” of its actions. The report draws on continuing monitoring efforts conducted by the United Nations, its agencies, the European Union (EU) and various national bodies in the Region, in accordance with global efforts to harmonize and streamline monitoring and evaluation activities. It comprises 15 thematic chapters followed by 9 country profiles. This effort is timely in that in 2005, the Group of Eight (G8) and the United Nations made similar commitments (2), in 2006, the United Nations member states agreed to work towards “universal access to comprehensive prevention programmes, treatment, care and support” by 2010 (3) and in 2007 the German EU Presidency held the conference “Responsibility and Partnership: 1

Together Against HIV/AIDS,” again highlighting the gravity of the situation in Europe and calling for renewed action (4,5). In reviewing the thematic chapters, several broad imperatives for HIV efforts in the European Region have emerged. They include the need to: • simplify data collection on HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, ensuring that the collected information is useful and relevant for individual countries while avoiding overlap and reducing the burden of reporting placed on the Member States; • ensure that the information collected is accessible and available to other agencies and the general public; • establish greater accountability; • amend legal and regulatory frameworks to enable them to better address HIV-related stigma, exclusion and discrimination; • intensify, scale up and improve the targeting of HIV efforts to reduce inequities; • work for greater harmonization of the highest standards of prevention and treatment programmes and policies; • expand the use of internationally recognized evidence-based interventions; • strengthen cooperation between countries on such efforts; • increase civil society and private sector involvement; and • retain strong European political leadership and accountability for the Dublin Declaration, the Millennium Development Goals and the universal access goals. The following section summarizes the report’s key findings and recommendations for each thematic area. It should be kept in mind that these summary statements are broad generalizations that will rarely apply to all 53 countries in the WHO European Region. More detailed information about the countries can be found in the full report at www.euro.who.int/ aids. The particular Dublin actions listed for each chapter may be consulted in Appendix 1.

Key findings and recommendations: leadership and partnership Chapter 1. Political leadership (Actions 1, 3, 5, 6, 22, 26 and 30) Relevance. The largely unchecked growth of HIV in the first decades of the epidemic was due in great part to widespread denial among decision- and policy-makers. An effective HIV response requires political vision and leadership, especially since the groups at greatest risk for HIV tend to be disproportionately marginalized by society and their activities often criminalized by the state.

Key findings • National and international political leadership on HIV has been significantly strengthened in the European Region. • National leaders are increasingly speaking out on HIV. • Financial resource constraints have eased in many countries. • Regional institutions are now addressing HIV regularly and cross-border partnerships are stronger, though gaps persist. • Civil society is being consulted more at the country and European levels. • Political leadership challenges now often lie in implementation rather than in making policy or allocating money. The worst implementation gaps lie in carrying out structural reforms to health systems, instituting harm-reduction programmes and confronting other injecting drug user (IDU) issues. Key recommendations • Progress and accountability on HIV commitments need to be consistently monitored and evaluated. • The EU should strive for greater inclusion in its response to HIV of countries and subregions beyond its borders and neighbourhood programmes – as should the Commonwealth of Independent States CIS) Coordination Council on HIV/AIDS. • National and local leaders must redouble their efforts to implement every Dublin action and live up to each commitment. That means speaking out frequently about HIV, ensuring policy is evidence- and rights-based, and establishing coordination and management structures in accordance with the UNAIDS Three Ones principles (6). • All countries should prepare timely, comprehensive UNGASS reports. A regional synthesis of reports from the Europe Region would be an invaluable supplement. • Policy- and decision-makers should make concerted efforts to protect the rights of people living with HIV (PLHIV) or at high risk for it, to reach out to risk populations and to plan for future HIV resource increases to match the long-term growth of the epidemic (see specific recommendations below). 3

Chapter 2. Civil society and other nongovernment stakeholders (Actions 2, 4, 27 and 32) Relevance. Civil society (particularly community-based groups representing people living with or at risk for HIV) has long played a pioneering role in responding to HIV. Yet many governments have been slow to utilize their invaluable resources or recognize the right of affected communities to help shape the response. The resources and outreach opportunities of the private sector are similarly underutilized.

Key findings • Government commitments to greater involvement of civil society have yet to be translated to pervasive action. Government efforts to increase involvement have been patchy, incremental and uncoordinated. • There has been a marked increase in civil society involvement in HIV policy- and decision-making in most countries – but it has been largely driven by civil society itself. • Global, regional and subregional networks of PLHIV and risk group members have increased dramatically in number and size. • There exist few systematic data on the participation of civil society, PLHIV or risk group members in the HIV response. Some of the best such data sources remain largely inaccessible to the public. • While the Code of Good Practice for NGOs Responding to HIV/AIDS (7) has encouraged accountability and responsible action in civil society, no corresponding mechanism exists for private businesses engaged in HIV-related philanthropy and customer and community outreach. Key recommendations • Governmental bodies need to proactively involve civil society, PLHIV, risk group members and the private sector in shaping and implementing the national response to HIV. • UNAIDS should post UNGASS shadow reports on its web site and make its country office date more widely available. • The Code of Good Practice for NGOs Responding to HIV/AIDS should be more widely promoted and adopted. • The Global Business Coalition should be urged to develop a version of the NGO Code for firms engaged in HIV-related philanthropy and outreach, including implementation and accountability mechanisms.

Chapter 3. Resources in eastern Europe (Actions 1, 7, 8, 9, 13, 17 and 29) Relevance. Roughly 2 million people in eastern Europe (the 15 former Soviet republics) live with HIV, while HIV incidence there has soared 20-fold in less than a decade. The area includes the fastest-growing HIV epidemics in the world, driven chiefly by injecting drug use. Meanwhile, some of its countries experienced severe economic downturns and turmoil after achieving independence, leading to increased income disparity. European populations are increasingly mobile, and HIV recognizes no national boundaries. Accordingly, the Dublin Declaration commits all European Region nations to act collectively in addressing HIV – which means ensuring eastern Europe has adequate resources to fight HIV effectively.

Key findings • Estimated HIV resource needs for eastern Europe have risen from US$ 900 million in 2006 to US$ 1.5 billion in 2008, with more than 70% for prevention. • International donors have increased contributions to HIV efforts in the 12 CIS states from US$ 12 million in 2003 to an estimated US$ 60 million in 2006, including a sharp increase in 2005 from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. • Domestic HIV funding has doubled in the same period, to US$ 60 million in 2006 for CIS countries except for the Russian Federation. • In the Russian Federation, domestic funding has risen even more dramatically, to US$ 320 million in federal allocations in 2007, in addition to large commitments to reimburse the Global Fund and to develop an HIV vaccine. However, prevention efforts for risk populations remain seriously underfunded. • Out-of-pocket expenditures, which affect the poor disproportionately, have also increased in the CIS, now averaging almost 50% of all HIV spending. Key recommendations • Despite large increases in international and domestic HIV funding, the gap between available resources and need continues to grow – as does the area’s epidemic. • Domestic and international contributions to the HIV response in eastern Europe need to increase substantially. • Allocations should be more closely matched to need. In particular, there is a desperate need for eastern European governments to expand evidence-based prevention efforts targeting IDUs dramatically. • Governments and donors should seek for ways to reduce out-of-pocket expenditures for those least able to pay. • Better measures to determine the national funding requirements for a comprehensive response to HIV need to be developed in the near future. • Accurate, detailed HIV spending assessments need to be conducted nationally and subnationally to facilitate more efficient allocation of funds. 5

• Allocations also need to be aligned with current scientific findings and determination of best practice, following e.g. UNAIDS prevention guidelines (8), WHO clinical protocols (9) or nationally tested interventions.

Key findings and recommendations: prevention Chapter 4. Injecting drug use (Actions 9, 10, 21 and 33) Relevance. Injecting drug use is the primary driver of HIV epidemics in eastern European and central Asian countries. Injecting drug users continue to contribute to HIV epidemics in many western European countries. Despite overwhelming scientific evidence about the effectiveness of targeted “harm-reduction” efforts, including opioid substitution therapy and needle and syringe exchange programmes, in drastically reducing HIV transmission, some countries persist in persecuting IDUs and ignoring their prevention and care needs.

Key findings • In western Europe and the EU, countries have demonstrated the political will to scale up access to opioid substitution therapy (OST) and needle and syringe programmes (NSPs). Progress in some of the new EU countries, notably the Baltic countries, is less than in the rest of the EU, but still substantial. • The rest of eastern Europe shows far less progress, including five countries without OST and others where OST is only provided on a pilot basis. Even in Ukraine, where a concerted effort has been made to introduce OST, coverage remains poor. • NSPs have adequate coverage in most of western Europe except in prisons, where it is rarely available. • While access to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has improved across the European Region, discriminatory practices continue to prevent IDUs from accessing and adhering to it. • United Nations agencies support harm reduction and have prepared a technical guide to facilitate national development of a framework, indicators and targets for monitoring progress on HIV interventions targeting IDUs (10,11). Key recommendations • Countries should make focused efforts to scale up IDU access to OST and other harmreduction services and to HIV treatment. • Where injecting drug use contributes significantly to HIV epidemics, or where IDUs are at risk of HIV, the government should use the United Nations technical guide (10) to determine the national mix and coverage levels of the nine interventions in the Comprehensive Package for prevention, treatment and care of HIV in injecting drug users • Countries need to set national targets that ultimately aim at providing full access to indicated HIV prevention, treatment and care interventions for all IDUs. Suggested coverage targets are for NSPs to reach at least 60% of all IDUs, and for OST to reach at 7

least 40% of opioid-dependent IDUs. • Countries should utilize pharmacies in making NSPs and sterile injecting equipment widely available. • Armenia, Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan are urged to introduce OST promptly. • Countries should massively scale up IDU access to HAART, using OST to improve access and adherence. • Countries should use the United Nations technical guide to set ambitious but achievable national targets for scaling up IDU access to HIV prevention, treatment and care. They should also harmonize the ways they measure progress on scaling up with other countries in the Region. • Countries should collect data on OST and HAART, and on current IDUs receiving HAART.

Chapter 5. Prevention in vulnerable populations and risk groups (Actions 9, 13, 25 and 27) Relevance Risk groups are defined by behaviours that put members at risk for HIV. In western Europe, the HIV epidemic is especially concentrated among men who have sex with men (MSM), and in eastern Europe, among IDUs. Because risk groups tend to be marginalized and often driven underground, targeting them for prevention poses special challenges. Vulnerable populations are defined by external circumstances that reduce members’ ability to avoid HIV infection, such as poverty, incarceration and war, that often render them similarly invisible and likewise demand targeted interventions. Migrants and certain ethnic minorities are at high risk for HIV, as are prisoners throughout the Region.

Key findings • Although sex workers are the risk group most likely to respond positively to prevention programmes, many national policies and laws aimed at sex workers continue to place them at heightened risk for HIV. Sex workers who are also MSM, migrants or IDUs are especially in need of targeted interventions. • In central and eastern Europe, data on MSM continue to be minimal in comparison to other risk groups. Recent evidence suggests that in eastern European countries with a major HIV epidemic among IDUs, there is also a hidden epidemic among MSM. • Same-sex relations have now been decriminalized in all nations of the Region except for Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Recent decriminalization has often been driven by intense external pressure, and in many countries MSM still face stigmatization, persecution and harassment, much of it sanctioned by the state.

• Following recent EU expansions, there has been a large-scale temporary influx of young sexually active migrants from central to western Europe. There is great concern that these migrants will bring HIV back to their home countries, where prevalence rates are now quite low. Migrants continue to face barriers in accessing medical and social services, while the monitoring of migration and HIV in the Region is lacking. For key findings on IDU, gender, youth and prisoner issues, see the sections on chapters 4, 6, 8 and 15, respectively. Key recommendations National governments should: • ensure that national HIV policies and strategies draw attention to those who are members of more than one vulnerable population or risk group; • audit existing legislation and regulations for obstacles to the development and utilization of HIV prevention programmes for vulnerable populations and risk groups – and then remove the obstacles; • implement a national policy to guarantee vulnerable populations and risk groups equitable access to HIV prevention and care; • incorporate comprehensive surveillance systems into their national HIV policies and strategies to identify and support vulnerable populations and risk groups; • ensure that national HIV prevention programmes satisfy the standards set out in the UNAIDS guidelines for intensifying prevention efforts (8); • ensure that the national HIV strategy and related frameworks specifically mention the need to protect vulnerable populations and risk groups from violence; • take steps to counter the stigma experienced by vulnerable populations and risk groups, including any stigma they may experience from health care providers; • outline these targets and undertakings in programme guidance documents, and align national data collection surveys with them to monitor progress; and • provide, in partnership with civil society organizations, a wide range of HIV prevention programmes targeting all major vulnerable populations and risk groups.

Chapter 6. Gender equity (Actions 13, 14, 20 and 21) Relevance. Women and men have different needs and abilities. Moreover, they have been and continue to be treated very differently by government, society and health services in ways that do not address these natural differences and are thus patently inequitable. For maximum effectiveness – and justice – HIV efforts need to strive for equity while recognizing essential gender differences.

Key findings • Statistics on HIV prevalence and access to HIV prevention, treatment and care are still very rarely disaggregated by sex, making it nearly impossible to monitor progress on gender equity – and thus to make progress on it. • Men still comprise the overwhelming majority of new HIV infections in the European Region, but official rates of newly reported cases indicate a slightly growing percentage of female PLHIV (36% in 2004 and 39% in 2006). • While injecting drug use and sex between men continue to be the primary drivers of the European epidemic, many countries have observed an increase in reports of heterosexual transmission. Yet very few of these countries have developed or implemented prevention programmes aimed at women, specifically at the migrant women who are most in need of it. • No data on HIV and transgender individuals are available. • Sexual transmission of HIV from male IDUs to their female partners is helping drive the European epidemic, though partners of risk group members are very rarely targeted by prevention programmes. • What has sometimes been termed “the feminization of HIV” does not apply to the European Region at this time. Key recommendations • HIV monitoring bodies should request – and countries should gather – surveillance statistics disaggregated by sex. • Countries need to report the steps they are taking in combating HIV to target men and women respectively, and to measure the effectiveness of these efforts. • Prevention programmes need to be developed to target the sexual partners of IDUs, migrants and prisoners, and the female partners of MSM. • Countries need to identify obstacles to gender-equitable prevention and care – and dismantle them. Such barriers may include the location, hours, staffing and programming of services; unconsciously restrictive laws and policies; and gender-related violence.

Chapter 7. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV (MTCT), and children living with HIV (Actions 11, 12 and 14) Relevance. In the absence of preventive interventions, an infant born to and breastfed by an HIV-positive woman has a one-in-three chance of contracting HIV. Appropriate interventions – timely antiretroviral treatment, caesarean deliveries and safe alternatives to breastfeeding – can reduce MTCT to nearly zero. Dublin Action 11 commits the Region to eliminating MTCT – defined as reducing transmission to less than 2% – by 2010. With a concerted effort, this goal is clearly achievable. A comprehensive approach to paediatric HIV also requires addressing HIV incidence among women of childbearing age (especially in eastern Europe, where more new cases are being reported for this cohort), diagnosing HIV in children early and improving the treatment of paediatric HIV.

Key findings • Significant progress has been made in eliminating MTCT in most countries. • In 2005, the 23 countries of western Europe reported only 167 cases of MTCT. • Many eastern European countries have rapidly scaled up their MTCT prevention programmes, though challenges remain, including improving service quality. • Data quality is poor for several eastern European countries but indicates that in the countries most affected by HIV, MTCT has been reduced to about 10% or below. • Though the European Region is home to only 1% of the world’s children living with HIV, there is still cause for grave concern. In the most-affected countries of eastern Europe, the number of paediatric HIV deaths has risen steadily. One contributing factor is health system failures. • Overall, however, access to treatment has increased substantially for children living with HIV. • Children living with or affected by HIV require greater social support and legal protection in many countries. Key recommendations • Countries should seek to implement the “Four Ps”, the programmatic goals of the Unite for Children, Unite against AIDS initiative: • Prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV • Provide paediatric treatment • Prevent infection among adolescents and young people • Protect and support children affected by HIV and AIDS (12).

Specifically: • National policies and protocols for MTCT and paediatric HIV need to be updated to reflect the latest scientific evidence. • Eastern European countries need to mobilize national and subnational resources for MTCT prevention programmes in order to reduce dependence on external funding. Such resources should be adequate to ensure uninterrupted supplies of HIV tests, antiretroviral drugs, drugs for prophylaxis and treatment of opportunistic infections, and supplies of modern contraceptive methods, including condoms. • Countries need to strengthen their institutional capacity for addressing paediatric HIV, including upgrading the quality of medical and psychosocial support services (see Chapter 12 for further recommendations on this issue). • Countries need to systematically monitor and evaluate the progress in their efforts related to PMTCT and paediatric HIV. • Health systems should integrate PMTCT programmes with existing maternal and child health and reproductive health services, including family planning services. • Special efforts need to be made to target MTCT in women who represent the most vulnerable populations and engage in risky behaviour. Several measures should be undertaken to provide a protective environment for children affected by HIV, including providing legal protection and monitoring of their rights, and ensuring that national policies favour adoption and foster care over institutionalization. • Countries need to make sure that eliminating HIV among infants and young children is a priority in their national HIV strategies.

Chapter 8. Youth (Actions 3, 8, 13) Relevance. The youth of any nation – defined as being age 15 to 24 (and termed “young people” in the Dublin Declaration) – are its immediate future. It is morally incumbent upon society to give them the tools to avoid and, when necessary, learn to live with HIV. Moreover, educating youth about HIV is one of the best long-term strategies to combat the epidemic by helping them resist risk behaviours at a formative age, by reducing HIV-related stigma and discrimination and by improving health-seeking behaviour. Although antiretroviral therapy can make HIV a chronic rather than fatal disease, it is expensive, and the longer life expectancy of infected youth makes prevention efforts targeting them more cost-effective than ever.

Key findings • In 2005, the percentage of newly diagnosed cases found in youth was 31% in eastern Europe, 21% in central Europe and 10% in western Europe and declined to 27%, 17% and 10%, in 2006, respectively. • In eastern Europe, which accounted for more than two thirds of the Region’s new HIV 12

infections in 2005, the rate of new cases reported among youth is falling. • Females made up 27% of new HIV infections reported among eastern European youth in 1999–2002, and 53% in 2003–2005. • In the worst affected areas, the drivers of HIV infection in youth are rooted in unemployment, social breakdown and the absence of a positive outlook. • Data collection for major indicators on youth behaviour and the effectiveness of HIV education and prevention efforts targeting them remain weak globally and throughout the European Region, especially in eastern and central Europe. • Early exposure to sexuality education is not associated with an earlier age of sexual debut; the promotion of safe sex is most effective if it begins in primary school, before debut. • While sexuality education has been shown to be a cost-effective prevention strategy when of high quality, it continues to be marked by quality and consistency problems across the Region. • While countries in the Region have all committed themselves to international declarations and action frameworks that support effective action on youth and HIV, these commitments have rarely been translated into a correspondingly supportive national legal environment. Key recommendations • Policy-makers and service providers should approach youth development with a foundation of respect, understanding and openness. • Youth–adult partnerships and youth participation should be key elements of HIV prevention programming. • Efforts targeting youth at risk for HIV, including those who are MSM, IDUs or sex workers, should be prioritized, and the individuals treated with respect. • Governments (through the ministries of health and education, or their equivalent) should support comprehensive sexuality and reproductive health education and take steps to ensure its quality. • The health sector should prioritize the development of youth-friendly services, including sexual and reproductive health services. • Governmental bodies need to prioritize long-term monitoring and the collection of agedisaggregated data, using the age brackets of 10–14, 15–19 and 20–24 years. • International donors should ensure adequate attention to HIV youth programming, with an emphasis on harm reduction (condoms, opioid substitution therapy, etc.) and educational interventions.

Chapter 9. HIV in the workplace (Actions 2, 15 and 28) Relevance. Most PLHIV are in their economically productive prime, and HIV is responsible for a great deal of lost productivity in the European Region due to not only sickness, but also to the stigma and discrimination that its PLHIV suffer. Despite widespread social security coverage, employers must bear a large number of the direct and indirect costs of HIV. Small businesses and workers in the informal economy are hit particularly hard. Conversely, because of its substantial resources and ubiquity, the “world of work” offers unique opportunities for combating HIV by providing a gateway for universal access to prevention, treatment and care; targeting everyday stigma and discrimination; and reintegrating PLHIV who are receiving antiretroviral treatment into the workplace.

Key findings • Several European countries have revised laws to address HIV-related discrimination in the workplace. • A variety of national and individual initiatives have been undertaken to institute workplace prevention and education programmes. • In several countries, the government and civil society are jointly implementing programmes to (re)integrate PLHIV into the labour market. • The International Labour Organization (ILO) has been using Decent Work Country Programmes to accelerate implementation of the Code of Practice on HIV/AIDS and the World of Work (13), which addresses workplace issues including prevention, PLHIV support and care, and stigma and discrimination. • The ILO is developing a new international labour standard on HIV to strengthen and speed up the workplace response for economic sectors ranging from forestry to tourism to public services. • The UNAIDS Secretariat and several cosponsoring agencies have been working with 18 central and eastern European countries to develop and implement programmes addressing HIV in the armed forces. • Migrant and mobile workers continue to be especially vulnerable to HIV infection – and consistently underserved by HIV services. Key recommendations • Employers and trade unions should work together to implement Article 27 of the Bremen Declaration on Responsibility and Partnership (4), including its call to establish nondiscriminatory policies for PLHIV and risk groups in the workplace, provide information on HIV to employees and, in accordance with the ILO Code of Practice on HIV/AIDS (13), guarantee access to HIV prevention, testing, treatment and care. • Governments should ensure that national laws prohibit HIV-related discrimination in hiring and in the workplace. • Governments should include a world of work strategy in national HIV plans and promote 14

HIV prevention programmes in all workplaces. • Workers’ organizations should promote workplace HIV policies in line with the Code of Practice, including collective agreement provisions. • Workers’ organizations should support the formation of associations for young people and for migrant workers. • Civil society and trade unions should collaborate to monitor cases of stigma and discrimination suffered by PLHIV in the workplace. • Civil society and trade unions should educate PLHIV about their workplace rights.

Chapter 10. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (Action 16) Relevance. Many acute STIs increase the risk of HIV infection and transmission. STI prevention is not only an important HIV prevention measure, but also a key health goal in itself. Conversely, PLHIV are at higher risk for STIs and can experience severer STI symptoms than HIV-negative people. With their shorter incubation periods and similar modes of transmission, certain STIs can serve as indicators of potential HIV infection, and a good reason for health care providers to offer a patient an HIV test.

Key findings • There is widespread variation in the composition and quality of national STI surveillance systems in the European Region. Relatively weak systems and a lack of consistency in case definitions greatly limit the recognition of regional trends and the comparability of data. • Syphilis incidence increased from low levels to a peak in 2003–2004 in most western European countries, mirroring HIV trends; in central Europe the trends are mixed, but also mirrors the trends in new HIV cases reported. Gonorrhoea trends resemble HIV trends for both subregions, being concentrated among MSM and heterosexuals with many partners. • In eastern Europe, the much higher syphilis rates have fallen but do not follow HIV trends, since HIV there is largely driven by injecting drug use. Gonorrhoea incidence there has also declined. Key recommendations • As part of second-generation HIV surveillance, national STI surveillance systems need to be strengthened and harmonized throughout the Region (14). • Governments should use high-quality STI surveillance and evidence-based approaches to integrate prevention and treatment services for HIV and STIs. • A regional mechanism should be considered for systematically collating, assessing and monitoring the extent to which national health systems address STI and HIV control. • STI efforts should be guided by both the UNAIDS public health approach (15) and the WHO global STI strategy (16). • Safer sex behaviour needs to be encouraged throughout the Region with proven 15

interventions – particularly condoms – and by addressing the factors underlying risky sexual behaviours, including socioeconomic factors such as poverty and the use of alcohol and other recreational drugs. • Proven methods should be used to encourage: • people to seek health care for sexual health problems; • the integration STI and HIV control into primary care and other health care services, where relevant; • the provision of specific STI services that target risk groups; • the provision of comprehensive case management; and • the detection of asymptomatic and symptomatic STIs earlier.

Chapter 11. Research and new technologies (Actions 19 and 24) Relevance. The last 15 years have seen remarkable advances in HIV therapy, but effective treatment remains expensive, adherence difficult and side-effects often debilitating. Diagnostic technology could be more accurate and easier to use. And, while generally efficacious, existing interventions do not meet all the prevention needs of PLHIV or members of risk groups. Such shortcomings can only be addressed by dedicated investment in research and development (R&D).

Key findings • Data on HIV-related R&D remain sparse, inconsistent and irregularly collected. What does exist focuses on funding commitments rather than actual expenditures. • The EU has made a concerted and successful effort to improve coordination, cooperation and competitiveness among European researchers, e.g. by introducing the European Research Area, utilizing Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development (FPs) and setting up the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP). • While the European Commission increased funding for R&D on new HIV technologies in Framework Programme 7 (2007–2013), its decision to hold the public health budget at the same level as the previous budget was a disappointing setback for HIV research, which is often linked to public health activities. • More than 80% of HIV vaccine and microbicide R&D is funded by the public sector. Yet though the European Region is the wealthiest of the six WHO regions, it funds just 10% of the world’s public sector investment in HIV vaccine R&D and 21% of global microbicide R&D. • While support for vaccine R&D has been growing, the global investment of US$ 760 million falls short of the estimated US$ 1.2 billion needed to drive development forward at an optimal pace. • The private sector, especially the pharmaceutical industry, continues to be very active in 16

developing HIV treatments but reluctant to invest in other areas of HIV R&D, such as vaccines, microbicides and social science research, which are considered to have uncertain outcomes and poor commercial prospects. • While many western European governments have abandoned certain types of HIV research as infeasible to undertake nationally, they have begun to provide substantial grants to international private–public product development partnerships (PDPs). • Most central and eastern European countries, which struggle to fund HIV prevention and treatment programmes adequately, provide minimal or no funding for HIV research, though the Russian Federation is a recent exception. • There is an EU funding gap for social and behavioural research (due to inflexible participation rules) and international PDPs. Key recommendations • Data needs to be collected at the European Region level about public, philanthropic and private funding of HIV-related research. The European Commission should: • increase resources for research efforts; • include social science in its definition of HIV-related research eligible for funding; • increase its public health budget and encourage HIV projects to incorporate a research component; • increase the flexibility of contracting arrangements for FP7 grants to allow outsourcing approaches and responsive product-focused research; • support global research efforts as outlined in FP7 Cooperation Work Programme 2007– 2008: health (17); and • establish and maintain R&D capacity-building efforts in the countries that most need it. National governments should: • if EU members, satisfy all financial commitments to the EDCTP; • increase the national budget for HIV-related research, as committed to in signing the Dublin Declaration, using as a possible guideline the Sydney Declaration, which calls for 10% of national HIV spending to be allocated to HIV research (18); • explore partnerships whereby western European countries test HIV technologies in eastern Europe; • increase support for international HIV research efforts, e.g. international PDPs and social science research; and • improve national coordination of research funding.

Key findings and recommendations: living with HIV Chapter 12. Treatment and care (Actions 13, 21, 23 and 25) Relevance. The introduction of HAART in 1995–1996 to western Europe represented a major turning point in the response to HIV. It turned a mortal disease into a manageable chronic infection, so that a person infected with HIV at 25 can now expect to enjoy another 35 years of quality life. Where access to HAART has been made widely available, affordable and equitable – an admittedly difficult achievement – it has resulted in dramatic declines in HIV-related morbidity, mortality, infectivity and risk of onward transmission, with correspondingly substantial economic and demographic benefits.

Key findings • HAART coverage for the European Region rose from 282 000 people in mid-2004 to 435 000 by December 2007, when it was estimated as “very good” (>75%) in 38 of the 53 Member States. For central and eastern Europe, where the need is greatest, coverage went from 16 000 to 55 000 in the same period – a substantial scale-up, but still far short of need. • From mid-2004 to the end of 2006, reported HIV cases in the Region rose from 774 000 to 1 025 000, and reported AIDS cases from 285 000 to 328 000. • HAART coverage for women and particularly children is high. • In eastern Europe and Poland, IDUs represented about 80% of all reported HIV cases, but only 39% of HAART recipients at the end of 2006. While this percentage represents major progress in IDU access to HAART, such access remains greatly restricted and inequitable in the area. IDU coverage is poor because overall HAART coverage is low in countries where most PLHIV are IDUs, and because health care providers often discriminate against infected IDUs. • Access to OST, which greatly increases IDUs’ treatment adherence, is minimal in much of central and eastern Europe. • In most of central and western Europe, ARV drugs for the first-line regimen cost average about US$ 10 000 annually. Significant price reductions have been achieved in eastern Europe, falling to as low as US$ 300–400 in Ukraine. • While the cost of ARV drugs remains prohibitive in many countries, they are offset by substantial reductions in treatment costs for opportunistic infections and other HIVrelated conditions. • The reported number of tuberculosis (TB)/HIV coinfections remains low in the Region – 6800 in 2005 – but that may be attributable to a lack of coordinated surveillance. Multidrug-resistant TB prevalence is especially high in eastern Europe. 18

• Liver disease is replacing AIDS as one of the most common cause of death among PLHIV in Europe, indicating an urgent need to address hepatitis B and C coinfection in the Region. • The tracking and managing of pharmacovigilance and antiretroviral resistance in PLHIV, in order to ensure safety and efficacy, have emerged as major – and expensive – clinical challenges. • In 2007, the WHO Regional Office for Europe, in collaboration with experts from around the world, developed a key set of 13 clinical protocols on HIV treatment and care (9). Key recommendations • Countries should continue to strive towards the goal of providing universal access to HIV treatment by 2010 (19). • Countries should ensure the same access and treatment standards for all, regardless of gender, age, sexual orientation, substance use, imprisonment or migratory status. A special effort should be made to remove obstacles to treatment of IDUs and other vulnerable populations such as migrants. • Health care services for PLHIV should comprehensively address their needs, including prevention and treatment of comorbidities, age- and behaviour- related health issues. • Universal HIV treatment access should be supplemented by the coordinated efforts of experienced care teams, including social workers, linked to sustainable, publicly funded community services providing nursing and home-based care. • Accurate, detailed, regularly updated databases are needed to track antiretroviral treatment, HIV resistance, major HIV coinfections and risk behaviours.

Chapter 13. Stigma, discrimination and human rights (Actions 1, 20 and 31) Relevance. The Dublin Declaration observes that respecting, protecting and promoting human rights is “fundamental to preventing transmission of HIV, reducing vulnerability to infection and dealing with the impact of HIV/AIDS”. It also commits European nations to combating HIV-related stigma and discrimination. Human rights are germane to nearly every aspect of the HIV response. The various Dublin actions reinforce national commitments to honour and protect numerous rights, including the right to life, the right to the highest attainable level of health, the right to an adequate standard of living, the right to social protection and the various rights of children. The stigma and discrimination experienced by PLHIV and members of risk groups and vulnerable populations critically affect not only individual quality of life, but also access to prevention, treatment and care. Prevailing levels of stigma and discrimination also help determine how well a country will fulfil – or not fulfil – its Dublin commitments.

Key findings • Few of the 53 countries in the European Region have adopted an approach to stigma, discrimination and human rights that complies with their Dublin Declaration commitments. • Only 4 of 28 European governments surveyed had conducted the “critical review … of existing legislation, policies and legislation” promised in Action 20, to audit “existing legislation, policies and practices” for their promotion and protection of the rights of PLHIV and affected communities. • While most European countries have laws in place to protect the rights of PLHIV, there is a broad lack of protection for the communities most affected by HIV, most notably prisoners, IDUs and sex workers, but also ethnic minorities, disabled people and MSM. • Moreover, experience has shown that it is immensely difficult to take advantage of rights protections that do exist, and a massive gulf yawns between protection on the books and practices on the ground. The UNGASS shadow reports provide some of the clearest depictions of this gap between rhetoric and reality (20). • In many countries, citizens are unable to seek redress for violations of their rights, particularly their economic, social and cultural rights. • An April 2007 survey of 36 European Region countries found that 22 lacked legal aid; 20 did not provide confidentiality in legal proceedings; 19 did not have lawyers and judges with appropriate training in HIV issues; and in the legal systems of about half, institutional discrimination against groups such as drug users, PLHIV, sex workers, MSM and migrants was present. • At least 35 countries in the European Region have a national human rights commission or ombudsperson. • The lack of HIV data that is disaggregated by e.g. gender, transmission route, age, nationality, etc. makes it nearly impossible to monitor progress on stigma and discrimination effectively, to identify the needs of particular groups or to assess the effectiveness of targeted interventions. Key recommendations • Future monitoring of progress on the Dublin Declaration should take an approach based on human rights and qualitatively assess country responses to indicators that directly address human rights issues. • Outcome indicators for HIV services should be disaggregrated wherever possible and appropriate by sex, age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, urban/rural situation and risk group membership. Countries need to: • critically review their legislation, policies and practices for how well they promote the enjoyment of all rights by PLHIV and members of affected communities – and amend them where needed; • establish a human rights commission or ombudsperson if they do not already have one; • take steps to ensure that laws and policies providing human rights protections are 20

honoured in practice, including by educating the public about them in and out of schools; and • make sure that their residents can seek confidential redress for rights violations, and that the neediest can obtain free legal assistance to do so.

Chapter 14. Testing and counselling (Actions 10 and 13) Relevance. Scaling up the availability of and equal access to acceptable, affordable, safe, reliable testing and counselling (T&C) services for all in need is an essential prerequisite for moving towards achieving universal access to prevention, treatment, care and support services. PLHIV who do not know they are infected cannot take advantage of HIV treatment, care and support services, which can greatly improve their health and quality of life. Moreover, PLHIV who are aware of their status are likelier to avoid risky behaviour that can infect others. T&C services should be voluntary and informed consent and confidentiality should be clearly observed, recognizing the patient’s right to refuse to be tested. Further, counselling is a crucial part of HIV testing and an essential preventive intervention.

Key findings • All European countries offer HIV testing and counselling services, but there persist significant variations in their availability, accessibility, affordability and quality in the Region. • Data on HIV testing coverage especially for major groups being at risk and vulnerable to HIV is spotty throughout the Region. • While the number of HIV tests performed in some central and eastern European nations rose significantly from 2001 to 2005, it remained steady in western Europe during the same period. An increased number of tests performed does not necessarily lead to increased coverage. • Access to T&C services for vulnerable populations and those at risk remains limited in many countries. • Mandatory, imposed testing still takes place in a number of countries across the Region. • The fear of stigma and discrimination experienced by PLHIV in many parts of the Region limits access and discourages testing. • Access to quality counselling remains an issue of concern. • CIS countries have made significant progress in accelerating access to HIV testing and counselling, but access remains far from universal. • Positive experiences in a number of countries should be shared in order to improve testing programmes and policies. • Other major unresolved issues include T&C services for minors, a supportive environment for scaling up T&C, capacity-building needs; sustainability and monitoring and evaluation. 21

Key recommendations • The national response to meeting T&C needs should be further transformed from an episodic, one-time approach to a strategic long-term national commitment based on evidence and human rights approaches, national needs and opportunities. • Further harmonization of policies and practices across the region is required, including reaching consensus on a set of T&C-related indicators for effective monitoring and evaluation is needed. • There should be changes in national legislation, policies and strategies in order to promote evidence-based policies and practices and an enabling environment. • Prevention from stigma, discrimination and violence has to be ensured, and disclosure issues should be addressed in the context of protecting human rights. • There should be further promotion of the centrality of the “3 Cs” principle (confidentiality, counselling and informed consent). • Ensure multisectoral collaboration, including civil society involvement, in policy, strategy development and service delivery. • Promote T&C-related capacity-building and best practice and experience sharing across the Region. • Create and promote national guidance on pre- and post-test counselling. • Reach consensus in countries and develop guidance on home testing. • Support operational research addressing current T&C needs in the Region.

Chapter 15. HIV in prisons (Actions 9 and 21; also 8, 10, 11, 13, 20 and 23) Relevance. People in prison have the same right to health as people in the outside community. When it comes to infectious diseases, the health of the two groups is intertwined, and safeguarding the health and lives of prisoners helps protect the health and lives of everyone outside. HIV rates are higher inside prisons than outside in much of the European Region, and ineffective prevention and treatment programmes can concentrate risk behaviours and effectively turn prisons into incubators for the virus. Dublin Action 9 commits European governments to making comprehensive HIV prevention programmes accessible to 80% of all prisoners by 2010.

Key findings • The coverage and quality of HIV prevention, treatment and care in European prisons is far lower than what is needed, than the coverage and quality levels found in the outside community and than what countries have promised to provide by signing the Dublin Declaration. • A 2004 review of available data suggests that prison populations in central Europe have a lower prevalence of HIV than the general population, while prisons in much of eastern 22

•

• •

Europe have much higher prevalence rates than outside, particularly in the countries hardest hit by HIV. The picture in western Europe is mixed. Many prisoners inject drugs in European prisons, often acquiring the habit in prison and often sharing needles. In 2002, drug use was more common among female prisoners in the EU than male prisoners. In 2006, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), WHO and UNAIDS jointly issued a national framework document laying out the actions needed to implement a comprehensive response to HIV in prisons (21). It prescribes the expansion of HAART in prison and endorses needle and syringe exchanges, substitution therapy and condom provision there, while opposing mandatory HIV testing for prisoners. While 24 of 25 EU member states had needle exchange programmes in the community in early 2007, only 3 had such programmes in prisons. The incarceration of people for non-violent drug offences – which in most cases is properly a health rather than a penal issue – unnecessarily crowds prisons and introduces a major risk behaviour, increasing the transmission rates for HIV and its two most significant coinfections, TB and hepatitis, and stretching resources.

Key recommendations • European governments must act promptly to honour their commitments to providing prison populations with universal access to HIV services. • National and regional progress on Action 9 should be carefully monitored and widely publicized. • Governments should significantly reduce the use of criminal penalties and incarceration as a response to non-violent drug offences. • There should be greater involvement of NGOs in HIV surveillance and prevention within prison systems (22). • The international community should provide financial, technical and professional assistance to states in economic transition to ensure their ability to meet their commitments to providing HIV programmes in prisons. • Evidence-based HIV interventions should be introduced to prisons to provide them with the same levels of prevention and treatment coverage and quality as the outside community. Such interventions include voluntary counselling and testing, substitution therapy, needle exchange programmes, access to condoms and lubricants, and HAART.

Acknowledgements In particular, the editors of the progress report would like to express our gratitude to the overall editorial advisory board of the full report that this policy brief is based on: Henrique Barros (Portuguese Ministry of Health), Ton Coenen (Co-chair EU Civil Society Forum), Nikos Dedes (Co-chair EU Civil Society Forum), Paul Griffiths (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction), Francoise Hamers (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), Michael Huebel (European Commission), Gisela Lange (German Federal Ministry of Health) and Bertil Lindbland (UNAIDS). The principal authors of the progress report cannot be thanked enough: Yusef Azad (National AIDS Trust), Damon Barrett (International Harm Reduction Association), Sabine Beckmann (International Labour Organization), Aleksandar Bodiroza (United Nations Population Fund), Hanne Braah (UNAIDS), Corinne Carey (consultant), Nikos Dedes (European AIDS Treatment Group), Martin Donoghoe (World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe), Irina Eramova (World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe), Nina Ferencic (United Nations Children’s Fund), Paul Griffiths (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction), Chris Grollman (consultant), Dagmar Hedrich (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction), Misha Hoekstra (consultant), Dyfed Huws (consultant), Julian Hows (consultant), Jose Antonio Izazola (UNAIDS), Lali Khotenashvili (World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe), Danica Klempova (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction), Jeffrey Lazarus (World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe), Bertil Lindblad (United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS), Rick Lines (International Harm Reduction Association), Ruslan Malyuta (United Nations Children’s Fund), Srdan Matic (World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe), Anja Nitzsche-Bell, (UNAIDS), Lisa Power (Terrence Higgins Trust), Shombi Sharp (United Nations Development Programme), Heino Stöver (University of Bremen, Germany), Jan Wiegelmann (UNAIDS), Lucas Wiessing (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction).

References 1. Matic, S, Lazarus JV, Donogoe MV (eds). HIV/AIDS in Europe: Moving from Death Sentence to Chronic Disease Management. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2006. 2. G8 AIDS campaigning [web page]. UA2010.org, Amsterdam/Cape Town, 2008 (http:// www.ua2010.org/en/G8-AIDS, accessed 11 April 2008). 3. Welcome to ua2010.org: keep the promise [web site]. UA2010.org, Amsterdam/Cape Town, 2008 (http://www.ua2010.org, accessed 11 April 2008). 4. Bremen Declaration on Responsibility and Partnership. Bremen; European Union, neighbouring and CIS countries; 13 March 2007. 5. Technical Report: HIV Infection in Europe: 25 Years into the Pandemic. [Background paper prepared for the conference “Responsibility and Partnership: Together Against HIV/AIDS” Bremen, 12–13 March 2007]. Stockholm, European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007. 6. “Three Ones” key principles: coordination of national responses to HIV/AIDS. UNAIDS, Geneva, 2004 (Conference Paper 1, Washington Consultation, 25 April 2004; http://www.unaids.org/en/Coordination/Initiatives/three_ones.asp, accessed 28 April 2008). 7. Code of Good Practice: renewing our voice [web site]. NGO Code of Good Practice Secretariat, Geneva, 2008 (http://www.hivcode.org, accessed 28 April 2008). 8. Practical guidelines for intensifying HIV prevention: towards universal access. Geneva, UNAIDS, 2007.(http://data.unaids.org/pub/Manual/2007/20070306_Prevention_ Guidelines_Towards_Universal_Access_en.pdf, accessed 8 October 2007). 9. HIV/AIDS treatment and care: clinical protocols for the WHO European Region. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2007 (http://www.euro.who.int/ document/e90840.pdf, accessed 25 April 2008). 10. Technical guide for countries to set targets for universal access to HIV prevention, treatment and care for injecting drug users: draft for consultation. Geneva, WHO, UNODC and UNAIDS, 2008. 11. Donoghoe MC, Verster AD, Pervilhac CE and Williams PG. Setting targets for universal access to HIV prevention, treatment and care for injecting drugs users (IDUs): towards consensus and improved guidance International Journal of Drug Policy, 2008: 19S;S5-S14. 12. UNICEF, UNAIDS, WHO. Children and AIDS: Second Stocktaking Report. Geneva, The United Nations Children’s Fund, 2008. 13. Code of Practice on HIV/AIDS and the World of Work. Geneva, International Labour Organization (ILO), 2001 (http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/trav/aids/publ/ code.htm, accessed 6 February 2008). 14. WHO/UNAIDS. Guidelines on 2nd Generation HIV Surveillance. Geneva, WHO, 2000. 15. The public health approach to STD control. Geneva, UNAIDS, (http://www.who.int/hiv/ 25

pubsti/pubstistd, accessed 5 June 2007). 16. Global strategy for the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections, 2006−2015. In: Fifty-ninth World Health Assembly: Geneva, 22–27 May 2006. Geneva, WHO, 2006 (Annex 2 WHA59/2006/REC/2; http://www.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/ WHA59-REC1/e/Annex2-en.pdf, accessed 11 August 2007). 17. FP7 Cooperation Work Programme 2007–2008: health. Brussels, European Commission, 2007 (C(2007)2460). 18. The Sydney Declaration: good research drives good policy and programming: a call to scale up research. Sydney, 4th International AIDS Society Conference on Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention, 2007 (http://www.iasociety.org/Default.aspx?pageId=63, accessed 26 September 2007). 19. WHO. Towards Universal Access by 2010: How WHO is working with countries to scale-up HIV prevention, treatment, care and support”. Geneva, WHO, 2006. 20. UA2010 [web site] (www.ua2010.com/index.php/en/ua2010/universal_access/civil_ society_papers/shadow_reports_2006, accessed 11 April 2008). 21. UNODC, WHO, UNAIDS. HIV/AIDS prevention, care, treatment and support in prison settings: a framework for an effective national response. New York, United Nations, 2006 (http://www.unodc.org/pdf/HIV-AIDS_prisons_July06.pdf, accessed 23 June 2007). 22. Nashkhoev M, Sergeyev B. AIDS in the Commonwealth of Independent States: 2008 Monitoring the AIDS Pandemic Report. Geneva, UNAIDS, 2008.

Dublin Declaration on Partnership to fight HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia Against the background of the global emergency of the HIV/AIDS epidemic with 40 million people worldwide living with HIV/AIDS, 90 per cent in developing countries and 75 per cent in SubSaharan Africa, representatives of States and Governments from Europe and Central Asia, together with invited observers, met in Dublin, Ireland, from 23 to 24 February 2004, for the Conference “Breaking the Barriers – Partnership to fight HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia” and made the following declaration: Recognising that poverty, underdevelopment and illiteracy are among the principal contributing factors to the spread of HIV/AIDS, and noting with grave concern that HIV/ AIDS is compounding poverty and is now reversing or impeding development in many countries; Emphasising the importance of sustained, pro-poor economic growth through povertyreduction policies, programmes and strategies for the success of the fight against HIV/AIDS; Recognising that the promotion of equality between women and men, girls and boys and respecting the right to reproductive and sexual health, and access to sexuality education, information and health services as well as openness about sexuality, are fundamental factors in the fight against the pandemic; Reaffirming the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS adopted by the UN General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS on 27 June 2001; Reaffirming the development goals as contained in the Millennium Declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly at its fifty-fifth session in September 2000, and in the Road Map towards the implementation of the United Nations Millennium Declaration, and other international development goals and targets; Reaffirming the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development (Cairo, 1994) and key actions for the further implementation of the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development adopted by the twenty-first special session of the United Nations General Assembly in July 1999;

Reaffirming the Beijing Platform for Action (Beijing, 1995) and the further actions and initiatives to implement the Beijing Declaration and the Platform for Action adopted at the twenty-third special session of the United Nations General Assembly in June 2000; Expressing profound concern that in the European and Central Asian region at least 2.1 million of our people are now living with HIV/AIDS; Noting with serious concern the particularly rapid escalation of the epidemic among young people in Eastern Europe, where HIV prevalence in the adult population is reaching critical levels in a number of countries and also the significant potential for the rapid spread of HIV in South-Eastern Europe and Central Asia; Also noting with serious concern the resurgence of HIV/AIDS prevalence in Western Europe, including HIV resistant to anti-retroviral therapy, where the disease remains a potent threat to our young people; Emphasising that the most seriously affected countries, mainly in southern Africa, are facing collapse in one or more sectors of society, and agreeing that the HIV/AIDS epidemic threatens to become a crisis of unprecedented proportions in our region, undermining public health, development, social cohesion, national security and political stability in many of our countries; Agreeing that we must act collectively to tackle this crisis through a deepening of coordination, cooperation and partnership within and between our countries and are encouraged by proposals made at the Conference to strengthen the capacity of the European Union to fight effectively against the spread of HIV/AIDS; Confirming that the respect, protection and promotion of human rights is fundamental to preventing transmission of HIV, reducing vulnerability to infection and dealing with the impact of HIV/AIDS; Acknowledging that the prevention of HIV infection, through the promotion of safer and responsible sexual behaviour and practices, including through condom use, must be the mainstay of the sub-national, national, regional and international response to the epidemic and that prevention, care, support and treatment for those infected and affected by HIV/ AIDS are mutually reinforcing elements of an effective response and must be integrated in a comprehensive approach to combat the epidemic; Recognising that in our region persons at the highest risk of and most vulnerable to HIV/ AIDS infection include drug injectors and their sexual partners, men who have sex with men, sexworkers, trafficked women, prisoners and ethnic minorities and migrant populations which have close links to high prevalence countries;

Stressing that without urgent action, HIV/AIDS will continue to move into the general population; Recognising that women and girls are particularly vulnerable to HIV infection; Recognising that a focus on the role of men and boys in combating HIV/AIDS and in the promotion of gender equality will benefit everyone and society as a whole, and that engaging men and boys as partners will encourage them to take responsibility for their sexual behaviour and to respect the rights of women and girls; Recognising that in order to be able to tackle the HIV/AIDS crisis, we need strong basic health care systems and services to ensure universal and equitable access to HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment and care; Recognising that success in the fight against HIV/AIDS is linked to the fight against other sexually transmittable infections and the fight against tuberculosis; Emphasising that while young people are vulnerable, they themselves are key actors and agents of change in the fight against HIV/AIDS and are a major resource for the response at national and regional levels; Acknowledging that the principle of greater involvement of people living with or affected by HIV/AIDS is critical to ethical and effective national responses to the epidemic; Recognising that investment in research and development for more effective therapeutic and preventive tools, such as microbicides and vaccines, will be essential to securing the long-term success of HIV and AIDS responses; We have agreed on the following actions to accelerate the implementation of the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS;

Leadership 1. Promote strong and accountable leadership at the level of our Heads of State and Government to protect our people from this threat to their future, and promote human rights and tackle stigma and ensure access to education, information and services for all those in need; 2. Encourage and facilitate strong leadership by civil society and the private sector in our countries in contributing to the achievement of the goals and targets of the Declaration of Commitment;

3. Accelerate the implementation of the provisions of the Declaration of Commitment relating to orphans and girls and boys infected and affected by HIV/AIDS1; 4. Establish and reinforce national HIV/AIDS partnership forums including meaningful participation of civil society, and particularly of people living with HIV/AIDS and their advocates, to design, review, monitor and report progress in the fight against the disease, and to take timely and determined action to identify and address barriers to implementation; 5. In 2004-2005, promote the active involvement of the institutions of the European Union, and other relevant institutions and organisations such as the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Council of Europe, the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe and the Regional Committee of the World Health Organisation, in partnership with UNAIDS through its co-sponsoring agencies and its Secretariat, in our common effort to strengthen coordination and cooperation; 6. Make the fight against HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia a regular item on the agendas of our regional institutions and organisations; 7. Provide increased and results-based financial and technical resources to scale up access to prevention, care and sustained treatment, including effective low cost treatment such as generics, in the most affected countries with the greatest needs through national and regional allocations as well as from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria, the European Union, new public and private partnerships, multilateral and bilateral financing mechanisms;

Prevention 8. Reinvigorate our efforts to ensure the target of the Declaration of Commitment2 that, by 2005, at least 90 percent of young men and women aged 15 to 24 have access to the information, education, including peer education and youth-specific HIV education, and services necessary to develop the life skills required to reduce their vulnerability to HIV infection, in dialogue with young persons, parents, families, educators and health-care providers; 9. By 2010, ensure through the scaling up of programmes that 80% of the persons at the highest risk of and most vulnerable to HIV/AIDS are covered by a wide range of prevention programmes providing access to information, services and prevention commodities and identifying and addressing factors that make these groups and 1 2

Declaration of Commitment of the UN General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS, paragraphs 65-67 Declaration of Commitment of the UN General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS, target 53, page 21.

communities particularly vulnerable to HIV infection and promote and protect their health, and intensify cross border, sub-regional and regional technical collaboration and sharing of best practices through the EU and regional organisations in the prevention of HIV transmission among vulnerable groups; 10. Scale up access for injecting drug users to prevention, drug dependence treatment and harm reduction services through promoting, enabling and strengthening the widespread introduction of prevention, drug dependence treatment and harm reduction programmes3 (e.g. needle and syringe programmes, bleach and condom distribution, voluntary HIV counselling and testing, substitution drug therapy, STI diagnosis and treatment) in line with national policies; 11. Ensure that HIV positive women and expectant mothers should have access to high quality maternal and reproductive health care services in order to prevent mother to child-transmission; 12. By 2010, eliminate4 HIV infection among infants in Europe and Central Asia; 13. Ensure men, women and adolescents to have universal and equitable access to and promote the use of a comprehensive range of high quality, safe, accessible, affordable and reliable reproductive and sexual health care services, supplies and information including access to preventive methods such as male and female condoms, voluntary testing, counseling and follow-up; 14. By 2005, to develop national and regional strategies and programmes to increase the capacity of women and adolescent girls to protect themselves from the risk of HIV infection, and reduce their vulnerability to HIV/AIDS; 15. By 2005, to develop national and regional strategies ensuring that all men and women in uniformed services, including armed forces and civil defence forces, have access to information, services and prevention commodities to reduce risk-taking behaviour and encourage safe behaviour, and urge the European Union, NATO and other regional and international security institutions in partnership with UNAIDS to lead such efforts; 16. Control the incidence and prevalence of sexually-transmitted infections, particularly amongst those at the highest risk of and most vulnerable to HIV/AIDS, through increased public awareness of their role in HIV transmission, improved and more accessible services for prompt diagnosis and efficient treatment;

3 4

The WHO recommends that at least 60% of injecting drug users have access to drug dependence treatment and harm reduction programmes in order to have an impact on the epidemic among this group. Elimination is defined as less than 2% of all new infections are acquired by an infant from his or her infected mother

17. Fund, improve, and harmonise surveillance systems, in line with international standards, to track and monitor the epidemic, risk behaviours and vulnerability to HIV/AIDS; 18. Request the Global Commission on International Migration to take into account in its work the threat of exposure to HIV/AIDS particularly to migrant women and unaccompanied and orphaned children; 19. Increase commitment to research and development for new technologies that better meet the prevention needs of people living with or most vulnerable to HIV transmission including increasing public sector investment in vaccines and microbicides to prevent HIV infection;

Living with HIV/AIDS 20. Combat stigma and discrimination of people living with HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia, including through a critical review and monitoring of existing legislation, policies and practices with the objective of promoting the effective enjoyment of all human rights for people living with HIV/AIDS and members of affected communities; 21. By 2005, provide universal access to effective, affordable and equitable prevention, treatment and care including safe anti-retroviral treatment to people living with HIV/ AIDS in the countries in our region5 where access to such treatment is currently less than universal, including through the technical support of the UN through the global initiative led by the World Health Organisation and UNAIDS to ensure 3 million people globally are on anti-retroviral treatment by 2005 (“3 by 5”). The goal of providing effective anti-retroviral treatment must be conducted in a poverty-focused manner, equitable, and to those people who are at the highest risk of and most vulnerable to HIV/ AIDS; 22. Ensure early implementation of the WTO Decision of 30 August 2003 on the implementation of paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health; 23. Increase access to non-discriminatory palliative care, counseling, psychosocial support, housing assistance, and other relevant social services for people living with HIV/AIDS; 24. Invest in public research and development for the development of affordable and easier to use therapeutics and diagnostics to support expanded treatment access and improve the quality of life of people living with HIV; 5

The treatment gap in the region is estimated by the WHO to be at least 100,000 people in 2003.

25. Monitor best practices on and take concrete steps to exchange information on service delivery for prevention, treatment and care, particularly for persons at the highest risk of and most vulnerable to HIV/AIDS infection;

Partnership 26. Strengthen coordination, cooperation and partnership among the countries of Europe and Central Asia, as well as with their trans-Atlantic and other development partners, to scale up local capacity to fight the epidemic and mitigate its consequences in the most affected countries with the greatest needs, and in countries with a high risk of a major epidemic; 27. Involve civil society and faith-based organizations, as well as people living with HIV/ AIDS and persons at the highest risk of and most vulnerable to HIV/AIDS infection in the development and implementation of national HIV/AIDS prevention and care strategies and financing plans, including through participation in national partnership forums; 28. Work with leaders from the private sector in fighting HIV/AIDS through workplace education programmes, employee non-discrimination policies, provision of treatment, counseling, care, and support services, and through engagement with policy makers on the local, national and regional levels; 29. Involve the national and international pharmaceutical industry in a public-private partnership including with relevant international organisations such as the World Health Organisation in helping to tackle the epidemic along all points of the drug supply chain – from manufacturing to pricing to distribution; 30. Ensure effective coordination between donors, multilateral organisations, civil society and Governments in the effective delivery of assistance to the countries most in need of support in the implementation of their national HIV/AIDS strategies, based on ongoing processes on simplification and harmonization particularly the UNAIDS guiding principles;6 31. Establish sustainable partnerships with the media, recognising the critical role that it plays in influencing attitudes and behaviour and in providing HIV/AIDS related information;

These are: that there should be one agreed national HIV/AIDS Action Framework that drives alignment of all partners., one national AIDS authority with a broad-based multisectoral mandate, and one agreed country-level monitoring and evaluation system.

32. Support stronger regional cooperation and networking among people living with HIV/ AIDS and civil society organisations in Europe and Central Asia, and call upon the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS in partnership with the European Union, existing civil society networks and other regional partner institutions to assist, facilitate and coordinate such collaboration;

Follow-up 33. We commit ourselves to closely monitor and evaluate the implementation of the actions outlined in this Declaration, along with those of the Declaration of Commitment of the United Nations General Assembly Session on HIV/AIDS, and call upon the European Union and other relevant regional institutions and organisations, in partnership with the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, to establish adequate forums and mechanisms including the involvement of civil society and people living with HIV/AIDS to assess progress at regional level every second year, beginning in 2006.

24 February 2004

World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe Scherfigsvej 8 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark Tel.: +45 39 17 17 17 Fax: +45 39 17 18 18 E-mail: postmaster@euro.who.int www.euro.who.int/aids 36

Достижения в ходе внедрения Дублинской Декларации о партнерстве в борьбе с ВИЧ/СПИДом в Европе и Центральной Азии

Краткий обзор политики 1

Краткий обзор политики

Настоящая концептуальная записка была подготовлена Jeffrey V. Lazarus и Misha Hoekstra, на основе публикации ЮНЭЙДС/ВОЗ «Достижения в ходе внедрения Дублинской Декларации о партнерстве в борьбе с ВИЧ/СПИД в Европе и Центральной Азии», под редакцией Srdan Matic, Jeffrey V. Lazarus, Stine Nielsen, Ulrich Laukamm-Josten. © Всемирная организация здравоохранения, 2008 г. Все права защищены. Европейское региональное бюро Всемирной организации здравоохранения охотно удовлетворяет запросы о разрешении на перепечатку или перевод своих публикаций частично или полностью. Обозначения, используемые в настоящей публикации, и приводимые в ней материалы, не отражают какого бы то ни было мнения Всемирной организации здравоохранения относительно правового статуса той или иной страны, территории, города или района или их органов власти или относительно делимитации их границ. Пунктирные линии на географических картах обозначают приблизительные границы, относительно которых пока что еще может не быть полного согласия. Упоминание тех или иных компаний или продуктов отдельных изготовителей не означает, что Всемирная организация здравоохранения поддерживает или рекомендует их, отдавая им предпочтение по сравнению с другими компаниями или продуктами аналогичного характера, не упомянутыми в тексте. За исключением случаев, когда имеют место ошибки и пропуски, названия патентованных продуктов выделяются начальными прописными буквами. Всемирная организация здравоохранения приняла все разумные меры предосторожности для проверки информации, содержащейся в настоящей публикации. Тем не менее, опубликованные материалы распространяются без какойлибо четко выраженной или подразумеваемой гарантии. Ответственность за интерпретацию и использование материалов ложится на пользователей. Всемирная организация здравоохранения ни в коем случае не несет ответственности за ущерб, связанный с использованием этих материалов. Мнения, выраженные в данной публикации авторами, редакторами или группами экспертов, необязательно отражают решения или официальную политику Всемирной организации здравоохранения. Запросы относительно публикаций Европейского регионального бюро ВОЗ следует направлять по адресу: Publications WHO Regional Office for Europe Scherfigsvej 8 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark Кроме того, запросы на документацию, информацию по вопросам здравоохранения или разрешение на цитирование или перевод документов ВОЗ можно заполнить в онлайновом режиме на сайте Регионального бюро: http://www.euro. who.int/pubrequest?language=Russian. Design and print by Phoenix Design Aid A/S, Denmark. ISO 14001/ISO 9000 certified and EMAS-approved. Printed on official environmentally approved paper with vegetable-based inks. The printed matter is recyclable.

После Дублинских обещаний Когда государства – члены Европейского Региона ВОЗ в феврале 2004 года подписали Дублинскую декларацию о партнерстве в борьбе с ВИЧ/СПИДом в Европе и Центральной Азии, они не могли знать, каким историческим документом она станет. Европейский регион, опередив остальную часть международного сообщества на целых два года, в настоящей Декларации направил дальновидный призыв к «всеобщему доступу к эффективной, доступной и равноценной профилактике, лечению и уходу». Теперь, спустя четыре года после подписания Декларации, данный первоначальный отчет о ходе работы подводит итоги о ситуации в Pегионе путем обсуждения того, какие показатели могут нам помочь лучше понять нынешние усилия, направленные на борьбу с ВИЧ, как интерпретировать самые последние данные, полученные по этим показателям, и как улучшить усилия, направленные на борьбу с ВИЧ. Европейский регион в настоящее время столкнулся с наиболее быстрыми темпами роста ВИЧ-инфекции во всем мире. На фоне такого ухудшения ситуации с эпидемией ВИЧ/ СПИДа, а также борьбы систем здравоохранения многих стран в решении проблем общественного здравоохранения и социальных вопросов (1), представители правительств Европы и Центральной Азии собрались в Дублине, Ирландии, 23-24 февраля 2004 года на Конференции «Преодолевая барьеры - Партнерство в целях борьбы с ВИЧ/СПИДом в Европе и Центральной Азии» для изучения этих проблем и разработки мер реагирования. Кульминацией Конференции стала Декларация, направленная на более эффективную борьбу с эпидемией ВИЧ и ее последствиями в Европе и Центральной Азии. «Дублинская декларация о партнерстве в борьбе с ВИЧ/СПИДом в Европе и Центральной Азии» признала главные факторы, способствующие распространению ВИЧ/СПИДа, подтвердила декларацию о приверженности делу борьбы с ВИЧ/СПИДом, принятую на специальной сессии Генеральной Ассамблеи ООН (ССГАООН) по ВИЧ/СПИДу 27 июня 2001 г., и последующие международные обязательства, а также согласованные 33 точки взаимодействия», направленные на ускорение реализации «Декларации об обязательствах по ВИЧ/СПИДу». Под эгидой Объединенной программы ООН по ВИЧ/СПИДу (ЮНЭЙДС) Европейское Региональное бюро ВОЗ вместе с партнерами подготовили настоящий доклад о прогрессе, достигнутом в ходе выполнения обязательств Дублинской декларации с момента её подписания в начале 2004 года. В соответствии с Действием 33 настоящей Декларации, данный отчет о ходе выполнения призван помочь государствам - членам Pегиона «тщательно контролировать и оценивать выполнение» её действий. Отчет представляет информацию о продолжающейся деятельности по мониторингу, проводимому Организацией Объединенных Наций, ее агентствами, Европейским Союзом (ЕС) и различными национальными структурами в Pегионе в соответствии с глобальными усилиями по гармонизации и совершенствованию мониторинга и оценки деятельности. Он состоит из 15 тематических глав и последующей информации о 9 странах. Данная работа своевременна тем, что в 2005 году, Большая Восьмерка (Б8) и Организация Объединенных Наций заявили об аналогичных обязательствах (2), и в 2006 году государства - члены Организации Объединенных Наций согласились работать в направлении «всеобщего доступа к 2010 году к комплексным программам по профилактике, лечению, уходу и поддержке ВИЧ/СПИДа» (3). Также в 2007 году Германское Президентство ЕС провело Конференцию по теме «Ответственность и партнерство: Вместе против ВИЧ/СПИДа», вновь подчеркнув 1

серьезность ситуации в Европе и призвав к активизации действий (4, 5). При рассмотрении тематических глав был определен ряд широких мер в борьбе с ВИЧ в Европейском регионе. Они охватывают необходимость: • упрощения сбора данных о ВИЧ и других инфекциях, передаваемых половым путем, с тем чтобы собранная информация была полезной и уместной для отдельных стран, избегая дублирования сбора информации и сокращая бремя отчетности государствчленов; • обеспечения доступности и наличия собранной информации для других учреждений и широкой общественности; • создания большей подотчетности; • внесения изменений в нормативно правовую базу для более эффективного решения проблем со стигмой, дискриминацией и отчуждением, связанных с ВИЧ; • активизации, расширения и усиления деятельности по сокращению неравенства в борьбе с ВИЧ; • работы для большей гармонизации наиболее высоких стандартов программ и политики по профилактике и лечению; • расширения использования международно признанных доказательных мероприятий; • укрепления сотрудничества между странами в осуществлении этих усилий; • роста участия гражданского общества и частного сектора, а также • сохранения сильного eвропейского политического руководства и ответственности за Дублинскую декларацию, Целей pазвития Тысячелетия и задач всеобщего доступа; Следующий раздел обобщает основные выводы и рекомендации данного отчета для каждой тематической области. Следует отметить, что эти краткие положения описывают общую ситуацию и не всегда приемлемы для всех 53-х стран Европейского региона ВОЗ. Более подробную информацию о странах можно найти в полном тексте отчета на www.euro.who. int/aids. В каждой главе представлены отдельные Дублинские действия, с которыми можно ознакомиться в Приложении 1.

Основные выводы и рекомендации: лидерство и партнерство Глава 1. Политическое лидерство (Действия 1, 3, 5, 6, 22, 26 и 30) Обоснование. Непроверяемый рост ВИЧ-инфекции в первые десятилетия эпидемии в значительной степени был вызван повсеместным отрицанием проблемы среди политических деятелей и лиц, принимающих решения. Эффективные ответные меры в борьбе с ВИЧ требуют политического видения и лидерства, особенно вследствии непропорциональной маргинализации со стороны общества групп, подверженных наибольшему риску ВИЧ, а также их деятельности, которая зачастую криминализованна государством. Основные выводы • Значительно укрепилось национальное и международное политическое лидерстство по вопросам борьбы с ВИЧ в Европейском регионе. • Участились выступления национальных лидеров о ВИЧ. • Ослабилось ограничение в финансовых ресурсах во многих странах. • В настоящее время региональные учреждения регулярно предпринимают меры по борьбе с ВИЧ, а также, несмотря на все еще существующие препятствия, улучшилось трансграничное партнерство. • Все больше консультаций гражданскому обществу предоставляется на страновом и европейском уровнях. • Политическое руководство в настоящее время зачастую сталкивается с проблемами в вопросах осуществления, а не в разработке политики или выделении денежных средств. Самые существенные пробелы в выполнении связаны с проведением структурных реформ в системе здравоохранения, введением программ по снижению вреда, а также другими противостоящими вопросами, связанными с потребителями инъекционных наркотиков. Основные рекомендации • Необходимо постоянно мониторировать и оценивать ход выполнения и подотчетность по обязательствам в вопросах по борьбе с ВИЧ. • ЕС должен стремиться к большему охвату ответными мерами по борьбе с ВИЧ в странах и субрегионах за пределами своих границ и в сотрудничестве с соседними странами - как и Координационный cовет Содружества Независимых Государств (СНГ) по борьбе с ВИЧ/СПИДом. • Национальные и местные лидеры должны удвоить свои усилия по выполнению каждого Дублинского действия и согласно каждому обязательству. Это подразумевает частые выступления по вопросам ВИЧ-инфекции, проведение политики, основанной на доказательствах и правах человека, а также создание координационных и управленческих структур в соответствии с триедиными принципами ЮНЭЙДС (6). • Все страны должны подготовить своевременные, всеобъемлющие отчеты Специальной Сессии Генеральной Ассамблеи Организации Объединенных Наций (ССГАООН) по ВИЧ/СПИДу. Региональный синтез отчетов Европейского региона станет бесценным дополнением к данному отчету. 3

• Политические деятели и лица, принимающие решения, должны приложить совместные усилия, направленные на защиту прав людей, живущих с ВИЧ (ЛЖВ), или подверженных риску заражения ВИЧ, охватить население, относящееся к группам риска, а также планировать увеличение ресурсов на борьу с ВИЧ в соответствии с долгосрочным ростом эпидемии (см. ниже представленные конкретные рекомендации).

Глава 2. Гражданское общество и другие основные негосударственные партнеры (Действия 2, 4, 27 и 32) Обоснование. Гражданское общество (в частности, общинные группы, представляющие людей, живущих или подверженных риску инфицирования ВИЧ), уже давно играет ведущую роль в осуществлении ответных мер на ВИЧ. Однако правительства многих государств не торопятся использовать свои бесценные ресурсы или признавать право пострадавших общин оказывать содействие формированию ответных действий. Ресурсы и возможности частного сектора в доступе к группам риска также используются в недостаточной степени. Основные выводы • Государственные обязательства по расширению участия гражданского общества до сих пор не переведены в русло широкомасштабных действий. Усилия правительства по увеличению участия гражданского общества имеют частичный, постепенный и нескоординированный характер. • Отмечается заметный рост участия гражданского общества в проведении политики по борьбе с ВИЧ и в принятии решений в большинстве стран - но в значительной степени этот процесс направляется самим гражданским обществом. • Наблюдается значительный рост числа и размера глобальных, региональных и субрегиональных сетей ЛЖВ и членов групп риска. • Существуют ограниченные систематизированные данные об участии гражданского общества, ЛЖВ или членов групп риска в ответных мерах на ВИЧ. Некоторые из лучших источников таких данных остаются в значительной степени недоступными для общественности. • Несмотря на то, что «Кодекс лучшей практики по ответным действиям НПО в борьбе с ВИЧ/СПИДом» (7) поощрил подотчетность и ответственные действия в рамках гражданского общества, отсутствует соответствующий механизм для частных предприятий, вовлеченных в филантропическую деятельность, связанную с ВИЧ, а также обеспечивающих доступ к клиентам и общинам. Основные рекомендации • Государственные органы должны активно привлекать гражданское общество, ЛЖВ, членов групп риска и частный сектор в процесс формирования и выполнения национальных ответных мер в борьбе с ВИЧ. • ЮНЭЙДС должен разместить независимые отчеты ССГАООН на своем веб-сайте и обеспечить широкий доступ к данным своих страновых офисов. • Необходимо обеспечить более широкое распространение и принятие «Кодекса лучшей практики по ответным действиям НПО в борьбе с ВИЧ/СПИДом».

• Глобальная Бизнес-коалиция должна незамедлительно разработать версию Кодекса НПО для фирм, занимающихся филантропической деятельностью, связанной с ВИЧ, а также работой с общинами, включая механизмы выполнения и подотчетности.

Глава 3. Ресурсы в Восточной Европе (Действия 1, 7, 8, 9, 13, 17 и 29) Обоснование. Около 2 млн. человек в Восточной Европе (15 бывших Советских республик) живут с ВИЧ, в то время как менее чем за десятилетие уровень инфицирования ВИЧ заметно возрос в более чем 20 раз. Этот регион имеет наиболее динамично растущую эпидемию ВИЧ в мире, что обусловлено, главным образом, употреблением инъекционных наркотиков. Между тем, некоторые страны региона столкнулись с серьезным экономическим спадом и потрясениями после обретения независимости, что ведет к увеличению неравенства в доходах. Население стран Европы становится все более мобильным, и ВИЧ не признает национальных границ. Соответственно, Дублинская декларация обязывает все государства Европейского региона к выполнению коллективных действий в решении проблем ВИЧ – что означает обеспечение Восточной Европы достаточными ресурсами для эффективной борьбы с ВИЧ. Основные выводы • Оцениваемая потребность в ресурсах для борьбы с ВИЧ в Восточной Европе возросла с 900 миллионов долларов США в 2006 году до 1,5 миллиардов долларов США в 2008 году, причем более 70% этих ресурсов необходимы для профилактических мероприятий. • Международные доноры увеличили объем взносов по борьбе с ВИЧ в 12 государствах СНГ от 12 миллионов долларов США в 2003 году до 60 миллионов долларов США в 2006 году, включая резкое увеличение в 2005 году денежных средств, поступивших от Глобального Фонда по борьбе со СПИДом, туберкулезом и малярией. • Внутреннее финансирование борьбы с ВИЧ увеличилось вдвое за тот же период, до 60 миллионов долларов США в 2006 году для стран СНГ, за исключением Российской Федерации. • В Российской Федерации внутреннее финансирование увеличилось еще более значительно, до 320 миллионов долларов федеральных ассигнований в 2007 году, в дополнение к крупным обязательствам по возмещению средств, предоставленных Глобальным фондом, а также разработке вакцины против ВИЧ. Тем не менее, усилия в вопросах профилактики среди населения в группах риска в значительной степени испытывают нехватку средств. • В СНГ также увеличились внебюджетные расходы (расходы со стороны населения), непропорционально отражающиеся на бедных слоях населения, и в настоящее время составляющие в среднем почти 50% всех расходов по борьбе с ВИЧ. Основные рекомендации • Несмотря на значительное увеличение международного и внутреннего финансирования усилий по борьбе с ВИЧ, разрыв между имеющимися ресурсами и потребностью продолжает расти – так же, как и рост эпидемии в этом регионе. • Необходимо значительно увеличить национальные и международные инвестиции, направленные на выполнение ответных мер по борьбе с ВИЧ в Восточной Европе. • Ассигнования должны как можно больше соответствовать потребностям. В частности, 5

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существует острая потребность в значительном расширении Восточноевропейскими правительствами основанных на научных доказательствах усилий по профилактике ВИЧ среди ПИН. Правительства и доноры должны искать пути снижения внебюджетных расходов (расходов со стороны населения) для тех, кто менее всего способен платить. В ближайшем будущем необходимо разработать лучшие меры по определению национальных потребностей в финансировании всеобъемлющих мер реагирования на ВИЧ. Необходимо провести точную подробную оценку расходов по борьбе с ВИЧ на национальном и субнациональном уровнях в целях оказания содействия более эффективному распределению финансовых средств. Необходимо также распределять ассигнования в соответствии с последними научными выводами и опытом наилучшей практики, например, в соответствии с руководящими принципами ЮНЭЙДС по профилактике (8), клиническими протоколами ВОЗ (9) или мероприятиями, апробированными на национальном уровне.

Основные выводы и рекомендации: профилактика Глава 4. Употребление инъекционных наркотиков (Действия 9, 10, 21 и 33) Обоснование. Потребление инъекционных наркотиков является главной движущей силой эпидемии ВИЧ в странах Восточной Европы и Центральной Азии. Потребители инъекционных наркотиков и впредь будут влиять на рост эпидемии ВИЧ во многих странах Западной Европы. Несмотря на подавляющее число научных данных об эффективности целенаправленных усилий по «снижению вреда», в том числе программ по опиоидной заместительной терапии и обмена игл и шприцев в целях резкого сокращения передачи ВИЧ-инфекции, некоторые страны упорно преследует ПИН, и игнорируют их потребности в профилактике и уходу. Основные выводы • В Западной Европе и ЕС, страны продемонстрировали политическую волю в расширении доступа к заместительной опиоидной терапии (ОЗТ) и программам по обмену игл и шприцев (ПОИШ). Прогресс в некоторых из новых стран ЕС, в особенности в Прибалтийских странах, меньше чем в остальных странах ЕС, но все же значителен. • В остальной части Восточной Европы прогресс гораздо меньше, в том числе в пяти странах, не имеющих ОЗТ, и других, где ОЗТ предоставляется только на основе пилотирования. Даже на Украине, где были приложены целенаправленные усилия по внедрению ОЗТ, охват остается на низком уровне. • ПОИШ имеет достаточный охват в большинстве стран Западной Европы, за исключением тюремных учреждений, где такие программы редко бывают доступны. • Хотя доступ к высокоактивной антиретровирусной терапии (ВААРТ) улучшился по всему Европейскому региону, дискриминационная практика все еще продолжает препятствовать ПИН в доступе и приверженности к лечению. • Агентства Организации Объединенных Наций оказывают поддержку в снижении вреда, и подготовили техническое руководство по оказанию содействия национальному развитию базы данных, индикаторов и целевых показателей для наблюдения за ходом выполнения мероприятий в борьбе с ВИЧ, ориентированных на ПИН (10,11). Основные рекомендации • Страны должны приложить целенаправленные усилия для расширения доступа ПИН к ОЗТ и другим мерам по снижению вреда и лечению ВИЧ-инфекции. • Там, где употребление инъекционных наркотиков в значительной мере способствует эпидемии ВИЧ, или где ПИН подвержены риску заражения ВИЧ, правительство должно использовать технические руководства ООН (10) для определения национального комбинированного индекса и уровня охвата девятью вмешательствами в рамках комплексного пакета по профилактике, уходу и лечению ВИЧ среди потребителей инъекционных наркотиков. • Странам необходимо определить национальные задачи, которые, в конечном счете, будут направлены на обеспечение полного доступа к указанным услугам по профилактике ВИЧ, лечению и уходу для всех потребителей инъекционных наркотиков. Рекомендуемый 7

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•

охват для ПОИШ – достичь, по крайней мере, 60% всех потребителей инъекционных наркотиков, и охват для ОЗТ – достичь, по крайней мере, 40% опиоидно-зависимых ПИН. В реализации ПОИШ и широком распространении стерильных инъекционных инструментов страны должны использовать аптеки. Призвать Армению, Казахстан, Российскую Федерацию, Таджикистан и Туркменистан к быстрому введению ОЗТ. Страны должны значительно расширить масштабы доступа ПИН к ВААРТ, используя ОЗТ для улучшения доступа и приверженности к лечению. Страны должны использовать технические руководства ООН для установления амбициозных, но достижимых национальных целей по расширению доступа ПИН к профилактике ВИЧ, лечению и уходу. Они также должны согласовать с другими странами в регионе, способы измерения их прогресса в деле расширения такого доступа. Страны должны собирать данные об ОЗТ и ВААРТ, а также об действующих ПИН, получающих ВААРТ.

Глава 5. Профилактика среди уязвимых групп населения и групп риска (Действия 9, 13, 25 и 27) Обоснование. Группы риска определяются по поведению, которое подвергает членов этой группы риску ВИЧ-инфицирования. В Западной Европе эпидемия ВИЧ особенно сконцентрирована среди мужчин, которые практикуют секс с мужчинами (МСМ), а также в странах Восточной Европы среди ПИН. Так как группы риска, как правило, маргинальны и зачастую находятся в подполье, решение вопросов их профилактики создает особые проблемы. Уязвимые группы населения определяются внешними обстоятельствами, которые снижают их возможность избежать заражения ВИЧ-инфекцией, такие как бедность, лишение свободы и войны, которые зачастую делают их невидимыми и требуют целенаправленных мероприятий. Мигранты и некоторые этнические меньшинства, а также заключенные по всему региону подвергаются высокому риску заражения ВИЧ-инфекцией. Основные выводы • Несмотря на то, что секс работники являются группой риска, которая наиболее позитивно откликается на профилактические программы, многие национальные стратегии и законы, направленные на секс работников, продолжают определять их в группу повышенного риска для заражения ВИЧ. Секс работники, которые также являются МСМ, мигрантами или ПИН особенно нуждаются в целенаправленных вмешательствах. • В странах Центральной и Восточной Европы данные по МСМ все еще минимальны по сравнению с другими группами риска. Последние данные свидетельствуют о том, что в восточно-европейских странах, где основная эпидемия ВИЧ наблюдается среди потребителей инъекционных наркотиков, также существуюет скрытая эпидемия среди МСМ. • Гомосексуальные отношения в настоящее время декриминализированы во всех странах региона, за исключением Туркменистана и Узбекистана. Последняя декриминализация часто сопровождалась интенсивным давлением извне, и во многих странах МСМ по-прежнему сталкиваются с осуждением, преследованием и притеснением, что в 8

значительной степени санкционировано государством. • После недавнего расширения ЕС, был отмечен крупномасштабный временный приток молодых сексуально активных мигрантов из Центральной в Западную Европу. Существует большое беспокойство, что эти мигранты вернутся в свои родные страны, где уровень ВИЧ-инфекции в настоящее время довольно невысок, вместе с ВИЧ. Мигранты по-прежнему сталкиваются с препятствиями в получении доступа к медицинским и социальным услугам, в то время как уровень контроля над миграцией и ВИЧ-инфекцией в регионе недостаточен. Для основных выводов по ПИН, по вопросам гендера, молодежи и заключенных, Вы можете обратиться в разделы, представленные соответственно в главах 4, 6, 8 и 15. Основные рекомендации

• oбеспечить направленность внимания национальной политики и стратегии по борьбе •

Национальные правительства должны:

• • • • • • •

с ВИЧ на тех, кто является членами более чем одной уязвимой группы населения или группы риска; провести обзор существующего законодательства и нормативных актов на предмет наличия препятствий на пути к развитию и использованию программ по профилактике ВИЧ для уязвимых групп населения и групп риска - с целью дальнейшего устранения препятствий в законодательстве; проводить национальную политику, гарантирующую равный доступ для уязвимых групп населения и групп риска к профилактике ВИЧ и уходу; включить всеобъемлющие системы эпидемиологического надзора в свои национальные политики и стратегии по борьбе с ВИЧ в целях выявления и поддержки уязвимых слоев населения и групп риска; обеспечить соответствие национальных программ по профилактике ВИЧ стандартам, установленным руководящими принципами ЮНЭЙДС для укрепления усилий по профилактике (8); обеспечить, чтобы национальные стратегии по ВИЧ и другие соответствующие программы особо упоминали о необходимости защиты уязвимых групп населения и групп риска от насилия; принять меры по борьбе со стигмой, с которой сталкиваются уязвимые группы населения и группы риска, включая любое осуждение со стороны поставщиков медицинких услуг; определить данные целевые задачи и мероприятия в руководящих документах программ и привести в соответствие с ними исследования по сбору национальных данных в целях мониторинга за ходом их выполнения, а также в партнерстве с организациями гражданского общества обеспечить широкий спектр программ по профилактике ВИЧ, ориентированных на все основные уязвимые группы населения и группы риска.

Глава 6. Гендерное равенство (Действия 13, 14, 20 и 21) Обоснование. Мужчины и женщины имеют разные потребности и способности. Кроме того, они были и продолжают рассматриваться по-разному со стороны правительства, общества и медицинских учреждений – в том смысле, что не учитываются естественные различия между мужчинами и женщинами и, следовательно, они воспринимаются не эквивалентно. Для достижения максимальной эффективности и справедливости, усилия по борьбе с ВИЧ должны стремиться к равенству, в то же время признавая основные гендерные различия. Основные выводы • Статистика об уровне ВИЧ-инфекции и обеспечении доступа к профилактике, уходу и лечению по-прежнему очень редко представлена в разбивке по полу, что делает почти невозможным отслеживание прогресса в вопросах гендерного равенства и, следовательно, достижения прогресса по этому вопросу. • Мужчины по-прежнему составляют подавляющее большинство новых случаев ВИЧ-инфекции в Европейском регионе, однако официальные данные о вновь зарегистрированных случаях указывают на чуть растущую долю женщин, живущих с ВИЧ (36% в 2004 году и 39% в 2006 году). • В то время как употребление инъекционных наркотиков и секс между мужчинами все еще остается движимой силой эпидемии в Европе, во многих странах наблюдается увеличение числа сообщений о гетеросексуальной передаче. Однако очень немногие из этих стран разработали и внедрили программы по профилактике, направленные на женщин, особенно на женщин-мигрантов, которые в наибольшей степени в них нуждаются. • Отсутствуют данные о распространенности ВИЧ среди лиц - транссексуалов. • Передача ВИЧ половым путем от мужчин-ПИН их женщинам-партнерам способствует развитию эпидемии в Европе, хотя партнеры членов групп риска очень редко становятся целью программ профилактики. • То, что иногда называется «феминизацией ВИЧ», в настоящее время, не относится к Европейскому региону. Основные рекомендации • Учреждения по контролю за ВИЧ должны просить – и страны должны собирать – статистические данные по эпидемиологическому надзору с разбивкой по полу. • Страны должны сообщать о предпринимаемых мерах по борьбе с ВИЧ, направленных соответственно на мужчин и женщин, а также оценить эффективность этих усилий. • Необходимо разработать профилактические программы, направленные на половых партнеров потребителей инъекционных наркотиков, мигрантов и заключенных, а также женщин-партнеров МСМ. • Страны должны выявить препятствия на пути к осуществлению равной гендерной профилактики и уходу – и устранить эти препятствия. Такие барьеры могут включать местоположение, приемные часы, укомплектованность штатами и предоставляемые услуги; непреднамеренно ограничительные законы и политика, а также насилие, связанное с гендерными вопросами.

Глава 7. Передача ВИЧ-инфекции от матери к ребенку (ПМР), и дети, живущие с ВИЧ (Действия 11, 12 и 14) Обоснование. В отсутствии профилактических мероприятий, один из трех новорожденных и младенцев, родившихся и получающих грудное молоко от ВИЧ-инфицированной матери, имеют вероятность заражения ВИЧ-инфекцией. Соответствующие мероприятия, включая своевременную антиретровирусную терапию, роды путем кесарева сечения, а также безопасные альтернативы грудному вскармливанию могут снизить ПМР почти до нуля. Дублинское Действие 11 обязывает к достижению элиминации ПМР в регионе – определяемое как снижение передачи от матери к ребенку до уровня менее 2% до 2010 года. При согласованных усилиях, эта цель, безусловно, достижима. Комплексный подход к ВИЧ-инфекции в педиатрии также требует решения вопросов ВИЧ-инфекции среди женщин детородного возраста (особенно в Восточной Европе, где сообщается о большем числе новых случаев заболевания в этой категории), диагностируя ВИЧ у детей на ранней стадии и совершенствуя педиатрическое лечение ВИЧ-инфекции. Основные выводы • В большинстве стран был достигнут значительный прогресс в деле элиминации ПМР. • В 2005 году 23 страны Западной Европы сообщили лишь о 167 случаях ПМР. • Многие Восточноевропейские страны быстро расширили свои программы по профилактике ПМР. Тем не менее, некоторые проблемы остаются нерешенными, в том числе вопросы улучшения качества обслуживания. • В некоторых восточно европейских странах качество данных находится на низком уровне, однако указывается, что в странах, наиболее затронутых ВИЧ, ПМР была сокращена примерно на 10% или ниже. • Несмотря на то, что в Европейском регионе проживает только 1% от доли детей, живущих с ВИЧ во всем мире, все еще существует повод для серьезного беспокойства. В наиболее пострадавших странах Восточной Европы число детских смертей от ВИЧ стабильно возрастает. Одним из факторов роста являются недостатки систем здравоохранения. • Однако в целом, доступ к лечению для детей, живущих с ВИЧ, значительно возрос. • Во многих странах дети, инфицированные или пострадавшие от ВИЧ, нуждаются в более широкой социальной поддержке и правовой защите. Основные рекомендации Страны должны стремиться к осуществлению «Четырех П» – программных целей инициативы «Объединимся ради детей, объединимся против СПИДа»: • Предупреждение передачи ВИЧ-инфекции от матери к ребенку. • Предоставление педиатрического лечения. • Предупреждение инфицирования среди подростков и молодых людей. • Поддержка и защита детей, затронутых проблемой ВИЧ и СПИД (12). В частности: • Национальная политика и протоколы по ПМР и педиатрического ВИЧ, подлежат обновлению с учетом последних научных доказательств. • Восточноевропейские страны должны мобилизовать национальные и субнациональные ресурсы для профилактических программ по ПМР в целях снижения зависимости от 11

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внешнего финансирования. Такие ресурсы должны быть достаточными для обеспечения бесперебойной поставки тестов на ВИЧ, антиретровирусных препаратов, препаратов для профилактики и лечения оппортунистических инфекций, а также поставки современных методов контрацепции, включая презервативы. Странам необходимо укрепить свой институционный потенциал для решения вопросов, связанных с педиатрическим ВИЧ, включая повышение качества услуг медицинской и психологической поддержки (см. главу 12 для дальнейших рекомендаций по данному вопросу). Страны должны проводить систематический мониторинг и оценку прогресса своих усилий, связанных с ПМР и педиатрическим ВИЧ. Системы здравоохранения должны интегрировать ПМР с существующими программами охраны здоровья матери и ребенка и репродуктивного здоровья, включая услуги по планированию семьи. Необходимо приложить особые усилия для решения вопроса ПМР среди женщин, которые представляют наиболее уязвимые слои населения и практикуют рискованное поведение. Должнен быть предпринят ряд мер для обеспечения защитной среды для детей, пострадавших от ВИЧ, в том числе путем предоставления юридической защиты и контроля их прав, а также обеспечения национальной политики, более благоприятной для усыновления и попечения детей, нежели для институционализации проблемы. Страны должны обеспечить, чтобы вопросы искоренения ВИЧ-инфекции среди младенцев и маленьких детей стали приоритетными в их национальных стратегиях по борьбе с ВИЧ.

Глава 8. Молодежь (Действия 3, 8, 13) Обоснование. Молодежь любой нации, определяемая в возрасте от 15 до 24 лет (и называемая «молодежь» в Дублинской декларации), является ближайшим будущим нации. Моральным долгом общества является предоставление молодежи тех средств и навыков, которые необходимы для того, чтобы избежать, и при необходимости, научиться жить с ВИЧ. Более того, обучение молодежи в вопросах ВИЧ является одной из наилучших долгосрочных стратегий по борьбе с эпидемией, тем самым, помогая ей противостоять рискованному поведению при возрастном формировании, за счет сокращения связанной с ВИЧ стигмы и дискриминации, а также посредством увеличения обращаемости за медицинской помощью. Хотя антиретровирусное лечение ВИЧ может сделать болезнь скорее хронической, нежели смертельной, оно стоит дорого, а продленная продолжительность жизни инфицированных молодых людей делает эффективность затрат на профилактику более высокой, чем когда-либо. Основные выводы • В 2005 году процент новых диагностированных случаев ВИЧ среди молодежи составил 31% в странах Восточной Европы, 21% в Центральной и 10% в Западной Европе, и в 2006 году соответственно сократился на 27%, 17% и 10%. • В Восточной Европе, на долю которой приходится более двух трети новых случаев ВИЧ -инфицирования в регионе в 2005 году, темп новых случаев заболевания среди молодежи снижается. • Женщины составляют 27% новых случаев ВИЧ- инфицирования, зарегистрированных среди молодежи Восточной Европы в 1999–2002 годах, и 53% в 2003–2005 гг. 12

• В наиболее пострадавших районах основные причины ВИЧ-инфекции среди молодежи заключены в безработице, социальном упадке и отсутствии позитивных перспектив. • Сбор данных по основным показателям поведения молодежи и эффективность просвещения в вопросах ВИЧ, а также усилия по профилактике остаются слабыми во всем мире и на всей территории Европейского региона, особенно в Восточной и Центральной Европе. • Раннее воздействие на половое воспитание не связано с ранним возрастом сексуального дебюта; пропаганда безопасного секса является наиболее эффективной, если она начинается в начальной школе. • Хотя половое воспитание выступает в качестве экономически эффективной и высококачественной профилактической стратегии, оно по-прежнему хромает в плане качества и последовательности в масштабах всего региона. • В то время как страны региона взяли на себя все обязательства в соответствии с международными декларациями и в рамках конвенций, поддерживающих эффективные меры для молодежи и ВИЧ, эти обязательства редко соответствующим образом трансформируются в поддерживающую национальную правовую среду. Основные рекомендации • Политические деятели и поставщики услуг должны подходить к вопросу развития молодежи, основываясь на уважении, взаимопонимании и открытости. • Партнерские отношения «молодежь-взрослые люди» и участие молодежи должны быть ключевыми элементами программ по профилактике ВИЧ. • Усилия, направленные на молодежь, подверженную риску заражения ВИЧ-инфекцией, в том числе на тех, кто являются МСМ, ПИН и секс-работниками, должны быть приоритетными, и к ним необходимо относиться с уважением. • Правительства (через министерства здравоохранения и образования, либо их равноценные структуры) должны поддерживать всеобъемлющее воспитание в вопросах сексуального и репродуктивного здоровья, а также принять меры по обеспечению качества этого воспитания. • Сектор здравоохранения должен определить приоритеты в развитии дружественных услуг для молодежи, в том числе в вопросах сексуального и репродуктивного здоровья. • Государственные органы должны установить приоритеты долгосрочного мониторинга и сбора данных с разбивкой по возрасту, используя возраст от 10–14, 15–19 и 20–24 лет. • Международные доноры должны уделить достаточное внимание молодежным программам по ВИЧ, акцентируясь на снижении вреда (презервативы, опиоидная заместительная терапия и т.д.), а также на образовательных мероприятиях.

Глава 9. ВИЧ на рабочем месте (Действия 2, 15 и28) Обоснование. Большинство людей, живущих с ВИЧ, находятся в пору своего экономически продуктивного расцвета, и ВИЧ несет ответственность за большие потери производительности в Европейском регионе не только в связи с болезнью, но и в связи со стигмой и дискриминацией, от которой страдают люди, живущие с ВИЧ. Несмотря на широкое распространение охвата социального страхования, работодатели должны взять на себя большое число прямых и косвенных затрат на борьбу с ВИЧ. Малые предприятия и работники неформального частного сектора экономики особенно остро ощущают бремя расходов, связанных с ВИЧ-инфекцией. И наоборот, в силу своих значительных ресурсов и повсеместности, «сфера труда» предоставляет уникальные возможности для борьбы с ВИЧ, открывая путь к всеобщему доступу к профилактике, лечению и уходу; нацеливаясь на повседневную стигму и дискриминацию, а также интегрируя людей, живущих с ВИЧ и получающих антиретровирусную терапию, на рабочем месте. Основные выводы • Ряд европейских стран пересмотрели законы, направленные на борьбу с дискриминаций, связанной с ВИЧ на рабочих местах. • Были предприняты различные инициативы на национальном и индивидуальном уровнях с целью создания профилактических и образовательных программ на рабочих метах. • В ряде стран правительства и гражданские общества совместно осуществляют программы, направленные на (ре) -интеграцию ЛЖВ на рынке труда. • Международная организация труда (МОТ) использует Страновые программы по достойному труду в целях ускорения выполнения Кодекса практики по ВИЧ/СПИДУ и Сфере труда (13), в котором рассматриваются вопросы о рабочем месте, в том числе о профилактике, поддержке и уходе за людьми, живущими с ВИЧ, а также о стигме и дискриминации. • МОТ разрабатывает новые международные трудовые стандарты по ВИЧ в целях укрепления и ускорения мер реагирования на рабочем месте для секторов экономики, начиная от лесоводства и завершая туризмом, а также общественными услугами. • Секретариат ЮНЭЙДС и несколько совместных спонсорских учреждений работают с 18 центрально - и восточноевропейскими странами по вопросам разработки и выполнения программ, связанных с ВИЧ-инфекцией в вооруженных силах. • Мигранты и мобильные работники по-прежнему являются особенно уязвимыми к ВИЧинфекции, и недостаточно последовательно получают ВИЧ-услуги. Основные рекомендации • Работодатели и профсоюзы должны работать сообща в целях выполнения статьи 27 Бременской декларации об ответственности и партнерстве (4), включая её призыв к проведению недискриминационной политики для ЛЖВ и групп риска на рабочих местах, предоставлять информацию о ВИЧ для работников, и в соответствии с Кодексом практики по ВИЧ/ СПИДУ (13), гарантировать доступ к профилактике, тестированию, лечению и уходу. • Правительства должны обеспечить, чтобы национальные законодательства запрещали дискриминацию, связанную с ВИЧ, при приеме на работу и на рабочем месте. • Правительства должны включить стратегию в сфере труда в национальные планы по борьбе с ВИЧ, а также разрабатывать программы по профилактике ВИЧ на рабочих местах. 14

• Организации рабочих должны содействовать ведению политики по борьбе с ВИЧ в соответствии с Кодексом практики, в том числе положениями коллективного договора. • Организации рабочих должны поддерживать создание ассоциаций для молодежи и трудовых мигрантов. • Гражданское общество и профсоюзы должны сотрудничать с целью наблюдения за случаями стигмы и дискриминации, которой подвергаются на рабочем месте ЛЖВ. • Гражданское общество и профсоюзы должны просвещать ЛЖВ об их трудовых правах.

Глава 10. Инфекции, передаваемые половым путем (ИППП) (Действие 16) Обоснование. Многие острые ИППП повышают риск заражения ВИЧ-инфекцией и ее передачи. Профилактика ИППП является не только важной мерой профилактики ВИЧ, но и ключевой целью здравоохранения сама по себе. И наоборот, люди, живущие с ВИЧ, подвергаются более высокому риску заражения ИППП и могут испытывать более тяжелые симптомы ИППП, чем ВИЧ-отрицательные люди. При более коротком инкубационном периоде и аналогичных путях передачи, некоторые ИППП могут служить в качестве индикатора потенциальной ВИЧ-инфекции, и хорошим поводом для предложения медицинскими работниками прохождения пациентом теста на ВИЧ. Основные выводы • В Европейском регионе существует широкое разнообразие состава и качества национальных систем эпидемиологического надзора за ИППП. Относительно слабые системы и отсутствие последовательности в определении случаев в значительной степени ограничивают признание региональных тенденций и сопоставимость данных. • Заболеваемость сифилисом увеличилась от низкого уровня до пика в 2003–2004 годах в большинстве стран Западной Европы, отражая тенденции заболеваемости ВИЧ, а в Центральной Европе тенденции неоднозначны, но также отражают тенденции регистрирования новых случаев ВИЧ-инфекции. Для обоих субрегионов, тенденции заболеваемости гонореей схожи с тенденциями заболеваемости ВИЧ-инфекцией, концентрируясь среди МСМ и гетеросексуалов, имеющих многочисленных партнеров. • В Восточной Европе уровень заболеваемости сифилисом снизился, но он не следует тенденции заболеваемости ВИЧ, поскольку заражение ВИЧ в значительной степени обусловлено употреблением инъекционных наркотиков. Заболеваемость гонореей также снизилась. Основные рекомендации • Необходимо укреплять и гармонизировать национальные системы эпидемиологического надзора за ИППП по всему региону (14), как часть второго поколения эпидемиологического надзора за ВИЧ. • Правительствам следует использовать высококачественные системы эпидемиологического надзора за ИППП и доказательные подходы в вопросах интеграции профилактики и лечения ВИЧ и ИППП. • Необходимо предусмотреть региональные механизмы для проведения систематического сопоставления, оценки и контроля за тем, в какой степени национальные системы здравоохранения нацелены на решение вопросов эпидемиологического надзора за ИППП и ВИЧ. 15

• Усилия по ИППП должны регулироваться как подходом ЮНЭЙДС по общественному здравоохранению (15), так и глобальной стратегией ВОЗ по ИППП (16). • Необходимо поощрять безопасное сексуальное поведение на всей территории Pегиона путем осуществления проверенных мероприятий, особенно использование презервативов, а также путем устранения факторов, лежащих в основе рискованного сексуального поведения, включая социально-экономические факторы, такие как бедность, употребление алкоголя и других “увеселительных” субстанций. • Использование проверенных методов в целях поддержки: • людей, нуждающихся в медицинкой помощи в целях решения проблем сексуального здоровья; • интеграции контроля за ИППП и ВИЧ в рамках первичной помощи и других медицинских услуг (там, где это приемлемо и уместно); • оказания конкретных услуг по ИППП целевым группам риска; • обеспечения комплексного ведениия случаев, а также • раннего выявления бессимптомных и клинически проявляющихся ИППП.

Глава 11. Научные исследования и новые технологии (Действия 19 и 24) Обоснование. Последние 15 лет стали свидетельством замечательных достижений в области ВИЧ-терапии, но эффективное лечение все еще остается дорогим, сопровождаясь сложными и побочными, а часто и изнурительными эффектами. Технологии диагностики могли бы быть более точными и простыми в использовании. И хотя существующие меры, в целом, эффективны, они не отвечают всем потребностям профилактики людей, живущих с ВИЧ, или членов групп риска. Такие недостатки могут быть решены лишь путем целенаправленных инвестиций в исследования и разработки (ИиР). Основные выводы • Данные по ИиР, связанные с ВИЧ, по-прежнему недостаточны, непоследовательны и собираются на нерегулярной основе. Те ИиР, которые действительно существуют, сфокусированы на обязательствах по финансированию, а не на фактических затратах. • ЕС направил согласованные и успешные усилия на улучшение координации, сотрудничества и конкуренции между европейскими исследователями, например, путем введения Европейского исследовательского пространства, с использованием pамочных программ научных исследований и технологического pазвития (РП), а также создания Партнерств европейских и развивающихся стран в области клинических испытаний (EDCTP). • В то время как Европейская комиссия увеличила финансирование для ИиР по ВИЧтехнологиям в Рамочной программе 7 (2007– 2013 гг.) ее решение о сохранении государственного бюджета здравоохранения на том же уровне, что и в предыдущей программе, стало разочаровывающим препятствием для проведения исследований по ВИЧ, которые зачастую связаны с государственной деятельностью в области здравоохранения. • Более 80% ИиР по ВИЧ-вакцинам и микробицидам финансируется государственным сектором. Тем не менее, хотя Европейский регион является наиболее благополучным из шести регионов ВОЗ, его фонды составляют только 10% мировых инвестиций государственного сектора в ИиР по вакцинам против ВИЧ и 21% мировых ИиР по микробицидам. 16

• Хотя поддержка ИиР по созданию вакцины постоянно растет, существует нехватка глобальных инвестиций в размере 760 млн. долл. США от оцениваемых 1,2 млрд. долл. США, необходимых для оптимальных темпов дальнейшего развития. • Частный сектор, особенно фармацевтическая индустрия, по-прежнему весьма активно участвует в разработке лечения ВИЧ, но неохотно вкладывает средства в другие области ИиР по ВИЧ, например, в создание вакцин, микробицидов и проведение социальных исследований, которые, как считается, имеют неопределенные результаты и небольшие коммерческие перспективы. • В то время как многие правительства стран Западной Европы отказались от некоторых типов исследований по ВИЧ, ввиду невозможности их проведения на национальном уровне, они начали выделять значительные гранты для международных частногосударственных партнерств по производственному развитию (ППР). • Большинство стран Центральной и Восточной Европы, которые борются за финансирование соответствующих программ профилактики и лечения ВИЧ, минимально обеспечивают или не финансируют научные исследования по ВИЧ, хотя Российская Федерация является недавним исключением. • Существует дефицит финансирования со стороны ЕС для проведения социальных и поведенческих исследований (ввиду негибких правил участия) и международных ППР. Основные рекомендации • Необходимо собирать данные на уровне Европейского региона о государственном, филантропическом и частном финансировании, связанном с исследованиями в области ВИЧ; Европейская Комиссия должна: • увеличить объем ресурсов для научных исследований; • включать социальные науки в свое определение имеющих право на финансирование исследований, связанных с ВИЧ; • увеличить государственный бюджет здравоохранения и поощрять включение научноисследовательского компонента в проекты по ВИЧ; • увеличить гибкость контрактных механизмов грантов РП7, позволяющих привлечение внешних ресурсов и проведение ответных исследований, ориентированных на конечный продукт; • оказать поддержку глобальным научным исследованиям, как оговорено в РП7«Программе деятельности по сотрудничеству 2007–2008 г.г. – здравоохранение (17), а также • создать и поддерживать усилия по ИиР в сфере наращивания потенциала в странах, которые наиболее в нем нуждаются. Национальные правительства должны: • если они являются членами ЕС – удовлетворить все финансовые обязательства перед EDCTP; • увеличить государственный бюджет для исследований, связанных с ВИЧ, как было обещано при подписании Дублинской декларации, используя в качестве возможного руководства Сиднейскую декларацию, содержащую призыв к использованию 10% национальных расходов на исследования по ВИЧ (18); • изучить партнерские отношения, путем которых западноевропейские страны тестируют ВИЧ-технологии в странах Восточной Европы; • увеличить поддержку международной исследовательской деятельности по ВИЧ, например, ППР и международных исследований в области социальных наук, а также • улучшить национальную координацию финансирования научных исследований. 17

Основные выводы и рекомендации: жизнь с ВИЧ Глава 12. Лечение и уход (Действия 13, 21, 23 и 25) Обоснование. Введение ВААРТ в Западной Европе в 1995–1996 годах представило важный поворотный момент в ответных мерах на ВИЧ. Лечение трансформировало смертельную болезнь в управляемую хроническую инфекцию, так что человек, инфицированный ВИЧ в 25 лет, теперь может ожидать еще 35 лет качественной жизни. Наличие широкого и равного доступа к ВААРТ, что является, безусловно, трудным достижением, привело к резкому снижению числа заболеваемости, смертности, инфицирования и риска последующей передачи ВИЧ, что, в свою очередь, способствует существенной экономической и демографической пользе. Основные выводы • Охват ВААРТ в Европейском регионе увеличился с 282.000 человек в середине 2004 года до 435 000 к декабрю 2007 года, когда он был оценен как «очень хороший» (> 75%) в 38 из 53 государств-членов. Для стран Центральной и Восточной Европы, где наиболее остро стоит необходимость увеличения охвата, охват возрос с 16 000 до 55 000 за тот же период – существенное расширение масштабов деятельности, но все еще недостаточное для покрытия всех потребностей в лечении. • В период с середины 2004 до конца 2006 года, число зарегистрированных случаев ВИЧинфекции в регионе выросло с 774 000 до 1 025 000 человек, а зарегистрированных случаев СПИДа с 285 000 до 328 000 человек. • Уровень охвата ВААРТ для женщин и особенно для детей является высоким. • В Восточной Европе и Польше ПИН составляют около 80% всех зарегистрированных случаев ВИЧ-инфекции, но лишь 39% получателей ВААРТ в конце 2006 года. Хотя этот процент является значительным прогрессом в доступе ПИН к ВААРТ, такой доступ все еще в значительной степени ограничен и неравен в Pегионе. Уровень охвата ПИН невысок, поскольку общий охват ВААРТ является низким в странах, где большинство людей, живущих с ВИЧ, являются ПИН, а также потому, что поставщики медицинских услуг зачастую дискриминируют ВИЧ-инфицированных ПИН. • Доступ к ОЗТ, которая в значительной степени увеличивает приверженность ПИН к лечению, является минимальным в большинстве стран Центральной и Восточной Европы; • В большинстве стран Центральной и Западной Европы средняя стоимость АРВпрепаратов первой линии составляет около 10 000 долл. США в год. Значительное снижение цен было достигнуто в странах Восточной Европы, где цены снизились до такого уровня, как 300–400 долларов США на Украине. • В то время как стоимость АРВ препаратов остается препятствием к лечению во многих странах, она значительно компенсирует расходы на лечение оппортунистических инфекций и других состояний, связанных с ВИЧ. • Зарегистрированное число ко-инфицированных туберкулезом (ТБ) и ВИЧ-инфекцией в Pегионе остается на низком уровне – 6 800 в 2005 году, но это может быть обусловлено отсутствием скоординированного эпидемиологичского надзора. Уровень заболеваемости туберкулезом, устойчивым ко множественным лекарственным препаратам, особенно 18

высок в Восточной Европе. • Заболевания печени заменяют СПИД в качестве одного из наиболее распространенных причин смерти среди ЛЖВ в Европе, свидетельствуя о настоятельной необходимости решения проблемы ко-инфекции гепатита В и С, в Pегионе. • Необходимо выявлять и вести больных ЛЖВ, у которых наблюдаются побочные реакции в связи с употреблением антиретровирусных препаратов и развивается устойчивость к ним, в целях обеспечения безопасности и эффективности лечения, что представляет собой большие и дорогостоящие клинические проблемы. • В 2007 году Европейское региональное бюро ВОЗ в сотрудничестве с экспертами со всего мира, разработало 13 клинических протоколов по уходу и лечению ВИЧ (9). Основные рекомендации • Страны должны по-прежнему стремиться к обеспечению всеобщего доступа к лечению ВИЧ-инфекции до 2010 году (19). • Страны должны обеспечить равный доступ и стандарты лечения для всех людей, независимо от пола, возраста, сексуальной ориентации, использования субстанций, тюремного заключения или миграционного статуса. Особые усилия должны быть направлены на устранение препятствий к лечению ПИН и других уязвимых групп населения, таких как мигранты. • Медицинские услуги для ЛЖВ должны всесторонне удовлетворять их потребностям, включая профилактику и лечение сочетанных заболеваний, а также вопросов здоровья, связанных с возрастом и поведением. • Всеобщий доступ к лечению ВИЧ должен быть дополнен скоординированными усилиями опытных групп по уходу, включая социальных работников, связанных с долгосрочными, государственно – финансируемыми общинными услугами по обеспечению медсестринской помощи и уходом на дому. • Необходимо наличие точных, подробных, регулярно обновляемых баз данных с целью отслеживания антиретровирусного лечения, невосприимчивости к лечению, основных ВИЧ ко-инфекций и рискованного поведения.

Глава 13. Стигма, дискриминация и права человека (Действия 1, 20 и 31) Обоснование. Дублинская декларация отмечает, что уважение, защита и поощрение прав человека имеет «фундаментальное значение для предотвращения передачи ВИЧ, снижения уязвимости к инфекции и ликвидации последствий ВИЧ/СПИДа». Она также обязывает европейские страны к борьбе со стигмой и дискриминацией, связанной с ВИЧ. Права человека имеют отношение почти к каждому аспекту предпринимаемых против ВИЧинфекции мер. Различные Дублинские действия укрепляют национальные обязательства по соблюдению и защите многочисленных прав, включая право на жизнь, право на наивысший достижимый уровень здоровья, право на достаточный жизненный уровень, право на социальную защиту и различные права детей. Стигма и дискриминация, которой подвергаются ЛЖВ, представители групп риска и уязвимых групп населения, критически влияют не только на индивидуальные качества жизни, но и на доступ к профилактике, лечению и уходу. Преобладающий уровень стигмы и дискриминации также способствует определению того, насколько хорошо страна будет выполнять или не выполнять свои Дублинские обязательства. Основные выводы • Лишь немногие из 53 стран Европейского региона приняли подход в отношении стигмы, дискриминации и прав человека, соответствующий их обязательствам, данным в рамках Дублинской декларации. • Только 4 из 28 опрошенных европейских правительств провели «критический обзор… действующего законодательства и политики», пообещав в Действии 20 пересмотреть «действующее законодательство, политику и практику» с целью поощрения и защиты прав ЛЖВ и пострадавших общин. • Хотя в большинстве европейских стран существуют законы, направленные на защиту прав ЛЖВ, почти повсеместно отсутствует защита для общин, наиболее пострадавших от ВИЧ, в первую очередь заключенных, ПИН и секс-работников, а также этнических меньшинств, инвалидов и МСМ. • Кроме того, опыт показывает, что чрезвычайно трудно использовать преимущества даже закрепленных законодательством прав, а также наблюдается значительное расхождение между защитой прав, описанной в книгах, и практикой на местах. Независимые отчеты ССГАООН содержат некоторые наиболее яркие отображения этого разрыва между риторикой и реальностью (20). • Во многих странах граждане не могут требовать возмещения ущерба в случае нарушения их прав, особенно экономических, социальных и культурных. • В апреле 2007 года опрос 36 стран европейского региона показал, что 22 страны испытывают нехватку юридической помощи; 20 стран не обеспечивают конфиденциальность в ходе судебного разбирательства; 19 стран не имеют адвокатов и судей, обладающих соответствующей подготовкой в вопросах ВИЧ, а также около половины из стран имеют такие правовые системы, где присутствует институциональная дискриминация в отношении таких групп, как наркоманы, ЛЖВ, работники секс-бизнеса, МСМ и мигранты. • По меньшей мере 35 стран Европейского региона имеют национальную комиссию или омбудсмена – защитника по правам человека. • Отсутствие данных по ВИЧ, например, в разбивке по полу, путям передачи, возрасту, национальности и т.д., делает практически невозможным отслеживание прогресса в 20

борьбе со стигмой и дискриминацией, выявление потребностей конкретных групп или оценку эффективности целевых мероприятий. Основные рекомендации • Проведение дальнейшего мониторинга достижений Дублинской декларации при применении подхода, основанного на правах человека и качественной оценки ответных мер страны на показатели, напрямую связанные с вопросами прав человека. • Итоговые показатели по услугам ВИЧ должны быть представлены в разбивке, где это возможно и целесообразно, по полу, возрасту, этнической принадлежности, социальноэкономическому статусу, городскому/сельскому месту жительства, а также членству в группах риска. Странам необходимо: • провести критический обзор своих законодательств, политики и практики с целью оценки степени эффективности их содействия в реализации всех прав ЛЖВ и членов пострадавших общин и внести изменения в необходимые сферы. • создать комиссию или определить омбудсмена по правам человека, при отсутствии таковых. • принять меры по обеспечению реализации на практике законов и политики предоставления гарантий защиты прав человека, в том числе путем общественного информирования внутри и за пределами школьных учреждений, а также • убедиться в том, что их граждане смогут добиться конфиденциального возмещения за нарушение прав человека, и для этого наиболее нуждающиеся смогут получить бесплатную юридическую помощь.

Глава 14. Тестирование и консультирование (Действия 10 и 13) Обоснование. Расширение доступности и обеспечение равного доступа к приемлемым, доступным, безопасным, надежным услугам тестирования и консультирования (TиК) для всех нуждающихся является необходимым условием для продвижения в направлении обеспечения всеобщего доступа к службам по профилактике, лечению, уходу и поддержке при ВИЧ-инфекции. ЛЖВ, не знающие о том, что они инфицированы, не могут использовать преимущества услуг по лечению, уходу и поддержке при ВИЧ, которые могут значительно улучшить их здоровье и качество жизни. Более того, ЛЖВ, осведомленные о своем статусе, вероятнее всего избегают рискованного поведения, при котором они могут инфицировать других. Услуги ТиК должны быть добровольными при осознанном согласии и четком соблюдении конфиденциальности, при признании права пациента на отказ от проведения тестирования. Кроме того, консультирование является важнейшей частью тестирования на ВИЧ и основных профилактических мер. Основные выводы • Все европейские страны предлагают услуги по тестированию и консультированию по ВИЧ, однако в Pегионе все еще сохраняются значительные различия в их наличии, доступности, приемлемости и качестве. • Данные по охвату тестирования на ВИЧ, особенно по основным группам, подвергающимся риску заражения и уязвимых к ВИЧ, разрознены во всех странах Pегиона. 21

• В то время как число ВИЧ-тестов, проведенных в некоторых странах Центральной и Восточной Европы, значительно возросло с 2001 г. по 2005 г., оно осталось стабильным в Западной Европе за тот же период. Увеличенние числа проведенных тестов не всегда обязательно ведет к расширению охвата тестированием. • Доступ к услугам TиК для уязвимых групп населения и людей, подверженных риску заражения, остается ограниченным во многих странах. • Обязательное, принудительное тестирование все еще имеет место в ряде стран по всему Pегиону. • Страх перед стигмой и дискриминацией, с которой сталкиваются люди, живущие с ВИЧ, во многих частях Pегиона ограничивает доступ и препятствует проведению тестов. • Доступ к качественной консультативной помощи продолжает быть проблемой. • Страны СНГ добились значительного прогресса в ускорении доступа к тестированию и консультированию на ВИЧ, но доступ все еще далек от всеобщего уровня. • Необходим обмен положительным опытом между странами, с тем чтобы улучшить программы и политику по проведению тестирования. • Другие важные нерешенные вопросы включают службы TиК для несовершеннолетних, благоприятные условия для расширения масштабов TиК, необходимость усовершенствования кадров; обеспечение стабильного мониторинга и оценки. Основные рекомендации • Национальный ответные меры на удовлетворение потребностей в TиК в дальнейшем должны быть трансформированы из эпизодических и одномоментных действий к стратегическому долгосрочному национальному обязательству, основанному на фактических данных и на правах человека, национальных нужд и возможностей. • Необходима дальнейшая гармонизация политики и практики во всем Pегионе, в том числе достижение консенсуса по использованию соответствующих показателей ТиК с целью эффективного мониторинга и оценки. • Необходимо внести изменения в национальное законодательство, политику и стратеги в целях поощрения проведения политики и практики, основанной на доказательствах, а также для обеспечения благоприятной среды. • Необходимо обеспечеить защиту от стигмы, дискриминации и насилия, а также вопросы раскрытия ВИЧ-позитивного статуса в контексте защиты прав человека. • Необходимо дальнейшее продвижение центрального значения принципов; конфиденциальности, консультирования и информированного согласия. • Обеспечение всестороннего сотрудничества, включая участие гражданского общества, в области политики, стратегии развития и оказания услуг. • Оказание содействия в наращивании потенциала, а также наилучшей практики и обмена опытом в вопросах ТиК во всем регионе. • Создание и поощрение национальных руководств по консультированию до и после теста. • Достижение консенсуса в странах и разработка руководств по домашнему тестированию. • Поддержка прикладных исследований, направленных на решение текущих потребностей ТиК в Pегионе.

Глава 15. ВИЧ в тюремных учреждениях (Действия 9 и 21; а также 8, 10, 11, 13, 20 и 23) Обоснование. Люди в тюрьмах имеют такое же право на охрану здоровья, как гражданское общество вне пенитенциарной системы. Когда речь заходит об инфекционных заболеваниях, здоровье этих двух групп взаимосвязано, и охрана здоровья и жизни заключенных помогает защитить здоровье и жизнь каждого, кто находится за ее пределами. Уровень ВИЧинфекции выше в тюрьмах, чем за ее пределами в большей части Европейского региона, и неэффективность программ профилактики и лечения может способствовать росту в рискованного поведения, что в свою очередь, может превратить тюремные учреждения в инкубаторы вируса. Дублинское Действие 9 налагает обязательства на Европейские правительства по выполнению всеобъемлющей программы по профилактике ВИЧ, которая к 2010 году должна быть доступна для 80% всех заключенных. Основные выводы • Охват и качество профилактики, лечения и ухода в европейских тюрьмах гораздо ниже необходимого, а также ниже уровня охвата и качества услуг, предоставляемых за ее пределами, и ниже того уровня, который страны обещали обеспечить при подписании Дублинской декларации. • Обзор имеющихся данных за 2004 год свидетельствует о том, что уровень ВИЧинфекции среди заключенных в тюрьмах в странах Центральной Европы меньше, чем среди общего населения, в то время как в тюрьмах большинства стран Восточной Европы гораздо больше ВИЧ-инфекции, чем за ее пределами, и особенно в странах, наиболее пострадавших от ВИЧ. Картина в Западной Европе неоднозначна. • Многие заключенные в европейских тюрьмах употребляют инъекционные наркотики, зачастую приобретая эту привычку в тюрьме, и часто обмениваются иглами. В 2002 году употребление наркотиков было более распространено среди женщин-заключенных в ЕС, чем среди мужчин-заключенных. • В 2006 году Управление ООН по наркотикам и преступности (ЮНОДС), ВОЗ и ЮНЭЙДС совместно издали национальный базовый документ, излагающий мероприятия, необходимые для осуществления комплекса мер, направленных на борьбу с ВИЧ в тюрьмах (21). Он предусматривает расширение ВААРТ в тюремных учреждениях и одобряет обмен игл и шприцев, заместительную терапию, а также предоставление презервативов - в противовес принудительному тестированию на ВИЧ среди заключенных. • Хотя 24 из 25 государств-членов ЕС имеют программы обмена шприцев в общинах с начала 2007 года, только 3 страны имели такие программы в тюрьмах. • Заключение в тюрьмах людей за ненасильственные преступления, связанные с наркотиками, которые в большинстве случаев являются вопросами здоровья, а не уголовными – ведут к излишней перенаселенности в тюрьмах и создают почву для рискованного поведения, увеличивая уровень передачи ВИЧ-инфекции и ее двух наиболее значительных ко-инфекций – ТБ и гепатита, а также увеличивают расходы. Основные рекомендации • Европейские правительства должны быстро реагировать и действовать в соответствии со своими обязательствами в отношении обеспечения всеобщего доступа к ВИЧ-услугам для заключенных в тюрьмах.

• Национальный и региональный прогресс в выполнении Действия 9 должен тщательно отслеживаться и широко освещаться. • Правительства должны значительно сократить применение уголовного наказания и лишение свободы в качестве ответной меры на нарушения, связанные с ненасильственным использованием наркотиков. • Необходимо более широкое участие НПО в эпиднадзоре за ВИЧ и профилактике в рамках пенитенциарной системы (22). • Международное сообщество должно оказывать финансовую, техническую и профессиональную помощь государствам с переходной экономикой, чтобы они были в состоянии выполнить свои обязательства в отношении предоставления программ по ВИЧ в тюрьмах. • В тюрьмах должны быть введены меры борьбы c ВИЧ/СПИД , основанные на принципах доказательной медицины, с целью достижения того же уровня охвата и качества профилактики и лечения, как и за пределами тюрем. Такие мероприятия включают добровольное консультирование и тестирование, заместительную терапию, программы по обмену шприцев, доступ к презервативам и лубрикантам, а также ВААРТ.

Выражение признательности В частности, редакторы хотели бы выразить свою признательность общему редакционному консультативному совету, на основании чьего полного отчета была составлена настоящая концептуальная записка: Henrique Barros (Министерство здравоохранения Португалии), Ton Coenen (Co-chair EU Civil Society Forum), Nikos Dedes (Co-chair EU Civil Society Forum), Paul Griffiths (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction), Francoise Hamers (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), Michael Huebel (Европейская Комиссия), Gisela Lange (German Federal Ministry of Health) а также Bertil Lindbland (ЮНЭЙДС). Не могут быть не отмечены благодарностью главные авторы отчета о прогрессе: Yusef Azad (National AIDS Trust), Damon Barrett (Международная Ассоциация по Снижению Вреда), Sabine Beckmann (Международная Организация Труда), Aleksandar Bodiroza (Фонд Народонаселения Организации Объединенных Наций), Hanne Braah (ЮНЭЙДС), Corinne Carey (Консультант), Nikos Dedes (European AIDS Treatment Group), Martin Donoghoe (Европейское Региональное Бюро Всемирной Организации Здравоохранения), Irina Eramova (Европейское Региональное Бюро Всемирной Организации Здравоохранения), Nina Ferencic (Детский Фонд Организации Объединенных Наций), Paul Griffiths (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction), Chris Grollman (Консультант), Dagmar Hedrich (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction), Misha Hoekstra (Консультант), Dyfed Huws (Консультант), Julian Hows (Консультант), Jose Antonio Izazola (ЮНЭЙДС), Lali Khotenashvili (Европейское Региональное Бюро Всемирной Организации Здравоохранения), Danica Klempova (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction), Jeffrey Lazarus (Европейское Региональное Бюро Всемирной организации здравоохранения), Bertil Lindblad (Организация Объединенных Наций Совместная Программа по ВИЧ/СПИДу), Rick Lines (Международная ассоциация по снижению вреда), Руслан Малюта (Детский Фонд Организации Объединенных Наций), Srdan Matic (Европейское Региональное Бюро Всемирной Организации Здравоохранения), Anja Nitzsche-Bell, (ЮНЭЙДС), Lisa Power (Terrence Higgins Trust), Shombi Sharp (Программа Развития Организации Объединенных Наций), Heino Stöver (University of Bremen, Germany), Jan Wiegelmann (ЮНЭЙДС), Lucas Wiessing (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction). 24

References 1. Matic, S, Lazarus JV, Donogoe MV (eds). HIV/AIDS in Europe: Moving from Death Sentence to Chronic Disease Management. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2006. 2. G8 AIDS campaigning [web page]. UA2010.org, Amsterdam/Cape Town, 2008 (http://www.ua2010.org/en/G8-AIDS, accessed 11 April 2008). 3. Welcome to ua2010.org: keep the promise [web site]. UA2010.org, Amsterdam/Cape Town, 2008 (http://www.ua2010.org, accessed 11 April 2008). 4. Bremen Declaration on Responsibility and Partnership. Bremen; European Union, neighbouring and CIS countries; 13 March 2007. 5. Technical Report: HIV Infection in Europe: 25 Years into the Pandemic. [Background paper prepared for the conference “Responsibility and Partnership: Together Against HIV/AIDS” Bremen, 12–13 March 2007]. Stockholm, European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007. 6. “Three Ones” key principles: coordination of national responses to HIV/AIDS. UNAIDS, Geneva, 2004 (Conference Paper 1, Washington Consultation, 25 April 2004; http://www.unaids.org/en/Coordination/Initiatives/three_ones.asp, accessed 28 April 2008). 7. Code of Good Practice: renewing our voice [web site]. NGO Code of Good Practice Secretariat, Geneva, 2008 (http://www.hivcode.org, accessed 28 April 2008). 8. Practical guidelines for intensifying HIV prevention: towards universal access. Geneva, UNAIDS, 2007.(http://data.unaids.org/pub/Manual/2007/20070306_ Prevention_Guidelines_Towards_Universal_Access_en.pdf, accessed 8 October 2007). 9. HIV/AIDS treatment and care: clinical protocols for the WHO European Region. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2007 (http://www.euro.who.int/ document/e90840.pdf, accessed 25 April 2008). 10. Technical guide for countries to set targets for universal access to HIV prevention, treatment and care for injecting drug users: draft for consultation. Geneva, WHO, UNODC and UNAIDS, 2008. 11. Donoghoe MC, Verster AD, Pervilhac CE and Williams PG. Setting targets for universal access to HIV prevention, treatment and care for injecting drugs users (IDUs): towards consensus and improved guidance International Journal of Drug Policy, 2008: 19S;S5-S14. 12. UNICEF, UNAIDS, WHO. Children and AIDS: Second Stocktaking Report. Geneva, The United Nations Children’s Fund, 2008. 13. Code of Practice on HIV/AIDS and the World of Work. Geneva, International Labour Organization (ILO), 2001 (http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/trav/aids/ publ/code.htm, accessed 6 February 2008).

14. WHO/UNAIDS. Guidelines on 2nd Generation HIV Surveillance. Geneva, WHO, 2000. 15. The public health approach to STD control. Geneva, UNAIDS, (http://www.who.int/ hiv/pubsti/pubstistd, accessed 5 June 2007). 16. Global strategy for the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections, 2006−2015. In: Fifty-ninth World Health Assembly: Geneva, 22–27 May 2006. Geneva, WHO, 2006 (Annex 2 WHA59/2006/REC/2; http://www.who.int/gb/ebwha/ pdf_files/WHA59-REC1/e/Annex2-en.pdf, accessed 11 August 2007). 17. FP7 Cooperation Work Programme 2007–2008: health. Brussels, European Commission, 2007 (C(2007)2460). 18. The Sydney Declaration: good research drives good policy and programming: a call to scale up research. Sydney, 4th International AIDS Society Conference on Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention, 2007 (http://www.iasociety.org/Default. aspx?pageId=63, accessed 26 September 2007). 19. WHO. Towards Universal Access by 2010: How WHO is working with countries to scale-up HIV prevention, treatment, care and support”. Geneva, WHO, 2006. 20. UA2010 [web site] (www.ua2010.com/index.php/en/ua2010/universal_access/civil_ society_papers/shadow_reports_2006, accessed 11 April 2008). 21. UNODC, WHO, UNAIDS. HIV/AIDS prevention, care, treatment and support in prison settings: a framework for an effective national response. New York, United Nations, 2006 (http://www.unodc.org/pdf/HIV-AIDS_prisons_July06.pdf, accessed 23 June 2007). 22. Nashkhoev M, Sergeyev B. AIDS in the Commonwealth of Independent States: 2008 Monitoring the AIDS Pandemic Report. Geneva, UNAIDS, 2008.

Dublin Declaration on Partnership to fight HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia Against the background of the global emergency of the HIV/AIDS epidemic with 40 million people worldwide living with HIV/AIDS, 90 per cent in developing countries and 75 per cent in Sub-Saharan Africa, representatives of States and Governments from Europe and Central Asia, together with invited observers, met in Dublin, Ireland, from 23 to 24 February 2004, for the Conference “Breaking the Barriers – Partnership to fight HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia” and made the following declaration: Recognising that poverty, underdevelopment and illiteracy are among the principal contributing factors to the spread of HIV/AIDS, and noting with grave concern that HIV/ AIDS is compounding poverty and is now reversing or impeding development in many countries; Emphasising the importance of sustained, pro-poor economic growth through povertyreduction policies, programmes and strategies for the success of the fight against HIV/ AIDS; Recognising that the promotion of equality between women and men, girls and boys and respecting the right to reproductive and sexual health, and access to sexuality education, information and health services as well as openness about sexuality, are fundamental factors in the fight against the pandemic; Reaffirming the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS adopted by the UN General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS on 27 June 2001; Reaffirming the development goals as contained in the Millennium Declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly at its fifty-fifth session in September 2000, and in the Road Map towards the implementation of the United Nations Millennium Declaration, and other international development goals and targets; Reaffirming the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development (Cairo, 1994) and key actions for the further implementation of the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development adopted by the twenty-first special session of the United Nations General Assembly in July 1999;

Reaffirming the Beijing Platform for Action (Beijing, 1995) and the further actions and initiatives to implement the Beijing Declaration and the Platform for Action adopted at the twenty-third special session of the United Nations General Assembly in June 2000; Expressing profound concern that in the European and Central Asian region at least 2.1 million of our people are now living with HIV/AIDS; Noting with serious concern the particularly rapid escalation of the epidemic among young people in Eastern Europe, where HIV prevalence in the adult population is reaching critical levels in a number of countries and also the significant potential for the rapid spread of HIV in South-Eastern Europe and Central Asia; Also noting with serious concern the resurgence of HIV/AIDS prevalence in Western Europe, including HIV resistant to anti-retroviral therapy, where the disease remains a potent threat to our young people; Emphasising that the most seriously affected countries, mainly in southern Africa, are facing collapse in one or more sectors of society, and agreeing that the HIV/AIDS epidemic threatens to become a crisis of unprecedented proportions in our region, undermining public health, development, social cohesion, national security and political stability in many of our countries; Agreeing that we must act collectively to tackle this crisis through a deepening of coordination, cooperation and partnership within and between our countries and are encouraged by proposals made at the Conference to strengthen the capacity of the European Union to fight effectively against the spread of HIV/AIDS; Confirming that the respect, protection and promotion of human rights is fundamental to preventing transmission of HIV, reducing vulnerability to infection and dealing with the impact of HIV/AIDS; Acknowledging that the prevention of HIV infection, through the promotion of safer and responsible sexual behaviour and practices, including through condom use, must be the mainstay of the sub-national, national, regional and international response to the epidemic and that prevention, care, support and treatment for those infected and affected by HIV/ AIDS are mutually reinforcing elements of an effective response and must be integrated in a comprehensive approach to combat the epidemic; Recognising that in our region persons at the highest risk of and most vulnerable to HIV/AIDS infection include drug injectors and their sexual partners, men who have sex with men, sexworkers, trafficked women, prisoners and ethnic minorities and migrant populations which have close links to high prevalence countries;

Declaration of Commitment; 3. Accelerate the implementation of the provisions of the Declaration of Commitment relating to orphans and girls and boys infected and affected by HIV/AIDS1; 4. Establish and reinforce national HIV/AIDS partnership forums including meaningful participation of civil society, and particularly of people living with HIV/AIDS and their advocates, to design, review, monitor and report progress in the fight against the disease, and to take timely and determined action to identify and address barriers to implementation; 5. In 2004-2005, promote the active involvement of the institutions of the European Union, and other relevant institutions and organisations such as the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Council of Europe, the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe and the Regional Committee of the World Health Organisation, in partnership with UNAIDS through its co-sponsoring agencies and its Secretariat, in our common effort to strengthen coordination and cooperation; 6. Make the fight against HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia a regular item on the agendas of our regional institutions and organisations; 7. Provide increased and results-based financial and technical resources to scale up access to prevention, care and sustained treatment, including effective low cost treatment such as generics, in the most affected countries with the greatest needs through national and regional allocations as well as from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria, the European Union, new public and private partnerships, multilateral and bilateral financing mechanisms; Prevention 8. Reinvigorate our efforts to ensure the target of the Declaration of Commitment2 that, by 2005, at least 90 percent of young men and women aged 15 to 24 have access to the information, education, including peer education and youth-specific HIV education, and services necessary to develop the life skills required to reduce their vulnerability to HIV infection, in dialogue with young persons, parents, families, educators and health-care providers; 9. By 2010, ensure through the scaling up of programmes that 80% of the persons at the highest risk of and most vulnerable to HIV/AIDS are covered by a wide range of prevention programmes providing access to information, services and prevention 1 2

commodities and identifying and addressing factors that make these groups and communities particularly vulnerable to HIV infection and promote and protect their health, and intensify cross border, sub-regional and regional technical collaboration and sharing of best practices through the EU and regional organisations in the prevention of HIV transmission among vulnerable groups; 10. Scale up access for injecting drug users to prevention, drug dependence treatment and harm reduction services through promoting, enabling and strengthening the widespread introduction of prevention, drug dependence treatment and harm reduction programmes3 (e.g. needle and syringe programmes, bleach and condom distribution, voluntary HIV counselling and testing, substitution drug therapy, STI diagnosis and treatment) in line with national policies; 11. Ensure that HIV positive women and expectant mothers should have access to high quality maternal and reproductive health care services in order to prevent mother to child-transmission; 12. By 2010, eliminate4 HIV infection among infants in Europe and Central Asia; 13. Ensure men, women and adolescents to have universal and equitable access to and promote the use of a comprehensive range of high quality, safe, accessible, affordable and reliable reproductive and sexual health care services, supplies and information including access to preventive methods such as male and female condoms, voluntary testing, counseling and follow-up; 14. By 2005, to develop national and regional strategies and programmes to increase the capacity of women and adolescent girls to protect themselves from the risk of HIV infection, and reduce their vulnerability to HIV/AIDS; 15. By 2005, to develop national and regional strategies ensuring that all men and women in uniformed services, including armed forces and civil defence forces, have access to information, services and prevention commodities to reduce risk-taking behaviour and encourage safe behaviour, and urge the European Union, NATO and other regional and international security institutions in partnership with UNAIDS to lead such efforts; 16. Control the incidence and prevalence of sexually-transmitted infections, particularly amongst those at the highest risk of and most vulnerable to HIV/AIDS, through increased public awareness of their role in HIV transmission, improved and more 3 4

accessible services for prompt diagnosis and efficient treatment; 17. Fund, improve, and harmonise surveillance systems, in line with international standards, to track and monitor the epidemic, risk behaviours and vulnerability to HIV/AIDS; 18. Request the Global Commission on International Migration to take into account in its work the threat of exposure to HIV/AIDS particularly to migrant women and unaccompanied and orphaned children; 19. Increase commitment to research and development for new technologies that better meet the prevention needs of people living with or most vulnerable to HIV transmission including increasing public sector investment in vaccines and microbicides to prevent HIV infection; Living with HIV/AIDS 20. Combat stigma and discrimination of people living with HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia, including through a critical review and monitoring of existing legislation, policies and practices with the objective of promoting the effective enjoyment of all human rights for people living with HIV/AIDS and members of affected communities; 21. By 2005, provide universal access to effective, affordable and equitable prevention, treatment and care including safe anti-retroviral treatment to people living with HIV/ AIDS in the countries in our region5 where access to such treatment is currently less than universal, including through the technical support of the UN through the global initiative led by the World Health Organisation and UNAIDS to ensure 3 million people globally are on anti-retroviral treatment by 2005 (“3 by 5”). The goal of providing effective anti-retroviral treatment must be conducted in a poverty-focused manner, equitable, and to those people who are at the highest risk of and most vulnerable to HIV/AIDS; 22. Ensure early implementation of the WTO Decision of 30 August 2003 on the implementation of paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health; 23. Increase access to non-discriminatory palliative care, counseling, psychosocial support, housing assistance, and other relevant social services for people living with HIV/AIDS; 5

The treatment gap in the region is estimated by the WHO to be at least 100,000 people in 2003.

24. Invest in public research and development for the development of affordable and easier to use therapeutics and diagnostics to support expanded treatment access and improve the quality of life of people living with HIV; 25. Monitor best practices on and take concrete steps to exchange information on service delivery for prevention, treatment and care, particularly for persons at the highest risk of and most vulnerable to HIV/AIDS infection; Partnership 26. Strengthen coordination, cooperation and partnership among the countries of Europe and Central Asia, as well as with their trans-Atlantic and other development partners, to scale up local capacity to fight the epidemic and mitigate its consequences in the most affected countries with the greatest needs, and in countries with a high risk of a major epidemic; 27. Involve civil society and faith-based organizations, as well as people living with HIV/ AIDS and persons at the highest risk of and most vulnerable to HIV/AIDS infection in the development and implementation of national HIV/AIDS prevention and care strategies and financing plans, including through participation in national partnership forums; 28. Work with leaders from the private sector in fighting HIV/AIDS through workplace education programmes, employee non-discrimination policies, provision of treatment, counseling, care, and support services, and through engagement with policy makers on the local, national and regional levels; 29. Involve the national and international pharmaceutical industry in a public-private partnership including with relevant international organisations such as the World Health Organisation in helping to tackle the epidemic along all points of the drug supply chain – from manufacturing to pricing to distribution; 30. Ensure effective coordination between donors, multilateral organisations, civil society and Governments in the effective delivery of assistance to the countries most in need of support in the implementation of their national HIV/AIDS strategies, based on ongoing processes on simplification and harmonization particularly the UNAIDS guiding principles;6 6

31. Establish sustainable partnerships with the media, recognising the critical role that it plays in influencing attitudes and behaviour and in providing HIV/AIDS related information; 32. Support stronger regional cooperation and networking among people living with HIV/ AIDS and civil society organisations in Europe and Central Asia, and call upon the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS in partnership with the European Union, existing civil society networks and other regional partner institutions to assist, facilitate and coordinate such collaboration; Follow-up 33. We commit ourselves to closely monitor and evaluate the implementation of the actions outlined in this Declaration, along with those of the Declaration of Commitment of the United Nations General Assembly Session on HIV/AIDS, and call upon the European Union and other relevant regional institutions and organisations, in partnership with the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, to establish adequate forums and mechanisms including the involvement of civil society and people living with HIV/AIDS to assess progress at regional level every second year, beginning in 2006. 24 February 2004

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Progress on implementing the Dublin Declaration on Partnership to Fight HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia

PolICy brIEF

Progress on implementing the Dublin Declaration on Partnership to Fight HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia

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Beyond the promises of Dublin

When the Member States of the WHO European Region signed the Dublin Declaration on Partnership to Fight HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia in February 2004, they could not have known what a historic document it would become. Fully two years before the rest of the international community, the European Region made a visionary call in this Declaration for “universal access to effective, affordable and equitable prevention, treatment and care”. Now, four years after the Declaration signing, this initial progress report takes stock of the situation in the Region by discussing which indicators can best help us to understand current efforts to combat HIV, how to interpret the most recent data collected for these indicators and how to improve HIV efforts.

The European Region is now experiencing the fastest rate of growth of HIV prevalence in any region of the world. Against the background of this worsening HIV epidemic and, in many countries, struggling health systems to address the emerging public health and societal challenges (1), the representatives of Governments from Europe and central Asia met in Dublin, Ireland, on 23−24 February 2004 for the conference “Breaking the Barriers – Partnership to fight HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia” to explore these challenges and to develop a response to them. The conference culminated in a declaration to more effectively tackle in Europe and Central Asia the HIV epidemic and its consequences. The “Dublin Declaration on Partnership to Fight HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia” recognised the principal factors contributing to the spread of HIV/AIDS, reaffirmed the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS adopted by the UN General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) on HIV/AIDS on 27 June 2001 and subsequent international commitments and agreed 33 points of action to “…accelerate the implementation of the Declaration of Commitments on HIV/AIDS”.

Under the auspices of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), the WHO Regional Office for Europe and its partners have prepared this report on the progress made in implementing the Dublin Declaration since it was signed in early 2004. In accordance with Action 33 of the Declaration, this progress report seeks to help the Member States of the Region to “closely monitor and evaluate the implementation” of its actions.

The report draws on continuing monitoring efforts conducted by the United Nations, its agencies, the European Union (EU) and various national bodies in the Region, in accordance with global efforts to harmonize and streamline monitoring and evaluation activities. It comprises 15 thematic chapters followed by 9 country profiles. This effort is timely in that in 2005, the Group of Eight (G8) and the United Nations made similar commitments (2), in 2006, the United Nations member states agreed to work towards “universal access to comprehensive prevention programmes, treatment, care and support” by 2010 (3) and in 2007 the German EU Presidency held the conference “Responsibility and Partnership:

Together Against HIV/AIDS,” again highlighting the gravity of the situation in Europe and calling for renewed action (4,5).

In reviewing the thematic chapters, several broad imperatives for HIV efforts in the European Region have emerged. They include the need to:

simplify data collection on HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, ensuring that • the collected information is useful and relevant for individual countries while avoiding overlap and reducing the burden of reporting placed on the Member States; ensure that the information collected is accessible and available to other agencies and the • general public; establish greater accountability;• amend legal and regulatory frameworks to enable them to better address HIV-related • stigma, exclusion and discrimination; intensify, scale up and improve the targeting of HIV efforts to reduce inequities;• work for greater harmonization of the highest standards of prevention and treatment • programmes and policies; expand the use of internationally recognized evidence-based interventions;• strengthen cooperation between countries on such efforts;• increase civil society and private sector involvement; and• retain strong European political leadership and accountability for the Dublin Declaration, • the Millennium Development Goals and the universal access goals.

The following section summarizes the report’s key findings and recommendations for each thematic area. It should be kept in mind that these summary statements are broad generalizations that will rarely apply to all 53 countries in the WHO European Region. More detailed information about the countries can be found in the full report at www.euro.who.int/ aids. The particular Dublin actions listed for each chapter may be consulted in Appendix 1.

Relevance. The largely unchecked growth of HIV in the first decades of the epidemic was due in great part to widespread denial among decision- and policy-makers. An effective HIV response requires political vision and leadership, especially since the groups at greatest risk for HIV tend to be disproportionately marginalized by society and their activities often criminalized by the state.

Key findings National and international political leadership on HIV has been significantly strengthened • in the European Region. National leaders are increasingly speaking out on HIV.• Financial resource constraints have eased in many countries.• Regional institutions are now addressing HIV regularly and cross-border partnerships are • stronger, though gaps persist. Civil society is being consulted more at the country and European levels.• Political leadership challenges now often lie in implementation rather than in making • policy or allocating money. The worst implementation gaps lie in carrying out structural reforms to health systems, instituting harm-reduction programmes and confronting other injecting drug user (IDU) issues.

Key recommendations Progress and accountability on HIV commitments need to be consistently monitored and • evaluated. The EU should strive for greater inclusion in its response to HIV of countries and • subregions beyond its borders and neighbourhood programmes – as should the Commonwealth of Independent States CIS) Coordination Council on HIV/AIDS. National and local leaders must redouble their efforts to implement every Dublin • action and live up to each commitment. That means speaking out frequently about HIV, ensuring policy is evidence- and rights-based, and establishing coordination and management structures in accordance with the UNAIDS Three Ones principles (6). All countries should prepare timely, comprehensive UNGASS reports. A regional • synthesis of reports from the Europe Region would be an invaluable supplement. Policy- and decision-makers should make concerted efforts to protect the rights of people • living with HIV (PLHIV) or at high risk for it, to reach out to risk populations and to plan for future HIV resource increases to match the long-term growth of the epidemic (see specific recommendations below).

Key findings and recommendations: leadership and partnership

Chapter 1. Political leadership (Actions 1, 3, 5, 6, 22, 26 and 30)

Chapter 2. Civil society and other nongovernment stakeholders (Actions 2, 4, 27 and 32)

Relevance. Civil society (particularly community-based groups representing people living with or at risk for HIV) has long played a pioneering role in responding to HIV. Yet many governments have been slow to utilize their invaluable resources or recognize the right of affected communities to help shape the response.

The resources and outreach opportunities of the private sector are similarly underutilized.

Key findings Government commitments to greater involvement of civil society have yet to be translated • to pervasive action. Government efforts to increase involvement have been patchy, incremental and uncoordinated. There • has been a marked increase in civil society involvement in HIV policy- and decision-making in most countries – but it has been largely driven by civil society itself. Global, regional and subregional networks of PLHIV and risk group members have • increased dramatically in number and size. There exist few systematic data on the participation of civil society, PLHIV or risk • group members in the HIV response. Some of the best such data sources remain largely inaccessible to the public. While the Code of Good Practice for NGOs Responding to HIV/AIDS • (7) has encouraged accountability and responsible action in civil society, no corresponding mechanism exists for private businesses engaged in HIV-related philanthropy and customer and community outreach.

Key recommendations Governmental bodies need to proactively involve civil society, PLHIV, risk group • members and the private sector in shaping and implementing the national response to HIV. UNAIDS should post UNGASS shadow reports on its web site and make its country • office date more widely available. The Code of Good Practice for NGOs Responding to HIV/AIDS should be more widely • promoted and adopted. The Global Business Coalition should be urged to develop a version of the NGO Code • for firms engaged in HIV-related philanthropy and outreach, including implementation and accountability mechanisms.

Chapter 3. Resources in eastern Europe (Actions 1, 7, 8, 9, 13, 17 and 29)

Relevance. Roughly 2 million people in eastern Europe (the 15 former Soviet republics) live with HIV, while HIV incidence there has soared 20-fold in less than a decade. The area includes the fastest-growing HIV epidemics in the world, driven chiefly by injecting drug use. Meanwhile, some of its countries experienced severe economic downturns and turmoil after achieving independence, leading to increased income disparity.

European populations are increasingly mobile, and HIV recognizes no national boundaries. Accordingly, the Dublin Declaration commits all European Region nations to act collectively in addressing HIV – which means ensuring eastern Europe has adequate resources to fight HIV effectively.

Key findings Estimated HIV resource needs for eastern Europe have risen from US$ 900 million in • 2006 to US$ 1.5 billion in 2008, with more than 70% for prevention. International donors have increased contributions to HIV efforts in the 12 CIS states • from US$ 12 million in 2003 to an estimated US$ 60 million in 2006, including a sharp increase in 2005 from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Domestic HIV funding has doubled in the same period, to US$ 60 million in 2006 for • CIS countries except for the Russian Federation. In the Russian Federation, domestic funding has risen even more dramatically, to • US$ 320 million in federal allocations in 2007, in addition to large commitments to reimburse the Global Fund and to develop an HIV vaccine. However, prevention efforts for risk populations remain seriously underfunded. Out-of-pocket expenditures, which affect the poor disproportionately, have also increased • in the CIS, now averaging almost 50% of all HIV spending.

Key recommendations Despite large increases in international and domestic HIV funding, the gap between • available resources and need continues to grow – as does the area’s epidemic. Domestic and international contributions to the HIV response in eastern Europe need to • increase substantially. Allocations should be more closely matched to need. In particular, there is a desperate • need for eastern European governments to expand evidence-based prevention efforts targeting IDUs dramatically. Governments and donors should seek for ways to reduce out-of-pocket expenditures for • those least able to pay. Better measures to determine the national funding requirements for a comprehensive • response to HIV need to be developed in the near future. Accurate, detailed HIV spending assessments need to be conducted nationally and • subnationally to facilitate more efficient allocation of funds.

Allocations also need to be aligned with current scientific findings and determination of • best practice, following e.g. UNAIDS prevention guidelines (8), WHO clinical protocols (9) or nationally tested interventions.

Chapter 4. Injecting drug use (Actions 9, 10, 21 and 33)

Relevance. Injecting drug use is the primary driver of HIV epidemics in eastern European and central Asian countries. Injecting drug users continue to contribute to HIV epidemics in many western European countries. Despite overwhelming scientific evidence about the effectiveness of targeted “harm-reduction” efforts, including opioid substitution therapy and needle and syringe exchange programmes, in drastically reducing HIV transmission, some countries persist in persecuting IDUs and ignoring their prevention and care needs.

Key findings In western Europe and the EU, countries have demonstrated the political will to scale up • access to opioid substitution therapy (OST) and needle and syringe programmes (NSPs). Progress in some of the new EU countries, notably the Baltic countries, is less than in the rest of the EU, but still substantial. The rest of eastern Europe shows far less progress, including five countries without • OST and others where OST is only provided on a pilot basis. Even in Ukraine, where a concerted effort has been made to introduce OST, coverage remains poor. NSPs have adequate coverage in most of western Europe except in prisons, where it is • rarely available. While access to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has improved across the • European Region, discriminatory practices continue to prevent IDUs from accessing and adhering to it. United Nations agencies support harm reduction and have prepared a technical guide • to facilitate national development of a framework, indicators and targets for monitoring progress on HIV interventions targeting IDUs (10,11).

Key recommendations Countries should make focused efforts to scale up IDU access to OST and other harm-• reduction services and to HIV treatment. Where injecting drug use contributes significantly to HIV epidemics, or where IDUs • are at risk of HIV, the government should use the United Nations technical guide (10) to determine the national mix and coverage levels of the nine interventions in the Comprehensive Package for prevention, treatment and care of HIV in injecting drug users Countries need to set national targets that ultimately aim at providing full access to • indicated HIV prevention, treatment and care interventions for all IDUs. Suggested coverage targets are for NSPs to reach at least 60% of all IDUs, and for OST to reach at

Key findings and recommendations: prevention

least 40% of opioid-dependent IDUs. Countries should utilize pharmacies in making NSPs and sterile injecting equipment • widely available. Armenia, Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan are urged to • introduce OST promptly. Countries should massively scale up IDU access to HAART, using OST to improve access • and adherence. Countries should use the United Nations technical guide to set ambitious but achievable • national targets for scaling up IDU access to HIV prevention, treatment and care. They should also harmonize the ways they measure progress on scaling up with other countries in the Region. Countries should collect data on OST and HAART, and on current IDUs receiving • HAART.

Chapter 5. Prevention in vulnerable populations and risk groups (Actions 9, 13, 25 and 27)

Relevance Risk groups are defined by behaviours that put members at risk for HIV. In western Europe, the HIV epidemic is especially concentrated among men who have sex with men (MSM), and in eastern Europe, among IDUs. Because risk groups tend to be marginalized and often driven underground, targeting them for prevention poses special challenges.

Vulnerable populations are defined by external circumstances that reduce members’ ability to avoid HIV infection, such as poverty, incarceration and war, that often render them similarly invisible and likewise demand targeted interventions. Migrants and certain ethnic minorities are at high risk for HIV, as are prisoners throughout the Region.

Key findings Although sex workers are the risk group most likely to respond positively to prevention • programmes, many national policies and laws aimed at sex workers continue to place them at heightened risk for HIV. Sex workers who are also MSM, migrants or IDUs are especially in need of targeted interventions. In central and eastern Europe, data on MSM continue to be minimal in comparison to • other risk groups. Recent evidence suggests that in eastern European countries with a major HIV epidemic among IDUs, there is also a hidden epidemic among MSM. Same-sex relations have now been decriminalized in all nations of the Region except for • Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Recent decriminalization has often been driven by intense external pressure, and in many countries MSM still face stigmatization, persecution and harassment, much of it sanctioned by the state.

Following recent EU expansions, there has been a large-scale temporary influx of young • sexually active migrants from central to western Europe. There is great concern that these migrants will bring HIV back to their home countries, where prevalence rates are now quite low. Migrants continue to face barriers in accessing medical and social services, while the monitoring of migration and HIV in the Region is lacking.

For key findings on IDU, gender, youth and prisoner issues, see the sections on chapters 4, 6, 8 and 15, respectively.

Key recommendations

National governments should: ensure that national HIV policies and strategies draw attention to those who are members • of more than one vulnerable population or risk group; audit existing legislation and regulations for obstacles to the development and utilization • of HIV prevention programmes for vulnerable populations and risk groups – and then remove the obstacles; implement a national policy to guarantee vulnerable populations and risk groups • equitable access to HIV prevention and care; incorporate comprehensive surveillance systems into their national HIV policies and • strategies to identify and support vulnerable populations and risk groups; ensure that national HIV prevention programmes satisfy the standards set out in the • UNAIDS guidelines for intensifying prevention efforts (8); ensure that the national HIV strategy and related frameworks specifically mention the • need to protect vulnerable populations and risk groups from violence; take steps to counter the stigma experienced by vulnerable populations and risk groups, • including any stigma they may experience from health care providers; outline these targets and undertakings in programme guidance documents, and align • national data collection surveys with them to monitor progress; and provide, in partnership with civil society organizations, a wide range of HIV prevention • programmes targeting all major vulnerable populations and risk groups.

Chapter 6. Gender equity (Actions 13, 14, 20 and 21)

Relevance. Women and men have different needs and abilities. Moreover, they have been and continue to be treated very differently by government, society and health services in ways that do not address these natural differences and are thus patently inequitable. For maximum effectiveness – and justice – HIV efforts need to strive for equity while recognizing essential gender differences.

Key findings Statistics on HIV prevalence and access to HIV prevention, treatment and care are still • very rarely disaggregated by sex, making it nearly impossible to monitor progress on gender equity – and thus to make progress on it. Men still comprise the overwhelming majority of new HIV infections in the European • Region, but official rates of newly reported cases indicate a slightly growing percentage of female PLHIV (36% in 2004 and 39% in 2006). While injecting drug use and sex between men continue to be the primary drivers of the • European epidemic, many countries have observed an increase in reports of heterosexual transmission. Yet very few of these countries have developed or implemented prevention programmes aimed at women, specifically at the migrant women who are most in need of it. No data on HIV and transgender individuals are available.• Sexual transmission of HIV from male IDUs to their female partners is helping drive the • European epidemic, though partners of risk group members are very rarely targeted by prevention programmes. What has sometimes been termed “the feminization of HIV” does not apply to the • European Region at this time.

Key recommendations HIV monitoring bodies should request – and countries should gather – surveillance • statistics disaggregated by sex. Countries need to report the steps they are taking in combating HIV to target men and • women respectively, and to measure the effectiveness of these efforts. Prevention programmes need to be developed to target the sexual partners of IDUs, • migrants and prisoners, and the female partners of MSM. Countries need to identify obstacles to gender-equitable prevention and care – and • dismantle them. Such barriers may include the location, hours, staffing and programming of services; unconsciously restrictive laws and policies; and gender-related violence.

Chapter 7. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV (MTCT), and children living with HIV (Actions 11, 12 and 14)

Relevance. In the absence of preventive interventions, an infant born to and breastfed by an HIV-positive woman has a one-in-three chance of contracting HIV. Appropriate interventions – timely antiretroviral treatment, caesarean deliveries and safe alternatives to breastfeeding – can reduce MTCT to nearly zero.

Dublin Action 11 commits the Region to eliminating MTCT – defined as reducing transmission to less than 2% – by 2010. With a concerted effort, this goal is clearly achievable.

A comprehensive approach to paediatric HIV also requires addressing HIV incidence among women of childbearing age (especially in eastern Europe, where more new cases are being reported for this cohort), diagnosing HIV in children early and improving the treatment of paediatric HIV.

Key findings Significant progress has been made in eliminating MTCT in most countries. • In 2005, the 23 countries of western Europe reported only 167 cases of MTCT.• Many eastern European countries have rapidly scaled up their MTCT prevention • programmes, though challenges remain, including improving service quality. Data quality is poor for several eastern European countries but indicates that in the • countries most affected by HIV, MTCT has been reduced to about 10% or below. Though the European Region is home to only 1% of the world’s children living with HIV, • there is still cause for grave concern. In the most-affected countries of eastern Europe, the number of paediatric HIV deaths has risen steadily. One contributing factor is health system failures. Overall, however, access to treatment has increased substantially for children living with • HIV. Children living with or affected by HIV require greater social support and legal protection • in many countries.

Key recommendations Countries should seek to implement the “Four Ps”, the programmatic goals of the • Unite for Children, Unite against AIDS initiative:

Prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV• Provide paediatric treatment• Prevent infection among adolescents and young people• Protect and support children affected by HIV and AIDS • (12).

Specifically: National policies and protocols for MTCT and paediatric HIV need to be updated to • reflect the latest scientific evidence. Eastern European countries need to mobilize national and subnational resources for • MTCT prevention programmes in order to reduce dependence on external funding. Such resources should be adequate to ensure uninterrupted supplies of HIV tests, antiretroviral drugs, drugs for prophylaxis and treatment of opportunistic infections, and supplies of modern contraceptive methods, including condoms. Countries need to strengthen their institutional capacity for addressing paediatric HIV, • including upgrading the quality of medical and psychosocial support services (see Chapter 12 for further recommendations on this issue). Countries need to systematically monitor and evaluate the progress in their efforts related • to PMTCT and paediatric HIV. Health systems should integrate PMTCT programmes with existing maternal and child • health and reproductive health services, including family planning services. Special efforts need to be made to target MTCT in women who represent the most • vulnerable populations and engage in risky behaviour. Several measures should be undertaken to provide a protective environment for children affected by HIV, including providing legal protection and monitoring of their rights, and ensuring that national policies favour adoption and foster care over institutionalization. Countries need to make sure that eliminating HIV among infants and young children is a • priority in their national HIV strategies.

Chapter 8. Youth (Actions 3, 8, 13)

Relevance. The youth of any nation – defined as being age 15 to 24 (and termed “young people” in the Dublin Declaration) – are its immediate future. It is morally incumbent upon society to give them the tools to avoid and, when necessary, learn to live with HIV. Moreover, educating youth about HIV is one of the best long-term strategies to combat the epidemic by helping them resist risk behaviours at a formative age, by reducing HIV-related stigma and discrimination and by improving health-seeking behaviour. Although antiretroviral therapy can make HIV a chronic rather than fatal disease, it is expensive, and the longer life expectancy of infected youth makes prevention efforts targeting them more cost-effective than ever.

Key findings In 2005, the percentage of newly diagnosed cases found in youth was 31% in eastern • Europe, 21% in central Europe and 10% in western Europe and declined to 27%, 17% and 10%, in 2006, respectively. In eastern Europe, which accounted for more than two thirds of the Region’s new HIV •

infections in 2005, the rate of new cases reported among youth is falling. Females made up 27% of new HIV infections reported among eastern European youth in • 1999–2002, and 53% in 2003–2005. In the worst affected areas, the drivers of HIV infection in youth are rooted in • unemployment, social breakdown and the absence of a positive outlook. Data collection for major indicators on youth behaviour and the effectiveness of HIV • education and prevention efforts targeting them remain weak globally and throughout the European Region, especially in eastern and central Europe. Early exposure to sexuality education is not associated with an earlier age of sexual debut; • the promotion of safe sex is most effective if it begins in primary school, before debut. While sexuality education has been shown to be a cost-effective prevention strategy when • of high quality, it continues to be marked by quality and consistency problems across the Region. While countries in the Region have all committed themselves to international • declarations and action frameworks that support effective action on youth and HIV, these commitments have rarely been translated into a correspondingly supportive national legal environment.

Key recommendations Policy-makers and service providers should approach youth development with a • foundation of respect, understanding and openness. Youth–adult partnerships and youth participation should be key elements of HIV • prevention programming. Efforts targeting youth at risk for HIV, including those who are MSM, IDUs or sex • workers, should be prioritized, and the individuals treated with respect. Governments (through the ministries of health and education, or their equivalent) should • support comprehensive sexuality and reproductive health education and take steps to ensure its quality. The health sector should prioritize the development of youth-friendly services, including • sexual and reproductive health services. Governmental bodies need to prioritize long-term monitoring and the collection of age-• disaggregated data, using the age brackets of 10–14, 15–19 and 20–24 years. International donors should ensure adequate attention to HIV youth programming, • with an emphasis on harm reduction (condoms, opioid substitution therapy, etc.) and educational interventions.

Chapter 9. HIV in the workplace (Actions 2, 15 and 28)

Relevance. Most PLHIV are in their economically productive prime, and HIV is responsible for a great deal of lost productivity in the European Region due to not only sickness, but also to the stigma and discrimination that its PLHIV suffer. Despite widespread social security coverage, employers must bear a large number of the direct and indirect costs of HIV. Small businesses and workers in the informal economy are hit particularly hard.

Conversely, because of its substantial resources and ubiquity, the “world of work” offers unique opportunities for combating HIV by providing a gateway for universal access to prevention, treatment and care; targeting everyday stigma and discrimination; and reintegrating PLHIV who are receiving antiretroviral treatment into the workplace.

Key findings Several European countries have revised laws to address HIV-related discrimination in the • workplace. A variety of national and individual initiatives have been undertaken to institute • workplace prevention and education programmes. In several countries, the government and civil society are jointly implementing • programmes to (re)integrate PLHIV into the labour market. The International Labour Organization (ILO) has been using Decent Work Country • Programmes to accelerate implementation of the Code of Practice on HIV/AIDS and the World of Work (13), which addresses workplace issues including prevention, PLHIV support and care, and stigma and discrimination. The ILO is developing a new international labour standard on HIV to strengthen and • speed up the workplace response for economic sectors ranging from forestry to tourism to public services. The UNAIDS Secretariat and several cosponsoring agencies have been working with 18 • central and eastern European countries to develop and implement programmes addressing HIV in the armed forces. Migrant and mobile workers continue to be especially vulnerable to HIV infection – and • consistently underserved by HIV services.

Key recommendations Employers and trade unions should work together to implement Article 27 of the Bremen • Declaration on Responsibility and Partnership (4), including its call to establish non- discriminatory policies for PLHIV and risk groups in the workplace, provide information on HIV to employees and, in accordance with the ILO Code of Practice on HIV/AIDS (13), guarantee access to HIV prevention, testing, treatment and care. Governments should ensure that national laws prohibit HIV-related discrimination in • hiring and in the workplace. Governments should include a world of work strategy in national HIV plans and promote •

HIV prevention programmes in all workplaces. Workers’ organizations should promote workplace HIV policies in line with the Code of • Practice, including collective agreement provisions. Workers’ organizations should support the formation of associations for young people and • for migrant workers. Civil society and trade unions should collaborate to monitor cases of stigma and • discrimination suffered by PLHIV in the workplace. Civil society and trade unions should educate PLHIV about their workplace rights.•

Chapter 10. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (Action 16)

Relevance. Many acute STIs increase the risk of HIV infection and transmission. STI prevention is not only an important HIV prevention measure, but also a key health goal in itself. Conversely, PLHIV are at higher risk for STIs and can experience severer STI symptoms than HIV-negative people. With their shorter incubation periods and similar modes of transmission, certain STIs can serve as indicators of potential HIV infection, and a good reason for health care providers to offer a patient an HIV test.

Key findings There is widespread variation in the composition and quality of national STI surveillance • systems in the European Region. Relatively weak systems and a lack of consistency in case definitions greatly limit the recognition of regional trends and the comparability of data. Syphilis incidence increased from low levels to a peak in 2003–2004 in most western • European countries, mirroring HIV trends; in central Europe the trends are mixed, but also mirrors the trends in new HIV cases reported. Gonorrhoea trends resemble HIV trends for both subregions, being concentrated among MSM and heterosexuals with many partners. In eastern Europe, the much higher syphilis rates have fallen but do not follow HIV • trends, since HIV there is largely driven by injecting drug use. Gonorrhoea incidence there has also declined.

Key recommendations As part of second-generation HIV surveillance, national STI surveillance systems need to • be strengthened and harmonized throughout the Region (14). Governments should use high-quality STI surveillance and evidence-based approaches to • integrate prevention and treatment services for HIV and STIs. A regional mechanism should be considered for systematically collating, assessing and • monitoring the extent to which national health systems address STI and HIV control. STI efforts should be guided by both the UNAIDS public health approach • (15) and the WHO global STI strategy (16). Safer sex behaviour needs to be encouraged throughout the Region with proven •

people to seek health care for sexual health problems;• the integration STI and HIV control into primary care and other health care services, • where relevant; the provision of specific STI services that target risk groups;• the provision of comprehensive case management; and• the detection of asymptomatic and symptomatic STIs earlier.•

Chapter 11. Research and new technologies (Actions 19 and 24)

Relevance. The last 15 years have seen remarkable advances in HIV therapy, but effective treatment remains expensive, adherence difficult and side-effects often debilitating. Diagnostic technology could be more accurate and easier to use. And, while generally efficacious, existing interventions do not meet all the prevention needs of PLHIV or members of risk groups. Such shortcomings can only be addressed by dedicated investment in research and development (R&D).

Key findings Data on HIV-related R&D remain sparse, inconsistent and irregularly collected. What • does exist focuses on funding commitments rather than actual expenditures. The EU has made a concerted and successful effort to improve coordination, cooperation • and competitiveness among European researchers, e.g. by introducing the European Research Area, utilizing Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development (FPs) and setting up the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP). While the European Commission increased funding for R&D on new HIV technologies • in Framework Programme 7 (2007–2013), its decision to hold the public health budget at the same level as the previous budget was a disappointing setback for HIV research, which is often linked to public health activities. More than 80% of HIV vaccine and microbicide R&D is funded by the public sector. • Yet though the European Region is the wealthiest of the six WHO regions, it funds just 10% of the world’s public sector investment in HIV vaccine R&D and 21% of global microbicide R&D. While support for vaccine R&D has been growing, the global investment of US$ 760 • million falls short of the estimated US$ 1.2 billion needed to drive development forward at an optimal pace. The private sector, especially the pharmaceutical industry, continues to be very active in •

Key recommendations Data needs to be collected at the European Region level about public, philanthropic and • private funding of HIV-related research.

The European Commission should: increase resources for research efforts;• include social science in its definition of HIV-related research eligible for funding;• increase its public health budget and encourage HIV projects to incorporate a research • component; increase the flexibility of contracting arrangements for FP7 grants to allow outsourcing • approaches and responsive product-focused research; support global research efforts as outlined in • FP7 Cooperation Work Programme 2007– 2008: health (17); and establish and maintain R&D capacity-building efforts in the countries that most need it.•

National governments should: if EU members, satisfy all financial commitments to the EDCTP;• increase the national budget for HIV-related research, as committed to in signing the • Dublin Declaration, using as a possible guideline the Sydney Declaration, which calls for 10% of national HIV spending to be allocated to HIV research (18); explore partnerships whereby western European countries test HIV technologies in • eastern Europe; increase support for international HIV research efforts, e.g. international PDPs and social • science research; and improve national coordination of research funding. •

Key findings and recommendations: living with HIV

Chapter 12. Treatment and care (Actions 13, 21, 23 and 25)

Relevance. The introduction of HAART in 1995–1996 to western Europe represented a major turning point in the response to HIV. It turned a mortal disease into a manageable chronic infection, so that a person infected with HIV at 25 can now expect to enjoy another 35 years of quality life. Where access to HAART has been made widely available, affordable and equitable – an admittedly difficult achievement – it has resulted in dramatic declines in HIV-related morbidity, mortality, infectivity and risk of onward transmission, with correspondingly substantial economic and demographic benefits.

Key findings HAART coverage for the European Region rose from 282 000 people in mid-2004 to • 435 000 by December 2007, when it was estimated as “very good” (>75%) in 38 of the 53 Member States. For central and eastern Europe, where the need is greatest, coverage went from 16 000 to 55 000 in the same period – a substantial scale-up, but still far short of need. From mid-2004 to the end of 2006, reported HIV cases in the Region rose from 774 000 • to 1 025 000, and reported AIDS cases from 285 000 to 328 000. HAART coverage for women and particularly children is high.• In eastern Europe and Poland, IDUs represented about 80% of all reported HIV cases, • but only 39% of HAART recipients at the end of 2006. While this percentage represents major progress in IDU access to HAART, such access remains greatly restricted and inequitable in the area. IDU coverage is poor because overall HAART coverage is low in countries where most PLHIV are IDUs, and because health care providers often discriminate against infected IDUs. Access to OST, which greatly increases IDUs’ treatment adherence, is minimal in much of • central and eastern Europe. In most of central and western Europe, ARV drugs for the first-line regimen cost average • about US$ 10 000 annually. Significant price reductions have been achieved in eastern Europe, falling to as low as US$ 300–400 in Ukraine. While the cost of ARV drugs remains prohibitive in many countries, they are offset by • substantial reductions in treatment costs for opportunistic infections and other HIV- related conditions. The reported number of tuberculosis (TB)/HIV coinfections remains low in the Region • – 6800 in 2005 – but that may be attributable to a lack of coordinated surveillance. Multidrug-resistant TB prevalence is especially high in eastern Europe.

Liver disease is replacing AIDS as one of the most common cause of death among PLHIV • in Europe, indicating an urgent need to address hepatitis B and C coinfection in the Region. The tracking and managing of pharmacovigilance and antiretroviral resistance in PLHIV, • in order to ensure safety and efficacy, have emerged as major – and expensive – clinical challenges. In 2007, the WHO Regional Office for Europe, in collaboration with experts from around • the world, developed a key set of 13 clinical protocols on HIV treatment and care (9).

Key recommendations Countries should continue to strive towards the goal of providing universal access to HIV • treatment by 2010 (19). Countries should ensure the same access and treatment standards for all, regardless of • gender, age, sexual orientation, substance use, imprisonment or migratory status. A special effort should be made to remove obstacles to treatment of IDUs and other vulnerable populations such as migrants. Health care services for PLHIV should comprehensively address their needs, including • prevention and treatment of comorbidities, age- and behaviour- related health issues. Universal HIV treatment access should be supplemented by the coordinated efforts of • experienced care teams, including social workers, linked to sustainable, publicly funded community services providing nursing and home-based care. Accurate, detailed, regularly updated databases are needed to track antiretroviral • treatment, HIV resistance, major HIV coinfections and risk behaviours.

Chapter 13. Stigma, discrimination and human rights (Actions 1, 20 and 31)

Relevance. The Dublin Declaration observes that respecting, protecting and promoting human rights is “fundamental to preventing transmission of HIV, reducing vulnerability to infection and dealing with the impact of HIV/AIDS”. It also commits European nations to combating HIV-related stigma and discrimination.

Human rights are germane to nearly every aspect of the HIV response. The various Dublin actions reinforce national commitments to honour and protect numerous rights, including the right to life, the right to the highest attainable level of health, the right to an adequate standard of living, the right to social protection and the various rights of children.

The stigma and discrimination experienced by PLHIV and members of risk groups and vulnerable populations critically affect not only individual quality of life, but also access to prevention, treatment and care. Prevailing levels of stigma and discrimination also help determine how well a country will fulfil – or not fulfil – its Dublin commitments.

Key findings Few of the 53 countries in the European Region have adopted an approach to stigma, • discrimination and human rights that complies with their Dublin Declaration commitments. Only 4 of 28 European governments surveyed had conducted the “critical review … of • existing legislation, policies and legislation” promised in Action 20, to audit “existing legislation, policies and practices” for their promotion and protection of the rights of PLHIV and affected communities. While most European countries have laws in place to protect the rights of PLHIV, there • is a broad lack of protection for the communities most affected by HIV, most notably prisoners, IDUs and sex workers, but also ethnic minorities, disabled people and MSM. Moreover, experience has shown that it is immensely difficult to take advantage of rights • protections that do exist, and a massive gulf yawns between protection on the books and practices on the ground. The UNGASS shadow reports provide some of the clearest depictions of this gap between rhetoric and reality (20). In many countries, citizens are unable to seek redress for violations of their rights, • particularly their economic, social and cultural rights. An April 2007 survey of 36 European Region countries found that 22 lacked legal aid; • 20 did not provide confidentiality in legal proceedings; 19 did not have lawyers and judges with appropriate training in HIV issues; and in the legal systems of about half, institutional discrimination against groups such as drug users, PLHIV, sex workers, MSM and migrants was present. At least 35 countries in the European Region have a national human rights commission or • ombudsperson. The lack of HIV data that is disaggregated by e.g. gender, transmission route, age, • nationality, etc. makes it nearly impossible to monitor progress on stigma and discrimination effectively, to identify the needs of particular groups or to assess the effectiveness of targeted interventions.

Key recommendations Future monitoring of progress on the Dublin Declaration should take an approach based • on human rights and qualitatively assess country responses to indicators that directly address human rights issues. Outcome indicators for HIV services should be disaggregrated wherever possible and • appropriate by sex, age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, urban/rural situation and risk group membership.

Countries need to: critically review their legislation, policies and practices for how well they promote the • enjoyment of all rights by PLHIV and members of affected communities – and amend them where needed; establish a human rights commission or ombudsperson if they do not already have one;• take steps to ensure that laws and policies providing human rights protections are •

honoured in practice, including by educating the public about them in and out of schools; and make sure that their residents can seek confidential redress for rights violations, and that • the neediest can obtain free legal assistance to do so.

Chapter 14. Testing and counselling (Actions 10 and 13)

Relevance. Scaling up the availability of and equal access to acceptable, affordable, safe, reliable testing and counselling (T&C) services for all in need is an essential prerequisite for moving towards achieving universal access to prevention, treatment, care and support services. PLHIV who do not know they are infected cannot take advantage of HIV treatment, care and support services, which can greatly improve their health and quality of life. Moreover, PLHIV who are aware of their status are likelier to avoid risky behaviour that can infect others. T&C services should be voluntary and informed consent and confidentiality should be clearly observed, recognizing the patient’s right to refuse to be tested. Further, counselling is a crucial part of HIV testing and an essential preventive intervention.

Key findings All European countries offer HIV testing and counselling services, but there persist • significant variations in their availability, accessibility, affordability and quality in the Region. Data on HIV testing coverage especially for major groups being at risk and vulnerable to • HIV is spotty throughout the Region. While the number of HIV tests performed in some central and eastern European nations • rose significantly from 2001 to 2005, it remained steady in western Europe during the same period. An increased number of tests performed does not necessarily lead to increased coverage. Access to T&C services for vulnerable populations and those at risk remains limited in • many countries. Mandatory, imposed testing still takes place in a number of countries across the Region.• The fear of stigma and discrimination experienced by PLHIV in many parts of the Region • limits access and discourages testing. Access to quality counselling remains an issue of concern.• CIS countries have made significant progress in accelerating access to HIV testing and • counselling, but access remains far from universal. Positive experiences in a number of countries should be shared in order to improve testing • programmes and policies. Other major unresolved issues include T&C services for minors, a supportive • environment for scaling up T&C, capacity-building needs; sustainability and monitoring and evaluation.

Key recommendations The national response to meeting T&C needs should be further transformed from an • episodic, one-time approach to a strategic long-term national commitment based on evidence and human rights approaches, national needs and opportunities. Further harmonization of policies and practices across the region is required, including • reaching consensus on a set of T&C-related indicators for effective monitoring and evaluation is needed. There should be changes in national legislation, policies and strategies in order to promote • evidence-based policies and practices and an enabling environment. Prevention from stigma, discrimination and violence has to be ensured, and disclosure • issues should be addressed in the context of protecting human rights. There should be further promotion of the centrality of the “3 Cs” principle • (confidentiality, counselling and informed consent). Ensure multisectoral collaboration, including civil society involvement, in policy, strategy • development and service delivery. Promote T&C-related capacity-building and best practice and experience sharing across • the Region. Create and promote national guidance on pre- and post-test counselling.• Reach consensus in countries and develop guidance on home testing.• Support operational research addressing current T&C needs in the Region.•

Chapter 15. HIV in prisons (Actions 9 and 21; also 8, 10, 11, 13, 20 and 23)

Relevance. People in prison have the same right to health as people in the outside community. When it comes to infectious diseases, the health of the two groups is intertwined, and safeguarding the health and lives of prisoners helps protect the health and lives of everyone outside. HIV rates are higher inside prisons than outside in much of the European Region, and ineffective prevention and treatment programmes can concentrate risk behaviours and effectively turn prisons into incubators for the virus.

Dublin Action 9 commits European governments to making comprehensive HIV prevention programmes accessible to 80% of all prisoners by 2010.

Key findings The coverage and quality of HIV prevention, treatment and care in European prisons is • far lower than what is needed, than the coverage and quality levels found in the outside community and than what countries have promised to provide by signing the Dublin Declaration. A 2004 review of available data suggests that prison populations in central Europe have • a lower prevalence of HIV than the general population, while prisons in much of eastern

Europe have much higher prevalence rates than outside, particularly in the countries hardest hit by HIV. The picture in western Europe is mixed. Many prisoners inject drugs in European prisons, often acquiring the habit in prison and • often sharing needles. In 2002, drug use was more common among female prisoners in the EU than male prisoners. In 2006, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), WHO and • UNAIDS jointly issued a national framework document laying out the actions needed to implement a comprehensive response to HIV in prisons (21). It prescribes the expansion of HAART in prison and endorses needle and syringe exchanges, substitution therapy and condom provision there, while opposing mandatory HIV testing for prisoners. While 24 of 25 EU member states had needle exchange programmes in the community in • early 2007, only 3 had such programmes in prisons. The incarceration of people for non-violent drug offences – which in most cases is • properly a health rather than a penal issue – unnecessarily crowds prisons and introduces a major risk behaviour, increasing the transmission rates for HIV and its two most significant coinfections, TB and hepatitis, and stretching resources.

Key recommendations European governments must act promptly to honour their commitments to providing • prison populations with universal access to HIV services. National and regional progress on Action 9 should be carefully monitored and widely • publicized. Governments should significantly reduce the use of criminal penalties and incarceration as • a response to non-violent drug offences. There should be greater involvement of NGOs in HIV surveillance and prevention within • prison systems (22). The international community should provide financial, technical and professional • assistance to states in economic transition to ensure their ability to meet their commitments to providing HIV programmes in prisons. Evidence-based HIV interventions should be introduced to prisons to provide them • with the same levels of prevention and treatment coverage and quality as the outside community. Such interventions include voluntary counselling and testing, substitution therapy, needle exchange programmes, access to condoms and lubricants, and HAART.

Acknowledgements

In particular, the editors of the progress report would like to express our gratitude to the overall editorial advisory board of the full report that this policy brief is based on: Henrique Barros (Portuguese Ministry of Health), Ton Coenen (Co-chair EU Civil Society Forum), Nikos Dedes (Co-chair EU Civil Society Forum), Paul Griffiths (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction), Francoise Hamers (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), Michael Huebel (European Commission), Gisela Lange (German Federal Ministry of Health) and Bertil Lindbland (UNAIDS).

The principal authors of the progress report cannot be thanked enough: Yusef Azad (National AIDS Trust), Damon Barrett (International Harm Reduction Association), Sabine Beckmann (International Labour Organization), Aleksandar Bodiroza (United Nations Population Fund), Hanne Braah (UNAIDS), Corinne Carey (consultant), Nikos Dedes (European AIDS Treatment Group), Martin Donoghoe (World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe), Irina Eramova (World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe), Nina Ferencic (United Nations Children’s Fund), Paul Griffiths (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction), Chris Grollman (consultant), Dagmar Hedrich (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction), Misha Hoekstra (consultant), Dyfed Huws (consultant), Julian Hows (consultant), Jose Antonio Izazola (UNAIDS), Lali Khotenashvili (World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe), Danica Klempova (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction), Jeffrey Lazarus (World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe), Bertil Lindblad (United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS), Rick Lines (International Harm Reduction Association), Ruslan Malyuta (United Nations Children’s Fund), Srdan Matic (World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe), Anja Nitzsche-Bell, (UNAIDS), Lisa Power (Terrence Higgins Trust), Shombi Sharp (United Nations Development Programme), Heino Stöver (University of Bremen, Germany), Jan Wiegelmann (UNAIDS), Lucas Wiessing (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction).

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Dublin Declaration on Partnership to fight HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia

Against the background of the global emergency of the HIV/AIDS epidemic with 40 million people worldwide living with HIV/AIDS, 90 per cent in developing countries and 75 per cent in Sub- Saharan Africa, representatives of States and Governments from Europe and Central Asia, together with invited observers, met in Dublin, Ireland, from 23 to 24 February 2004, for the Conference “Breaking the Barriers – Partnership to fight HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia” and made the following declaration:

Recognising that poverty, underdevelopment and illiteracy are among the principal contributing factors to the spread of HIV/AIDS, and noting with grave concern that HIV/ AIDS is compounding poverty and is now reversing or impeding development in many countries;

Emphasising the importance of sustained, pro-poor economic growth through poverty- reduction policies, programmes and strategies for the success of the fight against HIV/AIDS;

Recognising that the promotion of equality between women and men, girls and boys and respecting the right to reproductive and sexual health, and access to sexuality education, information and health services as well as openness about sexuality, are fundamental factors in the fight against the pandemic;

Reaffirming the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS adopted by the UN General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS on 27 June 2001;

Reaffirming the development goals as contained in the Millennium Declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly at its fifty-fifth session in September 2000, and in the Road Map towards the implementation of the United Nations Millennium Declaration, and other international development goals and targets;

Reaffirming the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development (Cairo, 1994) and key actions for the further implementation of the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development adopted by the twenty-first special session of the United Nations General Assembly in July 1999;

Expressing profound concern that in the European and Central Asian region at least 2.1 million of our people are now living with HIV/AIDS;

Noting with serious concern the particularly rapid escalation of the epidemic among young people in Eastern Europe, where HIV prevalence in the adult population is reaching critical levels in a number of countries and also the significant potential for the rapid spread of HIV in South-Eastern Europe and Central Asia;

Also noting with serious concern the resurgence of HIV/AIDS prevalence in Western Europe, including HIV resistant to anti-retroviral therapy, where the disease remains a potent threat to our young people;

Emphasising that the most seriously affected countries, mainly in southern Africa, are facing collapse in one or more sectors of society, and agreeing that the HIV/AIDS epidemic threatens to become a crisis of unprecedented proportions in our region, undermining public health, development, social cohesion, national security and political stability in many of our countries;

Agreeing that we must act collectively to tackle this crisis through a deepening of coordination, cooperation and partnership within and between our countries and are encouraged by proposals made at the Conference to strengthen the capacity of the European Union to fight effectively against the spread of HIV/AIDS;

Confirming that the respect, protection and promotion of human rights is fundamental to preventing transmission of HIV, reducing vulnerability to infection and dealing with the impact of HIV/AIDS;

Acknowledging that the prevention of HIV infection, through the promotion of safer and responsible sexual behaviour and practices, including through condom use, must be the mainstay of the sub-national, national, regional and international response to the epidemic and that prevention, care, support and treatment for those infected and affected by HIV/ AIDS are mutually reinforcing elements of an effective response and must be integrated in a comprehensive approach to combat the epidemic;

Recognising that in our region persons at the highest risk of and most vulnerable to HIV/ AIDS infection include drug injectors and their sexual partners, men who have sex with men, sexworkers, trafficked women, prisoners and ethnic minorities and migrant populations which have close links to high prevalence countries;

Stressing that without urgent action, HIV/AIDS will continue to move into the general population;

Recognising that women and girls are particularly vulnerable to HIV infection;

Recognising that a focus on the role of men and boys in combating HIV/AIDS and in the promotion of gender equality will benefit everyone and society as a whole, and that engaging men and boys as partners will encourage them to take responsibility for their sexual behaviour and to respect the rights of women and girls;

Recognising that in order to be able to tackle the HIV/AIDS crisis, we need strong basic health care systems and services to ensure universal and equitable access to HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment and care;

Recognising that success in the fight against HIV/AIDS is linked to the fight against other sexually transmittable infections and the fight against tuberculosis;

Emphasising that while young people are vulnerable, they themselves are key actors and agents of change in the fight against HIV/AIDS and are a major resource for the response at national and regional levels;

Acknowledging that the principle of greater involvement of people living with or affected by HIV/AIDS is critical to ethical and effective national responses to the epidemic;

Recognising that investment in research and development for more effective therapeutic and preventive tools, such as microbicides and vaccines, will be essential to securing the long-term success of HIV and AIDS responses;

We have agreed on the following actions to accelerate the implementation of the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS;

Leadership

Promote strong and accountable leadership at the level of our Heads of State and 1. Government to protect our people from this threat to their future, and promote human rights and tackle stigma and ensure access to education, information and services for all those in need;

Encourage and facilitate strong leadership by civil society and the private sector in our 2. countries in contributing to the achievement of the goals and targets of the Declaration of Commitment;

Accelerate the implementation of the provisions of the Declaration of Commitment 3. relating to orphans and girls and boys infected and affected by HIV/AIDS1;

Establish and reinforce national HIV/AIDS partnership forums including meaningful 4. participation of civil society, and particularly of people living with HIV/AIDS and their advocates, to design, review, monitor and report progress in the fight against the disease, and to take timely and determined action to identify and address barriers to implementation;

In 2004-2005, promote the active involvement of the institutions of the European 5. Union, and other relevant institutions and organisations such as the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Council of Europe, the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe and the Regional Committee of the World Health Organisation,

in partnership with UNAIDS through its co-sponsoring agencies and its Secretariat, in our common effort to strengthen coordination and cooperation;

Make the fight against HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia a regular item on the 6. agendas of our regional institutions and organisations;

Provide increased and results-based financial and technical resources to scale up access 7. to prevention, care and sustained treatment, including effective low cost treatment such as generics, in the most affected countries with the greatest needs through national and regional allocations as well as from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria, the European Union, new public and private partnerships, multilateral and bilateral financing mechanisms;

Prevention

Reinvigorate our efforts to ensure the target of the Declaration of Commitment8. 2 that, by 2005, at least 90 percent of young men and women aged 15 to 24 have access to the information, education, including peer education and youth-specific HIV education, and services necessary to develop the life skills required to reduce their vulnerability to HIV infection, in dialogue with young persons, parents, families, educators and health-care providers;

By 2010, ensure through the scaling up of programmes that 80% of the persons at 9. the highest risk of and most vulnerable to HIV/AIDS are covered by a wide range of prevention programmes providing access to information, services and prevention commodities and identifying and addressing factors that make these groups and

1 Declaration of Commitment of the UN General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS, paragraphs 65-67 2 Declaration of Commitment of the UN General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS, target 53, page 21.

Scale up access for injecting drug users to prevention, drug dependence treatment 10. and harm reduction services through promoting, enabling and strengthening the widespread introduction of prevention, drug dependence treatment and harm reduction programmes3 (e.g. needle and syringe programmes, bleach and condom distribution, voluntary HIV counselling and testing, substitution drug therapy, STI diagnosis and treatment) in line with national policies;

Ensure that HIV positive women and expectant mothers should have access to high 11. quality maternal and reproductive health care services in order to prevent mother to child-transmission;

By 2010, eliminate12. 4 HIV infection among infants in Europe and Central Asia;

Ensure men, women and adolescents to have universal and equitable access to and 13. promote the use of a comprehensive range of high quality, safe, accessible, affordable and reliable reproductive and sexual health care services, supplies and information including access to preventive methods such as male and female condoms, voluntary testing, counseling and follow-up;

By 2005, to develop national and regional strategies and programmes to increase the 14. capacity of women and adolescent girls to protect themselves from the risk of HIV infection, and reduce their vulnerability to HIV/AIDS;

By 2005, to develop national and regional strategies ensuring that all men and women 15. in uniformed services, including armed forces and civil defence forces, have access to information, services and prevention commodities to reduce risk-taking behaviour and encourage safe behaviour, and urge the European Union, NATO and other regional and international security institutions in partnership with UNAIDS to lead such efforts;

Control the incidence and prevalence of sexually-transmitted infections, particularly 16. amongst those at the highest risk of and most vulnerable to HIV/AIDS, through increased public awareness of their role in HIV transmission, improved and more accessible services for prompt diagnosis and efficient treatment;

3 The WHO recommends that at least 60% of injecting drug users have access to drug dependence treatment and harm reduction programmes in order to have an impact on the epidemic among this group.

4 Elimination is defined as less than 2% of all new infections are acquired by an infant from his or her infected mother

Fund, improve, and harmonise surveillance systems, in line with international standards, 17. to track and monitor the epidemic, risk behaviours and vulnerability to HIV/AIDS;

Request the Global Commission on International Migration to take into account 18. in its work the threat of exposure to HIV/AIDS particularly to migrant women and unaccompanied and orphaned children;

Increase commitment to research and development for new technologies that better 19. meet the prevention needs of people living with or most vulnerable to HIV transmission including increasing public sector investment in vaccines and microbicides to prevent HIV infection;

Living with HIV/AIDS

Combat stigma and discrimination of people living with HIV/AIDS in Europe and 20. Central Asia, including through a critical review and monitoring of existing legislation, policies and practices with the objective of promoting the effective enjoyment of all human rights for people living with HIV/AIDS and members of affected communities;

By 2005, provide universal access to effective, affordable and equitable prevention, 21. treatment and care including safe anti-retroviral treatment to people living with HIV/ AIDS in the countries in our region5 where access to such treatment is currently less than universal, including through the technical support of the UN through the global initiative led by the World Health Organisation and UNAIDS to ensure 3 million people globally are on anti-retroviral treatment by 2005 (“3 by 5”). The goal of providing effective anti-retroviral treatment must be conducted in a poverty-focused manner, equitable, and to those people who are at the highest risk of and most vulnerable to HIV/ AIDS;

Ensure early implementation of the WTO Decision of 30 August 2003 on the 22. implementation of paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health;

Increase access to non-discriminatory palliative care, counseling, psychosocial support, 23. housing assistance, and other relevant social services for people living with HIV/AIDS;

Invest in public research and development for the development of affordable and easier to 24. use therapeutics and diagnostics to support expanded treatment access and improve the quality of life of people living with HIV;

5 The treatment gap in the region is estimated by the WHO to be at least 100,000 people in 2003.

Monitor best practices on and take concrete steps to exchange information on service 25. delivery for prevention, treatment and care, particularly for persons at the highest risk of and most vulnerable to HIV/AIDS infection;

Partnership

Strengthen coordination, cooperation and partnership among the countries of Europe 26. and Central Asia, as well as with their trans-Atlantic and other development partners, to scale up local capacity to fight the epidemic and mitigate its consequences in the most affected countries with the greatest needs, and in countries with a high risk of a major epidemic;

Involve civil society and faith-based organizations, as well as people living with HIV/27. AIDS and persons at the highest risk of and most vulnerable to HIV/AIDS infection in the development and implementation of national HIV/AIDS prevention and care strategies and financing plans, including through participation in national partnership forums;

Work with leaders from the private sector in fighting HIV/AIDS through workplace 28. education programmes, employee non-discrimination policies, provision of treatment, counseling, care, and support services, and through engagement with policy makers on the local, national and regional levels;

Involve the national and international pharmaceutical industry in a public-private 29. partnership including with relevant international organisations such as the World Health Organisation in helping to tackle the epidemic along all points of the drug supply chain – from manufacturing to pricing to distribution;

Ensure effective coordination between donors, multilateral organisations, civil society 30. and Governments in the effective delivery of assistance to the countries most in need of support in the implementation of their national HIV/AIDS strategies, based on ongoing processes on simplification and harmonization particularly the UNAIDS guiding principles;6

Establish sustainable partnerships with the media, recognising the critical role that 31. it plays in influencing attitudes and behaviour and in providing HIV/AIDS related information;

6 These are: that there should be one agreed national HIV/AIDS Action Framework that drives alignment of all partners., one national AIDS authority with a broad-based multisectoral mandate, and one agreed country-level monitoring and evaluation system.

Support stronger regional cooperation and networking among people living with HIV/32. AIDS and civil society organisations in Europe and Central Asia, and call upon the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS in partnership with the European Union, existing civil society networks and other regional partner institutions to assist, facilitate and coordinate such collaboration;

Follow-up

We commit ourselves to closely monitor and evaluate the implementation of the actions 33. outlined in this Declaration, along with those of the Declaration of Commitment of the United Nations General Assembly Session on HIV/AIDS, and call upon the European Union and other relevant regional institutions and organisations, in partnership with the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, to establish adequate forums and mechanisms including the involvement of civil society and people living with HIV/AIDS to assess progress at regional level every second year, beginning in 2006.

24 February 2004

World Health organization regional office for Europe Scherfigsvej 8 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark Tel.: +45 39 17 17 17 Fax: +45 39 17 18 18 E-mail: postmaster@euro.who.int www.euro.who.int/aids

Key facts

Organisation World Health Organization (WHO)

Document type Technical Documents

Adoption date January 1, 2008

Source World Health Organization