Comparison of some insecticide formulation in the Onchocerciasis Control Program: effects on non-target aquatic invertebrates in the Comoé River, Côte d'Ivoire, West Africa

I ,l t I Cornparison of Some Inseetieide Formulations in theBnchoeerciasis Control program, Effects on Non-target f,quatic Invertebrates i.n-t#€in the Comob River, C6te dr f voire, I.lest Afriea, by Bruce Il. l,lahle for hlorld Health BrganizationOnchoeereiasis Eontrol Prograrn Bouakb, tr6te dt f voire, lrtest Afriea November 1985 1. ?. 3. 4. E CBNTENTS Aeknowl edgments Purpose of Visit Fr.ogeet Area Ittethods Resul ts Trial I Trial ?Trial 3 Trial 4 Di seussi on Abiotie Faetors Drift in Eontrols Effeets by fnseetieide Eroup Brthophosphate f nseet i ei des Fyrethroid f nseeticides Earbanoate f nsect iei des Euminary 6. Recornrnendat i ons 7 Literature trited Annexes Table 1. Table ?.' Table 3. Table 4. Table 5. Table 6. Table 7. Table B. Table 9. Table 1Ct. 1 I ? 4 4 5 B 7 tv B B I 1G lellr t?, 13 t4 B- t5 t9 Eomposition of aquatic fauna in the gutters. Eontrol, 3-4/lll/B,E.. Temephos 1985, 3-4/lll/8E.. Ehlorphoxim 1995, 3-41 llt/8lE.. Carbosul fan f ndustri al, 3-4/tt7/BE. Carbosulfan PLB6-8, 3-4/llt/gA. Earbosulfan PLB6-9, 3-4/ lll/gB. Control, l4-13/ll,l / BB. Fermethrin Fynoseet, f 4-13/ll7 / PlE.. Perrnethrin Taleord, l4-15/ lll / BE. i Table 11. Permethrin FMC I 4-l 3/ ttt / 8.6.. PLB5-?37, Table t?. Permethrin tJetlcorne 14-t=-t/ llL / E,6. t333/?A3/?, Table 13. Earbogulfan Industrial, t 4-1 3/ ttt/ e,6.- Teblr t4. Table 15. Table 16. Table 17. Eanborulfan PLB6-Il, 1 4-1 el ttt / 8,6. Eontrol, t-?/V/8,6. Permethrin Taleord, l-?JV/E,E.. Al phamethri n O. fiEt? ng/ I / t@ mn, t-?/v/8E.. Table lB. trlphamethrin t-2/v/8,a. 6.01o ng/l/tQ mn, Table 19. Alphamethrin B.Gl5 ug,/1./lO mn, t-?/v/8,6. Table 2G.. Table El. Table ??. Table ?3. BtYts-366A, t-?/V/ ElE.. Cyhalothrin, t-?/V/ 816.. tront rol, 4-3/Vl / 816. Temephos Etr trhytagriIndustrial 1996, 4-3/Vl/A6. Table 84. Temephos EC trheminove tgg4r 4-5/Vt J 8,6. Table ?5. Temephos EC Proeida lgBS, 4-3/Vt I E6. Table ?6. Fercent rarr and adgusted mortal ities, 3-4/ lll/8!-. Table ?7. Fercent raw and ad3usted rnortal ities, t4-13/I ILl86. Table 28, Percent raw and ad3usted rnortal it ies, t-?JV/86.. Table ?9. Pereent rarr and adgusted mort a l i t i es, 4-3/Vl / 816. Table SCt, Eomparison of ad;usted rnortat it i es. for Ephemeroptera, ll Table 31. Eomparison of ad.lusted mortal ities for Triehoptera. Table 3?. Eomparison of adgusted mortalities for Diptera, Table 33. Eomparison of ad-tusted ' ,rrortalities for total drift. Table 34. Eomparison effeets on of inseetieide dri ft, Table 35, Ranking of orthophosphate inseetieides tested. Table 36. Ranking of pyrethroid insectieides tested. Table 37. Fanking of carbarnate insecticides tested. Table 38. Pereent raw and adgusted mortalities from eimilar tests. Figure l. Percent instantaneous mortality of eontrols versus time. Figure ?. Pereent instantaneous mortality of temephos formulations versus t ime. Figure 3. Percent instantaneous of permethrin Taleord versug time. mortal ity and FMC Figure 4. Percent instantahElous mortality of permethrin Pynoseet and l,rlel l eorrrEt versus t ime. Figure 5. Pereent instantane$us mortality of various alphamethrin dosages verslle time, Fi gure 6, Perc.ent i nstantaneous mortal i ty of perrnethrin Taleord, BMS-BCICrA, and tryhalothrin versus time. Figure 7. Percent instantaneous mortality of carbosulfan Industrial and PLB6-11 versus time, Figure B. Percent instantaneous of various earbostrlfan mortal ity formulations versus time.iii RCXNOTdLEDG}IENTS I wish to thank Siaka Eakayoko for his assistance and enthusiasm throughout my stay on thig eonsultantship. I ruould also I ike to thank the numercrus other employees of theBnehocerciagis Eontrol Prograrn and BRsToM, in C6te dt lvoire,Burkina Faso and Mali, r,uho provided assistanee on this eontract with the ldorld Health Organization, tv .1tr J,!,l . ',,'Lr, , ,!- t r fntroduct ion In the Bnehoeerciasig Eontrol Program (Btrp) trf the ltlorldHealth Brganization (I,JHB)r the rivers in elevEl'1 l,rlest Efrican 'eountriErs ere treated with a variety of inseeticides to reduee the Dipteran population of the Sl.mULl.gU dAUpSegrJ eomplex, whieh ..Ferves as the vector for hurnan onehocereiasis. Regionaf resistance .,.* "inay oeeur to a eertain insectieide; thus a number of insectieides ' , (l;,are used in the program rnd rereoning of new produets is a l. )r"';eontinually ongc.ing task. \ ner inseetieide formulations ere ,*r'frereened for their effects on target and non-target fauna in . Iaboratory and field settings and in small seale river tests bi,. before they arr usErd operationally. BCF would like to have i r (t optional ingeetieides in eaeh of the maJor insectieide Ercrupg(' (e. g., orthophosphate, earbamate, pyrethroid, insect growth regulator, ete. )r to ehose from, should an inseetieide change becorne neeessary (IJHB 1973r. B rapid assessment method is desirable to cc,mpare the aeute toxicity and effeets of new inseeticide forrnulationg on the non-target fauna as they beeorne available. l. Purposa of Visit The purpose of my etrnsultantship as gtated in en offer of appointmentr 3 February 1996, wes "eveluation of all stages (and) effeets of chemieal (and) biologieal larvieides and anti-SiUgfigE IGR on non-target fauna. " The aetual work entailed sereening t number of inseeticides in field triats to reeord their effeets crn non-target aquatic invertebrates, !cr_- e for the rapid sereening and eoroparison of tr these i dent i fi eat ets, @,*= trei [+ls.=-s,{, B-F^P "" },s-.Ehnfninn"**.. i n theion of non-target aquatic invertebrates in the eountryts officiel language (Freneh). In the 5.5 months of this contraetr Ht norked with over 63,6el0 organisms and the relateddata frorn 24 troughs. A pilot study with an inseet growth regulaton was elso begun. 2. Fro3eet Area The river tests rErported here took plaee at the sarneloeation, bel ovr the giaurigp breeding site approxirnately EEIO meters upstrearn from the ferry in the Comots (HomoB) River,Arnouakoukro, C6te dt f voire l7o Br N., 30 4@, l^1, ), trle began apilot study with the insect growth regulator diflubenztrron inthe Nanits Biver at the ocP laboratory by soubrb, tr6te dr rvoire(5o 3Bt N., 6o 38 hl. ) at the very end of my eonsurtantship,This diftubenzuron pilol study witl be finished in the next eonsuf tancy and r,rill not be discussed here. I 3. Methods An ad3ustable frarne that could hold as many as sErvErrlgutters was plaeed in a river ehannel (De.1oux t975, Troubat lgBl).The channel had relatively fast current veloeity, and it hras modified slightly to increase the veloeity. Gutters Here madefrom halves of round poryvinyl ehloride tubing lt-4 m x cr.0rB m).The gutters r+ere populated vcith rheophilie aquatie organisms byplaeing graveln sand and vegetation in eaeh gutter. The gutters NerEl left for a minirnurn af ?? hourg to colonize with both upstream and downstream ends open to the riven flow. At the end of thistirner the upstream end of the gutters hres closed with a ?lE uicron rnesh net and the downstream end with a ?12 micron mesh drift net.Vial tops h,ere glued at the cod end of the drift nets. A plastie vial with a square of 21? mieroh filter that eould be rapidly changed eolleeted the drift. Diseharge in the gutters h,asdetermined prior to treatment using a surfaee float and ruler,The quantity of inseetieide used was .carE}+-F*S$-=+i*h_'alsranlelsgdifie.d. fn3p..flruti,nr *[[QEE)J rn a sdiFEs'-5F"T6ur'" river fierdtestsr ?Qt inseeticide formulations erere tested along with a eontrol eaeh time. The ealeulated dose of ehemical r Flaeed in aplastie bottle with S liters of river watern hrasi dripped into the uprtream end of the gutter^ c.ver e trn mlnutr prniod, Drift samples HerE eolleeted periodieally for a ?4 hour period aftertbe treatment (and usually 3ust before treatment to provide adrift baseline). Bt the end of the test, all organisrns in the gutters wer€! colleeted by plaeing the smaller grevel and vegetation in a largebottle and brushing the organisms off the larger gravel, Thegutters Helre also brushed dorun to remove attaehed organisms.Drift material Hes preserved in BO:( ethanol or 6:( formalin inthe field. Br.rtters and treatment bottles were then washed with acetone and rinsed with water. Itleather was typically elear, hot, end rain free for thedry season, with the exception of a thunderstorll from lgCr5 h to2065 h on 4/V|/AE.. All time is listed. in military time. ldatertemperatuFErs h,GlrEl measured with a hand thermorneter and pH with aHaeh pH eolor corrrparison rneter. Turbidity hras srelasured with aLaltlotte chemical Froduets company tr,rrbidity kit in Jaeksonturbidity units IJTUs). Algee cc.ncentrations hrere estimated visually. fnseetieides and dosagslE hrtlre provided byDr. Dan Hurtak. rn the laboratory, aquatie invertebrates h,ere separatedfrom the debris with the aid of stereo-mierosecrpErs-. Brganismsh,cr. ldenttf ied to family level [iing the evailable doelrments(Durand end Lbv€gue l9BQt, lgBlo De.lotrx et al. lgBp,Itterritt and Cummins 1984) and stoned in BCIlC ethanol at theBouakA OCtr insectieide laboratory, Itlost of the OtrF teehnieians have worked with of invertebrates (SimuliuD and Glossina speeies). e limited numberIn order toprocess the large nurnber of organisms in the samples, most of theBtrp inseetieide technicians at BouakE asgisted r+ith the sorting of organisms to familiarize them with the groups of aquatieinvertebrates, and f eneouraged them toFreneh that were available- L use the taxonomic keys in Flanktonic Cladoeera, Copepoda and Cnidaria whieh could continually pass through the nets were not sorted out, but their FFesGrnee Has noted. Bnly aquatie organisms that coufddrift when alive or dead were eounted in this study; organisms that eould not drift were not counted in the caleulations(eneased Hyglrgpsyehlglaeo and HydgeplrfldgE pupae, Sphaeriid elams). A small number of microc.rganisms werE! present that eouldhave been aquatie or terrestrial. These examples rllere very smallin nurnberl only the qrFat_id-qr*Ega Hemiptera sp. I andColeoptera sp. I were ineluded in the caleulations. fl number of the tables in the annex section were ereated and ealeulated by an eleetronie spreadsheet(Supercale, vereion t.t?, Sorcim Corp,). Percent instantaneousdrift (l mortality) r,rithin the gutters yuai ealeulated using theformul a: A = number of organisrns eolleeted in the drift at end of time x P x loG B = total number of organisrnspresent in the gutter at beginning of tirne x F = Pereent of benthosin the drift during time x Ad.lusted mortalities Helre caleulated from the raw mortalities using trbbottts formula (Busvine 1971). Ealculations hrerE! done on a Henlett-Paekard HP-67 progrerrmable caleulator- A B 4. Results Gutters Here poptrlated so that eaeh gr.rtter hras estimatedto harze the sarne aquatie invertebrate population. The pereent eornposition of the EraJor groups in the gutters roughly refleetsthe rheophilic benthic compositions (TabIe l). The numerical changes in eaeh maJ6r group of the benthos, where r+e col lected, refleet the loss to the populatian due to rrroverrGr''rt and Elrnclrgenee, and additions from hatehing and drift into the area, After thefirst trialr Bh attempt was rnade to popr.rlate the gutterg with DrorE! organisrvrs. The lower number of organisms in trial 4 reflectg the movement of the benthos frorn the gravel and trailing vegetat i on substrates rrrhere we eol I ected to other areas ( i . e. ,leaf paeks, hyporheic zone), possibly due to increased veloeities as the rainy sElasc.''t began and the loss in the pcrputation due to Elrrrergenee. Trial l. The f irst test took plaee 3-4/rrL/BB; the nets hrerrE) closed and drift sampling begun at lfAO h to provide apre-treatment drift baseline. Treatment Has appried at t?a7 h.The drift was sampled continuously trver the ?4 hour period to observe the drift eyele at this loeation, A fair amount of algae was present in the water. The gutters welrB left to eolonize for2? hours. The moon waEi in the first quarter, The day of thetreatment the pH was 8.4 (1@5o h), water temperature 3l.E tr(le3Cl h) and turbitiv lCl JTU, (l4el0l h). Five insectieides wElrertested z - -' I nseet i ci de Dose Tabl e Eontrol Ternephos IBBE ?efi gll A, f66 ng/l/t6 mn trhlorphoxim fggs ?QQ slt 6. 056 rl.g/l/lQ rnn Earbosul fan Industrial ?3Ar gl I B.O5B mg/l/t@ mn Earbosul fan trLBB-B lCrO g/l 6.AEA mg/l/18 mn Earbosulfan pLB6-9 rGcr gll 6,654 m9/l/tA m11 ? 3 4 5 6 7 4 (l r " .l(tn-r lrrt . '[r Trial 2. tThe seeond test took placE 13-14/lll/8,6; the nets h,ere elosed at glgClCl h, after 24 hours of colonization, Treatrnent ruas at 4915h, The water teroperature at the tirne of the treatrnent y-F.a.FF:.6..!_e,?9.@ C. (estiril?9).r._ the pH 8.6 (1845 h), and there rynF-; h.igh"=r.-nngen}:-+jjg.n" ii'digae in the water (the highest of5}-I-.four tests). Lunar pltase-iiHf3-?ays after the neh, mc,on.Six ingectieides h,erel tested: I nsect i ci de Dose Table Eontrol Fermethrin TaleLard eet6 9J I Ct. etl5 mg./1./1O mn Permethri n ?=aQ gl I Pynoseet 6. Ol5 mg./ l./ lE mn B 9 tCI Permethrin FMCpLBS-P37 ?36 gll Permethrin l.lelleome 15.33/?A|E/? ?a$ sl I Earbostrl fan Industrial 236 gll Carbosulfan PLB6-11 USo g/t O. 615 ug./ l/ 16 mn 8.615 mg./1/lCt mn A. GSO ug./l./lGl mn 11 12, r3 74 diseharge at drifted because of /B*...r=*{aaso r,tth i =. of wa=i A. 056 ng/llt@ m'') net cl ogg i ng dtrri ng the ni ght, vrry slor+; Bc'me organisrns may the have( I i t \i. f(;r. 1\- r; t ! r r r f'pl*,+l' ^1i[ .n'ul, --l -. 'r '..1 II : l. i' ii '.i"n C I I J t, L\ ' iir ,\t Cc r 'l $i".i E Trlal 3. Thc third te:Et took place l-?/V/B,6. Treatment was atlfOE h. The gutters h,erel eolonized for ?4 hours and closed at ct93ct h, There was less algae in the rrrater than before; the pH was 7.6 (provided by another I.,IHB team in the area), and tur-E-:ffify h,es lo JTU. From approximately l6es h to rosa h it rained, The m6oi.i n,ad in its first quarter. Rt the time oftreatrnent, the watar temperature was 31,6 tr. Six produets welrErtested: f nsect i ci de Dose Tabl e Control 15 Permethrin Taleord ?@et gl I OBS-3AC'a ?q@ gll Cyhal othri n 160 gll Al phamethrin 56 g,/ I Al phamethri n 56 gll Bl phamethri n 3Ar g/ I Cr, grt 5 ng/ I / tQ mn G.3AA r-g/l/ t8 m') 6. 63Cr mg/ I / t0 mn B. Bf 6 mg/ 1./lO mn t6 t7 lg l9 ?al q 6. G13 ng/ l./lCI mn ?t this time, Trichoptera eggsr newly hatched Hydropsychidae rnature Baetidae and Eaenidae were present. At I arvae, €, Trial 4. The fourth test took plaee 4-1/VT/BB. The gutters were closed at EB15 h after eolonizing 24 hc,urs and drift sampling started at ABSCI h, The treatrnent wag at 0936 h. The water ternperature was ?9.3 E and turbidity 1B JTU. Lunar phase was4 days before tliE-H$'il'"uoon- Three inEE'FEIEiOe forrnulations werEr tested: I nseet i ci de Dose Tabl e Control Ternephos Etr PhytagriIndustrial (lgBE) aCtA g/1 Lot ?zuo 4gS 6. IOA mg./l /t@ mn ?3 Temephos ?@@ g/l EC trhemi nova ( I 984) B. I OO mg./ I / t@ mn ?4 Temephos EC Froeida (1985) 2@6 gll 6- IAA ng/l/ !6 mn ?? ?3 The water level hras approxirnately O.S m higher than theprevious tests. Most of the organisms present in the benthos rc-e--r.e--49HIEE5,*iJLELEIEI Larger organi sms werGr observed in I eafpaeks in a later srrrvey of the area. There hrere many ysung Baetidaer Leptophlebiidae, trolymitareyidae and scrnre caenidaeHydropsyehidae present. A thunderstorm occurred from lget5 h uGaE hr followed by light rain, The gutters werE) eompletelyinundated at t he EQBA h sampling. and to 5. Digeussion A srnall nurnber of organisrns entered the gtrtter via the opentop. These may have entered by t) dropping in frorn overhangingtrees; 2) being r+ind-born; 3) being splashed in from the river outside the experimental system; c.r 4) entering on purposEr. rnfuture tests, this may be remedied by closing off the top xith nett ing. The purpose of these tests is to corrpare differentinseeticides and insectieide formulations to determine if oneproduet is better than another for BCPt s work. Rates of drift are compared with a control. Drift is assumed to be the same as mortality in this study, although this is not literally true for all ef fected aquatie invertebrates. Fc.r the Slmrrlrgg glagposury eornplex, that reqtrire high veloeitiesn drifting out of a rapids to glgr!{er velocity rtrater rnay be equal to a death sentenee forSimuli idse larvae. Irlost of these tests werb not replicated, but based c.nlimited data, r believe that the results with this type of test could vePy upto l0t% r+ithin replieate gutters. The eriterion used to differentiate one formulation of the sarne chemieal as being superior to another is at least e l5?( ehange in toxicity(Laurent Yamtsogo, pers;. trornn. 1gBE). Abiotic Faetors Factors other than inseetieide formulation and dosage affeet the toxieity of an inseeticide to a speeifie speeies. Inseetieide particles adsorb onto organie and inorganicpartieles in the water eolumn, affeeting the insectieidets toxicity to aquatic organisrns (Noel-Btrxton 1956, Fredeen t?lE.?,Fredeen et al. 196er Nenrsom 1?,87, Euillet and Escaffre tg7g,i'luir et al. 1979r, Algae cc.neentrations may affect the results of tests with ternephos (Dan Hurtak, pers. ec.mm. rgg6) andpermethrin (Laurent Yarnlogcrr pers, eL-rmm. 19gE), However, the us6, of small rnesh netting l?t? rnicron) upstrElem to stop the entry crf organisrns into the gutters during the insectieide tests also reduees the arnount of suspended partieles entering the testing systern. Therefore, the water guatity within the gutter systerrr is not exaetly the same as that in the river. There ean be adsorbtion of the insectieide onto the pVC gutters (sharom and Solomon lggl).Hardness and pH affeet the toxicity of insec.ticides on aquatie organisnts (Newsorn t9,67, Sehoettger and }vtauck 197P.1 l"Joodr+ard andMauck 19BO). Light levels influencB the drift of organisrns and rnoonlight has been reported to depress drift (Andersc'n 1966,Bishop and Hynes 1969). The higher drift rates in trials Z and 3 h,erE] probably greatly influeneed by the higher densities of organisrns in the gutters (Dimond tg?7, Pearson and Franklin 1968).Itlater temperature will affeet the results of insectieidetreatment, both at the time of application and afternrard (Harris and Xinoshita 1977, EraFius lgBE). Brthoplrc,sphate and carbaorateinsectieides generally have positive temper.ature coefficients(Sehoettger and Mauek 1978, Baek et al. 1979, ldoodward and Maueklggct' Graf i us .1.988) - pJ-fpjhr5ri_ds_ _E:1:-li1_1lf-r,"_"=.*n-e-sF-ti.y-e*t-9-ttlp_e11t-.yrecoeff ieients (Harris and HinshitJ .Tg-77-; 6Faf ir.is 1386, Schnridt anT * -E6Eerti.6n 1986), but positive temperature coef f icients have been reportedr depending on the treatrnent methc'd (schmidt and Robertson g fgB6). Perrnethrin is reported to have a vepy high negative temperature coeffieient (Humaraguru and Beamish l9Bl, Miller 19gS), and it is curvilinean (Sparks et af. 19Be). Ternephos fs reported to have a pcrsitive temperature eoefficient (Yasuno et at. t97P, Rodrigues 19Be) and it is linear (Rodrigues lgBU)- Drift in Eontrols The controls showed similar drift patterns (Figure l),Drift samples were taken over a ?4 hour period after thetreatrnent. They werEl taken cc.ntinuorlsly the f irst time to obgerve the cycle of drift at this site. This was determined notto be necessery and subsequently sampling was digeontinued in the earfy morning. The drift time period of the rhithrophilie organisins in this reach was estimated from the four eontrols. Night Drifters Day Drifters Ncr Drift Baetidae (mainly) Eaenidae (mainly) Leptophlebi idae Polymitarcyidae Hydropsyehi dae Hydropt i I idae Leptoeeridae Slmu.LASU others SLmg]tUp daunoEutr Chi ronomi dae Ti pul i dae Eeratopogoni dae ( Pl eeoptera ) El mi dae Dyt iseidae Hydraenidae Hydrophi I idae Libellidae Coenagri oni dae Eomph i dae Gerridae Vel i idae trori x i dae Bl i gochaeta Baet i dae Eaenidae Leptophlebi idae Hydropsychi dae Hydroptilidae Slmrrf,igm others Slmuf,igm glgmnosgg Chironorni dae Ti pr.rl idae Ceratopogoni dae Eoenagri oni dae Cori x i dae Gerridae Bl i goehaeta F1 ecoptera Eiastropoda Instantaneous drift in tire water eolumn cr'Elr a unit apEta in natural strearns has been reported es very lsw =( 6.6lra), and usually less than A.Sy. (Elliott 1965, 1967, Ulrstrand 1968, Bishop and Hynes 1969)r but as high es 4% in a European =tream (Hubicekf 969). This gtttter study represents an unnattrral situation forthe organisms and the higher instantaneous drift y.ates are not unexpeeted. The organisrns have been transportr=d from their natural habitats into the gtrtters and eolonr:erJ there for a relatively short period of time. They were 5urJected to different veloeities, flow patterns, boundary layers, an6 d,:nsities, which mey influence drift rates and patterns (Dinrond t-tF.7, Pearson and I Franklin 1968, Btto t975t. Eurntrurl instantanec,us drift Hes, frcrm6/- to t.74y. (exeluding those affected by the storm), Freshets and floods rray ceuse higher drifting (Elliott tgi7, Anderson andLehmkuhl 1968, Ulfstrand l968r Bishop and Hynes tg6g). Patternsfor the drift of controls r+ere similar for trials I and B (firstquarter of rnourn), and trials 2 (four days after ,ieh, mglor.)) and 4(four days before new rnoon). Raw and ad3usted rnortalities are shown in Tables ?E.-?;g.Many of the minor groups erere repnesented by only a small number of organisnrs or hc.ne- Ma;or gr$ups cornpared are Ephemeroptera,Trichc'pterar Diptera, and total fauna. Tables Bo-83 show ad;rrsted rnortal ities for the magcy grc.ups for al I insectieideforrnulations tested. These repreient a rough idea of theturxicities. Effeets will vary r+ith the aquatie community and vuater qualityo as well as with the insecticide, it formulation and dc'se. Effects by Insectieide Broup Inseeticide treatrnent results in different phases of aquatieinvertebrate reaetions in the gutters. phases vary temporally and quantitativery with the individual conpound, but they ean begrouped into an acute or eatastrophic drift phase, drift Paral lel l ing the eontrol dri ft, br.rt elevated (reversion phase), and normaf ( i. e. , sirni I ar to control group) (see l{al I aee andHynes 19Bl). A eomparison of inseeticide formulations clan be rnade by ranking their effeets (Table B4). A variety of ranking rnethods hrelPe used with differences in peak and rah, total driftbeing the least value realistieally, and ad.lusted drifts the most valuable (Tables 35-37), CIrthophosphate f nseeti ci des Tenrephos forrnulations and chlorphoxirn were tested from thisgroup. Temephos 19BE and temephos Froeida rgBs rnay have beenprLavided to me fror: the sarne bottle. There are rumc.rs thattemephos by Chemino\ra may be rnanufaetured by Proeida then resoldby Chernincrva. The orthophosphate eompounds tested are ranked inTable 35. Ehlorphoxinr is alhrays mc're toxie than the temephosfsrn:ulations, regardless of the ranking method ehosen. chlu-'rphoxin: and the carbosulfan forrnulations demonstratedDiptErren ad;usted rnortalities in the samel pangEl (Tabte B?). Hith terrrephLas r believe the greater toxieity to Diptera in trial I isdue to the presenee of older instars, the trial 4 DipteranpopLrlatic.ns rrlElrEl 9?-971 Chironornidae versus - 6Br( Chironomidae and3€,'/. sirnuli idae in trial I, and the temperature was higher intrial 1. chlurrphoxirn produeErs an immediate peak in drift and eatostrophie phase for 16 hours, followed by a reversion phasethat lasted through the end of the test (6 hours). Instantanecrus,drift rates are normal for l-2 hcrurs after treatment ruith temephos urrtil there is a sharp single peak (see Table 340 Figure E). The catastrophic phase lasts 2.?3-4.5 hours and the reversion phase5-1e-E hurrrrs (Table 34). In tr ial b, events after lgoa h were mediated primari ly by the thunderstorm, Irluirhead-Thoroson <1977,1978a) reported detaehrnent Ser-68 minutes after temephos treatment.l^lith temephos, there wes err increased elevation (Figure ?) in the 1E night drift the evening following treatrnento whieh hag baon reported hefore (Elouard et al, t974, De;ourx and Ejouard tg77bt,Sirnilar tests with ternephos (YarnE,c'go n.d. ) thought tc, have beentrcrnducted at eooler ternperatures (?g-?E c, Dan *r.rrtak, prrs. cg'mrr. showed resurts similar to oLrrs (Tabre sB) for Epherneroptera,Trichoptera and total fauna. However with chlorphoxim, adgustedmortalities rlere higher for Epherneroptera, lower for Triehiptera,tsrrd in the sarnEr rangEr for total fauna (Table DB). De.loux andElor-rard 11977a) reported a total fauna ad.lusted rnortaiity df 6.Zl/.for a dose of gr. I mgll/let mn in a gutter test in the BandamaRiver- This river has been previously treated with temephos,Gibon and Troubat (1988) reported ad;usted nortalities of tB.Btlq.A7 mg/l/t6 mn) and 44.9% (Ct.? ng/l/!A rnn) for totat fauna forguLter tests in the Nt zi River. The temephos formulations tested are essentially equal forDiptena and total fauna adgusted rnortalities (Tabl* Lgl. The ad.;usted rnnrtalities furr Epherneroptera vary greatly and thiscorrelates with the age of the temephcrs (Table Eg). The older twoprLlducts produeed rnueh higher ad3ust than the fgBE product (Table E9). Th,forroulations in lalest Africa has bd;;(RodriguErs 19BZ). It is difficutt t ) . .ti, - 1'-'1 " - ri.i't r If [,"' ' J'r'.* .il l)t' ed mortalities to Colec,ptera E.__pgF (storage) of teme o5 shou,rn to affect it o deterrnine whether t qdjfferences in mortalities are due to product formulation or age, t'''' i Pyrethroid f nsecti ei des Nine different pyrethroid treatments were tested: fourperrnethrin forrnulations, cyhalothrin, BMS-serOe, and three dosages of alphamethrin, A ranking of these pyrethroids indicates thatpermethrin Pynoseet is the least toxic (except for Diptera) and alphamethrin, cyhalothrin and oMS-SGaz are the ncrst toxie, I l.,u r.,, 1r,depending on the ranking nrethoE*iiEB"fe -gel. The pyrethroids tested have an aeute drift peak that $eeurs15-3C minutes after the insecticide has been applied. This lastsfrurm ?-4-s hours before e revrrsion phase of @-t+ hours bringsthe drift rate baek to normal. lvtuirhead-Thornson ltg77, f gTBb) reported rapid detachment, of lS-Da rninutes, in the laboratoryfurF eBvEFAf aquatie c'rganisnrs exposed to permethrin.Alphamethrin 6.ELA mg/ l./lOmn, alphamethrin Er, Ctli mg/ l./lO mn, and cyhalothrin were Drore turxic to Ephemeroptera than the carbosulfans (Table 3O)- Alpham=thrin gr.Ctl=.t mg/]./lO rrrn, eyhelothninr .hd EMS 366e r.larAn ,rnre toxic, at the doses tested,to Trichnptera than earbosulfan rndr.rstrial (Table 3l). Thepyrethroids showed toxicity to Diptera in the range of theternephos forrnulations (Table B?). The permethrin p-noducts, ., -1" ,r, .,terl.gphurs produets and alphamethrin B.EEt'2-rrg/l/tcr mn had ) t IL(rr-,-,aFproximately the sarne toxieity l^ange for total fauna. ,tchlurphoxim, alphamethrin B.Gro and 6.6rs ng/l/tar nn) eyhalothrin, BMS 3AQt?t and the earbosulfan produets welre in t.-:e sarnet rangEl for the turtal fauna (Table 33). The murst inrportan- observation frorn the pyr.ethroid tests is that permethrin FMC ranked very toxic (5 of 7) for ad;usted Diptera mortality, whr..eit ranked less toxic by all other ranking methods. sub3lct to other results frorn 'JHB tests, pernrethrin FMtr ghould be eorrsidereci a candidate for further tests as an alternative to permethrinTalcord. .tr i r' a6 ' I \ \t ' *o\ ^'-{t'r Bther gutter tests r{ith perrrrethrin TaIECTFd showed highertoxicity to Ephemeroptera and total fauna, and the same FengEl forTrichurptera (TabIe .o I I uatie cornrounit 3s) - t_egr=iul-e. _elp-lai-rat-i-an- _i_a_ _a_di lterent*(Ephemeroptera, Diptera) and lower water SCIOZ and cyhalothrin, atrl urE!. showed fower toxieities to Ephemeroptera, f auna (Tabl e 38) , A1 pharnethri n l@. @@S ng/ a lower dgrsaleS; Trichoptera and total l/16 nnl was sin:ilar intoxicity to alphamethrin Ct.e,E? rng/ l./lCr mn for Epherneroptera, similar to alphamethrin 8.816 ng/l/let mn for Tnichoptera, andirrterrvrediate to the 6.BA? and B-616 ng/l/tfi ron dosages fcrr totalfauna (Table 38) . t 1.-_.t ,, Pyrethroids (generally) have positi-v:g-.le.mpqret-u"it ''! ',t.'rt, , ) $-od tTeoeff icients- After the acute-toxieity -peJk to the organisms,the toxicity may be mediated by the water ternperature,particularly with permethrin forrnulaticrns, . sinee pE+tre.[l1.:rlrr--f,ii lttch a steep negativ-p.r curyllinee-r.!e.m"pgra!ufe "o.-f f icientfhusr'a morning treatment miy uecc,mE -less effeq,f ivei-'Hs th6. daygets hotter, Earbanate f nsectieides Four earbosulfan formulations Hersr tested. These tests hrererlln on two sepeSate dates with a water temperature difference ofaFproximately 3tc. Earbamate inseptieides are peported to be reversible inhibitors of aeetylctrclinesterage (trasida lg6E, Bmkar and Murti tgBE) nith positive td,itFi"irature eoeffieients(sehoettger and Mauek tgT9r htoodrrrard and tvlauek lgger, Grafitrsl986). Since carbarnate insectieides have a pursitive temperature coefficient, to compare the onG! produet (pLB6-11) that was, nottested at the sarne tirne, a rinear positive ternperature coefficient h,as asgurned based on the coeffieient from the twotrials for carbosul fan Indtrstrial. Tests with carbogrllfan forrnurations exhibit an aeute catastrophie phase oeeurring ls-so minutes after treatrnent(Table 34), lasting frorn approximately B hc,urs (trial E) to7-ta hours (trial 1), The reversion phase lasted ts-?4 hours.The carbosulfan formulations hrere the rnost toxic of theinsecticides tegted, l,rlith time, and eL-.oler temperatures of the evening (and possibly drifting into cooler, deeper water)paralysed aquatie invertebrates ,rray reicovElr from the carbarnatetc'xiei ty. Jamnback and Frernpong-Boadu ( l966) found that siror.rliidae larvae apparently reeovered after a low dose of carbaryl in the laboratory after ?4 hours,Comparison c'i these produets (Tab]e 37) dernonstrates that csrbosulfan Industrial js the least toxic of the four prc,duets. carbostrlfan pLB6-9 appeared tn be the most toxic, nith thePLBS-I1 formulatiurn predicted to be evErl.r morE! toxie (except forTrichoptera) to the aqr.ratie fauna. Carbogr.rlfan Industrial aPpears tc. be tha safest churice of the four formulations. 1i: 'i Surnrnary Thege di fferent i date and si physical fa be used as irrsecticide gutter tests have their greatest value in comparing nsectieides and insecticide forrnulatic,ns on the same te of testing sinee the biologic, chemical and ctors will be the sasrEr, lrith caution, the results eanguidelines, to estimate the effeets of e,1 on a diffenent river at a different tirne of yBar. *fi:$e gutter tests may under-estima the toxicity of the / li tested insectieides o aqua e organisms because suspendedpartieles are gneatly reduced within the gutter systern by the srnall rnesh nets used to prevent additional aquatie organismsfrorn entering the test systern. f nereased suspended materialincreages the toxicity of at least sonEr insecticides to aquatic organisrns. Euillet and Escaffre 1t979, reported that the 1ew -..^,?r'i,effieieney of temephos was much less in gutter tests than f;j,r)4,t.f..,y,-lr*'" ri ver tests. 1{ '{,;+ ..&r *r\ ,.( ) 1 fn a natural river systern, non-target organisrrs ,rey be mori'*^*l*' ,. ani- l suseeptible to the effeets of an insectieide if treatrnent ls{^ rl..'^,ePPf ied at times other than around the full moonl Sinee it" f i,'irpFotlight has been found to suppress evening aetivity of rnany ,1. 1" '' aquatie organisrns, treatment at this time might mean that fewer ,^l ,It,' non-target organisrns arel active and thus would be f ess exposed to the insectieide in the evenings following the treatrnent.In the Btrp, insectieide treatrnents are applied approximately at weekly intervafs- There rnay be a leeway of P-3 days for treatment applieation. Certain factors (water temperature, suspended solidso algae eoneentration, lunar phase) Dray influElncErthe toxicity of inseeticides to the aquatie organisms. Bytaking into aceount the physieo-chemieal and meterologieal conditions present at the planned treatrnent tirne, toxiclity totarget organisrrrs may be increased and,/or environrnental impact c.n non-target organisrns may be lesgened. l-] 6. Eecommendations 1. Based on our limited results, r believe permethrin FMC is a candidate for further researeh asi the permethrin produet ofchoice in the Btrpr r+hile perrnethrin Taleord remains a good choice.Earbosulfan Industrial appears to be the best ehoic:e of the fourcarbosulfan products tested' The choice of a ternephos product isless clear, since the results r+ere generally similar. iemephostrroeida l9BE and Phytagri 19BE appear the best choicElgi, but it isttnelear whether the loortality differences are due tu- the productformulation c'r agEl, For the temperatu,.es, aquatie conrrnunity, and dosages tested, al phamethri n (Qt. Crt @ mg/ I / lq rnn and6.:.61I ,gzll16 nn) and eyhatothrin (6-oscr ig/t/tet mn) eppear to betoa toxie to Ephemeroptera ()gQrra) to use in tfre program. BMS 3EEA(E.3AA mg/l/tBt mn) lras a fow toxicity for Diptera "rrO the highestof all produets tested for Trichopteral this suggests that it notbe used in the BtrF. 2. Very few of the teehnieians working experiehce with aquatie invertebrates ot for OtrP have had her than Simuliidae /BCP and better train thes and the national teams tak )"^ .4" t l larvae and pupae. Sinee working with nc,n-target organisrnsappears to be becorning ,rore important to the prurgrernr BCPteehnieians shuruld get ,Dcrre experience wi th non-target organi whenever the r:rpportunity arises: send thern for further trainin gmith BCP and BRSTBM personnel and worki ng with consultants, s ,0^ r.t,endthem ovElrseies, etc- This will help th r+ith to produee better results for tlHB employeEls for the day when Btrp f eaves ovElr the responsibi I ites eornpletely. e professionals they work Uslr. l* I by t). E l"' thi o O\t/l^A t^.f , 3, There have been rlumerous insectieida tests hrithin OCp, Irlany\ of the results are only in the files and minds of e fewindividuals, This data needs to be brought together intc, a singldatabase for BtrP containing the results of tests for the entireBtrP region. Strggested fields for the database for abicrticfaetors would be: lunar phase, water ternperature, pH: hardness,tiroe of test, turbidity. sEleson of year, geogr.aphic loeation, river, and for biurlogie factors! speeies tested, aquatic eornnruni ty present, age-i nstar, al gae eoncentrat i on. b'At;^ ,4, ,I I I tt" 1,, {" l. t I 4. I strggest furr eaeh inseeticide that is used urperationallyBCp, that the temperature coefficient be determined for thetempenature renge found within the otrp operationai area(approximately 2? tr to 38 tr). Extrapolating result= based or, ., ', I imited studied ternperatLlrErs can be erroneousr sf )1c;. results a' ,,-'u,ltigher or Iourer temperatures may be the oppo=it. (Busvine tgTl t,,.]. OCF operat iLlnal eifeet j venesg. 5- Bther researehers have reported a greater L.,ecLlrance ofresp.r,se to inseetieide exp.su'"e after E4 hor"r:"g (c.-rrhoun 1gsEoutant 1964)- rt might be wise to run the gutter rests fc,r36-48 horrs to eheck for delayed turxie reaet*E,ns, .,-{c,nrever.will inerease the tirne to gBt results and may not rr,rprc,ve thresul t i ng g r.rdgements. csl^ ,&)" lu*..rr+L *!, 1,,")" *rrlt-d^1* 4 6€-rr -,L s-vgr,"{,-{io,.r t- {;ry, %n1s^^^1 J'4 \d.r t q.3n."o'- A*w 7. Literature Cited Anderson, act i vi ty N. of H. 1966. Depressant effect of rnoonlight aquatic insects. Nature Zergt3lg-3egt. c1N f,nderson, N. inseets in a H. and D- t4. Lehrnkuhl. lgEB. Eatastnophieyuoodland strearn, Ecol . 4gslgB-Eer6, dri ft of Backr C., J,-8. Lanouette and e. Aubin, tg7g. prelirninary teston the use of temephc,s for the eontrol urf blackflies (Dipiera: si mu 1 i i dae) i n northern Gluebee. tttosq, News sg ( 4) 27E,?-zE7 . Arroine, Jr,, J. t^1. lgg3, Measuring strearn diseharge caf culating treatrnent ratES of EeefLLse lbgrJ.ngiel=ie Bishopo J, E. and H. B. N. Hynes. 1969,invertebrate fauna in a strearn eeosystem. and(Hl4) for Downstream drift of the Arch. Hydrobi ol , 66;56-3?r. of the techniguErs for Press, Dorchester. Busvine, Jarnes R. 197t. A critieal reviewtesting inseeticides. ?nd ed. The Dorset xiii + 345 pp. Easida, J, E. 1963, Mode of action of earbarnates.Ann. Rev. Entomol. B:39-EB. De3oux, c' 1975. Nouvelle teehnigtre pc,ur tester !n s!!trIt impaet de pesticides sur la faune aquatique r,c'n ciule.trah. BRSTBM, sBr. Ent. et Parasitol. lS(E) zZF,-B?, DeSoux, tr. and J. M. Elouard. 1977a. Aetion de ItAbate siur lesinvertlbrbs aguatiques, trinbtique de dBcroehement e eourt et moyen terrne. Rapp. BRSTBM No. 4. ES pp. De;oux, C. and J. M. Elouard. tg77b. trction deinvertBbras aq.ratiques einltique de dBcrochementterme. Cah, BRSTBMT Sbr Hydrobiot. lt t?t7-?3@. I t Abate A eourt sllr les et mcryen De3ou;<, E. , -T- M. El ouard, P. Forge, et J. L. Masl i n.tratalgrguEr icrrnographique des insectes aquatiques dec6te dt rvoire- BRSTBM, BorrakB, c6te dr rvoire. Rapp.178 pp- lrttrl t i gr. Dimond, J. B. tgE7. Evidenee that driftdensity related. Ecol. 4BzBSS-8S7. I 36e. No. 4?. of strelam benthos is Durando J. q. et tr. Lbv6que. I t Afri que sanel o-soudanienne- Durand, J- F. et C. Ltsv€que. I t Afri que s6hel o-soudani enne. l9BA. Flore et faune aquatiques de Torne I. BRSTBM, Paris, JB9 pp. ItgqK. Flore et faune aquatiques de Tonre II. BRSTBM! Faris. Elliott. Norway. J. Nc'r a- 1965- rnvertebrate drift in a n:ountain strEren, in , Entomol. Tidsskr. lJzgT-99. .r ._l Elliottr J. M. 1967. Invertebrate drift in a Dartmoor gtrBam.Ereh. Hydrobiol. 632?Qt?-'c37. Elouard, J. fi., F. Lebtahi, tr. Ltsv€que, and p. Vernard.Lutte eontre Sf.lrS-Lf.SU dampogug vecteur de ItonehocercoseAfrique oceidentale. Effet de deux formulations dr AbateItentonrofaune asgc,eibe aux larves de Simulies et surItiehtyofaune. Rapp. BRSTBM, 34f. 4? pp. Multigr. 7974. en SLtr Fredeen, F. J. N. !9E.?. DDT and heptaehlop as black-flylarvieides in clear and tlrrbid water. Ean. Entomol . 94:875-886. Fredeen, F, J. N., A. P. Arnason and B, Berek. of DDT c.n suspended solids in river water and f I y control. Nat ure t7 t t7Bto-7B7. 1953. Adsorption its role in blaek- Euilletr P. and M. Eseaffre. 197E. La reeherche de nouveflesformulations dt inseeticide utiligables eontre les larves des veeteurs de Itonchocelrcc.s;Er en Afrique de ItBuest. EongrAs de lalutte eontre les insectes en rnilieu tropieal, Marseille, 13 au 16 mars 1979, IIrl169-1178, Jarnnbaek, H. and J. Frempong-Boadu. larvieides in the laboratory and inBrg. 34 z 4at3-4?t . f966. Testing strearns, Br,rl l, bl ackfl y tJl d. HI th. Htrbicek, F. t969. ( Ezechosl ovak i a) . l Ct: 45-53. Bn the drift in the Loueka EreekFolia Fae. Se. Nat. Univ. Purk. Brunensis Humaraguru, n. X. and F. of Fermethrin (NRDC-I43) relation to body weight l.Jat. Res. l5:5O3-5O5. ld. H. Beamish. 199f, to rainhow trout, Sglgo and water temperature. Lethal turxieitygairdnEtrir in Itterri tt, R. t^1. and X. C. aquatic inseets of North Dubuqtre, fowa, 7?-c pp. tg$4. En introduction to the ?nd Ed. Hendal 1./Hunt Pr.rbl. Eo. , Curnmi ns, Ameri ca. Millerr T. A. 1985. Ean mode of aetion studies guide ehenrieal synthesis? pp, 19-36 in H. c. von Heyserlihgkr A: Jager andch. von szczepanski (eds. ). Approachis to niw' leads forinseetieideg- Springer-Verlag, Berlin. f5g pp_ Muir, D. tr, G. , D. n. Fletner, A. p. Bl ouw. , N. p. Gri ft, andl^f. L. Lockhart. 1979. Effect urf water chemistry on the uptake of organie pol lutants by f ish in river yrrater. pp, l?-EE inJ. F. Hlaverkantp., S, L. Leonhard and H, E, trtarshall (eds. ),Proe. 6th A. Aquat. Toxieity htorkshop, l{innepeg, Manitoba, lg7g..Ean. Teeh. Rep- Fish. Aq. Sci. 97E.. Muirhead-Thornson, R. tr,. t?77. f,r-rmparative tolerance levels ofblaek fly {giug!!!!u) larvae to permethrin (NRDtr l4i) andtemephos, Mosq, News 37 l?, t17?-179. .lE Ittuirhead-Thomson, R. tr, t97$a. Lethal and behavioral impaet of chlorpyrifos-methyl and temephos on seleeted gtream macroinvertebrates: Experirnental studies on downstrearn drift,Arch. Errviron. Eontam. Toxicol. 7 ztig-147. lvluirhead-Thomson, R, tr. t97B.b. Lethal and behavioral impaet ofpermethrin (NRDtr 143) on seleeted stream maeroinvertebrates.l4osq. News 38 (?) ;185-19O, Newsom, L. D. 1967. nontarget organisrrs. Consequences of inseetieide usel crn Enn. Rev. Entomol. t?t?37-?8,E, Noel-Buxton, M. B. 1956. Field experirnents with DDT in association with finely divided organie material fon thedestruction of the irnmature stelles urf the genusi Slmg]lgm in theEoId Coast. J. W. Afr. Sci, Ass. ?23E'-4?r,. Bmkar and Ram }rlurti. 1995, Toxicity of sorne pestieides to thefreshwater prawn, Sacrolgeshiuro dgyapgg (Henderson) (Decapurda,Earidea). Crustaceana 49(t) lt-6. Otto, tr, t876. Factors affecting the drift of Fglatrophy]al Eingglattrs (Trichoptera) larve. Bikos ?Z zg3-t0lr6. \ Pearson, l^1. D, and D, R. Franklin, 1968. some further faetors affecting drift rates of lggtlg and Simuliidae in a larEe river.Eeol. 49;75-81. Schoettger, R. R. and ld. L. Mauck. tg7L. Toxieity of experimental forest inseetieides to fish and aquatieinvertebrates. Froe, lst & Znd USA-USSR syrnposia on the effeets of pol l utants upcrh aquat ie eeosysterns. EpA 6OA /3-79/C176 ?z t t-?7. Sharom, M. B. and H. R. Solomon. lgBl. Adsorption anddesorption of permethrin and other pesticides on glass andplastic rnaterials used in bioassay proeedures.Can. J. Fish. Aq. Sci, 38s199-?@4. Spar ks, T. E. , M. H- Shour, and E. E. tttel I erreyer. lBBe.Ternperature-toxieity rerationships of pyrethroids on threelepidopterans- J. Econ. Entomol. 75zE43.-E,4€. Trouhat, J, J, rBB1, Dispositif a gouttiarres multipres destine a tester tn sltg la toxicitE des inseeticides vis a vis desinvertbbrattss benthiguE]s. Rev- Hydrurbiol. Trop. 741?) : 149-lEp. ulfstrand, s. 1968. Benthie animal comrnunities in Lapland strearns. Bi kos Strppl. I O z t-l?o, Wallaee, R. R, and H. B. N. Hynel. lgBf. Thl treatments against blaekfly larvae on the fauna waters. pp. ?37-1c38 !n Marshall Laird (ed.).The future for biological methods in integrated Academie Press, New York. 3gg pp. rffect of ehemical of running Bl aekfl ies. control. .l/ I^JHB. 1973. Bnehocerciasis cc,nt!.c.r in the Volta River area- Recent and ongoing evaluatic.ns of insecticides equiprnent fc'r eontrolling ElmUlrSrJ darnpurggm in theVolta River basin area. BCp jA.l, Annex III-4. Yaruno, M., B. Hatakeyanra and J. Hasegawa. I 97B.ternephos to EnisogaE4aru= str, under the different ErxpctsurB period, Jap. J- Sanit. Zool . ?g..365-366. LJoodr+ard, D. F. and l^1. L. Mauek. 19BCt. Toxicity of f ive forestinseeticides to cutthroat and two speeies of "gu"ti"invertebrates. Burl, Environ. contarn. Toxicol. ?32P.4i=.-8s3. YamBogor Laurent. n. d. Tableau I : pL.'Lrrcentage gl obal dedtscrocheorent des principaux groLrpes taxinomiquesi. Pers. cornrn. basin and Toxieity of ternerature and r11 B. ANNEXES .1F Ul f'l 6 tl.l E r . . .01trl8r'1ilo]0JN*tffi-rttttrf{t tl-t u] rg u1 r . . .8 -r+f.1 Ln+$J -r lJ *: -: OOD.f.O a I r rl!8r'1'J]o8u|siu +lrltt c0 r,1 ru -t rlj t I r rrib] u] iU U] ul nit-r *I f. !-l 'JJ I f'. I a a !?l !-1 Fl .t .t + -tN*t -tttrltSAr'.O0Jt t . .fn U'l r0 ul n 0J r.1 -. iJ fq +ulc0c0+ r r r rF -: a frl OJ iU u-r r.1 rq Nlltrti+40lrrl r r . .S610Jf\.-'f. +0J-r €EcBiJul$ r"l U'l u] l'. tattl -r-.:+fU\t ctt (n0)ulCn+NUltlJPrut. r . r rN €0J-:19$ u'I F. mi\triEg nNEfq i . . r rF n-:0JSr! r.l u1lf] O ltf l'. Lnt0+.t0J r . r . .$ -rdr-u6ul Rl !1 ifq+f.$u]| . . .(I)ult Otoul f,.l - 0J irl -r r.. ululUr.Ui t r . .Of. f'. 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Art I I I 6-onmo O- CA aoa nl n Q+ CF -6 al -a FC @n CC C ot F (v - or - o tu- sn Hfl nt nrO .'tm o n+ N m6 -- ts CN a rtlo tfl c a 's o e s o o6 6-mn tuao o f.l il5 60s1o C -6oa-m --ot a - av aa C O C C C C o - (a - - - - - - (t C C at C C - - ra ca m ru m N a C or C GI oa ao € - C al - C - o - C 3 C - tt - - - O - at C - C ia - - C - - C C - C al al C o C (l O 13 C - 6 C C C C C - C - n. na ot rn - C o il U: 6 n o r 6(l c< C' -< OC -- CO CC NAt ilF -- NGI (lq C' OC m nr N IIl .+tcaCf.a?1,tf .9. E E. .t. .EiEIP t{&9. t r'c€.tlh.3 l€ho'eIE EEa < A e€ fl=tPE-at€= E!.EE;EF5iE T5.E$g$iISTiFSEg a a :e r0 ro< 6Fts -6 66 Rt-".8 - G. mut -rerO na- o snl oilO o - - (t al aiia e!aaE .<t t - i €=: t 5l.- L - J6- tu O a e s I e.8s + a=.9l.t-16 A TE.E;}tfeI *rix e T E EgT43-18-o C C O - - - 6a E i cn A5 ..A C C I -t ,I { oF a N e QI E o a a 8 F E& sn I s a n f, rl m a o s rtl Ia n * n I n d tG rtl - T ltt 6sc\C \6 -C { + t e aF a I 4i c .d a a F C F Table 16 lcont.). Taxa . ?lVlgb Aften Treafuent Best lest Total 0e&B 6m 06m S700 eBS0 g9S0 lB00 lt0e Drift Total n I I Hortality Baetidae Caenidae Leptophlebi idae Polyritarcyidae Ephemroptera Bydropsychidae Hydroptilidae Leptoceridae Philopotaridae Trichoptera Siruliidae other= Dhiroruidae Tipul idae Deratopogwridae Tabanidae Ili ptera ? 5 ? 9 l5 I I t I 0 I I B B ll s 5 5 I 0 3 3 5 I 3 3 7 3 I 3I 5e + *L7t 463 lG8 57! t&l a5 + a9,9t85 5.158 543 il6 659 Ee,g 3?5 1337 166? s?.6g ?7 35 l,il J I.e3E e 2,e63 365 t365 t7m $.8 8,5853e59 81.08581 436 86.e6896s6 100 u.3917'dts t9. f5t7533t a.85n42tX e lm 19.7a58se35 37,5 14. egt680gt tm e e fl.m7914f,12, tm 57. trzB57lt tm l6g tee 56" 66665657 tee BO 34.35e94t tB 0 3r,ss5s56 93"y/59$6r tm 94. lr76{706 R.9393339+ 5 5 2 3tBl 27513042 I I 9 B ! ten 83 506 r3 0 II J I 5 |53 ?r5 7 3 + 5 3 e 3 422 I l0B 5t1 3a l,et 5s9 lg"6 t3 ,ile eg r .03a 635 20,r Pleeoptera Elridae Cenagrionidae Eor$idae 0donata Eerridae Veliidae Ihri ptera 0ligochaeta Hirudima tumlida llydrrearinr Urbatid }lite hachnoidea Iliscel laneous I I t?l ll ? .eb3 28.BB5 7 .??? 2 .83 9 ,EBs 3,095 e .963 5 .r5B 34 l,&8 2 .%3 35 t,t+ 83 e,fit ? .e63 1? I I 23 2 25 5 e t5 7 ? I ? ? + il ll 7B ? 80 'R eeeee0 900 lt 39 3? 16 t9 t3 J0 l0 ,6.r'5 l,7B l.l9 ,758 .903 ,6e4 ,$3 ,+85 llB8 E05l 3i59 lB0 35,e7+39063 3S,l 64,9 I I e I I 3 3 5 e I + 1 0 ? I 3 B 6 6 7 s I I I I I 5 B5 e.69 +3 r55 5.E? Total, lfurbers I lnstantaneous Drift a N I a aftt Eo IF s FTn In fl1 I n E lr! a o a Ia rfl a a au ft s n I 6 - aC rl - Io rlIII { s g = + f C I fl a G LEie(! a 5aF AI ot nr aoa n or GI m IA ar - & oa ct tl c s- t coF 8€- na N - m m (l aa - cr a ta or - e - 6.4 - C O C C C - C C - (l at C - C - - a9 (l - - (t C - C C oo o m ,it m C - (t - - - a - (t - C - - - (l - C O - C - - - - C al at C or r<t al m tft - a a ol a il na or n a - aa Q a - O - il ot rq - or GT - h6 It =R ruo -fr ntu B €o s 6 GF Grt =* € .o 3 dlF F m-AG o mgo NE oa66 nl ilB €o oB4 FI *5 .d N65d sq cr C -- n l! o - F ts oa o € C n. 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Ena*L- -996d .E h*4i6 -Ci- Ct>gfS r nI aae:E -al 4!dH j I roe=t -l8- :l AOFeu -tENsE!Sc €r C + l<T Ti aLa I fr L Io uI C LIt !2 !n o c 3 L ,.Ia FI a 5 Ed E a E d E d E d s -d l Ia a a a a a a I a ) I a a oaii c E i$ g C( -Ott{tr Edc GC l* g G ea tq ]5i : T;Eac c( ortE- a.l .a G L I{6e= C' G(t I d-eead G L2IesEJ sil Oa nlHar : C6 LI -nlC nL-8[ : I It!( 12 Ere- &F d e LLE1 l8 3&i : .! dnas3- E6d o L6!60sJg tILgtrH d r Es €..:E CI lo :S5''r c l.-eE8 cl8- = 3 LOFAT 'ItsHt .: F' aEr Ctg<! Ii a 5 E t !o I a C ,It Ia tn o CI L 3.! c a5 I) , a a I a a E;ii ci i$ g ci i$ s G{ !ttI aAd C =a{e EEEOH - T;EEc ci a,;38 t- a- C L Iil6e= C' G L =l-EEAJ a GEIefl C- CI 'il E6 l= =Ir : Cb LI =nld Eet : G A!!a lg =l[cAFB' G .ElIE E!>oCqq- .! Enat!- E6d 6 L64aO4i6 -Ir- = 'g€H I u Ee - c6d.- -I l- EaEqFO C 8.nePB cl8- =t LoFEE CIEgq --Fat aEr (l + t<q 6\ - i- .r IE t2e e o Lo !t Cit q - ti o aI $ c a 5i a 't ? tl r '\,, 'r t t- -:q 2 -t- r- oq -+ '' ( { +){ i : *J $J I .' 3 .4 n Gi -J I Fl -o €a !a s m Gil a o @ na d Ir^ *a-l t? E-5Er Is q@bI Ela( O n JI c c oJ rA s * o rl ru ol 6 c 6-iri n! J na oj rt tli I d B rt B d R F:m rl a o: .d o l.-&A il d u lq cF F:th t F:l! g FlN d oF d I d g s oF Ft tl o: 6 oi n - 9il n:JFO eIt {, 1, t .L bc_ I t: eht (- lhE E IsrodEEtt d it ttl nr oa (l ci ta d rA ol d omr'! c !a n d GI a; o cl g * J o; a (l s (ilo- J. &4 n d o cr - - a *r aa O .a T I F I [l ? n nI (e a L, Qs C=oo E l- --& t -1,1i aa n .. - oa $ cl G. ! $ nl I(o- '=9 st=ooL' eE8 JOr a ! g r0 ol E o: n oI n J n s gfr na rit r/l g t1 rtl s P E -tu t R E I s I_- -taaA O^IC o- I J.:i:t! rft rll e rl E sI c E lrl aC o :_ c -l eE tF rE FN as C< CA s f, E a q t 8 o rtl E $.r Qfr Ia - C t C c C m soil s6o s Io n rt e' n d 5l s tt 6 r/t d - $o t//, 3_ g I 5 a .5taiIg a = a - e ; 4I at o a A fr d f, -J n a d - -d T d .:tj C n.le '..'d +r', n -'i,r -dq --i E J g d g c ! d g d n -d ! t mtId fi E n rI e Io HI s t o aeq c Lt Te (a t L Ide a s t4I{e C G L2I & C L I( & - t cI & G L I & .: eaLo E EetF aq 1r.taF ooeIoF a e?.IF 7. s ?1 ,t ? aI I aa Bo LE 6 u s I I u t il o E o Lt ,! S,sao 6S 8B t-5u 3g T; t I It tr>E! {I atEF Table 34 (cont. ). Treatrnent Dc,ge lmg/l/t@ nn) Carbc,srrl f an Industrial Earbc,strl f arr pL86-1 I Earhc,surl f an PLBE-B Earbc,sr.r 1 f arr PLB6-9 O. CtSrZl 6- A|SE E, ASgr 0, C15et Date of Treatrnent ["later Temperature (C) Time of Feak after Treatrnent Time c,f Peak after Treatrnent(rrri nutes) Length of Cat c,strcrph i c Effects (horrrs) Length ctf Feversi on Effects (hc,lrrs) Feak Dri ft Rate (t ) Di f ference frorrr Feak Drift Rate urf Eurntr.cr.l (X) at Sarne Tirrre Rar+ Tc,taI Dri f t (:/.) Difference fr.urrr Flew Total Dri ft of Corrtrol (X) at Sarrre Ti rne la t4/7ll lh 3./III t4/ttt 3/rrI 3,/III I a ?B-79 ?A-P,9 31, 5 31. 5 lb 31. 5 I ------- I a Cf93e' C'93A t?5'e r E5e I b 13er7 la 15 tb 3a 15 aeJ. -.l 15 a3 b7 73 16 aEE b =) 15 1e .E.I -l =)B a ?7.8' b 3er.5 3|a,9 34.3 la tb t 55. A'6 EE '. EE urgJ'1- -.lJ I 86. 5e 58 3. Be 634.55 a 63- 6E b 75.55 7'e- EB 74.4,6 81, EE e 5. 19 b 11, BA E. 89 t?. eZl ie.73 a !1a t E, .a E lr'l rt0e.o L-! u 6 a I tr O.aE Lr.O .C EN4a,toO.u-tE>0lrul'- O. lrl mi)rule.o oot E,l oF +rh ,.{ttLOA +Oa =qiFl +r?o(tF .p q- .?tta! OrE .lJL ulo =+t -r4 !'aCA to 0lE+roe#oO.C+r = ttr{. F, ..i .?t 1rl.L(tF.CI ,ti L o +r o.!oot{r 0}tll E +r = ol+. ^l I ..r1] at(ttrlQ +r + L'7l 'tr L .{ao0!LUa+ri'GsO+r rlL OUol-|{.Eq-30 .alEJ. EEtr E lrO.tl 5. U t|. 4rl'a iOLDLOU ol{.: Eq- G r:, .'tOL Qo.tr. tr s E o\OcnOE av +r c oi: .p iE o L l-- r*rto ut r'1 0 3oo ! tli -r .tu] ,.1 ilJ {t + u: + r0 N + fit f{l lr1 rq + TI o + Ur oP u o zt .Fl U . ]-t + U o n L .11 o +r ftT o. ul o .ca C) .C L o l{- f1 EII Lr lo /E r-tE'E ru FIOJ 'lJ f'] OJ a a ! CJ a tr, ta trJ E Gl I trJ rt u >+o o(or ltD4'a -rO*trE OTJorulF.U iJ1r 6u1rEo&'a OO U-:EDo LuFAUI f.l I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ! I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I l I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ! I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I t I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I Ol (a - ]n nr f.l + r.o - L'l (lr € - frl crt nl + gl a(ll \o Cra frl F ro fir lll ,a (rr o ,n ro flr frl (3 69 a.) d a3f.lCt d rl Ct d C CDd tu5 GC tfl 6 d rra CI d l,ll G' GC rfl C3 GJ u&ft aEtrl a L A Cr ! LT c aE# orB(l a(l c LE ora|! a CI c 3-EI|[ CL(t c .a l&a.E .coSCJE=t- Ar&- C lr, .- ilt3-Irlfit .a(DTd a.&Hla c l? JCI El(rn-1, r'!ItlFq. E Lgr =orAUgE t->oIc\CT ol a 6t t g = ,El o ,t Ul or l, ol .a CT trg !t CTL OrI>Cl- o ENs : CG ro + o ro n ro r.l h (o ra a. O. G\ €o rllLfi I.. = oasa.C.-Et 4t- <R lrt Et EA# art &,9 A 'Et orl!aSrno2+q4 EE .at O!Ets ln .C 4r2 trh =ttICtFA {. E.a 6or--6rI's .hl EE A ol .arH*TAogs5,EE& E C9 Ar\ rn68s ti =8e( rtfq E !'lE E E u'lE ta f ,E q- no JIOrtlo€ -oJLo. rE u L rE t{- e(l =lU! rrl '1 6 .QJLA ,ti(J o) ,E ,+r rO^ o<3-rCrlars6?TJ v& iu N f'l $ fl $ N F] cu rfl r.1 OJ +r E o .lJ (6 o Lt- ?LOB+u o o.Il +ro ul ,ootIti .e .E 0 ,,1 + +rstJo O ''r UI (JI ''r .r.f |f. r+r oo +r f,i{iu EE0lJ] L di +rLI tt Lrt^ ooa Eslol+r .r0E> fE "rG+r u rUNA f{: ,.o{i;$ -oilE .'e l- .< 1a o +r Ut .r +r = fi|{.}.1 +r ','rllf,iLcF-o 1f o ili .IJ LO l!+r =+rq-.Z E..a t''r Lcaa fi t o 13 +1 otr.+ r)'Uf+r = ut{. -l ,rt ./rrrlt(IF.r1 ft L o +1I x)oOL +ro Ut E+l = Otr-nt t ',<1, ALcue +rq- L.i .al. a oUalftO#LU&Fq-q-3 .,t ltQE s O+rUq-l.aOLLq ll,q-: hft ''r O no. I e 6 7l o\OErBEo- E u-]E IE Eti tF. -,r Jl mulOqt ,JLCI rt u E u-l r:, t c, EG.<li- t[ ?l .?l JL m{J E, Ul .Q=L!tEs(l r< + *t ++ Table 38. Percent reyJ and ad3r-rsted nrortalities frorrr gimilar tests (Yarneogo n. d.l . I nsect i ei de Epheirrrer'opt era Tri chc,pt era Turt a l lCurrrtrol t3. Br 3.? 9.433.9r 7-9t --------- ! ?6. BtI Ternephos 2@t Etr lgt, I mg/l/t@ mn I Ch 1 orphox i rn ?,q% EC I ef . et$ ng/ I / tftt mrt 7 4.3 75.7 E= 'c 295. 78.4 I --------- | 7 B. =tllFermethrirr Talcord 23/. EC I O- Cf 13 rngl l,/ tB rnrt lAlpharoethrin E.OOE m9/l/tB rnrt ISF =7BA (Ferrdona -C6t EC, a4. a4 3?.7 ,.e E lCyhalothnirr t@t, EC (BMS eerll) I Cf . ere rng/ I / t@ rnn Be.4t I7 749 I OMS SrZraE ?@* EC I @. ? mg/ 1/ 76 nrt 5aa. I37 43.9 I Ad.lusted Mortal ities I Ternephos ?6:L EC 4.4 EE.5 I Ch I orpho.x i rn 7@. + l't .l 49. t I Perrnethri rr Ta I cord 94.4 aE a 7E,.E,I I AI pharnethr.i n Ct. OOE mg/ I / t6 nn 41. 4 E4 { -l-l r I 4rzr. B I I Cyha I crthr. i rr Qt- BZ rng/ I / t@ nn 79.5 4. e, 45,31 I CIMS SAEE @. ? ng/ I / t6 rnn 81.1t .:15. E I 41. 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