Expert Advisory Committee report of the sixth session: Ouagadougou, 10-14 June 1985

Onchocerciasis Control Programme in the Volta River Basin area Programme de Lutte contre l'Onchocercose dans la R6gion du Bassin de la Volta JOINT PROGRA,MME COMMITTEE Office of the Chairman Provlsional JPC.CCP COMITE CONJOINT DU PROGRAMMEBureau du Pr6sident JPC6. 5 (ocP/EAc/8s.1) ORIGINAL: ENGLISH JOINT PROGRAMME COMI,IITTEE Sixth sesslon Geneva, 10-13 December 1985 a item ONCHOCERCIASIS CONTROL PROGRAMME IN THE VOLTA RIVER BASIN AREA EXPERT ADVISORY COMMITTEE Report of the sixth sesslon Ouag adougou, 10-14 June 1985 CONTENTS Llst of Participants A. Opening of the Meeting B. Electlon of Chairman C. Adoption of the Agenda D. Matters arlslng from EAC.5 E. Matters arising from JPC.5 F. Report of the Ecological Group ( Page 3 6 6 6 7 9 10 11G. H. Revlew of Programme Results Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Project (ocr) ,16, I. Research J. Devolution 2L 26 JPC6.5(ocP/EAc/8s.1) page 2 K. Impact of OCP actlvities on socioeconomic development Plan of Operations - Phase III (1986-1991) Other Eatters Page L M 27 28 29 Annex I Annex II Principal Recommendations Report of the sixth session of the Ecological 25 Group 28 ) JPC6.5(ocP/EAC/85.1) page 3 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Members Professor Samuel N. Afoakwa, Head, Department of Microbiology, University of Ghana Medlcal School, P.O. Box 4236, Accra, Ghana Professor Alfred A. Buck, Agency for International Developroent, Science and Technology Bureau, Department of State, America Washington D.C. 20523, United States of Professor Mario CoLtzz!, Istituto di Parassitologia, Universlti di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy Professor Dr Hans J. Diesfeld, Director, Institut fijr Tropenhyglene, Universitet Heldelberg, Im Neuenhelmer Feld 324, 6900 Heidelberg, Federal Republlc of Germany Professor Dr Thierry A. Freyvogel, Director, Sr^rlss Tropical Institute, SocLnstrasse 57 , 4O5L Basle, Switzerland Professor Patrick J.S. Hamllton, Department of Ilygiene and Tropical Medlclne, Keppel Street United Klngdon Comnunity Health, London School of (Gower Street) London I"ICIE 7HT Professor Peter T. Haske11, DLrector, Cleppa Park Field Research Statlon, Unlversity College, P.O. Box 78, Cardlff CFl lXL, United Kingdon Professor Alexander B. Morrlson, Chalrman, Departnent of Foo:, Science, Universlty of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada Professor Claude Pairault, Laboratoire dtAnthropologie et de Sociologie de Tours, Unlverslt6 Frangois Rabelais, 3 rue des Tanneurs, 37041 Tours Cedex France Dr Donald E. tJeldhaas, Collaborator, Insects affectlng l"lan and Animals Research Laboratory, 1600 SW 23rd Drlve, P.O. Box L4565, Gainesville, Florida 32604, Unlted States of America World Health Organlzatlon Dr A.0. Lucas, Dlrector, LINDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programne for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, Geneva Dr Ebrahlm M. Samba, Director, Onchocerclasis Control Programme, BurkLna Faso Ouagadougou, Dr H. Agoua, Chief, West Zone, Vector Control Unlt, Onchocerciasls Control Prograrnme, Bobo-Dloulasso Burklna Faso Dr A.K. Akpoboua, Sector Chief, Vector Control Unit, Onchocerciasis Control Prograrrme, Bouak6, Ivory Coast Mr S. 41ley, Statlstics Unit, Onchocerciasls Control Programme, Ouagadougou Dr O. Ba, Epldenlological Evaluation Unit, Onchocerciasis Control Prograruroe, Ouag adougou ({ JPC6.5(ocPlEAc/8 s. 1) page 4 br",nu"lco DrR.Baker'vectorcontro1Unit,onchocercias1sContro1Prograrme,w Dr D.A.T. Baldry, Vector Control Unlt, Onchocerciasls Control Programme, Ouagadougou Dr C. Bayona, Epidemlological Evaluation Unlt, Onchocerciasis Control Programme, Ouaga{ougoq Dr P. Cartagena, Chief, Epidemiologlcal Evaluation Unit, Onchocerciasis Control Programme, Ouagadougou Dr D.A. Carvalho, Coordinator, Prograome Directorrs Office, Onchocerciasis Control Progranrme, Ouagadougou Mr G.B. C1iff, Chief, Aerlal Operations, Vector Control Unltr 0nchocerciasis Control Programme, Ouagadougou Dr O.W. Christensen, Consultant, OCP Llaison Office, Geneva Dr Y. Dadzie, Epldeniological Evaluation Unit, Onchocerclasis Control Programme, Ouagadougou Dr G. De Sole, Epldemlologlcal Evaluation Unlt, Onchocerciasis Control Programme Ouagadougou Dr A.K. DLal1o, Sector Chlef, Vector Control Unit, onchocerclasis Control Programme, Tamale, Ghana Mr I. Dla1lo, Sector Chief a.1., Vector Control Unit, Onchocerciasis Control Programme, Bamako, Mall Dr B.O.L. Duke, Chief, Fllarial Infections, Parasi'tic Diseases Programme, Geneva Dr C.D. GLnger, Secretary, Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Project Steering Commltteer Geneva Mr P.A. Kabor6, Vector Control Unlt, Onchocerciasis Control Programne, Ouagadougou Dr M. Karam, Epideniologlcal Evaluatlon Unit, Onchocerciasis Control Programme, Ouagadougou Dr D. Kurtak, Vector Control Unlt, Onchocerciasls Control Programme, ouagadougou Dr P. Masumbuko, Public Health Advisor, Onchocerclasis Control Programme, Ouagadougou Mr J.D.M. Marr, Chief, OCP Liaison Office, Geneva Mr J. Ou6draogo, Sector Chief, Vector ConErol Unitr Onchocerciasis Control Programme Parakou, Benln Dr B. Phtlippon, Chief, Vector Control Unlt, Onchocerciasis Control Programne, Ouagadougou Dr G. Qu6lennec, Pesticide Development and Safety, Vector Biology and Control Dlvlsion, Geneva Miss ItI.L. R.avelonanosy, Programme 0fficer, Programme Directorrs 0ffice, Onchocerciasis Oontrol Programme, Ouagadougou Dr J.It. Remme, Statistics Unit, Onchocerciasis Control Programme, Ouagadougou r4r A.K. Sorn6, Vector Corltrol Unit, Onchocerciasis Control Programme, Ouagadougou Mr S. Sowah, Sector Chiqf, Vector Control Unitr 0nchocerciasj-s Control Programme, Kara, Togo Dr R. Subra, Vector Control Unlt, Onchocerciasis Control Programme, 0uqgq! ougou Mr J.D. Traor6, Chief, Economic Development Unlt, Onchocerciasis Control Programme, Ouagq4pugcg JPC6. 5(ocP/EAC/85.1) page 5 Ouagadougou Ouagad ougou Dr Y. Yamagata, Vector Control Unlt, Onchocerciasis Control Prograrrme, llr D.G. Zetbo, Vector Control Unit, OnchocercLasLs Control Programme, Mr J.B. Zongo, Economic Development Unit, Onchocerclasis Control Programme, Ouagadougou Mr J.L. Zurcher, Consullant, Information Office, Onchocerciasis Control Programme, 0uagadougou Observers Mr Jean-Paul Dai11y, Onchocerciasls CoordLnator, West AfrLca Region, World Bank, United States of America1818 H. Street N.W., Washlngton, D.C. 20433, JPC6.5(ocP/EAc/85.1) Page 6 A. OPENING OF TIIE MEETING 1. On 10 June 1985 overall actlvlEles of the Programme were reviewed as brlefing for the members. 2. The slxth sesslon of the OCP Expert Advisory Connittee was held in OCP Headquarters, Ouagadougou froo 11 to 14 June 1985. 3. The meeting was opened on 11 June by the Dlrector of the Programme, Dr E.M. Samba, who welcooed all members and highlighted cerEain aspects of the Progranrme relevant to the Committeers dellberations. In part.icular he outllned the team work which had resulted in the Plan of Operatlons for the thlrd flnancial phase being produced as requested by the Jolnt ProgramEe Commlttee, the progress in collaboratlon and development torrards devolutlon and the shtft in responsibillty for socloeconoml-c development matters other than lnformatl.on collection, analysls and dlssemlnation to the Sponsoring Agencies, UNDP, FAO and the World Bank, and to the Donors and Participating Countries. B. ELECTION OF CHAIRMAN 4. Professor A. Morrlson was elected chairroan of the Committee. 5. The outgolng chalrman, Professor T.A. Freyvogel, thanked the menbers of the Commlttee for the confldence they had shown in hlm during his tenure of office. He congratulated the Director and his staff for t\e excellent contacts they had malntained wlth the EAC, and expressed hj-s slncere Ehanks to the Secretary for the nost skilful guldance and cooperatlon he had provlded. He also reflected on the manner in whlch the Comittee operated and expressed his confldence in it continuLng to fulfil Lts functlon towards the Joint Programme Committee provlded lts lndependence was observed. 6. Professors P. Hamilton, P. Haskell and C. Palrault accepted to be raPporEeurs. ADOPTION OF THE AGENDA The following agenda was adopted by the Comlttee : 1. 0penlng of the meeting 2. Election of Chalrman 3. Adoption of the agenda 4. Matters arlsing from report of flfth session of EAC 5. Matters arislng from fifth sessloo of JPC 6. Report of Ecological GrouP 7. Onchocerciasis ChemotherapyProject 8. Review of the Programme results - entonological - epldemiological - statlstical analYsis c 7 JPC6. 5(ocP/EAC/85. 1) page 7 9. Research revlew of research report (OCP/EAC6.11) lnsectlcide screenlng and devel-opoent teletransnisslon of hydrological data differences between forest and savanna onchocerclasis lnmunology epidemiometrlc model 10. 11. 12. 13. L4. 15. Devolutlon Impact of OCP activlties on socioeconomlc development Plan of Operations - Phase III (1986-1991) 0ther matters Approval of report Closure of the meetlng. D. MATTERS ARISING FROM EAC.5 8. The Cornnlttee reviewed the prlncipal recommendations made at its previous session. The followlng actlon was reported: EaeJ recomnendation Action taken (a) Report to be provlded on entomologlcal survelllance network (para.20) (b) Endeavour to determine the effect of varying the frequency of applicatlon of larvicldes on nalntalning fly densltles at acceptablY 1ow levels (para.20) (c) Make avallable additlonal help for analysis of data(para.26) (d) AlternatLve, rotating sarnpllng units nlght be consldered for routine epideniologlcal monitoring(para.28) Reductions have been made ln the entonologlcal survelllance network and thls has now been supplemented by the lntroduction of Bellec traPs at some key sltes. This conblnatlon provides both advance lnformation on fly populations and, from the devolutlon point of vlew, ls simpler and cheape r. Experlnental work has shown that in some cases lt nay be posslble Eo vary, and Ln uany cases reduce, the frequency of application of larvlcides whlle stil1 malntalnlng fly populations at a leve1 where transmission is not detectable but further work ls requlred. A mechanlsm for a comprehensive inter-dlscipltnary analysls of all OCP data had been set up and a start made on analysls of the epLdeniologlcal data. The entomological data was belng prepared for anal-ysls. A second statistician had been recruited and was in post. The use of rotating sampling unlts rtas nolr lncluded ln the programme of eptdenlological surve11lance. JPC6.5 ( ocP/EAc/8s . 1) Page 8 (g) Larvtcide development should remaLn one of the ' three hlghest research priorltl,es (para.38) See paras 65 to 69 of this report. (h) Prlority continues to be See paras 7L to 75 of this report. gLven to studylng dlfferences betrreen forest and savanna onchocerciasis (para. 42) (1) Studles of gene enz)me See para 74 of this report. systems on adult O.volvulus for forest and savanna to contlnue (para.43) (J) Cease teroporarlly control altred speciflcally at forest vecLor in Tvorv Coast ( para. 45 ) ThLs was put into effect in 1985. (k) Take actlon necessary to Action taken by OCP and the UNDP/World Bank/WHO ensure Onchocerciasls Speclal Programme for Research and Tralnlng ln Chemotherapy ProJect wt1l Tropical Dlseases (TDR). See paras. 55 to 58 of provide effectlve drug as thls report. qulckly as possible (para.55) (e) A sub-group of lts nembers on eplderolologlcal and clinlcal research be establlshed (para.28) (f) Azarnethiphos and bactimos to be tested as soon as possible (para.33) (1) A consultant be recrulted to accelerate i nunological studles (para.57) (o) Implications of devolutlon to be drawn to attentlon of all concerned (para.74) (p) The Economlc Development Unlt to conduct a g1oba1 lnpact study (para.78) See paras 49 & 50 of thls report. Both azamethiphos and bactimos were withdrawn from the test protocol because they failed to treet the larvlclde speclflcation lald down by the Vector Biology and Control Dlvlslon of I"IHO. A staff member of OCP had been appointed Eo carry out this work. This was done through presentation by the Programme to the World Health Assenbly in 1985, to the WIIO Reglonal Comnittee for Africa and to the Natlonal Onchocerciasis Committeesr joint meet ing. This is belng undertaken in conjunction with t.he countrles and Sponsoring Agencies concerned and a summary report will be presented to JPC.6. (n) Studles to be conducted to These w111 be carrled out in 1985. predlct effects of use of effectlve drug on larviciding operatlons (para.67) (n) Long-Term Strategy proposal Accepted by JPC.5 be adopted (para.68) JPC6.5(ocP/EAC/8s.1) Page 9 9. The EAC congratulated the Programme on the manner in which it had responded to its recommendations. It recommended that, in future, the Programme should produce a paper for the EAC ahead of the meetlng revl.ewing, in summary, the fo11o!r-uP action taken on each EAC recommendation. It also recommended that a similar format should be used in presentlng follow-up action to other groups, e.g. JPC, Ecological Group, etc. E. MATTERS ARISING FROM JPC.5 L0. The former chairman of the EAC outlined to members matt.ers of relevance to the Conrmlttee arislng from the fifth session of the JPC. 11. As mentioned in paragraph 8(n) the JPC approved the Long-Term Strategy proposal which in turn would perrnit the exploratory work Ln the Western Extension area to be continued (see paras. 26 and 27 of. this report). L2. However, the JPC consldered that the lmplenentatlon of full operatlons durlng the thtrd financlal phase (1986-91) should depend on an acceptable Plan of Operations belng presented to the slxth session of the JPC. Such a plan was reviewed by the EAC whose comments on it are in paras. 95 to 97 of. this report. 13. The JPC had expressed concern over the need to ensure publlcation of the scientific results of the Programme. The EAC addressed this agaln durLng lts present sesslon (see paras. 54, 99 and 100). F. REPORT OF THE ECOLOGICAL GROT]P 14. The Committee revlewed the reporE of the sixth meeting of the Ecological Group(Annex II) and noted that, Ln general, the Group was satisfted with the ecologlcal management of the Programme. 15. The EAC supported the Grouprs'suggestton of a "model report" to better ensure harmonization of reportlng procedures on the part of the naElonal lnstltutlonslnvolved, and the enhancement of the routine rnonitoring with more intensive studles at a few sites. 16. The Comrlttee underlined the importance of independenE verlficatlon of the roonitorlng data which had shown that, ln the Programme area, the applicatlon of larvicides had effects on non-target fauna less than those caused by hydrological and other envlronmental factors. 17. The Counlttee endorsed the view of the Ecological Group that the use of pernethrin be llmlted to the ralny season and that further tests should be undertaken of its effects on crustaceans and fish fry. 18. The Committee noted that the Ecological Group consldered the Prograilrme now to have met lts criteria for back-up larvlcldes for use in extension areas insofar as tt had "four products avallable and usable under dry or ralny season conditlons". Thls decision was based essentially on the environmental effects of these larvlcides although at least one, permethrln, was restricted to hlgh discharge appllcatlon and operatlonal criteria llmited the use of another, Teknar, under certaln condltlons. 19. The EAC, while stresslng the dependence of an effectlve control strategy on the range of larvlcides available, and noting the operatlonal constraints of thefour larvicides, recomnended that the arsenal was adequate for control to be undertaken ln the extension areas. However, the llmltations noted above would requlre the Programme to proceed cautiously and the Cormittee relterated j,ts prevlous recommendatlon that further developnent of new larvlcides be vlgorouslypursued as an essential insurance against the development of resistance and untoward envi.ronmental ef fects. JPC6. 5(ocP/EAc/85.1) page 10 20. Iloting the comments of the Ecological Group on the possible effect of agricultural pesticides in the Programme area the EAC recommended that the Programme contact the FAO Plant Production and Protection Division which had carried out several studies in West Africa relevant to this problem. The Committee also reconrmended that, ln order to promote a greater ecological awareness of pestlclde use in West Afrlca and help create an ecologlcal tradition, the Programme, in collaboration with FAO, UIIEP and the Participatlng Governments, should consLder holding an international workshop on the subject ln the area. 2L. The EAC suported the suggestion of the Group for publishing a summary of the 10-year ecological monltorlng data and urged it to respond with definitive proposals to this end. 22. The Comnittee considered that the Group should provide details of the steps thought necessary to respond to its recommendatlon that "Ehe nanagement of the ecologlcal aspects of the Programme should be strengthened" as guidance to the DlrecEor. G. REVIEW OF PROGRAMME RESI]LTS ( a) Entornology 23. The EAC noted that, since its last meetlng, the entomological situation had remaLned satisfactory wlth no biting flies recorded in the core area. Overall the strategy and tactlcs of larviclding had remained unchanged. Temephos was still the larvlcide most widely used, Bacillus thurlngiensis H-14 (B.t. H-14) being confined to the Cono6, the Bandama bailn and Sassaandra tributaries in Ivory Coast. In the eastern area larvlcidtng had been suspended completely for eleven weeks. 24. Bellec traps were lntroduced for entomological monitoring in 1984 and on the one hand had confirmed 1ow caEches on human bait but, on Ehe other, had indicated the presence of large numbers of non-anthropophilic blackflies. 25. The Committee noted that the transmission of onchocerciasis had been effectlvely interrupted in the core area and only in fourteen percent of catching polnts were Annual Transmission Potentials higher than 100 recorded. These were all in areas of reinvasion or of contamination from untreated breeding sites. 26. The exploratory studies ln the Western Extension area had been continued. These studles were carried out and coordinated by the Vector Control Unit with the assLstance of consultants and staff of national teams. During the past year emphasis was placed on experimental larviciding, with temephos, of tributaries of the Sassandra and Sankaranl rivers in Guinea. The objectives were to study the feasibility of larviciding in upland, heavily vegetated areas, to ascertain the effects of such control on the 1oca1 blackfly populations and to determine the lmpact of such operations on the relnvasion of the western flank of the Present Programme area. At the same time national staff were trained, hydrological conditions surveyed and susceptibility tests carried out on local larval populatlons. 27. Several- important results had emanated from these studies. First, it appeared that satisfactory control of the vector could be achieved in this area by concentrating treatment on only the very large and productive breeding sites. This not only had tlme and cost implications but also helped conserve the pool of susceptibility genes in the vector populations, so reducing the probability of onset of resistance. JPC6. 5 (ocP/EAC/85.1) Page 11 28. The EAC congratulated the Programme on this lmPortant move tor{ards modifying lts treatment tactics and recommended that similar approaches be introduced as appropriate elsewhere ln the Programme area, but especially in the !{estern Extenslon area where its relevance was particularly signlficanE. 29. Second, the experimental control of the rivers in Guinea had had a slgnlficant impact on the reinvaslon phenornenon in the Western area of the Programme with very large reductlons being noted in the numbers of flles entering the OCP area durLng what was normally the peak reinvasion season. For example at Massadougou, Ivory Coast (OOZ.O4), 880 flles were caught in 10 days (mean 88 per day) in May 1984, while in May 1985, only 85 flies were caught in 31 days (mean 2.7 pet day), a reduction of 92 percent. Slmilarly in 1984 tn Mali and for the same nonth(OOZ.O3), 237 flles r{ere caught in 31 days (nean 7.6 pet day) while ln 1985 not a slngle f1y was caught durlng the correspondlng period. 30. The EAC commended the staff on the scientific approach to these studies and on the highly signlflcant results obtained which not only gave credence to the Long-Term Strategy proposed but also lndlcated the benefits of irnplementing regular control operatio;a fn Lne Western Extenslon area. It noEed also that the work ln the extension area had benefited substantially from the contribution by local national teams as well as collaboratlon with the Epidenlological Evaluation and Economic Development Units. 31. The Commtttee was also lnforued that other surveys and studles in the Western Extenslon area conflrmed that the cllnatic and topographlcal sltuation did not present insurmountable operational problems. While l-ow clouds on the hills may delay treatment at certain tlmes such delays were not crucial as the duratlon of larval life ln these areas was longer than in the present Programme area. 32. Wlth all these flndlngs the EAC recommended that exploratory studies ln the Western Extension area be vigorously pursued and that the operations be lnplemented as planned in accordance with the Long-Term Strategy Eo the benefit of the present Prograrrne area and of the affected human populations adjacent to these newly treated rivers. 33. The Commlttee was informed of the detalled studles on resistance carried out throughout the Programme and extenslon areas and the relevance of the findings to the future strategy of control. 34. In the present area, savanna species of the S.damnosuu complex treated wlth temephos for eight years were stil1 fu1-1y suscept6fE-EfEmephos. The local f1y populatlon in southern Ivory Coast which had developed resistance previously now showed no sLgn of that nascent resLstance after two years of treatment with B.t. H-14. 35. The resistance of foresE species to organophosphorus compounds has remained more or less stable ln geographical extent and lntensity; only on the Sassandra and Black Volta can chlorphoxim be used. However, due to the JPC decision in 1984 to suspend treatment of forest specLes this is of less concern in 1985. No change in susceptiblllty of this species to B.t. H-14 has been observed after two years. 36. In the Western Extension area two patterns have emerged. First there is a general decline in susceptibility from extremely susceptible pooulations at the Ivory Coast-Gulnea border to populations of flies at the htgh end of the normal dose range in Senegal, LC10O values ranging from less than 0.16 ng/lltre up to O.625 rng/litre. This lmplies that the source area for reinvasion is also a "reservolr" of susceptibllity so that, following control, the risk of selecting resistance in the savanna species could increase. JPC6. 5(ocP/EAc/8s.1) Page 12' 37. Second, where savanna and forest species occur together, forest specles are less susceptibl-e by a factor of two or three. One possible lmplication of thls could be that there is a cerEain physiological disposltion to reslstance ln the forest specLes which, conbined with reduced nlgratory behaviour suggests a higher risk of resistance. The consequences of thls in Gulnea are not yet as clear as in Ivory Coast. The maln conclusion from these observatlons is that operatlonal doses of tarvlcide may have to be adjusted accordingly when operations start in each area. 38. In the Southern Extension area the data have shown slight reductions in susceptibility to many compounds, probably correlated with the use of agricultural pesticides. There ts definitely a high risk of reslstance in the forest specles and 1n thls area there are suggestlons that these specles night be i.mportant vectors of bllndtng onehocerclasls. 39. 0n the basis of these observations the Prograrmne proposed different treatment tactics to the EAC: (r) Means of del the develo of resistance: I'Ihen an iuproved at on .t. was 1e , this should be used in the drY ( rr) season in permanently flowing rivers in the extension zones, alternating with classical chemical larvlcides ln the rainy season. Responses to resistance: Currently, the apPearance of reslstance to @ be met by a coroblnation of B.t. H-14 (dry ""i"o.r) and permethrin (wet season). In the Southeil-Extension, wherethe rlver discharges were relatively 1ow, and the period of hlgh water short, this response should glve a very comfortable margln of securlEy. Glven an lmproved B.t. H-14 formulation, the Period of contlnuous permethrin ,rse ,oufItot exceed 2-3 roonths. At the peak f loods, it was probable no treatments would be necessary since all the rapids were then flooded. Also, it was doubtful whether resistance to chlorphoxim and temephos would occur at the same tlme, and there was evidence that a short-term alternatlon of permethrin and chlorphoxim could considerably extend the usefulness of the latter. (irr) In the Western Extension, rlver discharges were higher, and high dlscharges were maintained for many months. Thus the response to the B.t. H-74/permethrin combination would not be totally adequate. 0n the one hand, the use of pernethrin for many months could result in serious ecologlcal damage, as well as risking the development of resistance. On the other hand, use of B.t. H-14 ln hlgher discharge rlvers would requlre a larger logistiE-capability and possibly larger aircraft with attendant higher costs. Thus in this area the Programme should have sufflclent larvicldes to permit rotatlon of compounds and so minimize the rlsk of reslstance developing. However, it was ltke1y that improved formulatlons of B.t. H-14 would become available and the discovery of other, less toxic, chemical (for lnstance carbamate) or Insect Growth Regulator (IGR) cornpounds should close the gap in the future- ( iv) Influence of treatment tactics on evolution of resistance: As the Programme extended, lt would have the oPport unity to review the tactics of lnsecticide use. The two extremes of treatment tactics now available for use in the extension zones, along wiEh their possible influence on the development of resistance are shown ln Table I. In general terms' the "heavy" alternative would give the best assurance of complete interruption of transmission, but "light" alternatives would be more economlcal and less dangerous to the non-target fauna. However, some "llght" alternatives could increase the risk of resistance by increasing the probability of sub-lethal doses. Aspect Dose rate coveraSe rhythm contlnulty TABLE I. ALTERNATIVES IN TREATMENT TACTICS JPC6.5(ocP/EAc/85. 1) page 13 Implicatlons of "light" alternative to resist- ance selection serious risk of sublethal doses rlsk of sublethal doses at intermediate breeding sltes as insectlcide is carried dohTnstream no rlsk in regard to resistance since lndlviduals "escape" by pupatlng before insectlcide is applied. no rlsk ln regard Eo resistance since indivi- duals "escape" when treatments are not resumed at Ehe correct Eoment Heavy "Light " several tines minimum mlnimtrm f.or ]r0O1l ki1l or even slightly less all breedlng sites treated only roajor breeding sites treat.ed 7 days more than 7 days '(adjusted to 1arva1 life cycle) 52 weeks/year as long as ri.ver flows voluntary suspenslons(very low flow, rapl-ds flooded, populatlon "O") JPC6.5(ocP/EAc/8s.1) Page 14 40. The EAC congratulated the Programme on the astute manner in which it had accumulated all the data on resistance, addressed lts potential consequencies and drawn up a serles of alternative treatment tactics based on the larvicides currently available. After revlewing the situation ln detail, the EAC concluded that the Programme was now in a stronger position than before to meet the challenge of resistance and recommended that the operations should proceed into the Western and Southern Extension areas enploying the treatment tactics proposed above in such a manner as to ensure maxlmum control with minium ecological impact (see para. 19). ( b) Epidemiology 4L. The Conrnlttee reviel"red a report of the Epidemiological Evaluation Unit covering the period July 1984 to April 1985 during which 9174 persons were examined ln 53 village communitles of whlch 13 were by detailed survey. These data were being analyzed by the statistical unit. 42. The Comrnlttee noted that the analysis of 10 years of results had confirmed, in the central Programme area, rapidly decreasing and converging trends in connunity microfilarlal loads (CMFL) and in microfilarial loads in the anterior chanber of the eye (MFAC). Such a conslstent and satisfactory reduction was not recorded in those vlllages suffering from reinvasion. The CMFL ln the central zone had decreased by 7O7. after eight years of control whereas in one reinvasion area the reductLon was only 302 indicating the population to be still exposed to infection. 43. The situatlon with regard to children born after the start of control operations is summarized in the Table II. TABLE II Area Number of vl11ages Number of chLldren examined Number of positives Expected Observed Ratio observed/expected Centre Wes tern reinvasion zorle Eastern reinvas ion zorle 116 18 19 647 6 734 878 422 106 119 1 16 28 o.2 15. 1 23.5 Total 153 8088 647 45 6.9 44 up The reason for the one observed child in the central area was being followed 45. The decr:ease in MFAC amounted to 802 in the central zone after eight years control eompared with only 40% ir the reinvasion zone which explains the unsatlsfactory results on the incidence of eye lesions in the latter zone. These results all continued to show good correlation with the enEomological findings. The Conrnittee noted and endorsed the straEegy of integrating the epidemiological and entomologlcal studies as well as the flndings from socioeconomic development observations. JPC6.5 ( ocP/ EAc/8 s. 1) Page 15 46. The Commlttee was informed that eight vlllages had been examined in Guinea by a natLonal team and in Mall the nationals had llkewise examined nine villages in the Baou16 River basln. The Comnlttee recomoended that in studylng the extenslon areas the closest posslble collaboration should be established fron the beginning amongst the epldeniological, entomological and socioeconomlc development unlts. 47. The Cornmlttee commended the Programme on the progress belng made in analyslng the epidernlological data. It noted that its recommendation to lntroduce a rotating system of vll1age sampling had been introduced. 48. The Committee recommended that the Programme revlew Ehe questlon of transmlssion of onchocerciasls includtng the baslc value and use of the ABR/ATP Lndex origlnally drawn up in relatlon to resettlement. This should be carrled out by the Programme with the asslstance of consultants if necessary and preliminary results submitted to the seventh sesslon of the EAC. 49. Following consultatlon with the personnel concerned the Committee also recommended that a detalled evaluatlon be undertaken as soon as posslble of the epidemlologlcal methods belng used by the Programrne with particular reference to their valldlty, simpliclty and quallty control for uElllzation durlng devolution. Such guideltnes should be wrltten up and a report presented also to the next session of the EAC. 50. The Cornmlttee further recommended that special attentlon should be patd to the resettlement areas and I'nigrants by the epldenlological unlt both ln the short-tern and in the context of devolution. (c) Statistlcal analysis 51. The Comnlttee reviewed a report on the statlstical services and data processing. Recalllng lts prevlous concern, lt warmly commended the Director and the staff of the Programe on the progress made. The following were noted in particular: (1) the unit had been strengthened by recrulting a second statistician and a programmer to the servLce ln Ouagadougou, and by tralning ancillary staff of other unitsl ( r1) the facllltles had been improved through the procureuent of four IBM microcomputers and considerable software for Ouagadougou as well as two sinilar microcomputers to handle the aerial operatLons in Bobo-Dloulasso and Kara; ( iil) a coordinated approach to data handllng and analysis had been develope! for the whole Programme; ( lv) the bulk of the dat.a and analysls had been consoLidated at Ouagadougou with the dlrect involvement of the staff thus reducing the tine for results Eo appear; (v) staff had been educated in the use of computer facilitles and encouraged to use theE; (vr) (vri) provision had been made for adequate maintenance facilitles, and a desirable flexlbtllty in data analysLs was made possible. JPC6. 5(ocPlEAc/85.1) page 16 52. The Comolttee urged the Programne Director to continue his support to naintain the nomentum in thls area and recomoended that detailed prlorltles for the statlstical unlt should be drawn up and agreed wlth all parts of the Programne bearing ln mlnd the practical constraints. 53. The Comittee urged the Programme to continue lts collaboration with outside bodles in naxlmising the utlllsation of the data available and recommended that a special study should be nade of the data processing, handling and analysis requlred by the devolutlon process and the socioeconomic development programme. 54. The EAC also recoumended that, in vlew of the rnassive documentation load on the Programme and the need to encourage staff to rdrite up and publlsh the work of the Programme, word processlng facilities should be provided in Ouagadougou as soon ds posslble. H. ONCHOCERCIASTS CHEMOTHERAPY PROJECT (oCT) 55. Based on a document entitled "Orlglns and Progress of the Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Project (OCT)", a revlew of the activities of OCT was made to the EAC by the Director of TDR and by the Secretary of the OCT Steering Committee. 56. The EAC felt that, although the development of Ivermectin and CGP 6140 ln such a comparatlvely short tlne conflrned the value of the oCT, it was luportant to stress that on average only one drug ln ten enterlng clinical trlals ever reached the narket. Ivermectin had only been tried on a lfuolted number of patients and CGP 6140 had just entered lts ftrst clinical trlals. The company concerned was aimlng to haye I':e=rectin reglstered for use ln humans in 1987 and had lndlcated that it would make it avallable at the best possl.ble prlce. However, being a mlcrofllariclde, thls compound did not oeet Ehe objectlve of OCT which is to develop a macrofllarlcide. It could be a very useful stop-gap, nevertheless. 57. The Connittee consldered it lmportant to contlnue support to the other llnes of research. In thls respect, lt noted that a second research group, a consortium of a pharnaceutical company and unlversitles l-n America, had recently been established. A1so, a number of individual research projects on aspects of filarlal blochemlstry and metabollsm whlch can be exploited for drug actlon had been funded. 58. The EAC cornmended the OCT on the progress it had made and polnted out that this progress, greater than could have been anticipated, had been accompllshed at comparatLvely low cost because of the increasing support and faclllties provided by Lndustry. 59. The Committee recognlzed that i.t was essential to malntain the presenE basLc research effort to produce at least one usable compound, and that, even if drugs conformlng to the OCT objectLve were produced, there rras no guarantee that these drugs would renain effective indefinitely. Accordingly, the Committ,ee strongly recomroended that the basic research studies continue to be supported. JPC6.5(ocP/EAC/85.1) Page 17 60. The Courmittee recognized that when an effective drug was available, a suitable delivery system would be requlred in the Participating Countries but concluded that the design of such a system would depend on the nature of the drug. The Comittee recommended that OCP address this natter when sufficient information was available on the production schedule and probable treaEment regimen of the regisEered dru8. A strategy on the role a drug or drugs might play in control should also be developed by the Programrne at the satre time. This matter w111 be reviewed by the EAC at iEs next meetlng. I. RESEARCH (a) Review of Research Report 61. The Cornnittee reviewed this report which had resulted from an OCP in Ouagadougou in Aprtl 1985. The purpose of this meet.ing had been to research progress made in the ten years of operation of the Programme, prlorities of the present progranme and propose new research to enable Programme to Eeet lts objectlve of removing onchocerciasj.s as a threat health. meeting held review the examine the the to public 62. In view of the new ti.me perspectives of the Programme agreed at the fifth session of the JPC, the acceptance of the Long-Term Strategy and the related ernphasls on devolution, the Committee felt it would be opportune for it to outline major research prlorlties for all areas of the OCP. It recognized that these prlorities must be conpatible wlth the new Plan of Operations and be directly relevant to achieving the objectives of OCP. In the Progran'me all research is inter-related but Ehe Conmittee hTas able to identlfy four najor priority areast under each of which it grouped research projects whlch were mainly, although not necessarLly entlrely, related to that prl-ority area. 63. The oaln areas, all of whlch are of high prtorl.ty, were: Development of larvlcides Chenotherapy Devolution Strategy and operations. Under these headlngs, the related research projects of high priority were grouped as follows: Larvicides new B.t. formulations deveI6lnent of carbamate larvicldes trlals with IGRts continued development of new compounds and formulations. Chenotherapy - developnent of Ivermectin development of Clba-Getgy product 6140 contLnue support for basic research. Devolution development of an inmunodlagnostic or other technique for detectlon of early infectlons operational research on appropriate epidemlological technology development of f1y trapping and monlEoring techniques for community particlpation and operatlonal research on drug dellvery when one becomes available. JPC6. 5(ocP/EAC/85.1) page 18 Strategy and Operatlons - ldentiflcation of forest/savanna vectors and parasites - vector/parasite relationshlps, identification and dynamics - teletransmission of hydrological data - strategy of pesticide use for efficacy and to delay resistance - treatment schedules - dynamlcs of human migration relevanE to OCP area - disease transmlsslon - modelling.' lnterdisciplinary analysis of all Programrne data. 64. The Conrnlttee, notlng the cost impllcations of such an extenslve research progranme, recommended that, if financlal resources erere strained emphasis should be glven to those aspects of research whlch could lead to cost-effectlve operational changes. (b) Larrrc:4= lerebprgn! 65. The Committee, recalling that larvicide development was one of the highest priority actlvities of the Programme, noted wlth satisfaction that the tripartlte linkage OCP/VBC/Industry had been highly successful, stimulating industry to produce 10 new compounds in 1984 and three in 1985 for testing. As a result of thls activity, the Programme now had three fu1ly operational larvicides, temephos, chlorphoxlm and B.t. H-14, and a further compound, Permethrin, which although highly effectlve, could only be used for restricted periods because of the possibiltty of the ecologlcal damage it night cause. 66. The Connnittee felt that the Programme \ras now in a position to commence operations ln the extenslon areas, provided that due consideratlon was given to the treatment tactics (see para. 39) so that the risk of development of reslstance was minlmised. However, the Commlttee pointed out that, ideal1y, the Programme should have sufficient larvicides to permit rotation of compounds and so minimise the risk of resistance developlng. 67. The Committee recalled its definition of a fu11y operacional larvicide as a compound whlch was efficient in control, environmentally and toxLcologically acceptable, conmercially available and not too costly, and which had acceptable storage 1lfe. The EAC pointed out that several of the candidate compounds tested by the Programme had been abandoned after considerable research because they did not fu11y meet these speclfications. It conflrmed its view that only compounds conformlng to these requirements were acceptable as operational larvicides. 58. The Committee was informed that good progress had been made with new and lmproved formulatlons of B.t. H-14, usable without dilution and at higher rates, that one prornising carbamate compound was ready for operational trials and that at least one IGR compound showed promlse. If any of these conpounds proved suitable for operational use, the larvicide position would be greatly strengthened. Accordingly, the Comnittee recommended that, because of the risk of resistance, larvlclde development must be continued as an activlty of the highest priority. 69. The EAC congratulated both the Programme and the tr{HO Vector Biology and Control Divislon (VBC) on the success of the comblned cooperation with industry, and stressed the need for this approach to continue to be pursued vigorously. It fully supported the suggestion that VBC embark on a new series of lialson vislts with the agro-chemical industry in Europe, North America and Japan during 1985186. JPC6. 5(ocP/EAc/8s.1) Page 19 (c) Teletransmi.sslon of hydrological data 70. The Cormittee was inforned of the assessment nade of a study of transnj.sslon of hydrological data by satelllte. It accepted that the sysEex0 was cheap, qulck and rellable and that its wider use by the Progranme would facllitate accurate' rapld, operatlonal decisions on larviciding and would be of particular value in the Western Extenslon area where accesslbllity to rlvers was limited. The Co lttee supported further trLals with thls equlpoent which was compatlble wtth that in use by the Niger River Authority which already had an extensive netldork, the data from whlch would be avallab1e to the Programme. The Conmittee requested that E.he Programme report to lt at the next session on the result of these trlals. (d) Forest and savanna onchocercLasls 7L. In line with a prevlous EAC recommendation t.he Programme has contlnued to study the differences between forest and savanna onchocerclasis with partlcular reference Eo the risk of bllndness and a progress report was presented to the Commlttee. 72. For many years, severe, bltndlng savanna onchocerclasls, with its attendant dramatlc socloeconornic lnpact has been assoclated wlth the presence of S.dannosum/S.slrbanum whereas forest onchocerciasis, wlthout any severe ocular manlfestatlon, has en associated wlth the presence o f S.yahense and, at tlnes, S.squamosum and S.soubrense/S.sanr!1peuU. However, in transition zones, a form of onchocerclasls has been observed whlch, though not as severe as in the savanna, leads to a considerable rate of bllndness (from L% to 4%). The vectors associated with thls lnterrnediate form of the disease have been both forest and savanna specles. However, the bllnding form of onchocerciasis has not been recorded in the absence of the savanna specles of the vector. 73. The epidemiology of forest onchocerciasis has been shown to dlffer fron the savanna type ln that, ln the savanna there is a llnear relationshlp between coomunity mlcrofllarial load (CMFL) and prevalence of blindness whereas in forest vl1lages, where S.yahense ls known to be the vector, heavy nlcrofllarial loads are not accompanled by bllndness. 74. 1hg gemmlttee was persuaded that dlfferentlation of posslble forms of parasite in man and ln the vector would oake lt posslble to know whlch specles of the vector was transmlttlng which straln of the paraslte and would enable the control strategy to be adJusted so as to attach preferentlally the vectors of severe onchocerclasis on1y. Studles to this end are being pursued by the Prograrnme utillzlng isoenz5rmes, monoclonal antlbodles and DNA of the adult worm. 75. The Conrolttee commended the Programme on what had been achieved to date and recommended that the research lnto the forest and savanna onchocerclasls, their parasites and vectors be contlnued with relevant attention belng given to the neII technologies now available for species dlfferentlatlon. The appltcablllty of the varlous technlques under OCP conditions should also be evaluated. (e) Immun6l6gy 76. The EAC recelved a report on current work on the immunology of onchocerciasls and comuended the Programme on the development of complementary and collaboratlve work with unlversitles and instltutlons in different parts of the erorld. JPC6. 5(ocP/EAcl85.1) Page 20. 77. The Comittee noted the dlfficulties of this work and the efforts being made to develop materials e.g. monoclonal antibodies. However, as mlcrofilarial loads decrease ln the control area and people resettle in the controlled Programme area It recommended agaln that the development of a simple, sensitlve and specific lmmunodlagnostic test should be a top priority for the Prograrme especially because of the need for It ln devolution and i-n identifylng cases of early or 1ou infection for treatment. 78. The Conrnlttee uras lnformed that a well documented sera bank was held in Switzerland supplted by naterlals fron the Programne. It noted that sotre nodules were now requlrlng storage ln Ouagadougou and, in view of the difficulties of obtaining llqutd nltrogen (froo Abidjan) and the variabillty of the loca1 electriclty supply Lt recommended that the Programme purchase a -80oC storage facillty with current stablllser and standby generator. (f) Epideniometrlc nodelling 79. In response to the recommendation of its ftfth session a progress report together wlth proposals for further research in applied nodelling were presented to the Committee. The Programme r^ras coromended on the rapld progress lt had made in thts fie1d, on its collaboration with the Universitles of Ttibingen and Rotterdatr and on lnvolving a wide variety of OCP staff in the applied modelling meeting held ln Ouagadougou ln March 1985. 80. The Commlttee supported the recommendation arising from that meeting that the Programme contLnues the developuent of a host/parasite model followed by the construction of a vector/paraslte oodel to be eventually conblned lnto a transmission node1. 81. The EAC stresned that applied modelling, as belng approached by the Programme, was not just an academic exercise but was highly relevant in that such models: (a) could be used as analytical tools and for part of the ongoing analysis especlally in the plannlng and evaluating of the Programme; (b) nlght highllght areas of deficiency 1n knowledge and data e.g. ln the life hlstory of the worm, the reliability of epidemiological data or the variation between lndivlduals in response to infection; (c) could give some confidence in understandlng the process and system of onchocerciasis control ; (d) mlght be of use in comparing different strategles ln the use of chemotherapy, or ln studying the dynamics of posslble recrudescence or ln developing alternatlve strategies for surveillance during devolution and evaluation thereof. 82. The EAC accordlngly reconmended that the Programme should continue its work in applled rnodelling and report back at its next session. JPC6. 5(ocP/EAC/85.1) Page 21 J. DEVOLUTION 83. The Comrnittee receLved a report "Towards Devolution, hot7, when and with what means" (OCP/EAC6.5). It commended the Programme on the report and hlghltghted its concern wlth the nee<l for ocp to relate realistically Eo the development of Priroary Health Care (PHC) in the countrLes. 84. The EAC, recognlzlng the good collaboratl-on with the WIiO Headquarters and the Reglonal Office, urged WIIO to proceed as fast as possible with creatlon of lts suf,reglonal offlce.in Ouagadougou and the posltionlng of WII0 staff in it to work wlth the Programme ln developlng the devolutlon Process' 85. The EAC noted the lnltiative towards devolution ln Burkina Faso and recomnended that the programme with WIIO should identlfy feaslble, clear-cut goals withln pHC. Speclfic research and developrDenE should be carried out in cooPeratlon wlth the 1ocal health authorltles ln evaluating the epldeniologlcal technlques, fleld use of the lmmunodiagnostlc tests (when available), experimental trials wlth dtfferent dellvery systems for drugs, eEc. 86. The Commlttee was concerned that the devolution process should develop s1owIy on the tlme scale avallable 1.e. through the third flnancial phase at least and should rdork on practlcal achlevable goals within the PHC system of the countries. It reiterated lts convlction that an intercountry facllity should be developed but noted that for the perlod through 1991 OCP would itself fu1fll thls functlon. 87. The Courmlttee recommended that the Programme should join with }IHO in studying the manpower development and trainLng requiremenEs for devolution including the preparatlon and fleld testing of trainlng oaterlal. 88. The Comnittee, recognlzlng the long-terur Eanagenent problem of devolutlon, further recomrnended that the Progra 'ne should study with wHO the management lmplications of devolutlon and the tralning therefor and rePort back to EAC- 89. The Commlttee, notlng the vltdl role of communlty partlcipaElon in the development of PHC, also recommended that the Programme should esEabllsh a worklng group to draw up guldelines for such partlclpation Ln vector control and prepare a plan of action for their inplementatlon. K. IMPACT OF OCP ACTIVITIES ON SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 90. The Programme reported that in accordance with the mandate glven it last year the Economic Development Unit was carrylng out, in close collaboration wlth the Partlcipating Countrles, and in collaboraEion with the Sponsoring Agencies, a study of the lnpact of ten years of onchocerclasis control on the socloeconomlc developnent ln the Programme area. A summary report would be available for the next JPC wlth a final document presented to the seventh session of the JPC. 91. The Comnlttee commended the Programme on what it had been able to achieve. It recommended that the study be cornpleted as soon as possible in order to establlsh for the thlrd phase an operatlonal uethodology which wl1l make it possible to carefully understand the phenomenon of migration, as well as to monitor land-occupancy and socloeconomic changes as they occur in the onchocerciasis-controlled areas. JPC6. 5(ocP/EAc/8s.1) page 22 92, The EAC also reconmended thar this rnethodology and iEs implementation should stem from a continual collaboratlon with the Epideniological Evaluatlon Unit andthe Vector Control Unit, this being justifled in relatlon to the extensions(valldlty and relevance of basellne data to be collected) and devolutlon (researchinto the development of primary Health Care). 93. The Committee recommended that sufficient resources be assured to the EconomicDevelopment Unlt which perhaps should be renamed Socioeconomlc EvaluaEion Unlt, to enable 1t, ln conjunction with the Partlcipating Countries and Sponsoring Agencies,to carry out effectively a task essentlal to the Programme. The Cornnittee also recommended that the Dlrector approach the Sponsorlng Agencles to determlne howbest to analyse the avallable data. 94. The Cornmittee approved the reorientation given to the Economic DevelopmenEUnit and emphaslzed Ehat the Programme has conslderable advantage over mostdevelopnent agencies in carrying out such a task. It is a regi6nal progratrne with activity exclusively in rural areas; it has the confidence of rural populatlons and the logistics to reach often remote 1oca1lties. In addition, its entomological and epidemlological activlties put it ln a unique positton to deiect changes ii socioeconomlc dynamics in these rural areas. L. PLAN 0F oPERATIONS - PHASE rrl (1986-1991) 95. The Comnlttee was inforned that Ehe document before it had been developed onthe basls of conclusions arrived at during an OCP staff seninar held durlng thelast week of February 1985. The l,Iorld Bank had contrlbuted to the preparation ofthe document ln Particular as regards its format and the analysis oi ttr" financlalforecasts. Copies of the Plan of operatlons had been sent to all members of theJolnt Programme Commlttee invlting comments and suggestions in tlme for the document to be flnalized before JpC.6. 96. The EAC expressed general satisfactlon with the document and oade a number of suggestions for improvements. It paid speclal trlbute to Dr O.W. Christensen whohad spared no effort in skilfully coordlnating the contrlbutions fron the different staff members into such a splendid document, drawing together all the dlfferent asPects of the Programmers activltles over the next slx years. The staff also were to be commended for their cooperatlon ln this task in additlon to their alreadyheavy operatLonal responslbllltles. 97. The Committee ful1y endorsed the Plan of Operations as presented to lt and recomrnended that it be approved by the Jolnt Prograrnme Committee at its sixth sessj'on in December 1985. As far as the Onchocerciasls Chemotherapy conponenE rsas concerned, the Comnlttee considered lt wlse to assess progress in 1987 as prevlewed and deternlne then what financial support would be approprlate to it thereafter. M. OTHER MATTERS (a) Envlronmental consequences 98. Although not wlthin its direct responsibllity, the Committee consldered OCp tobe ln a unlque posltlon to highllght potentlal developmental problems not unrelated to the Programme. The continuation of drought condltions coupled wlth the resettlement of river valleys due to the success of OCP could result ln serlous environmental consequences bringlng about loss of fertility and productivity of the lands if not supported by replanting, reforestation and other conservatLonpractices. The Conrnittee strongly supported OCP actlvities in the dissemination oflnformation ln this lmportant area and recommended that OCp should catalyseinvestigations into these potentlal problems with national governmenEs and relevant bllateral and multllateral agencles. JPC6. 5 ( ocP/ EAc/ 8 s. 1) PaBe 23 (b) Publicatlors gg. The EAC expressed serious concern about the backlog and delay, often over three years, in publlshlng results obtal,ned by the OCP staff and the lack of tirne for staff to write up materials. In this respect the Committee urged that maximum advantage be taken of the signlflcant progress of the OCP to roake lt known through publication ln order to stimulate inEerest in the Present supPort for the Programme as welL as long-term requirements beyond the Programmets exlstence, and to encourage countries and agencies to undertake sirollar dlsease control Programmes. To this end the EAC recommended the strengthening of the lnformation unit ln OCP to enable it to increase conslderably the informatlon flow to the public,particlpating Countries, Donor Countrles and Agencles and Eo Provlde accurate informatlon io the lnternational scientlflc community within reasonable time llmlts. 100. The infornation unit would benefit from one or tlro addltlonal Personst experienced 1n sclentific and edltorial work, with suitable secretarlal support and equlpment, includlng word processing facilltles (see para. 54). The EAC suggested a plan of publicatlons be worked out along the llnes shown in Table III. 101. The Commlttee recommended that the Programne should revLew hors access to library facll-ltles for its staff could be lmproved. TABLE III: HOW TO ADDRESS TIIE IMERNATIONAI COMMUNITY TO MAKE IT AWARE OF ocP lcrrvrTrEs Target group Time llmlt Sclent if ic comounity Educated public General pub1lc - Ln donor countries General Public - in Partici- patlng Countrles Throughout t,hird financlal phase 1986 and throughout thlrd financial phase ro 1991 Accordlng to Publtc Relatlons plan Accordlng to national educatlon and develop- uent plans Alo of act lvLt les Type of publlcations Sclentiflc and research papers ln approprlate reviews and journals To convlnce about operations and research (basic and applted). Develop support for actlvitles to be undertaken To reach decislon makers Leaflets, Lllustrated seroi-popular magazlnes lnc1. WHO publicatlons, Books, etc To develop supportive contributlons To create ahrare- ness of potentlal oPPortunltles for development Mass medla nerJspapers, e tc. radio, TV, schools, JPC6. 5 ( ocP/EAc/8s. 1) page 24' (c) Staff Tralning 102. The Comnittee recommended that workshops on epidemiological nethodology relevant to OCP be held ln the Programme area on an on-going basis and that the professlonal staff be given the opportunity to consult with scientific institutlons, undertake literature studies and undergo professional development. Thelr participatlon in lnternational conferences should also be encouraged. (d) EAC lnvolvement 103. The Comrnittee also recommended that members of the EAC visit OCP and its field research actlvitles to learn more about the detalls of the operatlons and to provlde flrst-hand advice and assistance, if needed. They should also facllitate sclentiflc contacts and cooperatlon betrdeen the Programme staff and relevant rbsearchers in laboratorLes and lnstltutions overseas as well as in other parts of Afrlca. (e) Future meeting arrangements 104. The Comnittee considered the forrnat for future meetlngs and reached the f ollowlng concluslons. 105. Future meetings of EAC should be held in the Programme area, in order to assist Commlttee members in keeplng "au courant" with advances and potential problerns, and provide close liaison between the Co ittee and OCP staff. 106. The first day of the neetlng should provide an opportunity for informal dl-scusslon between EAC rnembers interested in particular aspects of Programne actlvitles and relevant OCP staff. 107. An annual EAC lecture should be presented during the Cornmitteers meeting to Commlttee members and OCP staff. This should be delivered by an eminent sclentist in a fleld related to the work of the Programme; it would provide excellent tralnlng and orl-entation for OCP staff and Committee members. (f) Place and date of next meeting 107. The seventh sesslon of from 16 to 20 June 1986. the Expert Advisory Committee w111 be held in Banako JPC6. 5(ocP/EAC/8s.1) page 25 Annex I PRINCIPAI RECOMMENDATIONS The Expert Advisory Comittee recommended that: (i) neetlngs e); the Progra 'ne should produce a PaPer for the EAC ahead of its future revlewlng the follow-up action taken on each EAC recommendation (paragraph (ii) whllst stresslng the dependence of an effective control strategy on the range of larvlcldes available, and noting the operatlonal constraints of the four larilcldes, the arsenal of larvicides was adequate for control to be undertaken Ln the extension areas (paragraph 19); (i11) the programme contact the FAO Plant ProducEion and Protectlon Division regardlng the possible effect of agrlcultural pesticldes in the Programme area and, in collaboration wlth FAO, UNEP and the Partlclpatlng Governments, consider holdlng an lnternatlonal workshop ln order to promote a greater ecologlcal awareness of pesticlde use in West Afrlca (paragraph 20); (iv) treatment tactlcs be oodlfled as approprlate throughout the Programme area and especlally ln the l,lestern Extensj.on area (paragraph 28); (v) exploratory studtes in the Western Extension area be vLgorously pursued an6 that the operatlons Lmplemented as planned ln accordance wlth the Long-Term Strategy to th; beneflt of the present Programme area and of the affected human populaiions adJacent to these newly treated rivers (paragraph 32); (vi) in order to meet the challenge of resLstance the operations should proceed into the Western and Southern Extension areas enploylng the treatment tactlcs proposed ln Table I. ln such a Eanner as to ensure maxlmum control wlth minLmum ecological inpact (paragraph 40); (vlf) in studying the extenslon areas the closest posslble collaboration should be establlshed anongst the Epidenlological, Entouological and Socloeconomlc Development UnLts (paragraph 46); (vi11) the Prograrme review the question of transmlssion as a pub1lc health problero includlng the baslc value and use of the ABR/ATP lndex orlgtnally drawn up ln relation to resettlemenE (paragraph 48); (ix) a detalled evaluatlon be undertaken of Che epldemlologlcal oethods belng used by the Programme with particular reference to their validlty, simplicity and quality control for utilization durlng devolutlon and that guldellnes be wrltten up ind a ieport presented to the next session of the EAC (paragraph 49); (x) special attention be paid to the resettlement areas and immigrants by the Epidemiological EvaluaElon Unit both in the short-term and in the context of devolutlon (paragraph 50); (xi) detailed prlorities for the Statistical Unit be drawn up and agreed with all parts of the Programme bearlng in mind the practical constralnts (see paragraph s2) i (xfi) a speclal study be made of the data processing, handllng and analysls required by the devolutlon process and the socioeconomic develoPoent programme(paragraph 53); JPC6. 5(ocP/EAc/8s. r.) page 26 Annex I (xiil) in view of the massive documentatlon load on the Prograome and the need to encourage staff to wrlte up and publish the work of che Progranme, word processing facllltles be provided in Ouagadougou (paragraph 54); (xiv) the basic research studies contlnue to be supported (paragraph 59); (xv) the Programme address the matter of a sultable delivery system for an effective drug when sufflclent informatlon was aval1ab1e on the production schedule and probable treatment regimen of the reglstered drug (paragraph 60); (xvi) if flnancial resources were strained, enphasis be given to those aspects of research whtch could lead to cost-effective operational changes (paragraph 64); (xvtl) because of the risk of reslstance, larvlclde development be contlnued as an actlvity of the highest prlority (paragraph 68); (xvili) research lnto Ehe forest and savanna onchocerciasls, their parasit.es and vectors, be continued with relevant attention being given to the new technologies now available for species dlfferentiatlon (paragraph 75); (xtx) the developnent of a siurple, sensltive and specific i nunodiagnostic test be a top prlorlty for the Programme (paragraph 77); (xx) the Programme contLnue lts work in applied modelling and report back to lts next sesslon (paragraph 82); (xxt) the Programne join wlth WHO in studylng the uanpower development and tralnlng requirements for devolution lncludlng the preparatlon and field testing of trainlng materlal (paragraph 87); (xxli) the Prograrrne also study with I,IHO t.he managernent lmplicatlons of devolution and the tralning therefor and report back to EAC (paragraph 88); (xx111) the Programme establlsh a working group to draw up guidelines for community partlcipatlon in vector control and prepare a plan of action for their lmplementatton (paragraph 89). (xxlv) the impact study on socloeconomic development be completed as soon as posslble in order to establlsh for the third financial phase an operatlonal methodology which w111 nake lt possible to carefully understand the phenomenon of migratlon, as well as to monitor land-occupancy and socloeconomic changes as they occur in the onchocerciasis-controlled areas (paragraph 91); (xxv) thls operatlonal nethodology (see above recommendatlon) and lts implementation stem from a continual collaboratlon with the Epidemiological Evaluatlon Unit and the Vector Control Unit (paragraph 92); (xxvi) sufflcient resources be assured to the Economlc Developnent Unlt to enable lt, in conjunction with the Partlcipattng Countrles and Sponsoring Agencles, to carry out effectively a Eask essential to the Programme and that the Director approach the Sponsoring Agencles to determLne how best to analyse the available data (paragraph 93); (xxvll) the Programme catalyse invesEigaElons into potential developmental problens wlth national governments and other bllateral and nultilateral agencLes(paragraph 98); JPC6.5 (ocP/ EAc/8 s.1) Page 27 Annex I (xxviii) the Informatlon Unit in OCP be strengthened to put it in a position to enable it to increase conslderably Ehe lnformation flow to the publlc' Particlpating Countries, Donor Countries and Agencies and to provide accurate inforrnation to the international scientific cornmunity within reasonable time Ilmlts (paragraph 99); (xxlx) the Programme review how access to library facilities for its staff could be Lnproved (paragraph 101); (xxx) workshops on epidenlology relevant to OCP be held in the Programme area on an on-golng basis and that the professlonal staff be given the opportunity t.o consult wlth icientific Lnstltutions, undertake literature studies and undergo professlonal developraent (paragraph 102); (xxxi) members of the EAC visit OCP and its field research activLties individually to learn more about the details of the operatlons and to provide flrst-hand advice and asslstance, if needed (paragraph 103). AB c JPC6 .5(ocP/EAc/85.1) Page 28 Annex II INTRODUCTION APPENDIX I APPENDIX II REPORT OF THE SIXTH SESSION OF THE ECOLOGICAL GROUP CONTENTS ADOPTION OF THE AGENDA VECTOR CONTROL SITUATION AND STATUS OF RESISTANCE IN THE PROGRA},TI.{E AREA ECOLOGICAL MONITORING INDEPEMENT MONITORING DATA VERIFICATION DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVE LARVICIDES REPORT ON ADIILTICIDING TRIALS ECOLOGICAI IMPACT OF PESTICIDES USED IN AREA OTHER THAN BY OCP PUBLICATION OF OCP ECOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES ANY OTHER MATTERS ARRANGB{ENTS FOR NEXT MEETING APPROVAL OF REPORT Page 29 29 30 30 31 32 34 D, E F G H I J K L 34 34 35 35 35 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS PROTOCOL FOR TESTING THE MEDII]M-TERM EFFECTS OF CARBOSULFAN ON THE NON-TARGET FAI'NA OF THE SASSANDRA RIVER (IVORY COAST) JPC6.5 (ocP/EAc/8s.1) pa9e 29 Annex II A. INTRODUCTION 1. The Ecological Group held its sixth session at the OCP Headquarters' Ouagadougou, Burklna Faso, from 24 to 26 Aprl1 1985. 2. Dr K.W. CummLns chalred the meeting which was attended by all other members of the Group and the technical secretariatr listed ln Appendix I. 3. The Group noted that Dr Cummins had represented it at the fifth session of the Joint Prograrme Conmittee held in Niamey in December 1984, and Dr C. L6v6que had attended the Hydroblologistst meeting in 0uagadougou. Following the meeting Dr L6vQque, accompanted by Dr Yasuno and Dr Lennon, would visit monltoring statlons in Togo and have discusslons with the hydrobiologlcal teams there. 4. Dr E.M. Samba, Programme Director, welcomed the Group to Ehe Prograrme Headquarters. He polnted out that the Programme was in a position of transition moving towards the thtrd flnancial phase, when Lt would become oPeratlve in a further four countries, adding sone 28 000 kn of rivers to be treated. He stressed the need for strengthening the collaborative efforts between the Progratttme and the Group, not only to maintain the confidence which the Donors and Partlclpating Governnents have ln OCP, but also to develop an ecological tradition in West Africa in the light of the disastrous drought and advancing desertification of the Sudano-Guinean zone. 5. He lnformed the Group that the Donors and the Conmittee of Sponsorlng Agencies had recognlzed that the Programne had neither the capacity nor the mandate to undertake socloeconomie development per se and its role should be limlted to the gatherlng and dissemLnatlon of lnformatLon on developrnent. The Ecological Group, accordlngly, should restrlct itself to the ecologlcal effects of pestlcide applicatlon. 6. The Group consldered that the overall ecological effects from socioeconomlc developnent could surpass any effeits on the rlverine fauna from larvicide application by the Programme. In this respect the Group expressed wlllingness to be consulted on the ecological lmpact on the rivers resulting from changes ln the gallery forest. ADOPTION OF THE AGENDA The following agenda was adopted: Vector control sltuation and status of resistance in the Programme area EcoJ-ogical monltorlng Independent monitoring data verification Developrnent of alternative larvlcides Report on adultlcidlng trials Ecological lmpact of pesticides used in the area other than by OCP Publication of OCP ecological actlvlties Any other matters Arrangements for the next Eeeting Approval of report. B 7 (a) (b)(c) (d)(e)(f)(e) (h)(i)(j) JPC6. 5(ocP/EAC/8s.1) page 30 Annex II C VECTOR CONTROL SITUATION AND STATUS OF RESISTANCE IN THE PROGRAMI'IE AREA 8. The Group was lnformed that 9O7" of the core area of the Progranrme had been maintained clear of infected vectors throughout the year. Some reinvasion of the south-western and south-eastern borders had occurred. The same larvlciding strategy which employed temephos or alternance of chlorphoxlm and Bacillus thuringlensis H-14 (B.t. H-14) had been used again during the pasE year. With the roElical data transmlssion, including teletransmission fromlmprovement in hvd certain remote sltes, and the subsequent more efflcienE dosing of act.ive breeding sites, less larvlcide had been applied to the rivers. In the absence of the vector species, treatments had been suspended on many rLvers for considerable perlods thus allowing the recovery of the non-target organisms. 9. The Group noted the experinental treatments being undertaken on the Sankarani river basin and the western tribuEaries 1n Gulnea aimed at reducing the reinvasion of the south-western area of the Progranme. 10. The Group was informed of the status of resistance in the lower Bandama. After suspension of treatment, the forest species had remained reslstant to temephos, while the susceptibility of savanna species had returned to high levels since the occurrence of resistance in 1983. In the Southern Extension area changes in susceptibility had been demonstrated which might be due to the influence of the use of agrlcultural chemicals. D ECOLOGICAL MONITORING 11. The Group was informed of the outcome of the HydroblologisEst meeting which was held in Ouagadougou from 12 to 15 February 1985, and noted wlth concern that not all the reports from the varlous particlpants had been available to that meetlng. Certaln reports were stl1l not available and some of these presented were so deflclent that lt was impossible for the Ecological Group adequately Eo fulfil its mandate. The monitorlng teams rnust be encouraged to undertake their work in a more conscientious manner with the national sclentisEs concerned belng personally involved ln the field monitoring activities. 12, The Group recommended that OCP should provide guidance, in the way of a uodel report, to harmonize the reporting procedures and to standardize the presentation of data and that a technical summary of each report be prepared which would be translated into the second working language. 13. The Group also recomrnended that participat.ion of hydrobiologlsts in subsequent treetlngs be contingent upon the collectlon of required data and the submisslon of an adequate report and that such meetlngs be chaired by either a representative of the Ecologlcal Group or a senlor OCP staff member. L4. The Group dlscussed the monltoring protocols for the attack, consolidation and malntenance phases in the light of experience gained over the past ten years. It emphasized that the value of the data collected from an individual monitorlng site depended on the avallabllity of adequate pre-treatment data and the absence of any major non-treatment factors (e.g. human settlement, dam construction, etc.). The data could be corrected for hydrological variatlon and for collector bias, both of which have been evident ln the past data sets. JPC6.5 (ocP/EAC/8s.1) Page 31 Annex II 15. The Group therefore reco'rrmended that, during the nonltoring of the consolidatlon and maintenance phases, more intensive studies than existed under the present monltorlng scheme be undertaken at a few selected sltes meeting the above crlteria. In the present OCP area, Sabari on the Oti, Entonokro and Danangoro on the Marahou6, Semlen on the Sassandra and the Pont Routier slte on the L6raba should be maintained. Sultable sltes on the Pru, the Asukawkaw/Wawa and the 0uem5 or Mono should be identifled for the monltoring of the Southern Extension. L6. The Group noted the extent of monitoring that was being underEaken in the lJestern Extenslon area where it recomnended that, Ln future, four sites should be identified for entomological study as well as for fish, especially taklng lnto account the fact that the rivers of the Niger watershed flow northwards froo rainforest into the savanna, contrary to those of the Volta River system. L7. The naElonal teams should contLnue to follow the establlshed monitoring protocols which would alert OCP to any unexpected changes. The natlonal teams should participate ln the intenslve uonltorlng studies on each of the selected sltes, tut the'main responsibiltty for undertaking these should rest with the OCP hydrobtological group (the present hydrobiologist supported by an ecologlcal monltorlng coordlnator) . 18. The Group repeated the recommendation ln the reporE of its fifth session that the manageuent of the ecologlcal aspects of the Programme should be strengthened especially now to ensure that all the activities connected with the more intensive monltoring and the testing of new larvlcides be properly coordinated. E. INDEPENDEM MONITORING DATA VERIFICATION 19. Following the request of the (paragraph 63) that the nonitoring was submltted to it by the Salford asslstlng OCP in prevlous analysis the work so far carried out. Group in the report of its ftfth session data be independently verlfled, a draft rePort University t,eam, whlch had been responsible for of monitoring data. This draft rePort covered 20. The Group was informed that statistlcal analysis of the routlne monLtoring data over the past ten years had been nade difficult because of the followlng fac tors : the lnherent varlability in abundance of fauna in seasonal tropical rivers; lmprovements in taxonomic knowledgel improvements ln training and changes in staffing; varlable perlods between treatment and collection; reductlon of oonltorlng frequency; 1arge differences in river flow between years; often lnsufficient pretreatment data; other water uses and pesticlde treatments. Consequently, the example of loss of less abundant species in samples could be attributed to ferder samples belng taken and a long period of reduced ralnfall. Great care in statlstical technique and Lnterpretation was therefore essentlal. JPC6.5(ocP/EAc/8s.1) Page 32' Annex II 21. Bearing these points in mind the Group was informed that the statistical work endorsed the prevlous studies in showlng that the appllcation of insecticides had a subtle effect on river fauna, whlch was only clear at a few collectlon points that: had regular nonitoring and pre-treatuent inforroatlon. Such effects were secondary to hydrologlcal and other environmental factors. The reduction ln monitoring frequency had meant that statistlcal- conparlsons Irere more difflcult and perhaps unnecessary at most sltes. The large varlatl.ons noted between seasons and years supported the recornnendation ln paragraph 15 that only a few (three to four) sites be retained for concentrated monltoring exercises in the present Programme area, and that more meanlngful data would emerge from lntenslve surveys in the Southern and Western Extension areas. 22. The Group recoumended that thls statlsttcal work be contlnued. Particular aitention should be paid to (a) explorlng multlvariate analysis to see if the removal of unusual samples, removal of less sensitive Eaxa and correlations with river helght and turbidlty would iroprove the plcture of treatrnent effects; (b) seekLng correlatlons between fish catches and coefficient of condition when applied to a coropJ.ete hydrology data set; (c) analyslng raw data on flsh condltion in Ghana; and (d) conblnlng the data fron Entomokro wlth that of Danangoro on the Marahou6 to try to lmprove the productlon of a pollutlon lndex wlth the later data on chlorphoxlm and B.t. H-14. 23, The Group recommended that the Salford Report be made available to the natlonal hydroblological team only after the anal-ysis had been completed and the document revised ln a form which would assist then in their work. 24. The Group also recornmended that, in presentlng the analysis of monitorlng data, lnformatlon to be provlded by the Programme on the larviclde treatments at the glven site should be clearly stated ln the reports of the national teams. F. DEVELOPMEM OF ALTERNATIVE LARVICIDES 25. The Group was pleased to note the progress made in testing alternative compounds, and studled the results of field trials of cornpounds recommended by EAC. It noted that a number of pyrethroids had shown promise, but that fleld trlals would not be pursued imnediately as they dld not appear to be any more effective than Talcord, the formulation of permethrin which had been the subject of fleld trlals this year. Azamethiphos was successful but the product was not sultable for operatlonal use due to formulatlon difficulties. Two carbamates, out of the four teited, showed real promlse. One of the slx B.t. H-14 formulations tested in river trlals looked partlcularly promislng as it was effective at half of the dosage rate for Teknar and, further, dld not need to be diluted wlth water before application. Etght Insect Growth Regulators (lGRs) had been tested, three of whlch were very promising but, one of them, Avermectin, had been dropped due to its htgh human toxlcity. 26. The Group noted that in the large-sca1e river trial permethrin had been effectlve against S.damnosum. Although satlsfled with the level of results of the studles of ihis pr6?iEE-6i-he non-target organisms, the Group noted that an assessment had now to be made of its effect on crustacea as recomended. This could be carried out in a ninl-gutter or tank trla1. Field studles should also be undertaken at the end of the rainy season when the water 1evel was receding, preferably on the Sassandra ln Ivory Coast. JPC6.5 (ocP/EAC/85.1) Page 33 Annex I1 27. The Group recommended the followlng contingencies for comPlete evaluation of permethrin as an operational larvicide for use during the rainy season where temephos resistance ca11s for a replacement. (a) Mini-gutter or tank tests should be carried out on the effect of the range of river treatment concentrations of permeE.hrin on shrimp species. The test animals should be held for at least 48 hours in untreated water following the tests to evaluate residual effects. (b) A section of a small river with suitably abundant populations of shrimps should be adequately sampled and used for the analysis of the effect of permethrin on the shrimPs. 28. Some lnformation on the effect on fish fry of the permethrin treatments should be obtained. Dr L6v6que could assist Mr Kassoum Traor6 of the Ivory Coast hydrobiological team in this respect. The Group suggested that the effects on fish mtght best be tested in tanks rather than in cages in the river. 29. The Group recommended that the monltoring data currently being collected on the Sassandra River should be evaluated in respect to the recovery of the fish and invertebrate fauna to levels comparable to those prior to the Permethrln tria1. These data should be nade available to the Group. The use of the Sassandra for a large-scale field trial, e.g. of carbosulfan, should be condltional on the recovery of the fauna to a sltuatlon that would al1ow a reasonable evaluation of its effects on non-target specles, as well as the availability of a srnal1 river test site for shrlmp analysis as descrlbed ln paragraph 27 (b). 30. The Group, while pleased to note that the larvicide screening programme continued to be supplled with a range of new products and a range of formulations of these products from the chemlcal industry, emphasized the recommendation of the Expert Advisory Conrmlttee which stressed at its fifth session that every effort should be given to ldentlfying compounds of chemlcal groups different froo those currently used in the vector contrdl operatLons. 31. A revlsed protocol (see Appendix II) for registering the inpact on non-target organisms during the operatlonal testlng of new products was Presented to, and approved by, the Ecological Group. The Group recommended that thls protocol be used for the proposed Eest of carbosulfan, provided that the fish test was carried out in tanks iather than wlth caged fish in the rlvers and that attention was also given to the effect on crustaceans. The Group coumended the Prograrr-e for providing the bibliography on carbosulfan at this stage and suggested that contact be made with the Patuxent Wlldlife Research Cent.re, US Fish and Wtldlife Service, Laurel, Maryland 20810, USA, which may have some additional inforrnation on the toxiclty of carbosulfan on blrds. The Group also recommended that the carbosulfan trials be carried out on a rLver other than the Sassandra (see paragraph 29), if an alternative locatlon was available, but appreciated the loglstlcal problems facing the Programme in this respecE. 32. Reviewing the current sltuatlon regarding operatlonal larvicides, the Group considered that, with four products now available and usable under dry or rainy season conditlons and generally effective agalnst forest and savanna species, the Prograrme adequately raet the larvicldal criteria for moving into the extension areas. The Group recommended that permethrin should only be used in rainy season conditlons (see paragraph 26) pending the availability of a betEer all-season pyrethrold formulation. Ihe search for and testing of new products should contlnue as heretofore. It was the Grouprs vlew that the Programme should use the larvlclde whlch has mlnLmum envlronmental tmpact while effectlve in controlling the target organlsms. JPC6.5(ocP/EAC/85.1) page 34 Annex II G REPORT ON ADULTICIDI\C TRIALS 33. The Programme recognized that adulticiding would clearly not replace the nain larvlclding actlvity but could be a possible complementary vector control activity whlch could help with reinvaslon control and as an early wet season control measure. Adulticiding trials had been carried out as planned and these had htghllghted the difficulties which would have to be faced ln the rret season. The invertebrate rnonltoring and the spatial adulticlde dispersal studies had provided a very detailed and concise picture of the trials. The Group reconmended that, prior to any additional adultlciding trlals, studles should be completed on the adult resting sltes in riverside areas. H. ECOLOGICAL IMPACT OF PESTICIDES USED IN AREA OTHER THAN BY OCP 34. The Group had taken note of the document written for IUCN by Dr Koeman last year which reviewed the use of other pesticides in the OCP area. The Group recalled that in the FAO study "Agrlcult.ure towards 2000" it was expected that food productlon would have to be intensifled which could mean that fertiliser and pesticide use would treble by the year 2000. A1so, most developLng countries were uslng broad spectrum pesticides. The Ecological Group was pleased to learn that the Sahelian countries were generally aware of the ecological dangers of increased lndiscrimLnate pestlclde use, and, therefore, were encouraging the introduction of lntegrated pest management systems. Major contamlnatlon from other pesticides in the OCP area seemed un1ike1y, except in the delta zones and in the event of abusive hand1lng. 35. The Ecologlcal Group felt that the Programme had Ehe capaclty to collect lnformatlon on other pesticldes used in OCP area. It suggested that Sector Chiefs be requested to maintain contact with the Agricultural Extension Staff ar.d/or rural development agencles in their areas and obtain information on the different products, amounts used and for what purpose (inter alia crop protection and storage, herbLcides, veterlnary purposes). Such informatlon could be summarized and made avallable to the Group at lts next meetlng. I. PUBLICATION OF OCP ECOLOGICAI ACTIVITIES 36. The Group would recommend that a summary of 10 years of ecological monitoring data be published. 37. The Group continued to support the proposal that a semi-popular article be prepared on OCP, suitable for a publlcation such as Sclence or Sclentlfic Amerlcan. The Ecological Group would confer during the coming year on possible authorship for such a publicatlon. 38. The Ecological Group noted with great pleasure the publication of the "Guide to freshwater fish in the OCP area ln West Africa" (Guide des poissons dreau douce de la zone du Programme de Lutte contre ltOnchocercose en Afrique de lrOuest - C. L6v6que et D. Paugy, ORSTOM-OMS 1984), which it considered an outstanding contribution to the knowledge of the fish populations of l.lest Africa. 39. The Ecological Group was informed of the development of a nev device for use ln exposing non-target organisns, to IGRs for perlods from 10 minutes up to 15 weeks. thE Group "icorrra[ed such developxoent; as so litt1e was known about IGR|s,their node of action and effects on non-target organisms' 40. Dr C. L6vlque informed the Group that he would be unable to a:-tend the sixth session of the Expert Advisory Conrmittee and it was agreed that Mr Cyril Groom' as Secretary to the Group, should present its report to the EAC in Ouagadougou from 10 to 14 June 1985. 41. Dr K. Cumrnins would represent the Group at Ehe sixth session cE the Joint progranrme corml-ttee in Geneva from 10 to 13 Decenber 1985. JPC6.5 (ocP/EAc/8 s.1) page 35 Annex II J. ANY OTHER MATTERS K. ARRANGH'{EI.ITS FOR NEXT MEETING 42. The Group proposed that Lts next session be convened in Bamako at a date to be declded 1ater. Thls would glve an opportunLty to the members to observe the situatlon In controlled and uncontrolled rivers in the Programme area and in the Western Extension. L. APPROVAL OF REPORT 43. The draft report was clrculated to the uernbers after the meeting and thelr comments lncorporated in this flnalized verslon, approved by the Chairman' JPC6.5(ocP/EAc/8s.1) Page 36 Annex II Appendix I Members Secretariat 0bservers LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Professor K.W. Cummins, Appalachian Environmental Laboratory, University of Maryland, Frostburg State College Campus, Gunter Ha11, Frostburg, Maryland 27532, USA (Chairman) Professor Dr J.H. Koeman, Head, Department of Toxicology, Agricultural University, De Dreijen 12, 6703 BC Wageningen, Netherlands Dr R.E. Lennon, 2678 Tltania Road, Englewood, Florlda 33533, USA Dr C. L6v6que, Institut frangais de Recherche scientlfique pour 1e D6veloppement en Coop6ratlon (ORSTOM), 24 rue Bayard, 75008 Paris, France Dr M. Yasuno, Chlef, Aquatic Blology Laboratory, National Institute for EnvLronmental Studles, Japan Environment Agency, Yatabe Tsukuba Ibarakl, 305 Japan MrC .G. Groom, Senlor Progranme and Planning Officer, Agricultural ServLces Divlslon, FAO, 00100 Rome, Italy, (joint Secretary) .D.M. Marr, Chlef, Llaison 0ffice, Onchocerclasis Control Programme, WIIO, Geneva, (jolnt Secretary)MrJ Dr D.A.T. Baldry, Entomologist, Vector Control Unit, Onchocerciasis Control Progr'arme, Ouagadougou Dr D.A. Carvalho, Research Coordinator, Onchocerciasis Control Prograrme, Ouagadougou Dr D. Kurtak, Entomologist, Vector Control Unit, Onchocerciasis Control Prograrnrne, Ouag adougou Dr B. Philippon, Chtef, Vector Control Unit, Onchocerciasis Control Prograrnme, O.e&q4qrgeq Dr G. Qu6lennec, Pesticides Development and Safe Use, Divlsion of Vector Biology and Control, WHO, Geneva Dr R. Subra, Vector Control Unlt, Onchocerclasis Control Programme, Ouagadougou MrL Yam6ogo, Vector Control Unit, Onchocerciasls Control Programme, Ouagadougou Dr J.M. Elouard, 0RSTOM, Mali Laboratoire drHydrobiologie, B.P. 2528, Bamako Dr C.P. Fairhurst, Department of Biology, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT England Appendix II PROTOCOL FOR TESTING TITE MEDITN4-TERM EFFECTS OF CARBOSULFAN ON THE NON-TARGET FAUNA OF THE SASSANDRA RIVER(rvoRY coAsr) Insectictde: Carbosulfan (carbamate) at 0.05 ppn' Perlodictty of treatment: Once per week. planned duration: Ihree monEhs (beginning ln mld-August 1985). River: Sassandra, from the confluence wlth the Bagbe down to the lake of Buyo(see oap). Monltoring sites: (See map). JPC6. 5(ocP/EAc/8s.1) page 37 Annex II Vlaladougou (control) uPsEream from the treated reach. Semien ferry, slte dlrectly treated with the larvlclde (about a hundred metres downstrear[ from a treatment point). Village of Seml,en, slte not treated directly, situated 7 km downstream from the previous one, at the end of the theoretlcal carry of the insecticlde tested. It should rnake it possible to study the carry and the residual action of the insecticide lrave on the non-target fauna. Site 1: Stte 2: Slte 3: A. Entooolog ical monltorlng Two types of drtft monitoring have been planned. Type 1 (T1) is for the study of klnetlcs of detachment and the quantity of drifting fauna six days after each treatment. Type 2 (T2) is solely for the evaluation of the drlfting fauna under the saoe conditions as Type 1. A.1 Saupling nethods Type 1 (T1) (week of flrst treatment and 8th week). + Drlft - 07h.00 to 22h.00'. 1 collection every hour (eve of treatnent ) - (tl - hr) to (t + 3hr): 1 collection every 30 ninutes(on the day of treatnent) 1t = time of treaEment (t + 3hr) to 22h.00: 1 collection every hour JPC6. 5(ocP/EAc/8s.1) page 38 Annex II Appendix II * Surber and broon samples to be Eaken .the day before treatment and when Ehe seasonal drop in water level permit.s. Type 2 (T2) (see timetable). + Drift - 18h.00 to 21h.00: every 30 nlnutes (eve of treatment) *surber and broom samples to be taken the day before treatmenE and when the seasonal drop in water leve1 permlts. A,.2 Timetable Week No. Site No. L 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 L4 15 L6 1 2 3 T1 T2 T1 T2 T2 T2 T2 T1 T2 T2 T2 T2 T2 T1 T1 T2 B A.3 LeveI of ldentification of organlsms Level adopted for the whole monitoring prograrune (faml1y' tribe). Fish nonltoring B.1 Sampling methods 8.1.1 Trials in cages (C) (see table in paragraph B.2). Scaled fish wil1, as far as possible, be caught with traps Eo avoid injurles. Furthermore, each cage (dimension: 50 x 50 x 50crn) will contain flve to 10 fish (depending on their size). Not only will the scaled fish be separated from the others, but also those with spines will not be mlxed with the harmless species. Fish have to be caught in the rlver and put into cages three to four days in order to select the most viable ones. In addition to observing their behaviour just after treatment, these fish wl11 be monltored frequently (every three hours' for example). Some cf the cages have to be placed at a distance of about 10m. away from the treatment polnt and the rest at about 3 km. downstream. JPC6.5 (ocP/EAc/8s.1) PaSe 39 Annex II Appendix II B.1.2 Fishing wlth gi 11 nets (GN) See tabLe ln paragraPh B.2. Durlng the trials with permethrln the cage test showed that the flsh try to flee from the larviclde wave, but the catches ln 9111 nets ldere not affected. Drlfts caused by the lnsecticide cannot, therefore, be consldered as of great importance. The larvlcldes subjected to operatlonal trials are known to have no signiflcant lrmedlate effect on t,he flsh fauna. To that must be added th; difflculty with the present techniques ln sholsing Dinor short-term effects. It 1s, therefore, not indispensable to carry out frequent sampling. A few weeks before treatnenE ' a cont.rol sanpling of the selected statlons should be undertaken. Dgrtng the trlal Period, the gl11 nets will always be placed and retrleved the day before treatment. In additlon to specles ldentiflcation, weights and lengths will have to be measured ln order to calculate the coefflcients of condltlon before, durlng and after the period of treatment. The gut contents will also have to be examlned. 8.2 Timetable The table below gives the periods for the nonltoring of the fish fauna at the dlfferent sites. As far as possible observaElons will be nade on macrocrustaceans in cages. Week No. Site No. L 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 L2 13 L4 15 16 c c 1 2 3 GN GN GN CGN CGN GN CGN CGN GN C. Analysis of residues It is proposed to carry out an analysis of carbosulfan residues in mud samples from the lake of Buyo, at the end of the trial- JPC6 .5 (ocP/EAC/ 8s page 40 Annex II 1) tt{ (0 l Appendix II ,1 r(D(D t- --3--- 4f 2 ooo ooo"^' t0(nn ,2 UYO t;l )\ ) A.: ' ! l--r