Editorial: governance strategies for building health system resilience
In this Act a “trade union” means an organisation (whether temporary or permanent)—
which consists wholly or mainly of workers of one or more descriptions and whose principal purposes include the regulation of relations between workers of that description or those descriptions and employers or employers’ associations; or
which consists wholly or mainly of— and whose principal purposes include the regulation of relations between workers and employers or between workers and employers’ associations, or the regulation of relations between its constituent or affiliated organisations.
constituent or affiliated organisations which fulfil the conditions in paragraph (a) (or themselves consist wholly or mainly of constituent or affiliated organisations which fulfil those conditions), or
representatives of such constituent or affiliated organisations,
The Certification Officer shall keep a list of trade unions containing the names of—
the organisations whose names were, immediately before the commencement of this Act, duly entered in the list of trade unions kept by him under section 8 of the Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974, and
the names of the organisations entitled to have their names entered in the list in accordance with this Part.
The Certification Officer shall keep copies of the list of trade unions, as for the time being in force, available for public inspection at all reasonable hours free of charge.
A copy of the list shall be included in his annual report.
The fact that the name of an organisation is included in the list of trade unions is evidence (in Scotland, sufficient evidence) that the organisation is a trade union.
On the application of an organisation whose name is included in the list, the Certification Officer shall issue it with a certificate to that effect.
A document purporting to be such a certificate is evidence (in Scotland, sufficient evidence) that the name of the organisation is entered in the list.
An organisation of workers, whenever formed, whose name is not entered in the list of trade unions may apply to the Certification Officer to have its name entered in the list.
The application shall be made in such form and manner as the Certification Officer may require and shall be accompanied by— and by the prescribed fee.
a copy of the rules of the organisation,
a list of its officers,
the address of its head or main office, and
the name under which it is or is to be known,
If the Certification Officer is satisfied— he shall enter the name of the organisation in the list of trade unions.
that the organisation is a trade union,
that subsection (2) has been complied with, and
that entry of the name in the list is not prohibited by subsection (4),
The Certification Officer shall not enter the name of an organisation in the list of trade unions if the name is the same as that under which another organisation— or if the name is one so nearly resembling any such name as to be likely to deceive the public.
was on 30th September 1971 registered as a trade union under the Trade Union Acts 1871 to 1964,
was at any time registered as a trade union or employers’ association under the Industrial Relations Act 1971, or
is for the time being entered in the list of trade unions or in the list of employers’ associations kept under Part II of this Act,
If it appears to the Certification Officer, on application made to him or otherwise, that an organisation whose name is entered in the list of trade unions is not a trade union, he may remove its name from the list.
He shall not do so without giving the organisation notice of his intention and considering any representations made to him by the organisation within such period (of not less than 28 days beginning with the date of the notice) as may be specified in the notice.
The Certification Officer shall remove the name of an organisation from the list of trade unions if—
he is requested by the organisation to do so, or
he is satisfied that the organisation has ceased to exist.
In this Act an “independent trade union” means a trade union which— and references to “independence”, in relation to a trade union, shall be construed accordingly.
is not under the domination or control of an employer or group of employers or of one or more employers’ associations, and
is not liable to interference by an employer or any such group or association (arising out of the provision of financial or material support or by any other means whatsoever) tending towards such control;
“contract of employment”, in relation to an individual, includes any agreement between that individual and a person for whom he works or normally works; . . . , “employer” includes such a person and related expressions shall be construed accordingly;
A trade union whose name is entered on the list of trade unions may apply to the Certification Officer for a certificate that it is independent.
A member of a trade union has a right to request access to any accounting records of the union which are available for inspection and relate to periods including a time when he was a member of the union.
An application for a declaration under section 55 or 56 may be made only— and the references in those sections to a person having a sufficient interest are to such a person.
by a person who is a member of the trade union (provided, where the election has been held, he was also a member at the time when it was held), or
by a person who is or was a candidate at the election;
A person shall not be appointed to the Council for a term exceeding five years, but previous membership does not affect eligibility for re-appointment.
ACAS shall, as soon as practicable after the end of each financialyear, make a report to the Secretary of State on the activities of the Central Arbitration Committee during that year.
Where an election has been held, no application under those sections with respect to that election may be made after the end of the period of one year beginning with the day on which the union announced the result of the election.
A member may at any time resign his membership, and the chairman or a deputy chairman may at any time resign his office as such, by notice in writing to the Secretary of State.
For this purpose—
The Certification Officer shall maintain a record showing details of all applications made to him under this section and shall keep it available for public inspection (free of charge) at all reasonable hours.
There may be added to the fund only—
contributions to the fund paid to the union (or to a person on its behalf) before the resolution ceased to have effect, and
property which accrues to the fund in the course of administering the assets of the fund.
If there ceases to be any political resolution in force in relation to a trade union, the rules of the union made for the purpose of complying with this Chapter also cease to have effect, except so far as they are required to enable the political fund to be administered at a time when there is no such resolution in force.
Where the employment tribunal finds a complaint under section 174 is well-founded, it shall make a declaration to that effect.
An employer who recognises an independent trade union shall, for the purposes of all stages of collective bargaining about matters, and in relation to descriptions of workers, in respect of which the union is recognised by him, disclose to representatives of the union, on request, the information required by this section.
If an application is made by a trade union whose name is not entered on the list of trade unions, the Certification Officer shall refuse a certificate of independence and shall enter that refusal on the record.
The union may, notwithstanding any of its rules or any trusts on which the fund is held, transfer the whole or part of the fund to such other fund of the union as it thinks fit.
If the resolution ceases to have effect by reason of a ballot being held on which a new political resolution is not passed, the rules cease to have effect at the end of the period of six months beginning with the date of the ballot.
An individual whose complaint has been declared to be well-founded may make an application to an employment tribunal for an award of compensation to be paid to him by the union. ...
In any other case, he shall not come to a decision on the application before the end of the period of one month after it has been entered on the record; and before coming to his decision he shall make such enquiries as he thinks fit and shall take into account any relevant information submitted to him by any person.
If a new political resolution is subsequently passed, no property held immediately before the date of the ballot by or on behalf of the union otherwise than in its political fund, and no sums representing such property, may be added to the fund.
He shall then decide whether the applicant trade union is independent and shall enter his decision and the date of his decision on the record.
If he decides that the trade union is independent he shall issue a certificate accordingly; and if he decides that it is not, he shall give reasons for his decision.
The Certification Officer may withdraw a trade union’s certificate of independence if he is of the opinion that the union is no longer independent.
Where he proposes to do so he shall notify the trade union and enter notice of the proposal in the record.
He shall not come to a decision on the proposal before the end of the period of one month after notice of it was entered on the record; and before coming to his decision he shall make such enquiries as he thinks fit and shall take into account any relevant information submitted to him by any person.
He shall then decide whether the trade union is independent and shall enter his decision and the date of his decision on the record.
He shall confirm or withdraw the certificate accordingly; and if he decides to withdraw it, he shall give reasons for his decision.
Where the name of an organisation is removed from the list of trade unions, the Certification Officer shall cancel any certificate of independence in force in respect of that organisation by entering on the record the fact that the organisation’s name has been removed from that list and that the certificate is accordingly cancelled.
A certificate of independence which is in force is conclusive evidence for all purposes that a trade union is independent; and a refusal, withdrawal or cancellation of a certificate of independence, entered on the record, is conclusive evidence for all purposes that a trade union is not independent.
A document purporting to be a certificate of independence and to be signed by the Certification Officer, or by a person authorised to act on his behalf, shall be taken to be such a certificate unless the contrary is proved.
A document purporting to be a certified copy of an entry on the record and to be signed by the Certification Officer, or by a person authorised to act on his behalf, shall be taken to be a true copy of such an entry unless the contrary is proved.
If in any proceedings before a court, the Employment Appeal Tribunal, the Central Arbitration Committee, ACAS or an employment tribunal a question arises whether a trade union is independent and there is no certificate of independence in force and no refusal, withdrawal or cancellation of a certificate recorded in relation to that trade union—
that question shall not be decided in those proceedings, and
the proceedings shall instead be stayed or sisted until a certificate of independence has been issued or refused by the Certification Officer.
The body before whom the proceedings are stayed or sisted may refer the question of the independence of the trade union to the Certificate Officer who shall proceed in accordance with section 6 as on an application by that trade union.
An organisation aggrieved by the refusal of the Certification Officer to enter its name in the list of trade unions, or by a decision of his to remove its name from the list, may appeal to the Employment Appeal Tribunal on any appealable question.
A trade union aggrieved by the refusal of the Certification Officer to issue it with a certificate of independence, or by a decision of his to withdraw its certificate, may appeal to the Employment Appeal Tribunal on any appealable question.
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For the purposes of this section, an appealable question is any question of law arising in the proceedings before, or arising from the decision of, the Certification Officer.
A trade union is not a body corporate but—
it is capable of making contracts;
it is capable of suing and being sued in its own name, whether in proceedings relating to property or founded on contract or tort or any other cause of action; and
proceedings for an offence alleged to have been committed by it or on its behalf may be brought against it in its own name.
A trade union shall not be treated as if it were a body corporate except to the extent authorised by the provisions of this Part.
A trade union shall not be registered— and any such registration of a trade union (whenever effected) is void.
as a company under the the Companies Act 2006, or
under the Friendly Societies Act 1974 or the the Co-operative and Community Benefit Societies Act 2014 ;
The purposes of a trade union are not, by reason only that they are in restraint of trade, unlawful so as—
to make any member of the trade union liable to criminal proceedings for conspiracy or otherwise, or
to make any agreement or trust void or voidable.
No rule of a trade union is unlawful or unenforceable by reason only that it is in restraint of trade.
All property belonging to a trade union shall be vested in trustees in trust for it.
A judgment, order or award made in proceedings of any description brought against a trade union is enforceable, by way of execution, diligence, punishment for contempt or otherwise, against any property held in trust for it to the same extent and in the same manner as if it were a body corporate.
Subsection (2) has effect subject to section 23 (restriction on enforcement of awards against certain property).
The provisions of this section apply in relation to the appointment or discharge of trustees in whom any property is vested in trust for a trade union whose name is entered in the list of trade unions.
In the following sections as they apply to such trustees references to a deed shall be construed as references to an instrument in writing—
section 39 of the Trustee Act 1925 and section 38 of the Trustee Act (Northern Ireland) 1958 (retirement of trustee without a new appointment), and
section 40 of the Trustee Act 1925 and section 39 of the Trustee Act (Northern Ireland) 1958 (vesting of trust property in new or continuing trustees).
Where such a trustee is appointed or discharged by a resolution taken by or on behalf of the union, the written record of the resolution shall be treated for the purposes of those sections as an instrument in writing appointing or discharging the trustee.
In section 40 of the Trustee Act 1925 and section 39 of the Trustee Act (Northern Ireland) 1958 as they apply to such trustees, paragraphs (a) and (c) of subsection (4) (which exclude certain property from the section) shall be omitted.
“workplace installation” means a vehicle or structure which is—
In this section— and for the purposes of this section where a trustee is appointed or discharged by a resolution taken by or on behalf of such a trade union, the written record of the resolution shall be treated as an instrument in writing appointing or discharging the trustee.
an officer of the union or of a branch or section of the union, or
The provisions of this Chapter do not apply to a trade union until more than one year has elapsed since its formation (by amalgamation or otherwise).
Where there ceases to be any political resolution in force in relation to a trade union, the union shall take such steps as are necessary to ensure that the collection of contributions to its political fund is discontinued as soon as is reasonably practicable.
Nothing in this section affects the operation of section 82(2) (complaint to Certification Officer in respect of breach of rules) in relation to a breach of a rule occurring before the rule in question ceased to have effect.
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be allowed to vote without interference from, or constraint imposed by, the union or any of its members, officials or employees, and
so far as is reasonably practicable, be enabled to do so without incurring any direct cost to himself.
The Commissioner shall keep proper accounts and proper records in relation to the accounts, and shall prepare in respect of each financial year a statement of accounts in such form as the Secretary of State may, with the approval of the Treasury, direct.
The union may, notwithstanding any of its rules, pay into any of its other funds any such contribution which is received by it after the resolution ceases to have effect.
A member of a trade union who has at any time not been a contributor to its political fund shall not for that reason—
be excluded from any benefits of the union, or
be placed in any respect either directly or indirectly under a disability or at a disadvantage as compared with other members (except in relation to the control or management of the political fund).
Except as regards persons falling within subsection (2A), so far as is reasonably practicable, every person who is entitled to vote in the ballot must—
have a voting paper sent to him by post at his home address or any other address which he has requested the trade union in writing to treat as his postal address; ...
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The Commissioner shall, not later than 30th November following the end of the financial year to which the statement relates, send copies of the statement to the Secretary of State and to the Comptroller and Auditor General.
If the union continues to collect contributions, it shall refund to a member who applies for a refund the contributions made by him collected after the resolution ceased to have effect.
So far as reasonably practicable, every person who is entitled to vote in the ballot must be given either— or, as alternatives, both of those opportunities.
a convenient opportunity to vote by post, or
an opportunity to vote immediately before, immediately after, or during, his working hours at his place of work or at a place which is more convenient for him,
The Comptroller and Auditor General shall examine, certify and report on each such statement and shall lay a copy of the statement and of his report before each House of Parliament.
A member of a trade union who claims that the union has failed to comply with subsection (1) may apply to the court for a declaration to that effect.
Where the court is satisfied that the complaint is well-founded, it may, if it considers it appropriate to do so in order to secure that the collection of contributions to the political fund is discontinued, make an order requiring the union to take, within such time as may be specified in the order, such steps as may be so specified.
contract of employment means a contract of service or of apprenticeship,
This section does not affect—
any other enactment, any rule of law or any provision of the rules of a trade union which makes it unlawful for the property of a trade union to be applied in a particular way; or
any other remedy available to a trade union, the trustees of its property or any of its members in respect of an unlawful application of the union’s property.
An application under section 80 or 81 may be made only by a person who is a member of the trade union and, where the ballot has been held, was a member at the time when it was held.
Where a political resolution is in force in relation to the union—
rules made by the union for the purpose of complying with section 72D (trade union without a branch or section in Northern Ireland: trade union with a branch or section in Northern Ireland: political ballot rules) or section 74 (political ballot rules) in relation to a proposed ballot may provide for overseas members of the union not to be accorded entitlement to vote in the ballot , and
rules made by the union for the purpose of complying with section 84A (opt-out information notices) may provide for opt-out information notices not to be given by the union to its overseas members.
the aggregate amount mentioned in subsection (4), and
ACAS may, on request or otherwise, give employers, employers’ associations, workers and trade unions such advice as it thinks appropriate on matters concerned with or affecting or likely to affect industrial relations.
In this section “contract of employment” includes any contract under which one person personally does work or performs services for another, and related expressions shall be construed accordingly.
Sections 144 and 145 (prohibition of union membership requirements) and sections 186 and 187 (prohibition of union recognition requirements) bind the Crown.
In this section “member”, in relation to a trade union consisting wholly or partly of, or of representatives of, constituent or affiliated organisations, includes a member of any of the constituent or affiliated organisations.
Accordingly, where provision is made in accordance with subsection (1)(a), the Certification Officer shall not on that ground withhold his approval of the rules ; and where provision is made in accordance with subsection (1)(b), section 84A(1) is not to be taken to require opt-out information notices to be given to overseas members ...
an amount equal to fifty-two times the limit for the time being imposed by paragraph 8(1)(a) of Schedule 14 to the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978 (maximum amount of a week’s pay for additional award of compensation in unfair dismissal cases),
For the purposes of the application of the other provisions of this Act as they apply by virtue of this section—
the reference in section 182(1)(e) (disclosure of information for collective bargaining: restrictions) to a person’s undertaking shall be construed as a reference to the national interest or, if the case so requires, the interests of the House of Lords; and
any other reference to an undertaking shall be construed as a reference to the House of Lords.
An “overseas member” means a member of the trade union (other than a merchant seaman or offshore worker) who is outside Great Britain throughout the period during which votes may be cast.
Section 52 of the Friendly Societies Act 1974 (charitable subscriptions and contributions to other registered societies) extends to a trade union, or branch of a trade union, as regards contributing to the funds and taking part in the government of a medical society, that is, a society for the purpose of relief in sickness by providing medical attendance and medicine. A trade union, or branch of a trade union, shall not withdraw from contributing to the funds of such a society except on three months notice to the society and on payment of all contributions accrued or accruing due to the date of the expiry of the notice.
Where a trade union is formed by amalgamation, the provisions of this Chapter do not apply in relation to a person who— until after the end of the period for which he would have been entitled in accordance with this Chapter to continue to hold the first-mentioned position without being re-elected.
by virtue of an election held a position to which this Chapter applies in one of the amalgamating unions immediately before the amalgamation, and
becomes the holder of a position to which this Chapter applies in the amalgamated union in accordance with the instrument of transfer,
Section 138 (refusal of service of employment agency on grounds related to union membership), and the other provisions of Part III applying in relation to that section, bind the Crown so far as they relate to the activities of an employment agency in relation to employment to which those provisions apply.
Where by any enactment or instrument the transfer of securities of any description is required to be effected or recorded by means of entries in a register, then if— he shall make such entries as may be necessary to give effect to the instrument of appointment or discharge.
there is produced to the person authorised or required to keep the register a copy of an instrument of appointment or discharge which contains or has attached to it a list identifying the securities of that description held in trust for the union at the date of the appointment or discharge, and
it appears to that person that any of the securities so identified are included in the register kept by him,
Where a trade union transfers its engagements to another trade union, the provisions of this Chapter do not apply in relation to a person who— until after the end of the period of one year beginning with the date of the transfer or, if he held the first-mentioned position by virtue of an election, any longer period for which he would have been entitled in accordance with this Chapter to continue to hold that position without being re-elected.
held a position to which this Chapter applies in the transferring union immediately before the transfer, and
becomes the holder of a position to which this Chapter applies in the transferee union in accordance with the instrument of transfer,
... ACAS shall pay to the Certification Officer such sums as he may require for the performance of any of his functions.
a person who has ceased to be so employed if his employment was terminated in connection with the dispute or if the termination of his employment was one of the circumstances giving rise to the dispute.
A document which purports to be a copy of an instrument of appointment or discharge containing or having attached to it such a list, and to be certified in accordance with the following subsection to be a copy of such an instrument, shall be taken to be a copy of such an instrument unless the contrary is proved.
The rules of every trade union shall contain provision for the appointment and removal of auditors.
A member of a trade union who claims that members of the union, including himself, are likely to be or have been induced by the union to take part or to continue to take part in industrial action which does not have the support of a ballot may apply to the court for an order under this section.
ACAS may also publish general advice on matters concerned with or affecting or likely to affect industrial relations.
the organisation of workers or employers for the purpose of collective bargaining;
the recognition of trade unions by employers;
machinery for the negotiation of terms and conditions of employment, and for joint consultation;
procedures for avoiding and settling disputes and workers' grievances;
questions relating to communication between employers and workers;
facilities for officials of trade unions;
procedures relating to the termination of employment;
disciplinary matters;
manpower planning, labour turnover and absenteeism;
recruitment, retention, promotion and vocational training of workers;
payment systems, including job evaluation and equal pay.
The obligation to comply with this section is a duty owed to the person with whom there is a refusal to deal and to any other person who may be adversely affected by its contravention; and a breach of the duty is actionable accordingly (subject to the defences and other incidents applying to actions for breach of statutory duty.
The certificate shall be given by the president and general secretary of the union and, in the case of an instrument to which a list of securities is attached, shall appear both on the instrument and on the list.
For this purpose the question whether industrial action is regarded as having the support of a ballot shall be determined in accordance with section 226(2).
the union has held a ballot in respect of the action in relation to which the requirements of sections 227 to 232 were satisfied and in which the applicant was accorded entitlement to vote,
the majority voting in the ballot answered “Yes” to the question applicable in accordance with section 229(2) to industrial action of the kind which the applicant has been or is likely to be induced to take part in, and
the requirements of section 233 (calling of industrial action with support of ballot) are satisfied.
ACAS may also publish general advice on matters concerned with industrial relations or employment policies, including any of the matters referred to above.
Nothing done for the purposes of or in pursuance of this section shall be taken to affect any person with notice of any trust or to impose on any person a duty to inquire into any matter.
Where on an application under this section the court is satisfied that the claim is well-founded, it shall make such order as it considers appropriate for requiring the union to take steps for ensuring—
that there is no, or no further, inducement of members of the union to take part or to continue to take part in the industrial action to which the application relates, and
that no member engages in conduct after the making of the order by virtue of having been induced before the making of the order to take part or continue to take part in the action.
In relation to a Scottish trust, references in this section to the appointment and discharge of a trustee shall be construed as including references to, respectively, the assumption and resignation of a trustee; and references to an instrument appointing or discharging a trustee shall be construed accordingly.
Without prejudice to any other power of the court, the court may on an application under this section grant such interlocutory relief (in Scotland, such interim order) as it considers appropriate.
For the purposes of this section an act shall be taken to be done by a trade union if it is authorised or endorsed by the union; and the provisions of section 20(2) to (4) apply for the purpose of determining whether an act is to be taken to be so authorised or endorsed.
“voting materials” means either or both of the following, as applicable—
It is unlawful for property of a trade union to be applied in or towards—
the payment for an individual of a penalty which has been or may be imposed on him for an offence or for contempt of court,
the securing of any such payment, or
the provision of anything for indemnifying an individual in respect of such a penalty.
An employee is not entitled to remuneration under a protective award in respect of a period during which he is employed by the employer unless he would be entitled to be paid by the employer in respect of that period— if that period fell within the period of notice required to be given by section 86(1) of that Act.
by virtue of his contract of employment, or
by virtue of sections 87 to 91 of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (rights of employee in period of notice),
If no such resolution is passed ACAS shall issue the Code in the form of the draft and it shall come into effect on such day as the Secretary of State may appoint by order made by statutory instrument.
The accounts prepared by ACAS in respect of any financial year shall show separately any sums disbursed to or on behalf of the Committee in consequence of the provisions of this Part.
Where any property of a trade union is so applied for the benefit of an individual on whom a penalty has been or may be imposed, then—
in the case of a payment, an amount equal to the payment is recoverable by the union from him, and
in any other case, he is liable to account to the union for the value of the property applied.
Chapter II of Part XIV of the Employment Rights Act 1996 applies with respect to the calculation of a week’s pay for the purposes of this section.
If a trade union fails to bring or continue proceedings which it is entitled by bring by virtue of subsection (2), a member of the union who claims that the failure is unreasonable may apply to the court on that ground for an order authorising him to bring or continue the proceedings on the union’s behalf and at the union’s expense.
In this section “penalty”, in relation to an offence, includes an order to pay compensation and an order for the forfeiture of any property; and references to the imposition of a penalty for an offence shall be construed accordingly.
The Secretary of State may by order designate offences in relation to which the provisions of this section do not apply.
act and action each includes omission, and references to doing an act or taking action shall be construed accordingly;
A member of a trade union who claims that the trustees of the union’s property— may apply to the court for an order under this section.
have so carried out their functions, or are proposing so to carry out their functions, as to cause or permit an unlawful application of the union’s property, or
have complied, or are proposing to comply, with an unlawful direction which has been or may be given, or purportedly given, to them under the rules of the union,
The remedy for failure to comply with subsection (1) is in accordance with subsections (4) and (5), and not otherwise; but this does not affect any right to recover sums payable to a person under subsection (3).
A resolution approving the instrument of amalgamation or transfer must be passed on a ballot of the members of the trade union held in accordance with , so far as applicable, sections 100ZA to 100F and Schedule A1A.
every member of the union must be entitled to vote on the resolution;
every member of the union must be allowed to vote without interference or constraint and must, so far as is reasonably possible, be given a fair opportunity of voting;
the method of voting must involve the marking of a voting paper by the person voting.
An order under subsection (3) shall be made by statutory instrument, which shall be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.
An act is not protected if one of the facts relied on for the purpose of establishing liability is that there has been secondary action which is not lawful picketing.
The following statement must (without being qualified or commented upon by anything else on the voting paper) appear on every voting paper—
ACAS shall as soon as practicable after the end of each financial year make a report to the Secretary of State on its activities during that year.
Where the Certification Officer makes an order requiring the union to hold a fresh election, he shall (unless he considers that it would be inappropriate to do so in the particular circumstances of the case) require the election to be conducted in accordance with the requirements of this Chapter and such other provisions as may be made by the order.
members of the union (or unions) constitute at least 10 per cent of the workers constituting the relevant bargaining unit, and
In a case relating to property which has already been unlawfully applied, or to an unlawful direction that has already been complied with, an application under this section may be made only by a person who was a member of the union at the time when the property was applied or, as the case may be, the direction complied with.
A simple majority of those voting is sufficient to pass such a resolution unless the rules of the trade union expressly require it to be approved by a greater majority or by a specified proportion of the members of the union.
There is secondary action in relation to a trade dispute when, and only when, a person— and the employer under the contract of employment is not the employer party to the dispute.
induces another to break a contract of employment or interferes or induces another to interfere with its performance, or
threatens that a contract of employment under which he or another is employed will be broken or its performance interfered with, or that he will induce another to break a contract of employment or to interfere with its performance,
Where an enforcement order has been made— is entitled to enforce obedience to the order as if he had made an application under this section.
any person who is a member of the union and was a member at the time the order was made, or
any person who is or was a candidate in the election in question,
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a majority of the workers constituting the relevant bargaining unit would be likely to favour recognition of the union (or unions) as entitled to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of the bargaining unit.
Where the court is satisfied that the claim is well-founded, it shall make such order as it considers appropriate.
Lawful picketing means acts done in the course of such attendance as is declared lawful by section 220 (peaceful picketing)—
by a worker employed (or, in the case of a worker not in employment, last employed) by the employer party to the dispute, or
by a trade union official whose attendance is lawful by virtue of subsection (1)(b) of that section.
For the purposes of this section an employer shall not be treated as party to a dispute between another employer and workers of that employer; and where more than one employer is in dispute with his workers, the dispute between each employer and his workers shall be treated as a separate dispute.
A declaration made by the Certification Officer under this section may be relied on as if it were a declaration made by the court.
An enforcement order made by the Certification Officer under this section may be enforced (by the Certification Officer, the applicant or a person mentioned in subsection (5C)) in the same way as an order of the court.
The following paragraphs have effect if a person applies under section 56 in relation to an alleged failure—
that person may not apply under this section in relation to that failure;
on an application by a different person under this section in relation to that failure, the Certification Officer shall have due regard to any declaration, order, observations or reasons made or given by the court regarding that failure and brought to the Certification Officer’s notice.
require the trustees (if necessary, on behalf of the union) to take all such steps as may be specified in the order for protecting or recovering the property of the union;
An auditor of a trade union shall not be removed from office except by resolution passed at a general meeting of its members or of delegates of its members.
It is unlawful to refuse a person employment—
because he is, or is not, a member of a trade union, or
because he is unwilling to accept a requirement—
to take steps to become or cease to be, or to remain or not to become, a member of a trade union, or
to make payments or suffer deductions in the event of his not being a member of a trade union.
Where a person has a right of complaint against a prospective employer and against an employment agency arising out of the same facts, he may present a complaint against either of them or against them jointly.
Subject to subsection (2), this section applies if the members entitled to vote in a ballot by virtue of section 227 do not all have the same workplace.
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so far as is reasonably practicable, those voting do so in secret, and
the votes given in the ballot are fairly and accurately counted.
Neither the Commissioner nor any member of his staff shall, in that capacity, be regarded as a servant or agent of the Crown or as enjoying any status, immunity or privilege of the Crown.
appoint a receiver of, or in Scotland a judicial factor on, the property of the union;
An auditor duly appointed to audit the accounts of a trade union shall be re-appointed as auditor for the following accounting period, unless—
a resolution has been passed at a general meeting of the trade union appointing somebody instead of him or providing expressly that he shall not be re-appointed, or
he has given notice to the trade union in writing of his unwillingness to be re-appointed, or
he is ineligible for re-appointment, or
he has ceased to act as auditor by reason of incapacity.
A person who is thus unlawfully refused employment has a right of complaint to an employment tribunal.
If a complaint is brought against one only, he or the complainant may request the tribunal to join or sist the other as a party to the proceedings.
remove one or more of the trustees.
Where notice has been given of an intended resolution to appoint somebody in place of a retiring auditor but the resolution cannot be proceeded with at the meeting because of the death or incapacity of that person, or because he is ineligible for the appointment, the retiring auditor need not automatically be re-appointed.
Where an advertisement is published which indicates, or might reasonably be understood as indicating— a person who does not satisfy that condition or, as the case may be, is unwilling to accept that requirement, and who seeks and is refused employment to which the advertisement relates, shall be conclusively presumed to have been refused employment for that reason.
that employment to which the advertisement relates is open only to a person who is, or is not, a member of a trade union, or
that any such requirement as is mentioned in subsection (1)(b) will be imposed in relation to employment to which the advertisement relates,
Where the court makes an order under this section in a case in which— the court shall by its order remove all the trustees except any trustee who satisfies the court that there is a good reason for allowing him to remain a trustee.
property of the union has been applied in contravention of an order of any court, or in compliance with a direction given in contravention of such an order, or
the trustees were proposing to apply property in contravention of such an order or to comply with any such direction,
The references above to a person being ineligible for appointment as auditor of a trade union are to his not being qualified for the appointment in accordance with subsections (1) to (4) of section 34 or being precluded by subsection (5) of that section from acting as its auditor.
Where there is an arrangement or practice under which employment is offered only to persons put forward or approved by a trade union, and the trade union puts forward or approves only persons who are members of the union, a person who is not a member of the union and who is refused employment in pursuance of the arrangement or practice shall be taken to have been refused employment because he is not a member of the trade union.
Without prejudice to any other power of the court, the court may on an application for an order under this section grant such interlocutory relief (in Scotland, such interim order) as it considers appropriate.
The Secretary of State may make provision by regulations as to the procedure to be followed when it is intended to move a resolution— and as to the rights of auditors and members of the trade union in relation to such a motion.
appointing another auditor in place of a retiring auditor, or
providing expressly that a retiring auditor shall not be re-appointed,
A person shall be taken to be refused employment if he seeks employment of any description with a person and that person—
refuses or deliberately omits to entertain and process his application or enquiry, or
causes him to withdraw or cease to pursue his application or enquiry, or
refuses or deliberately omits to offer him employment of that description, or
makes him an offer of such employment the terms of which are such as no reasonable employer who wished to fill the post would offer and which is not accepted, or
makes him an offer of such employment but withdraws it or causes him not to accept it.
This section does not affect any other remedy available in respect of a breach of trust by the trustees of a trade union’s property.
Where a person is offered employment on terms which include a requirement that he is, or is not, a member of a trade union, or any such requirement as is mentioned in subsection (1)(b), and he does not accept the offer because he does not satisfy or, as the case may be, is unwilling to accept that requirement, he shall be treated as having been refused employment for that reason.
In this section “member”, in relation to a trade union consisting wholly or partly of, or of representatives of, constituent or affiliated organisations, includes a member of any of the constituent or affiliated organisations.
Where a person may not be considered for appointment or election to an office in a trade union unless he is a member of the union, or of a particular branch or section of the union or of one of a number of particular branches or sections of the union, nothing in this section applies to anything done for the purpose of securing compliance with that condition although as holder of the office he would be employed by the union.
The Secretary of State may make provision by regulations for enabling members of trade unions who are not under 16 years of age to nominate a person or persons to become entitled, on the death of the person making the nomination, to the whole or part of any money payable on his death out of the funds of the trade union.
The regulations may include provision as to the manner in which nominations may be made and as to the manner in which nominations may be varied or revoked.
The regulations may provide that, subject to such exceptions as may be prescribed, no nomination made by a member of a trade union shall be valid if at the date of the nomination the person nominated is an officer or employee of the trade union or is otherwise connected with the trade union in such manner as may be prescribed by the regulations.
The regulations may include such incidental, transitional or supplementary provisions as the Secretary of State may consider appropriate.
They may, in particular, include provision for securing, to such extent and subject to such conditions as may be prescribed in the regulations, that nominations made under the Trade Union Act 1871 Amendment Act 1876 have effect as if made under the regulations and may be varied or revoked accordingly.
Regulations under this section shall be made by statutory instrument which shall be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.
The Secretary of State may make provision by regulations for enabling money payable out of the funds of a trade union on the death of a member, to an amount not exceeding £5,000, to be paid or distributed on his death without letters of administration, probate of any will or confirmation.
The regulations may include such incidental, transitional and supplementary provisions as the Secretary of State may consider appropriate.
Regulations under this section shall be made by statutory instrument which shall be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.
The Treasury may by order under section 6(1) of the Administration of Estates (Small Payments) Act 1965 direct that subsection (1) above shall have effect with the substitution for the reference to £5,000 of a reference to such higher amount as may be specified in the order.
“offshore worker” means a person in offshore employment, other than one who is in such employment in an area where the law of Northern Ireland applies.
Section 99 of the Friendly Societies Act 1992 (insurance of lives of children under 10) applies to a trade union as to a friendly society.
section 6(1) of the Industrial Assurance and Friendly Societies Act 1948 (prohibition on insuring money to be paid on death of child under ten);
sections 63 to 66 of the Friendly Societies Act 1896 and section 4(2) of the Industrial Assurance Act 1923 (conditions on which payments to be made), so far as they apply to cases excepted from that prohibition by paragraph (c) of the proviso to section 6(1) (children not ordinarily resident in United Kingdom or the Isle of Man).
Where such access is requested the union shall—
make arrangements with the member for him to be allowed to inspect the records requested before the end of the period of twenty-eight days beginning with the day the request was made,
allow him and any accountant accompanying him for the purpose to inspect the records at the time and place arranged, and
secure that at the time of the inspection he is allowed to take, or is supplied with, any copies of, or of extracts from, records inspected by him which he requires.
An alteration of the rules of a trade union under subsection (1) shall not take effect unless or until the instrument of transfer takes effect.
A Code of Practice issued by ACAS may be revised by it in accordance with this section for the purpose of bringing it into conformity with subsequent statutory provisions by the making of consequential amendments and the omission of obsolete passages. “Subsequent statutory provisions” means provisions made by or under an Act of Parliament and coming into force after the Code was issued (whether before or after the commencement of this Act).
A Code of Practice issued by the Secretary of State may be revised by him in accordance with this section for the purpose of bringing it into conformity with subsequent statutory provisions by the making of consequential amendments and the omission of obsolete passages. “Subsequent statutory provisions” means provisions made by or under an Act of Parliament and coming into force after the Code was issued (whether before or after the commencement of this Act).
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The inspection shall be at a reasonable hour and at the place where the records are normally kept, unless the parties to the arrangements agree otherwise.
The provisions of subsection (1) have effect, where they apply, notwithstanding anything in the rules of the union.
Where ACAS proposes to revise a Code under this section, it shall transmit a draft of the revised Code to the Secretary of State who—
if he approves of it, shall lay the draft before each House of Parliament, and
if he does not approve of it, shall publish details of his reasons for withholding approval.
Where the Secretary of State proposes to revise a Code under this section, he shall lay a draft of the revised Code before each House of Parliament.
An “accountant” means a person who is eligible for appointment as a statutory auditor under Part 42 of the Companies Act 2006.
If, within the period of 40 days beginning with the day on which the draft is laid before Parliament, (or, if copies are laid before the two Houses on different days, with the later of the two days) either House so resolves, no further proceedings shall be taken thereon, but without prejudice to the laying before Parliament of a new draft.
If within the period of 40 days beginning with the day on which the draft is laid before Parliament, or, if copies are laid before the two Houses on different days, with the later of the two days, either House so resolves, no further proceedings shall be taken thereon, but without prejudice to the laying before Parliament of a new draft.
The union need not allow the member to be accompanied by an accountant if the accountant fails to enter into such agreement as the union may reasonably require for protecting the confidentiality of the records.
Where a member who makes a request for access to a union’s accounting records is informed by the union, before any arrangements are made in pursuance of the request— then, where the union complies with the request, he is liable to pay the union on demand such amount, not exceeding the reasonable administrative expenses incurred by the union in complying with the request, as is determined in accordance with those principles.
of the union’s intention to charge for allowing him to inspect the records to which the request relates, for allowing him to take copies of, or extracts from, those records or for supplying any such copies, and
of the principles in accordance with which its charges will be determined,
In this section “member”, in relation to a trade union consisting wholly or partly of, or of representatives of, constituent or affiliated organisations, includes a member of any of the constituent or affiliated organisations.
Where the Certification Officer makes a declaration he shall also, unless he considers that to do so would be inappropriate, make an enforcement order, that is, an order imposing on the union one or more of the following requirements—
to secure the holding of an election in accordance with the order;
to take such other steps to remedy the declared failure as may be specified in the order;
to abstain from such acts as may be so specified with a view to securing that a failure of the same or a similar kind does not occur in future.
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Where proceedings in tort are brought against a trade union— then, for the purpose of determining in those proceedings whether the union is liable in respect of the act in question, that act shall be taken to have been done by the union if, but only if, it is to be taken to have been authorised or endorsed by the trade union in accordance with the following provisions.
on the ground that an act—
induces another person to break a contract or interferes or induces another person to interfere with its performance, or
consists in threatening that a contract (whether one to which the union is a party or not) will be broken or its performance interfered with, or that the union will induce another person to break a contract or interfere with its performance, or
in respect of an agreement or combination by two or more persons to do or to procure the doing of an act which, if it were done without any such agreement or combination, would be actionable in tort on such a ground,
An act shall be taken to have been authorised or endorsed by a trade union if it was done, or was authorised or endorsed—
by any person empowered by the rules to do, authorise or endorse acts of the kind in question, or
by the principal executive committee or the president or general secretary, or
by any other committee of the union or any other official of the union (whether employed by it or not).
For the purposes of paragraph (c) of subsection (2)—
any group of persons constituted in accordance with the rules of the union is a committee of the union; and
an act shall be taken to have been done, authorised or endorsed by an official if it was done, authorised or endorsed by, or by any member of, any group of persons of which he was at the material time a member, the purposes of which included organising or co-ordinating industrial action.
The provisions of paragraphs (b) and (c) of subsection (2) apply notwithstanding anything in the rules of the union, or in any contract or rule of law, but subject to the provisions of section 21 (repudiation by union of certain acts).
Where for the purposes of any proceedings an act is by virtue of this section taken to have been done by a trade union, nothing in this section shall affect the liability of any other person, in those or any other proceedings, in respect of that act.
In proceedings arising out of an act which is by virtue of this section taken to have been done by a trade union, the power of the court to grant an injunction or interdict includes power to require the union to take such steps as the court considers appropriate for ensuring— The provisions of subsections (2) to (4) above apply in relation to proceedings for failure to comply with any such injunction or interdict as they apply in relation to the original proceedings.
that there is no, or no further, inducement of persons to take part or to continue to take part in industrial action, and
that no person engages in any conduct after the granting of the injunction or interdict by virtue of having been induced before it was granted to take part or to continue to take part in industrial action.
In this section “rules”, in relation to a trade union, means the written rules of the union and any other written provision forming part of the contract between a member and the other members.
An act shall not be taken to have been authorised or endorsed by a trade union by virtue only of paragraph (c) of section 20(2) if it was repudiated by the executive, president or general secretary as soon as reasonably practicable after coming to the knowledge of any of them.
Where an act is repudiated—
written notice of the repudiation must be given to the committee or official in question, without delay, and
the union must do its best to give individual written notice of the fact and date of repudiation, without delay—
to every member of the union who the union has reason to believe is taking part, or might otherwise take part, in industrial action as a result of the act, and
to the employer of every such member.
The notice given to members in accordance with paragraph (b)(i) of subsection (2) must contain the following statement— “ Your union has repudiated the call (or calls) for industrial action to which this notice relates and will give no support to unofficial industrial action taken in response to it (or them). If you are dismissed while taking unofficial industrial action, you will have no right to complain of unfair dismissal. ”
If subsection (2) or (3) is not complied with, the repudiation shall be treated as ineffective.
An act shall not be treated as repudiated if at any time after the union concerned purported to repudiate it the executive, president or general secretary has behaved in a manner which is inconsistent with the purported repudiation.
The executive, president or general secretary shall be treated as so behaving if, on a request made to any of them within three months of the purported repudiation by a person who— it is not forthwith confirmed in writing that the act has been repudiated.
is a party to a commercial contract whose performance has been or may be interfered with as a result of the act in question, and
has not been given written notice by the union of the repudiation,
In this section “commercial contract” mean means any contract other than—
a contract of employment, or
any other contract under which a person agrees personally to do work or perform services for another.
This section applies to any proceedings in tort brought against a trade union, except—
proceedings for personal injury as a result of negligence, nuisance or breach of duty;
proceedings for breach of duty in connection with the ownership, occupation, possession, control or use of property;
proceedings brought by virtue of Part I of the Consumer Protection Act 1987 (product liability).
In any proceedings in tort to which this section applies the amount which may awarded against the union by way of damages shall not exceed the following limit— Number of members of union Maximum award of damages Less than 5,000 £40,000 5,000 or more but less than 25,000 £200,000 25,000 or more but less than 100,000 £500,000 100,000 or more £1,000,000
The Secretary of State may by order amend subsection (2) so as to vary any of the sums specified; and the order may make such transitional provision as the Secretary of State considers appropriate.
Any such order shall be made by statutory instrument which shall be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.
In this section—
“employer” means—
an amount equal to thirty times the limit for the time being imposed by paragraph 8(1)(b) of Schedule 14 to the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978 (maximum amount of a week’s pay for basic award in unfair dismissal cases), and
If the complaint is not referred to ACAS or, if it is so referred, on ACAS informing the Committee of its opinion that further attempts at conciliation are unlikely to result in a settlement, the Committee shall proceed to hear and determine the complaint and shall make a declaration stating whether it finds the complaint well-founded, wholly or in part, and stating the reasons for its findings.
The Secretary of State shall from time to time present to Parliament a report of his proceedings under this section.
A person refuses to deal with a person if, in relation to a proposed contract for the supply of goods or services— He does so on union membership grounds if the ground, or one of the grounds, on which he does so is that if the proposed contract were entered into with that person, work to be done for the purposes of the contract would, or would be likely to, be done by persons who were, or who were not, members of trade unions or of a particular trade union.
he excludes that person from the group of persons from whom tenders for the supply of the goods or services are invited, or
he fails to permit that person to submit such a tender, or
he otherwise determines not to enter into a contract with that person for the supply of the goods or services.
an amount equal to the limit for the time being imposed by section 75 of that Act (maximum compensatory award in such cases).
On the hearing of a complaint any person who the Committee considers has a proper interest in the complaint is entitled to be heard by the Committee, but a failure to accord a hearing to a person other than the trade union and employer directly concerned does not affect the validity of any decision of the Committee in those proceedings.
A person refuses to deal with a person if he terminates a contract with him for the supply of goods or services.
Where the employment tribunal . . . finds that the exclusion or expulsion complained of was to any extent caused or contributed to by the action of the applicant, it shall reduce the amount of the compensation by such proportion as it considers just and equitable having regard to that finding.
If the Committee finds the complaint wholly or partly well-founded, the declaration shall specify—
the information in respect of which the Committee finds that the complaint is well founded,
the date (or, if more than one, the earliest date) on which the employer refused or failed to disclose or, as the case may be, to confirm in writing, any of the information in question, and
a period (not being less than one week from the date of the declaration) within which the employer ought to disclose that information, or, as the case may be, to confirm it in writing.
On a hearing of a complaint under this section a certificate signed by or on behalf of a Minister of the Crown and certifying that a particular request for information could not be complied with except by disclosing information the disclosure of which would have been against the interests of national security shall be conclusive evidence of that fact.
Where in any proceedings an amount is awarded by way of damages, costs or expenses— no part of that amount is recoverable by enforcement against any protected property.
against a trade union,
against trustees in whom property is vested in trust for a trade union, in their capacity as such (and otherwise than in respect of a breach of trust on their part), or
against members or officials of a trade union on behalf of themselves and all of the members of the union,
The following is protected property—
property belonging to the trustees otherwise than in their capacity as such;
property belonging to any member of the union otherwise than jointly or in common with the other members;
property belonging to an official of the union who is neither a member nor a trustee;
property comprised in the union’s political fund where that fund—
is subject to rules of the union which prevent property which is or has been comprised in the fund from being used for financing strikes or other industrial action, and
was so subject at the time when the act in respect of which the proceedings are brought was done;
property comprised in a separate fund maintained in accordance with the rules of the union for the purpose only of providing provident benefits.
For this purpose “provident benefits” includes—
any payment expressly authorised by the rules of the union which is made—
to a member during sickness or incapacity from personal injury or while out of work, or
to an aged member by way of superannuation, or
to a member who has met with an accident or has lost his tools by fire or theft;
a payment in discharge or aid of funeral expenses on the death of a member or the spouse or civil partner of a member or as provision for the children of a deceased member.
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A trade union shall compile and maintain a register of the names and addresses of its members, and shall secure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that the entries in the register are accurate and are kept up-to-date.
The register may be kept by means of a computer.
A trade union shall—
allow any member, upon reasonable notice, to ascertain from the register, free of charge and at any reasonable time, whether there is an entry on it relating to him; and
if requested to do so by any member, supply him as soon as reasonably practicable, either free of charge or on payment of a reasonable fee, with a copy of any entry on the register relating to him.
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For the purposes of this section a member’s address means either his home address or another address which he has requested the union in writing to treat as his postal address.
The remedy for failure to comply with the requirements of this section is by way of application under section 25 (to the Certification Officer) or section 26 (to the court) ; see also the powers of the Certification Officer under section 24B to make a declaration and an enforcement order .
A member of a trade union who claims that the union has failed to comply with any of the requirements of section 24 or 24A (duties with respect to register of members’ names and addresses) may apply to the Certification Officer for a declaration to that effect.
On an application being made to him, the Certification Officer shall— and may make or refuse the declaration asked for.
make such enquiries as he thinks fit, and
. . . give the applicant and the trade union an opportunity to be heard,
If he makes a declaration he shall specify in it the provisions with which the trade union has failed to comply.
Where he makes a declaration and is satisfied that steps have been taken by the union with a view to remedying the declared failure, or securing that a failure of the same or any similar kind does not occur in future, or that the union has agreed to take such steps, he shall specify those steps in the declaration.
Whether he makes or refuses a declaration, he shall give reasons for his decision in writing; and the reasons may be accompanied by written observations on any matter arising from, or connected with, the proceedings.
In exercising his functions under this section the Certification Officer shall ensure that, so far as is reasonably practicable, an application made to him is determined within six months of being made.
Where the Certification Officer makes a declaration he shall also, unless he considers that to do so would be inappropriate, make an enforcement order, that is, an order imposing on the union one or both of the following requirements—
to take such steps to remedy the declared failure, within such period, as may be specified in the order;
to abstain from such acts as may be so specified with a view to securing that a failure of the same or a similar kind does not occur in future.
Where he requests a person to furnish information to him in connection with enquiries made by him under this section, he shall specify the date by which that information is to be furnished and, unless he considers that it would be inappropriate to do so, shall proceed with his determination of the application notwithstanding that the information has not been furnished to him by the specified date.
Where an enforcement order has been made, any person who is a member of the union and was a member at the time it was made is entitled to enforce obedience to the order as if he had made the application on which the order was made.
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The Certification Officer shall not entertain an application for a declaration as respects an alleged failure to comply with the requirements of section 24A in relation to a ballot to which that section applies unless the application is made before the end of the period of one year beginning with the last day on which votes could be cast in the ballot.
A declaration made by the Certification Officer under this section may be relied on as if it were a declaration made by the court.
An enforcement order made by the Certification Officer under this section may be enforced (by the Certification Officer, the applicant or a person mentioned in subsection (5B)) in the same way as an order of the court.
The following paragraphs have effect if a person applies under section 26 in relation to an alleged failure—
that person may not apply under this section in relation to that failure;
on an application by a different person under this section in relation to that failure, the Certification Officer shall have due regard to any declaration, order, observations or reasons made or given by the court regarding that failure and brought to the Certification Officer’s notice.
A trade union required to maintain a register of the names and addresses of its members by section 24 must send to the Certification Officer a membership audit certificate in relation to each reporting period.
In this section and in sections 24ZB to 24ZF, a “reporting period” means a period in relation to which the union is required by section 32 to send an annual return to the Certification Officer.
The union must send the membership audit certificate in relation to a reporting period to the Certification Officer at the same time as it sends to the Officer its annual return under section 32 in relation to that period.
In the case of a trade union required by section 24ZB to appoint an assurer in relation to a reporting period, the “membership audit certificate” in relation to that period is the certificate which the assurer is required to provide to the union in relation to that period pursuant to that appointment.
In any other case, the “membership audit certificate” in relation to a reporting period is a certificate which—
must be signed by an officer of the trade union who is authorised to sign on its behalf,
must state the officer's name, and
must state whether, to the best of the officer's knowledge and belief, the union has complied with its duties under section 24(1) throughout the reporting period.
A trade union must, at a person's request, supply the person with a copy of its most recent membership audit certificate either free of charge or on payment of a reasonable charge.
The Certification Officer must at all reasonable hours keep available for public inspection, either free of charge or on payment of a reasonable charge, copies of all membership audit certificates sent to the Officer under this section.
A member of a trade union who claims that the union has failed to comply with any of the requirements of section 24 or 24A (duties with respect to register of members’ names and addresses) may apply to the court for a declaration to that effect.
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If the court makes a declaration it shall specify in it the provisions with which the trade union has failed to comply.
Where the court makes a declaration it shall also, unless it considers that to do so would be inappropriate, make an enforcement order, that is, an order imposing on the union one or both of the following requirements—
to take such steps to remedy the declared failure, within such period, as may be specified in the order;
to abstain from such acts as may be so specified with a view to securing that a failure of the same or a similar kind does not occur in future.
Where an enforcement order has been made, any person who is a member of the union and was a member at the time it was made, is entitled to enforce obedience to the order as if he had made the application on which the order was made.
Without prejudice to any other power of the court, the court may on an application under this section grant such interlocutory relief (in Scotland, such interim order) as it considers appropriate.
The court shall not entertain an application for a declaration as respects an alleged failure to comply with the requirements of section 24A in relation to a ballot to which that section applies unless the application is made before the end of the period of one year beginning with the last day on which votes could be cast in the ballot.
The following paragraphs have effect if a person applies under section 25 in relation to an alleged failure—
that person may not apply under this section in relation to that failure;
on an application by a different person under this section in relation to that failure, the court shall have due regard to any declaration, order, observations or reasons made or given by the Certification Officer regarding that failure and brought to the court’s notice.
Where a person applies under this section in relation to an alleged failure and the Certification Officer has made a declaration regarding that failure under section 24B, the court must have due regard to the declaration and any order, observations or reasons made or given by the Officer under that section regarding that failure and brought to the court's notice.
A trade union required to maintain a register of the names and addresses of its members by section 24 must, in relation to each reporting period, appoint a qualified independent person to be an assurer in relation to that period.
There is incorporated in the assurer's appointment a duty which the assurer owes to the trade union—
to provide to the union a membership audit certificate in relation to the reporting period which accords with the requirements of section 24ZD, and
to carry out such enquiries as the assurer considers necessary to enable the assurer to provide that certificate.
A person is a “qualified independent person” if—
the person either satisfies such conditions as may be specified for the purposes of this section by order of the Secretary of State or is specified by name in such an order, and
the trade union has no grounds for believing that—
the person will carry out an assurer's functions otherwise than competently, or
the person's independence in relation to the union might reasonably be called into question.
None of the following may act as an assurer—
an officer or employee of the trade union or of any of its branches or sections;
a person who is a partner of, or in the employment of, or who employs, such an officer or employee.
This section does not apply to a trade union in relation to a reporting period if the number of its members at the end of the preceding reporting period did not exceed 10,000.
Any order under this section is to be made by statutory instrument and is to be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.
The rules of every trade union to which section 24ZB applies must contain provision for the appointment and removal of an assurer. But the following provisions have effect notwithstanding anything in the rules.
An assurer must not be removed from office except by resolution passed at a general meeting of the members of the union or of delegates of its members.
A person duly appointed as an assurer in relation to a reporting period must be reappointed as assurer in relation to the following reporting period, unless—
a resolution has been passed at a general meeting of the trade union appointing somebody else instead or providing expressly that the person is not to be re-appointed,
the person has given notice to the union in writing of the person's unwillingness to be re-appointed,
the person is not qualified for the appointment in accordance with section 24ZB, or
the person has ceased to act as assurer by reason of incapacity.
But a person need not automatically be re-appointed where—
the person is retiring,
notice has been given of an intended resolution to appoint somebody else instead, and
that resolution cannot be proceeded with at the meeting because of the death or incapacity of the proposed replacement.
For the purposes of section 24ZB(2)(a) the requirements of a membership audit certificate in relation to a reporting period provided by an assurer are as follows.
The certificate must state the name of, and be signed by, the assurer.
The certificate must state—
whether, in the assurer's opinion, the trade union's system for compiling and maintaining the register of the names and addresses of its members was satisfactory for the purposes of complying with the union's duties under section 24(1) throughout the reporting period, and
whether, in the assurer's opinion, the assurer has obtained the information and explanations which the assurer considers necessary for the performance of the assurer's functions.
If the certificate states that— the certificate must state the assurer's reasons for making that statement.
in the assurer's opinion, the trade union's system for compiling and maintaining the register was not satisfactory for the purposes of complying with the union's duties under section 24(1) throughout the reporting period, or
in the assurer's opinion, the assurer has failed to obtain the information and explanations which the assurer considers necessary for the performance of the assurer's functions,
In the case of a failure to obtain information or explanations as described in subsection (4)(b), the certificate must also—
provide a description of the information or explanations requested or required which have not been obtained, and
state whether the assurer required that information or those explanations from the union's officers, or officers of any of its branches or sections, under section 24ZE.
The reference in subsection (2) to signature by the assurer is, where that office is held by a body corporate or partnership, to signature in the name of the body corporate or partnership by an individual authorised to sign on its behalf.
An assurer appointed by a trade union under section 24ZB—
has a right of access at all reasonable times to the register of the names and addresses of the union's members and to all other documents which the assurer considers may be relevant to whether the union has complied with any of the requirements of section 24(1), and
is entitled to require from the union's officers, or the officers of any of its branches or sections, such information and explanations as the assurer considers necessary for the performance of the assurer's functions.
In subsection (1) references to documents include information recorded in any form.
If an assurer provides a membership audit certificate in relation to a reporting period to a trade union which states that, in the assurer's opinion— the assurer must send a copy of the certificate to the Certification Officer as soon as is reasonably practicable after it is provided to the union.
the union's system for compiling and maintaining the register was not satisfactory for the purposes of complying with the union's duties under section 24(1) throughout that period, or
the assurer has failed to obtain the information and explanations which the assurer considers necessary for the performance of the assurer's functions,
The duty of confidentiality as respects the register is incorporated in an assurer's appointment by a trade union under section 24ZB.
The duty of confidentiality as respects the register is a duty which the assurer owes to the union—
not to disclose any name or address in the register of the names and addresses of the union's members except in permitted circumstances, and
to take all reasonable steps to secure that there is no disclosure of any such name or address by another person except in permitted circumstances.
The circumstances in which disclosure of a member's name or address is permitted are—
where the member consents,
where it is required or requested by the Certification Officer for the purposes of the discharge of any of the Officer's functions,
where it is required for the purposes of the discharge of any of the functions of an inspector appointed by the Officer,
where it is required for the purposes of the discharge of any of the functions of the assurer, or
where it is required for the purposes of the investigation of crime or criminal proceedings.
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This section applies in relation to a ballot of the members of a trade union on—
an election under Chapter IV for a position to which that Chapter applies,
a political resolution under Chapter VI, and
a resolution to approve an instrument of amalgamation or transfer under Chapter VII.
Where this section applies in relation to a ballot the trade union shall impose the duty of confidentiality in relation to the register of members’ names and addresses on the scrutineer appointed by the union for the purposes of the ballot and on any person appointed by the union as the independent person for the purposes of the ballot.
The duty of confidentiality in relation to the register of members’ names and addresses is, when imposed on a scrutineer or on an independent person, a duty— and any reference in this Act to “the duty of confidentiality” , in the context of a scrutineer or independent person, is a reference to the duty prescribed in this subsection.
not to disclose any name or address in the register except in permitted circumstances; and
to take all reasonable steps to secure that there is no disclosure of any such name or address by any other person except in permitted circumstances;
The circumstances in which disclosure of a member’s name and address is permitted are—
where the member consents;
where it is required or requested by the Certification Officer for the purposes of the discharge of any of his functions or it is required for the purposes of the discharge of any of the functions of an inspector appointed by him;
where it is required for the purposes of the discharge of any of the functions of the scrutineer or independent person, as the case may be, under the terms of his appointment;
where it is required for the purposes of the investigation of crime or of criminal proceedings.
Any provision of this Part which incorporates the duty of confidentiality as respects the register into the appointment of a scrutineer or an independent person has the effect of imposing that duty on the scrutineer or independent person as a duty owed by him to the trade union.
The remedy for failure to comply with the requirements of this section is by way of application under section 25 (to the Certification Officer) or section 26 (to the court). . . ..
Where the Certification Officer is satisfied that a trade union has failed to comply with any of the requirements of section 24, 24ZA, 24ZB or 24ZC (duties etc relating to the register of members), the Officer may make a declaration to that effect.
Before making such a declaration, the Certification Officer—
may make such enquiries as the Officer thinks fit,
must give the union an opportunity to make written representations, and
may give the union an opportunity to make oral representations.
If the Certification Officer makes a declaration it must specify the provisions with which the union has failed to comply.
Where the Certification Officer makes a declaration and is satisfied— the Officer must specify those steps in the declaration.
that steps have been taken by the union with a view to remedying the declared failure or securing that a failure of the same or any similar kind does not occur in future, or
that the union has agreed to take such steps,
Where a declaration is made, the Certification Officer must give reasons in writing for making the declaration.
Where a declaration is made, the Certification Officer must also make an enforcement order unless the Officer considers that to do so would be inappropriate.
An “enforcement order” is an order imposing on the union one or both of the following requirements—
to take such steps to remedy the declared failure, within such period, as may be specified in the order;
to abstain from such acts as may be so specified with a view to securing that a failure of the same or a similar kind does not occur in future.
Where, having given the union an opportunity to make written representations under subsection (2)(b), the Certification Officer determines not to make a declaration under subsection (1), the Officer must give the union notice in writing of that determination.
Where the Certification Officer requests a person to provide information to the Officer in connection with enquiries under this section, the Officer must specify the date by which that information is to be provided.
Where the information is not provided by the specified date, the Certification Officer must proceed with determining whether to make a declaration under subsection (1) unless the Officer considers that it would be inappropriate to do so.
A declaration made by the Certification Officer under this section may be relied on as if it were a declaration made by the court.
An enforcement order made by the Certification Officer under this section may be enforced by the Officer in the same way as an order of the court.
Where an enforcement order has been made, a person who is a member of the union and was a member at the time it was made is entitled to enforce obedience to the order as if the order had been made on an application by that person.
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A trade union shall at the request of any person supply him with a copy of its rules either free of charge or on payment of a reasonable charge.
A trade union shall—
cause to be kept proper accounting records with respect to its transactions and its assets and liabilities, and
establish and maintain a satisfactory system of control of its accounting records, its cash holdings and all its receipts and remittances.
Proper accounting records shall not be taken to be kept with respect to the matters mentioned in subsection (1)(a) unless there are kept such records as are necessary to give a true and fair view of the state of the affairs of the trade union and to explain its transactions.
“offshore worker” means a person in offshore employment, other than one who is in such employment in an area where the law of Northern Ireland applies.
A trade union shall keep available for inspection from their creation until the end of the period of six years beginning with the 1st January following the end of the period to which they relate such of the records of the union, or of any branch or section of the union, as are, or purport to be, records required to be kept by the union under section 28.
The information to be disclosed is all information relating to the employer’s undertaking (including information relating to use of agency workers in that undertaking) which is in his possession, or that of an associated employer, and is information—
without which the trade union representatives would be to a material extent impeded in carrying on collective bargaining with him, and
which it would be in accordance with good industrial relations practice that he should disclose to them for the purposes of collective bargaining.
An act in contemplation or furtherance of a trade dispute which is primary action in relation to that dispute may not be relied on as secondary action in relation to another trade dispute.
ACAS shall provide for the Certification Officer the requisite staff (from among the officers and servants of ACAS) and the requisite accommodation, equipment and other facilities.
The Certification Officer shall, as soon as practicable after the end of each financial year, make a report of his activities during that year to ACAS and to the Secretary of State.
A request by trade union representatives for information under this section shall, if the employer so requests, be in writing or be confirmed in writing.
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In determining what would be in accordance with good industrial relations practice, regard shall be had to the relevant provisions of any Code of Practice issued by ACAS, but not so as to exclude any other evidence of what that practice is.
Information which an employer is required by virtue of this section to disclose to trade union representatives shall, if they so request, be disclosed or confirmed in writing.
“employer” means—
In section 30 (right of member to access to accounting records)—
references to a union’s accounting records are to any such records as are mentioned in subsection (1) above, and
references to records available for inspection are to records which the union is required by that subsection to keep available for inspection.
A member of a trade union who claims that the union— may complain to the Certification Officer ....
has failed to comply with any of the requirements, so far as applicable, of sections 99 to 100F and Schedule A1A, or
has, in connection with a resolution approving an instrument of amalgamation or transfer, failed to comply with any rule of the union relating to the passing of the resolution,
where that vote was taken under arrangements made under section 100(2), that the manner in which it was taken was not in accordance with the arrangements;
where that vote was taken under provisions in the rules of the union, that the manner in which it was taken was not in accordance with those rules;
that the votes recorded did not have the effect of passing the resolution.
In sections 137 to 143—
A Code of Practice issued by ACAS may, at the request of ACAS, be revoked by the Secretary of State by order made by statutory instrument.
The expiry of the period mentioned in subsection (1) above does not affect the duty of a trade union to comply with a request for access made under section 30 before the end of that period.
Any complaint must be made before the end of the period of six weeks beginning with the date on which an application for registration of the instrument of amalgamation or transfer is sent to the Certification Officer. Where a complaint is made, the Certification Officer shall not register the instrument before the complaint is finally determined or is withdrawn.
For the purposes of sections 137 to 143 as they apply to employment agencies—
services other than those mentioned in the definition of “employment agency" above shall be disregarded, and
a trade union shall not be regarded as an employment agency by reason of services provided by it only for, or in relation to, its members.
References in sections 137 to 143 to being or not being a member of a trade union are to being or not being a member of any trade union, of a particular trade union or of one of a number of particular trade unions.
A person who claims that a trade union has failed in any respect to comply with a request made by him under section 30 may apply to the court or to the Certification Officer.
Where on an application to it the court is satisfied that the claim is well-founded, it shall make such order as it considers appropriate for ensuring that the applicant—
is allowed to inspect the records requested,
is allowed to be accompanied by an accountant when making the inspection of those records, and
is allowed to take, or is supplied with, such copies of, or of extracts from, the records as he may require.
Without prejudice to any other power of the court, the court may on an application to itunder this section grant such interlocutory relief (in Scotland, such interim order) as it considers appropriate.
On an application to him the Certification Officer shall—
make such enquiries as he thinks fit, and
give the applicant and the trade union an opportunity to be heard.
Where the Certification Officer is satisfied that the claim is well-founded he shall make such order as he considers appropriate for ensuring that the applicant—
is allowed to inspect the records requested,
is allowed to be accompanied by an accountant when making the inspection of those records, and
is allowed to take, or is supplied with, such copies of, or of extracts from, the records as he may require.
In exercising his functions under this section the Certification Officer shall ensure that, so far as is reasonably practicable, an application made to him is determined within six months of being made.
Where the Certification Officer requests a person to furnish information to him in connection with enquiries made by him under this section, he shall specify the date by which that information is to be furnished and, unless he considers that it would be inappropriate to do so, shall proceed with his determination of the application notwithstanding that the information has not been furnished to him by the specified date.
An order made by the Certification Officer under this section may be enforced (by the Certification Officer or the applicant) in the same way as an order of the court.
If a person applies to the court under this section in relation to an alleged failure he may not apply to the Certification Officer under this section in relation to that failure.
If a person applies to the Certification Officer under this section in relation to an alleged failure he may not apply to the court under this section in relation to that failure.
A trade union shall send to the Certification Officer as respects each calendar year a return relating to its affairs.
The annual return shall be in such form and be signed by such persons as the Certification Officer may require and shall be sent to him before 1st June in the calendar year following that to which it relates.
The annual return shall contain— and shall have attached to it a note of all the changes in the officers of the union and of any change in the address of the head or main office of the union during the period to which the return relates.
the following accounts— each of which must give a true and fair view of the matters to which it relates,
revenue accounts indicating the income and expenditure of the trade union for the period to which the return relates,
a balance sheet as at the end of that period, and
such other accounts as the Certification Officer may require,
a copy of the report made by the auditor or auditors of the trade union on those accounts and such other documents relating to those accounts and such further particulars as the Certification Officer may require, . . .
details of the salary paid to and other benefits provided to or in respect of— by the trade union during the period to which the return relates,
each member of the executive,
the president, and
the general secretary,
a copy of the rules of the trade union as in force at the end of the period to which the return relates , and
in the case of a trade union required to maintain a register by section 24, a statement of the number of names on the register as at the end of the period to which the return relates and the number of those names which were not accompanied by an address which is a member’s address for the purposes of that section;
The Certification Officer may, if in any particular case he considers it appropriate to do so—
direct that the period for which a return is to be sent to him shall be a period other than the calendar year last preceding the date on which the return is sent;
direct that the date before which a return is to be sent to him shall be such date (whether before or after 1st June) as may be specified in the direction.
A trade union shall at the request of any person supply him with a copy of its most recent return either free of charge or on payment of a reasonable charge.
The Certification Officer shall at all reasonable hours keep available for public inspection either free of charge or on payment of a reasonable charge, copies of all annual returns sent to him under this section.
For the purposes of this section and section 32A “member of the executive” includes any person who, under the rules or practice of the union, may attend and speak at some or all of the meetings of the executive, otherwise than for the purpose of providing the committee with factual information or with technical or professional advice with respect to matters taken into account by the executive in carrying out its functions.
A trade union shall in respect of each accounting period appoint an auditor or auditors to audit the accounts contained in its annual return.
An “accounting period” means any period in relation to which it is required to send a return to the Certification Officer.
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A person is not qualified to be the auditor or one of the auditors of a trade union unless he is eligible for appointment as a statutory auditor under Part 42 of the Companies Act 2006.
Two or more persons who are not so qualified may act as auditors of a trade union in respect of an accounting period if—
the receipts and payments in respect of the union’s last preceding accounting period did not in the aggregate exceed £5,000,
the number of its members at the end of that period did not exceed 500, and
the value of its assets at the end of that period did not in the aggregate exceed £5,000.
Where by virtue of subsection (2) persons who are not qualified as mentioned in subsection (1) act as auditors of a trade union in respect of an accounting period, the Certification Officer may (during that period or after it comes to an end) direct the union to appoint a person who is so qualified to audit its accounts for that period.
The Secretary of State may by regulations— Any such regulations shall be made by statutory instrument which shall be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.
substitute for any sum or number specified in subsection (2) such sum or number as may be specified in the regulations; and
prescribe what receipts and payments are to be taken into account for the purposes of that subsection.
None of the following shall act as auditor of a trade union— . . .
an officer or employee of the trade union or of any of its branches or sections;
a person who is a partner of, or in the employment of, or who employs, such an officer or employee;
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in relation to a former worker, the person for whom he worked.
Where regulations under subsection (6)— the court, on the application of the trade union or of any other person, may dispense with the requirement if satisfied that the rights conferred on the retiring auditor by the regulations are being abused to secure needless publicity for defamatory matter.
require copies of any representations made by a retiring auditor to be sent out, or
require any such representations to be read out at a meeting,
A person alleging a failure on the part of a trade union to comply with any of the requirements of this Chapter may apply for— ...
a declaration under section 55 (by the Certification Officer), or
a declaration under section 56 (by the court);
A person alleging that a trade union— may apply for a declaration under section 80 (by the Certification Officer) or section 81 (by the court) ....
has held a ballot on a political resolution otherwise than in accordance with political ballot rules approved by the Certification Officer, or
has failed in relation to a proposed ballot on a political resolution to comply with political ballot rules so approved,
Where a trade union proposes to transfer its engagements to another trade union and an alteration of the rules of the transferee union is necessary to give effect to provisions in the instrument of transfer, the committee of management or other governing body of that union may by memorandum in writing alter the rules of that union so far as is necessary to give effect to those provisions.
Where the Certification Officer is satisfied that there has been a failure such as is mentioned in paragraph (a) or (b) of subsection (1)— and where he makes such an order, he shall not entertain any application to register the instrument unless he is satisfied that the steps specified in the order have been taken. An order under this subsection may be varied by the Certification Officer by a further order.
he shall make a declaration to that effect, and
he may make an order specifying the steps which must be taken before he will entertain any application to register the instrument of amalgamation or transfer;
Where an employment tribunal has made a protective award, every employee of a description to which the award relates is entitled, subject to the following provisions and to section 191, to be paid remuneration by his employer for the protected period.
On such an application the court may order the costs or expenses of the trade union to be paid, in whole or in part, by the retiring auditor, whether he is a party to the application or not.
The rate of remuneration payable is a week’s pay for each week of the period; and remuneration in respect of a period less than one week shall be calculated by reducing proportionately the amount of a week’s pay.
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under the employee’s contract of employment, or
by way of damages for breach of that contract,
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The auditor or auditors of a trade union shall make a report to it on the accounts audited by him or them and contained in its annual return.
The report shall state whether, in the opinion of the auditor or auditors, the accounts give a true and fair view of the matters to which they relate.
The report shall state the names of, and be signed by, the auditor or auditors.
It is the duty of the auditor or auditors in preparing their report to carry out such investigations as will enable them to form an opinion as to—
whether the trade union has kept proper accounting records in accordance with the requirements of section 28,
whether it has maintained a satisfactory system of control over its transactions in accordance with the requirements of that section, and
whether the accounts to which the report relates agree with the accounting records.
If in the opinion of the auditor or auditors the trade union has failed to comply with section 28, or if the accounts do not agree with the accounting records, the auditor or auditors shall state that fact in the report.
Any reference in this section to signature by an auditor is, where the office of auditor is held by a body corporate or partnership, to signature in the name of the body corporate or partnership by an individual authorised to sign on its behalf.
A trade union shall take all reasonable steps to secure that, not later than the end of the period of eight weeks beginning with the day on which the annual return of the union is sent to the Certification Officer, all the members of the union are provided with the statement required by this section by any of the methods allowed by subsection (2).
Those methods are—
the sending of individual copies of the statement to members; or
any other means (whether by including the statement in a publication of the union or otherwise) which it is the practice of the union to use when information of general interest to all its members needs to be provided to them.
The statement required by this section shall specify—
the total income and expenditure of the trade union for the period to which the return relates,
how much of the income of the union for that period consisted of payments in respect of membership,
the total income and expenditure for that period of any political fund of the union, and
the salary paid to and other benefits provided to or in respect of— by the trade union during that period.
each member of the executive,
the president, and
the general secretary,
The requirement imposed by this section is not satisfied if the statement specifies anything inconsistent with the contents of the return.
The statement—
shall also set out in full the report made by the auditor or auditors of the union on the accounts contained in the return and state the name and address of that auditor or of each of those auditors, and
may include any other matter which the union considers may give a member significant assistance in making an informed judgment about the financial activities of the union in the period to which the return relates.
The statement—
shall also include the following statement— "A member who is concerned that some irregularity may be occurring, or have occurred, in the conduct of the financial affairs of the union may take steps with a view to investigating further, obtaining clarification and, if necessary, securing regularisation of that conduct. The member may raise any such concern with such one or more of the following as it seems appropriate to raise it with: the officials of the union, the trustees of the property of the union, the auditor or auditors of the union, the Certification Officer (who is an independent officer appointed by the Secretary of State) and the police. Where a member believes that the financial affairs of the union have been or are being conducted in breach of the law or in breach of rules of the union and contemplates bringing civil proceedings against the union or responsible officials or trustees, he should consider obtaining independent legal advice."; and
may include such other details of the steps which a member may take for the purpose mentioned in the statement set out above as the trade union considers appropriate.
A trade union shall send to the Certification Officer a copy of the statement which is provided to its members in pursuance of this section as soon as is reasonably practicable after it is so provided.
Where the same form of statement is not provided to all the members of a trade union, the union shall send to the Certification Officer in accordance with subsection (7) a copy of each form of statement provided to any of them.
If at any time during the period of two years beginning with the day referred to in subsection (1) any member of the trade union requests a copy of the statement required by this section, the union shall, as soon as practicable, furnish him with such a copy free of charge.
Every auditor of a trade union—
has a right of access at all times to its accounting records and to all other documents relating to its affairs, and
is entitled to require from its officers, or the officers of any of its branches or sections, such information and explanations as he thinks necessary for the performance of his duties as auditor.
If an auditor fails to obtain all the information and explanations which, to the best of his knowledge and belief, are necessary for the purposes of an audit, he shall state that fact in his report.
Every auditor of a trade union is entitled—
to attend any general meeting of its members, or of delegates of its members, and to receive all notices of and other communications relating to any general meeting which any such member or delegate is entitled to receive, and
to be heard at any meeting which he attends on any part of the business of the meeting which concerns him as auditor.
In the case of an auditor which is a body corporate or partnership, its right to attend or be heard at a meeting is exercisable by an individual authorised by it to act as its representative at the meeting.
A “separate fund” means a fund separate from the general funds of the trade union.
In the following provisions a “members’ superannuation scheme” means any scheme or arrangement made by or on behalf of a trade union (including a scheme or arrangement shown in the rules of the union) in so far as it provides—
for benefits to be paid by way of pension (including any widows’ , widowers’, surviving civil partners’ or children’s pensions or dependants’ pensions) to or in respect of members or former members of the trade union, and
for those benefits to be so paid either out of the funds of the union or under an insurance scheme maintained out of those funds.
A trade union shall not maintain a members’ superannuation scheme unless it maintains a separate fund for the payment of benefits in accordance with the scheme.
A trade union shall not begin to maintain a members’ superannuation scheme unless, before the date on which the scheme begins to be maintained—
the proposals for the scheme have been examined by an appropriately qualified actuary, and
a copy of a report made to the trade union by the actuary on the results of his examination of the proposals, signed by the actuary, has been sent to the Certification Officer.
The actuary’s report shall state—
whether in his opinion the premium or contribution rates will be adequate,
whether the accounting or funding arrangements are suitable, and
whether in his opinion the fund for the payment of benefits will be adequate.
A copy of the actuary’s report shall, on the application of any of the union’s members, be supplied to him free of charge.
Where a trade union maintains a members’ superannuation scheme, it shall arrange for the scheme to be examined periodically by an appropriately qualified actuary and for a report to be made to it by the actuary on the result of his examination.
The examination shall be of the scheme as it has effect at such date as the trade union may determine, not being more than five years after the date by reference to which the last examination or, as the case may be, the examination of the proposals for the scheme was carried out.
The examination shall include a valuation (as at the date by reference to which the examination is carried out) of the assets comprised in the fund maintained for the payment of benefits and of the liabilities falling to be discharged out of it.
The actuary’s report shall state—
whether in his opinion the premium or contribution rates are adequate,
whether the accounting or funding arrangements are suitable, and
whether in his opinion the fund for the payment of benefits is adequate.
A copy of the report, signed by the actuary, shall be sent to the Certification Officer.
The trade union shall make such arrangements as will enable the report to be sent to the Certification Officer within a year of the date by reference to which the examination was carried out.
A copy of the actuary’s report shall, on the application of any of the union’s members, be supplied to him free of charge.
The Certification Officer may, on the application of a trade union— if he is satisfied that, by reason of the small number of members to which the scheme is applicable or for any other special reasons, it is unnecessary for the scheme to be examined in accordance with those provisions.
exempt a members’ superannuation scheme which the union proposes to maintain from the requirements of section 39 (examination of proposals for new scheme), or
exempt a members’ superannuation scheme which the union maintains from the requirements of section 40 (periodical re-examination of scheme),
An exemption may be revoked if it appears to the Certification Officer that the circumstances by reason of which it was granted have ceased to exist.
Where an exemption is revoked under subsection (2), the date as at which the next periodical examination is to be carried out under section 40 shall be such as the Certification Officer may direct.
The Certification Officer may in any case direct that section 40 (periodical re-examination of schemes) shall apply to a trade union with the substitution for the reference to five years of a reference to such shorter period as may be specified in the direction.
In sections 39 and 40 an “appropriately qualified actuary” means a person who is either— or is approved by the Certification Officer on the application of the trade union as a person having actuarial knowledge.
a Fellow of the Institute of Actuaries, or
a Fellow of the Faculty of Actuaries,
The Certification Officer may at any time, if he thinks there is good reason to do so, give directions to a trade union, or a branch or section of a trade union, requiring it to produce such relevant documents as may be specified in the directions; and the documents shall be produced at such time and place as may be so specified.
The Certification Officer may at any time, if he thinks there is good reason to do so, authorise a member of his staff or any other person, on producing (if so required) evidence of his authority, to require a trade union, or a branch or section of a trade union, to produce forthwith to the member of staff or other person such relevant documents as the member of staff or other person may specify.
Where the Certification Officer, or a member of his staff or any other person, has power to require the production of documents by virtue of subsection (1) or (2), the Certification Officer, member of staff or other person has the like power to require production of those documents from any person who appears to the Certification Officer, member of staff or other person to be in possession of them.
Where such a person claims a lien on documents produced by him, the production is without prejudice to the lien.
The power under this section to require the production of documents includes power—
if the documents are produced—
to take copies of them or extracts from them, and
to require the person by whom they are produced, or any person who is or has been an official or agent of the trade union, to provide an explanation of any of them; and
if the documents are not produced, to require the person who was required to produce them to state, to the best of his knowledge and belief, where they are.
In subsections (1) and (2) “relevant documents”, in relation to a trade union or a branch or section of a trade union, means accounting documents, and documents of any other description, which may be relevant in considering the financial affairs of the trade union.
A person shall not be excused from providing an explanation or making a statement in compliance with a requirement imposed under subsection (5) on the ground that to do so would tend to expose him to proceedings for an offence; but an explanation so provided or statement so made may only be used in evidence against the person by whom it is made or provided—
on a prosecution for an offence under section 45(9) (false explanations and statements), or
on a prosecution for some other offence where in giving evidence the person makes a statement inconsistent with it.
The Certification Officer may appoint one or more members of his staff or other persons as an inspector or inspectors to investigate the financial affairs of a trade union and to report on them in such manner as he may direct.
The Certification Officer may only make such an appointment if it appears to him that there are circumstances suggesting—
that the financial affairs of the trade union are being or have been conducted for a fraudulent or unlawful purpose,
that persons concerned with the management of those financial affairs have, in connection with that management, been guilty of fraud, misfeasance or other misconduct,
that the trade union has failed to comply with any duty imposed on it by this Act in relation to its financial affairs, or
that a rule of the union relating to its financial affairs has not been complied with.
Where an inspector is, or inspectors are, appointed under this section it is the duty of all persons who are or have been officials or agents of the trade union—
to produce to the inspector or inspectors all relevant documents which are in their possession,
to attend before the inspector or inspectors when required to do so, and
otherwise to give the inspector or inspectors all assistance in connection with the investigation which they are reasonably able to give.
Where any person (whether or not within subsection (3)) appears to the inspector or inspectors to be in possession of information relating to a matter which he considers, or they consider, to be relevant to the investigation, the inspector or inspectors may require him— and it is the duty of the person to comply with the requirement.
to produce to the inspector or inspectors any relevant documents relating to that matter,
to attend before the inspector or inspectors, and
otherwise to give the inspector or inspectors all assistance in connection with the investigation which he is reasonably able to give;
In subsections (3) and (4) “relevant documents”, in relation to an investigation of the financial affairs of a trade union, means accounting documents, and documents of any other description, which may be relevant to the investigation.
A person shall not be excused from providing an explanation or making a statement in compliance with subsection (3) or a requirement imposed under subsection (4) on the ground that to do so would tend to expose him to proceedings for an offence; but an explanation so provided or statement so made may only be used in evidence against the person by whom it is provided or made—
on a prosecution for an offence under section 45(9) (false explanations and statements), or
on a prosecution for some other offence where in giving evidence the person makes a statement inconsistent with it.
An inspector or inspectors appointed under section 37B— to the Certification Officer.
may, and if so directed by the Certification Officer shall, make interim reports, and
on the conclusion of their investigation shall make a final report,
Any report under subsection (1) shall be written or printed, as the Certification Officer directs.
An inspector or inspectors appointed under section 37B may at any time, and if so directed by the Certification Officer shall, inform the Certification Officer of any matters coming to his or their knowledge as a result of the investigation.
The Certification Officer may direct an inspector or inspectors appointed under section 37B to take no further steps in the investigation, or to take only such further steps as are specified in the direction, if—
it appears to the Certification Officer that matters have come to light in the course of the investigation which suggest that a criminal offence has been committed and those matters have been referred to the appropriate prosecuting authority, or
it appears to the Certification Officer appropriate to do so in any other circumstances.
Where an investigation is the subject of a direction under subsection (4), the inspector or inspectors shall make a final report to the Certification Officer only where the Certification Officer directs him or them to do so at the time of the direction under that subsection or subsequently.
The Certification Officer shall publish a final report made to him under this section.
The Certification Officer shall furnish a copy of such a report free of charge—
to the trade union which is the subject of the report,
to any auditor of that trade union or of any branch or section of the union, if he requests a copy before the end of the period of three years beginning with the day on which the report is published, and
to any member of the trade union if—
he has complained to the Certification Officer that there are circumstances suggesting any of the states of affairs specified in section 37B(2)(a) to (d),
the Certification Officer considers that the report contains findings which are relevant to the complaint, and
the member requests a copy before the end of the period of three years beginning with the day on which the report is published.
A copy of any report under this section, certified by the Certification Officer to be a true copy, is admissible in any legal proceedings as evidence of the opinion of the inspector or inspectors in relation to any matter contained in the report; and a document purporting to be a certificate of the Certification Officer under this subsection shall be received in evidence and be deemed to be such a certificate unless the contrary is proved.
The expenses of an investigation under section 37B shall be defrayed in the first instance by the Certification Officer.
For the purposes of this section there shall be treated as expenses of an investigation, in particular, such reasonable sums as the Certification Officer may determine in respect of general staff costs and overheads.
A person who is convicted on a prosecution instituted as a result of the investigation may in the same proceedings be ordered to pay the expenses of the investigation to such extent as may be specified in the order.
Where— the Certification Officer shall consider whether it is appropriate for him to exercise any of the powers conferred on him by sections 37A and 37B.
a report of the auditor or auditors of a trade union, or a branch or section of a trade union, on the accounts audited by him or them and contained in the annual return of the union, or branch or section—
does not state without qualification that the accounts give a true and fair view of the matters to which they relate, or
includes a statement in compliance with section 36(4), or
a member of a trade union has complained to the Certification Officer that there are circumstances suggesting any of the states of affairs specified in section 37B(2)(a) to (d),
If in a case where a member of a trade union has complained as mentioned in subsection (1)(b) the Certification Officer decides not to exercise any of the powers conferred by those sections he shall, as soon as reasonably practicable after making a decision not to do so, notify the member of his decision and, if he thinks fit, of the reasons for it.
Nothing in section 37A or 37B—
requires or authorises anyone to require the disclosure by a person of information which he would in an action in the High Court or the Court of Session be entitled to refuse to disclose on grounds of legal professional privilege except, if he is a lawyer, the name and address of his client, or
requires or authorises anyone to require the production by a person of a document which he would in such an action be entitled to refuse to produce on such grounds.
Nothing in section 37A or 37B requires or authorises anyone to require the disclosure of information or the production of documents in respect of which the person to whom the requirement would relate owes an obligation of confidence by virtue of carrying on the business of banking unless—
the person to whom the obligation is owed is the trade union, or any branch or section of the union, concerned or a trustee of any fund concerned, or
the person to whom the obligation of confidence is owed consents to the disclosure or production.
In sections 37A and 37B and this section—
references to documents include information recorded in any form, and
in relation to information recorded otherwise than in legible form, references to its production are to the production of a copy of the information in legible form.
For this purpose the date of formation of a trade union formed otherwise than by amalgamation shall be taken to be the date on which the first members of the executive of the union are first appointed or elected.
The following provisions of this Chapter do not apply to a trade union which has been in existence for less than twelve months—
section 27 (duty to supply copy of rules),
sections 32 to 37 (annual return, statement for members, accounts and audit), . . .
sections 38 to 42 (members’ superannuation schemes).
sections 37A to 37E (investigation of financial affairs), and
Sections 24 to 26 (register of members’ names and addresses) do not apply to a trade union until more than one year has elapsed since its formation (by amalgamation or otherwise).
The following provisions apply where a trade union consists of or includes branches or sections.
Any duty falling upon the union in relation to a branch or section under the provisions of— section 28 (duty to keep accounting records), sections 32 and 33 to 37 (annual return, accounts and audit), or sections 38 to 42 (members’ superannuation schemes), shall be treated as discharged to the extent to which a branch or section discharges it instead of the union.
In sections 29 to 31 (right of member to access to accounting records) references to a branch or section do not include a branch or section which is itself a trade union.
Any duty falling upon a branch or section by reason of its being a trade union under— section 24 (register of members’ names and addresses), section 24ZA (duty to provide membership audit certificate), sections 24ZB and 24ZC (duty to appoint an assurer etc), section 28 (duty to keep accounting records), sections 32 and 33 to 37 (annual return, accounts and audit), or section 38 to 42 (members’ superannuation schemes), shall be treated as discharged to the extent to which the union of which it is a branch or section discharges the duty instead of it.
Where the duty falling on a trade union under section 32 to send to the Certification Officer a return relating to its affairs is treated as discharged by the union by virtue of subsection (2) or (4) of this section, the duties imposed by section 32A in relation to the return shall be treated as duties of the branch or section of the union, or the trade union of which it is a branch or section, by which that duty is in fact discharged.
If a trade union refuses or wilfully neglects to perform a duty imposed on it by or under any of the provisions of— section 27 (duty to supply copy of rules), sections 28 to 30 (accounting records), sections 32 to 37 (annual return, statement for members, accounts and audit), or sections 38 to 42 (members’ superannuation schemes), it commits an offence.
The offence shall be deemed to have been also committed by—
every officer of the trade union who is bound by the rules of the union to discharge on its behalf the duty breach of which constitutes the offence, or
if there is no such officer, every member of the general committee of management of the union.
In any proceedings brought against an officer or member by virtue of subsection (2) in respect of a breach of duty, it is a defence for him to prove that he had reasonable cause to believe, and did believe, that some other person who was competent to discharge that duty was authorised to discharge it instead of him and had discharged it or would do so.
A person who wilfully alters or causes to be altered a document which is required for the purposes of any of the provisions mentioned in subsection (1), with intent to falsify the document or to enable a trade union to evade any of those provisions, commits an offence.
If a person contravenes any duty, or requirement imposed, under section 37A (power of Certification officer to require production of documents etc.) or 37B (investigations by inspectors) he commits an offence.
in the case of an offence under subsection (1), to a fine not exceeding level 3 on the standard scale;
in the case of an offence under subsection (4), to a fine not exceeding level 5 on the standard scale.
In any proceedings brought against a person in respect of a contravention of a requirement imposed under section 37A(3) or 37B(4) to produce documents it is a defence for him to prove—
that the documents were not in his possession, and
that it was not reasonably practicable for him to comply with the requirement.
If an official or agent of a trade union— he commits an offence unless he proves that he had no intention to conceal the financial affairs of the trade union or to defeat the law.
destroys, mutilates or falsifies, or is privy to the destruction, mutilation or falsification of, a document relating to the financial affairs of the trade union, or
makes, or is privy to the making of, a false entry in any such document,
If such a person fraudulently— he commits an offence.
parts with, alters or deletes anything in any such document, or
is privy to the fraudulent parting with, fraudulent alteration of or fraudulent deletion in, any such document,
If a person in purported compliance with a duty, or requirement imposed, under section 37A or 37B to provide an explanation or make a statement— he commits an offence.
provides or makes an explanation or statement which he knows to be false in a material particular, or
recklessly provides or makes an explanation or statement which is false in a material particular,
A person guilty of an offence under section 45 is liable on summary conviction—
in the case of an offence under subsection (1) or (5), to a fine not exceeding level 5 on the standard scale;
in the case of an offence under subsection (4), (7), (8) or (9), to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months or to a fine not exceeding level 5 on the standard scale or to both.
Proceedings for an offence under section 45(1) relating to the duty imposed by section 32 (duty to send annual return to Certification Officer) may be commenced at any time before the end of the period of three years beginning with the date when the offence was committed.
Proceedings for any other offence under section 45(1) may be commenced— but no proceedings may be commenced by virtue of paragraph (b) after the end of the period of three years beginning with the date when the offence was committed.
at any time before the end of the period of six months beginning with the date when the offence was committed, or
at any time after the end of that period but before the end of the period of twelve months beginning with the date when evidence sufficient in the opinion of the Certification Officer or, in Scotland, the procurator fiscal, to justify the proceedings came to his knowledge;
For the purposes of subsection (3)(b), a certificate signed by or on behalf of the Certification Officer or the procurator fiscal which states the date on which evidence sufficient in his opinion to justify the proceedings came to his knowledge shall be conclusive evidence of that fact.
A certificate stating that matter and purporting to be so signed shall be deemed to be so signed unless the contrary is proved.
For the purposes of this section—
in England and Wales, proceedings are commenced when an information is laid, and
in Scotland, subsection (3) of section 136 of the Criminal Procedure (Svotland) Act 1995 (date of commencement of proceedings) applies as it applies for the purposes of that section.
A trade union shall secure that a person does not at any time hold a position in the union to which this section applies if—
within the period of five years immediately preceding that time he has been convicted of an offence under subsection (1) or (5) of section 45, or
within the period of ten years immediately preceding that time he has been convicted of an offence under subsection (4), (7), (8) or (9) of that section.
Subject to subsection (4), the positions to which this section applies are—
member of the executive,
any position by virtue of which a person is a member of the executive,
president, and
general secretary.
For the purposes of subsection (2)(a) “member of the executive” includes any person who, under the rules or practice of the union, may attend and speak at some or all of the meetings of the executive, otherwise than for the purpose of providing the committee with factual information or with technical or professional advice with respect to matters taken into account by the executive in carrying out its functions.
This section does not apply to the position of president or general secretary if the holder of that position—
is not, in respect of that position, either a voting member of the executive or an employee of the union,
holds that position for a period which under the rules of the union cannot end more than thirteen months after he took it up, and
has not held either position at any time in the period of twelve months ending with the day before he took up that position.
In subsection (4)(a) “a voting member of the executive” means a person entitled in his own right to attend meetings of the executive and to vote on matters on which votes are taken by the executive (whether or not he is entitled to attend all such meetings or to vote on all such matters or in all circumstances).
A member of a trade union who claims that the union has failed to comply with the requirement of section 45B may apply to the Certification Officer or to the court for a declaration to that effect ....
Where an application is made to the Certification Officer under this section, the Officer must ensure that, so far as is reasonably practicable, it is determined within six months of being made.
Where the Certification Officer is satisfied that a trade union has failed to comply with the requirement of section 45B, the Officer may make a declaration to that effect.
Before deciding the matter the Certification Officer—
may make such enquiries as the Officer thinks fit,
must give the union and the applicant ... an opportunity to make written representations, and
may give the union and the applicant ... an opportunity to make oral representations.
The Certification Officer must give reasons for the Officer's decision in writing.
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Where the court makes a declaration it shall also, unless it considers that it would be inappropriate, make an order imposing on the trade union a requirement to take within such period as may be specified in the order such steps to remedy the declared failure as may be so specified.
Where the Certification Officer makes a declaration he shall also, unless he considers that it would be inappropriate, make an order imposing on the trade union a requirement to take within such period as may be specified in the order such steps to remedy the declared failure as may be so specified.
The following paragraphs have effect if a person applies to the Certification Officer under this section in relation to an alleged failure—
that person may not apply to the court under this section in relation to that failure;
on an application by a different person to the court under this section in relation to that failure, the court shall have due regard to any declaration, order, observations or reasons made or given by the Certification Officer regarding that failure and brought to the court’s notice.
The following paragraphs have effect if a person applies to the court under this section in relation to an alleged failure—
that person may not apply to the Certification Officer under this section in relation to that failure;
on an application by a different person to the Certification Officer under this section in relation to that failure, the Certification Officer shall have regard to any declaration, order, observations or reasons made or given by the court regarding that failure and brought to the Certification Officer’s notice.
Where an order has been made under subsection (5) or (5A), any person who is a member of the trade union and was a member at the time the order was made is entitled to enforce the order as if he had made an application under this section.
Where the Certification Officer requests a person to furnish information to him in connection with enquiries made by him under this section, he shall specify the date by which that information is to be furnished and, unless he considers that it would be inappropriate to do so, shall proceed with his determination ... notwithstanding that the information has not been furnished to him by the specified date.
A declaration made by the Certification Officer under this section may be relied on as if it were a declaration made by the court.
An order made by the Certification Officer under this section may be enforced (by the Certification Officer, the applicant or a person mentioned in subsection (6)) in the same way as an order of the court.
An appeal lies to the Employment Appeal Tribunal on any question of law arising in proceedings before or arising from any decision of the Certification Officer under section 24B, ... 25, 31 ... or 45C ....
A trade union shall secure—
that every person who holds a position in the union to which this Chapter applies does so by virtue of having been elected to it at an election satisfying the relevant requirements, and
that no person continues to hold such a position for more than five years without being re-elected at such an election.
The positions to which this Chapter applies (subject as mentioned below) are— . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
member of the executive,
any position by virtue of which a person is a member of the executive,
president, and
general secretary;
In this Chapter “member of the executive” includes any person who, under the rules or practice of the union, may attend and speak at some or all of the meetings of the executive, otherwise than for the purpose of providing the committee with factual information or with technical or professional advice with respect to matters taken into account by the executive in carrying out its functions.
This Chapter does not apply to the position of president or general secretary if the holder of that position—
is not, in respect of that position, either a voting member of the executive or an employee of the union,
holds that position for a period which under the rules of the union cannot end more than 13 months after he took it up, and
has not held either position at any time in the period of twelve months ending with the day before he took up that position.
In subsection (4) a “voting member of the executive” means a person entitled in his own right to attend meetings of the executive and to vote on matters on which votes are taken by the executive (whether or not he is entitled to attend all such meetings or to vote on all such matters or in all circumstances).
This Chapter also does not apply to the position of president if—
the holder of that position was elected or appointed to it in accordance with the rules of the union,
at the time of his election or appointment as president he held a position mentioned in paragraph (a), (b) or (d) of subsection (2) by virtue of having been elected to it at a qualifying election,
it is no more than five years since—
he was elected, or re-elected, to the position mentioned in paragraph (b) which he held at the time of his election or appointment as president, or
he was elected to another position of a kind mentioned in that paragraph at a qualifying election held after his election or appointment as president of the union, and
he has, at all times since his election or appointment as president, held a position mentioned in paragraph (a), (b) or (d) of subsection (2) by virtue of having been elected to it at a qualifying election.
The provisions of this Chapter including, so far as applicable, Schedule A1A apply notwithstanding anything in the rules or practice of the union; and the terms and conditions on which a person is employed by the union shall be disregarded in so far as they would prevent the union from complying with such provisions.
In subsection (4A) “qualifying election” means an election satisfying the relevant requirements.
The “relevant requirements” referred to in subsections (1) and (5A) are , so far as applicable, those set out in sections 46A to 52 below and Schedule A1A.
But a rule which provides for such a class to be determined by reference to whom the union chooses to exclude shall be disregarded.
No member of the trade union shall be unreasonably excluded from standing as a candidate.
No candidate shall be required, directly or indirectly, to be a member of a political party.
A member of a trade union shall not be taken to be unreasonably excluded from standing as a candidate if he is excluded on the ground that he belongs to a class of which all the members are excluded by the rules of the union.
The trade union shall—
provide every candidate with an opportunity of preparing an election address in his own words and of submitting it to the union to be distributed to the persons accorded entitlement to vote in the election; and
secure that, so far as reasonably practicable, copies of every election address submitted to it in time are distributed to each of those persons ... along with the voting papers or voting access methods for the election.
The trade union may determine the time by which an election address must be submitted to it for distribution; but the time so determined must not be earlier than the latest time at which a person may become a candidate in the election.
The trade union may provide that election addresses submitted to it for distribution—
must not exceed such length, not being less than one hundred words, as may be determined by the union, and
may, as regards photographs and other matter not in words, incorporate only such matter as the union may determine.
The trade union shall secure that no modification of an election address submitted to it is made by any person in any copy of the address to be distributed except—
at the request or with the consent of the candidate, or
where the modification is necessarily incidental to the method adopted for producing that copy.
The trade union shall secure that the same method of producing copies is applied in the same way to every election address submitted and, so far as reasonably practicable, that no such facility or information as would enable a candidate to gain any benefit from— is provided to any candidate without being provided equally to all the others.
the method by which copies of the election addresses are produced, or
the modifications which are necessarily incidental to that method,
The trade union shall, so far as reasonably practicable, secure that the same facilities and restrictions with respect to the preparation, submission, length or modification of an election address, and with respect to the incorporation of photographs or other matter not in words, are provided or applied equally to each of the candidates.
The arrangements made by the trade union for the production of the copies to be so distributed must be such as to secure that none of the candidates is required to bear any of the expense of producing the copies.
No-one other than the candidate himself shall incur any civil or criminal liability in respect of the publication of a candidate’s election address or of any copy required to be made for the purposes of this section.
The trade union shall, before the election is held, appoint a qualified independent person (“the scrutineer”) to carry out—
the functions in relation to the election which are required under this section to be contained in his appointment; and
such additional functions in relation to the election as may be specified in his appointment.
A person is a qualified independent person in relation to an election if— An order under paragraph (a) shall be made by statutory instrument which shall be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.
he satisfies such conditions as may be specified for the purposes of this section by order of the Secretary of State or is himself so specified; ...
the trade union has no grounds for believing either that he will carry out any functions conferred on him in relation to the election otherwise than competently or that his independence in relation to the union, or in relation to the election, might reasonably be called into question; and
in the case of an election for which electronic voting or hybrid voting is a selected means of voting, the computer networks and systems which the person intends to use for conducting the election are covered by one or more qualifying Cyber Essentials Plus certificates awarded to the person;
The scrutineer’s appointment shall require him—
in relation to voting papers sent, or to be sent, in accordance with section 51ZC (postal voting: voting paper and method of voting)—
where someone other than the scrutineer is appointed under section 51A, to supervise the production and distribution of the voting papers;
otherwise, to supervise the production of the voting papers, undertake the distribution of the voting papers and be the person to whom the voting papers are returned;
to take such steps as appear to him to be appropriate for the purpose of enabling him to make his report (see section 52);
in relation to voting papers sent or to be sent in accordance with paragraph 14(1) of Schedule A1A (hybrid voting), to supervise the production of the voting papers, undertake the distribution of the voting papers and be the person to whom the voting papers are returned;
to make his report to the trade union as soon as reasonably practicable after the last voting day; and
where electronic voting forms are to be used for the election—
to generate and distribute voting access methods,
to maintain the electronic voting system,
to maintain the audit logs, and
to appropriately retain relevant personal information, voting information, voting access method information and the audit logs;
to retain custody of all voting papers returned for the purposes of the election and the copy of the register supplied to him in accordance with subsection (5A)(a)—
until the end of the period of one year beginning with the announcement by the union of the result of the election; and
if within that period an application is made under section 54 (complaint of failure to comply with election requirements), until the Certification Officer or the court authorises him to dispose of the papers or copy.
to— whenever it appears to him appropriate to do so and, in particular, when the conditions specified in subsection (3A) are satisfied;
inspect the register of names and addresses of the members of the trade union, or
examine the copy of the register as at the relevant date which is supplied to him in accordance with subsection (5A)(a),
For the purposes of subsection (2)—
“Cyber Essentials Plus certificate” means a certificate awarded in accordance with Cyber Essentials Plus Test Specification v3.2, or a later version of that document, published by the Government Communications Headquarters;
a Cyber Essentials Plus certificate awarded to a person is a “qualifying Cyber Essentials Plus certificate” if its expiry date is such that the certificate will remain valid for the duration of the election for which the person is appointed.
The trade union shall ensure that nothing in the terms of the scrutineer’s appointment (including any additional functions specified in the appointment) is such as to make it reasonable for any person to call the scrutineer’s independence in relation to the union into question.
The trade union shall, before the scrutineer begins to carry out his functions, either—
send a notice stating the name of the scrutineer to every member of the union to whom it is reasonably practicable to send such a notice, or
take all such other steps for notifying members of the name of the scrutineer as it is the practice of the union to take when matters of general interest to all its members need to be brought to their attention.
The conditions referred to in subsection (3)(aa) are—
that a request that the scrutineer inspect the register or examine the copy is made to him during the appropriate period by a member of the trade union or candidate who suspects that the register is not, or at the relevant date was not, accurate and up-to-date, and
that the scrutineer does not consider that the suspicion of the member or candidate is ill-founded.
The trade union shall ensure that the scrutineer duly carries out his functions and that there is no interference with his carrying out of those functions which would make it reasonable for any person to call the scrutineer’s independence in relation to the union into question.
In subsection (3A) “the appropriate period” means the period—
beginning with the first day on which a person may become a candidate in the election or, if later, the day on which the scrutineer is appointed, and
ending with the day before the day on which the scrutineer makes his report to the trade union.
The trade union shall comply with all reasonable requests made by the scrutineer for the purposes of, or in connection with, the carrying out of his functions.
The duty of confidentiality as respects the register is incorporated in the scrutineer’s appointment.
The trade union shall—
supply to the scrutineer as soon as is reasonably practicable after the relevant date a copy of the register of names and addresses of its members as at that date, and
comply with any request made by the scrutineer to inspect the register.
Where the register is kept by means of a computer the duty imposed on the trade union by subsection (5A)(a) is either to supply a legible printed copy or (if the scrutineer prefers) to supply a copy of the computer data and allow the scrutineer use of the computer to read it at any time during the period when he is required to retain custody of the copy.
The trade union must, so far as reasonably practicable, send to the scrutineer at least one of the following in respect of each person who is eligible to vote by electronic voting—
an email address which meets the requirements in subsection (7B);
a mobile telephone number which meets the requirements in subsection (7B).
The requirements are that the email address or mobile telephone number—
was not provided to the person by and is not controlled by—
the person’s employer in their capacity as the person’s employer, or
the trade union,
has not been provided to the scrutineer in respect of any other person for the purposes of the election, and
has been provided by the person to the trade union for the purpose of communication between the person and the trade union.
In this section—
Subject to the provisions of this section, entitlement to vote shall be accorded equally to all members of the trade union.
The rules of the union may exclude entitlement to vote in the case of all members belonging to one of the following classes, or to a class falling within one of the following—
members who are not in employment;
members who are in arrears in respect of any subscription or contribution due to the union;
members who are apprentices, trainees or students or new members of the union.
The rules of the union may restrict entitlement to vote to members who fall within— or to members who fall within a class determined by reference to any combination of the factors mentioned in paragraphs (a), (b) and (c). The reference in paragraph (c) to a section of a trade union includes a part of the union which is itself a trade union.
a class determined by reference to a trade or occupation,
a class determined by reference to a geographical area, or
a class which is by virtue of the rules of the union treated as a separate section within the union,
Entitlement may not be restricted in accordance with subsection (3) if the effect is that any member of the union is denied entitlement to vote at all elections held for the purposes of this Chapter otherwise than by virtue of belonging to a class excluded in accordance with subsection (2).
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state the name of the independent scrutineer and clearly specify the address to which, and the date by which, it is to be returned,
be given one of a series of consecutive whole numbers every one of which is used in giving a different number in that series to each voting paper printed or otherwise produced for the purposes of the election, and
be marked with its number.
Every person who is entitled to vote at the election must—
be allowed to vote without interference from, or constraint imposed by, the union or any of its members, officials or employees, and
so far as is reasonably practicable, be enabled to do so without incurring any direct cost to himself.
So far as is reasonably practicable, every person who is entitled to vote at the election must—
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
be given a convenient opportunity to vote ....
The ballot shall be conducted so as to secure that— For the purposes of paragraph (b) an inaccuracy in counting shall be disregarded if it is accidental and on a scale which could not affect the result of the election.
so far as is reasonably practicable, those voting do so in secret, and
the votes given at the election are fairly and accurately counted.
The ballot shall be so conducted as to secure that the result of the election is determined solely by counting the number of votes cast directly for each candidate.
Nothing in subsection (6) shall be taken to prevent the system of voting used for the election being the single transferable vote, that is, a vote capable of being given so as to indicate the voter’s order of preference for the candidates and of being transferred to the next choice—
when it is not required to give a prior choice the necessary quota of votes, or
when, owing to the deficiency in the number of votes given for a prior choice, that choice is eliminated from the list of candidates.
The scrutineer’s report on the election shall state , so far as relevant—
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the number of voting papers returned to the scrutineer,
the means of voting by which votes have been cast at the election,
the number of valid votes cast in the election for each candidate, . . .
the number of persons who were entitled to vote at the election,
the number of spoiled or otherwise invalid voting papers returned and electronic voting forms submitted , ...
the number of electronic voting forms submitted,
the name of the person (or of each of the persons) appointed under section 51A or, if no person was so appointed, that fact,
the number of submitted electronic voting forms which were discounted by the scrutineer following a request from the person who submitted the electronic voting form, and
the changes made to permissions to access and edit the electronic voting system during the election.
The report shall also state whether the scrutineer is satisfied— and if he is not satisfied as to any of those matters, the report shall give particulars of his reasons for not being satisfied as to that matter.
that there are no reasonable grounds for believing that there was any contravention of a requirement imposed by or under any enactment in relation to the election,
that the arrangements made (whether by him or any other person) with respect to the following matters, so far as relevant, included all such security arrangements as were reasonably practicable for the purpose of minimising the risk that any unfairness or malpractice might occur—
the production, storage, distribution, return or other handling of the voting papers used at the election;
the production, distribution and storage of voting access methods and the maintenance of the electronic voting system;
the counting of the votes,
that he has been able to carry out his functions without such interference as would make it reasonable for any person to call his independence in relation to the union into question;
The trade union shall not publish the result of the election until it has received the scrutineer’s report.
The report shall also state— but shall not state the name of any member or candidate who has requested such an inspection or examination.
whether the scrutineer—
has inspected the register of names and addresses of the members of the trade union, or
has examined the copy of the register as at the relevant date which is supplied to him in accordance with section 49(5A)(a),
if he has, whether in the case of each inspection or examination he was acting on a request by a member of the trade union or candidate or at his own instance,
whether he declined to act on any such request, and
whether any inspection of the register, or any examination of the copy of the register, has revealed any matter which he considers should be drawn to the attention of the trade union in order to assist it in securing that the register is accurate and up-to-date,
The trade union shall within the period of three months after it receives the report either—
send a copy of the report to every member of the union to whom it is reasonably practicable to send such a copy; or
take all such other steps for notifying the contents of the report to the members of the union (whether by publishing the report or otherwise) as it is the practice of the union to take when matters of general interest to all its members need to be brought to their attention.
Where one or more persons other than the scrutineer are appointed under section 51A, the statement included in the scrutineer’s report in accordance with subsection (2)(b) shall also indicate—
whether he is satisfied with the performance of the person, or each of the persons, so appointed, and
if he is not satisfied with the performance of the person, or any of them, particulars of his reasons for not being so satisfied.
Any such copy or notification shall be accompanied by a statement that the union will, on request, supply any member of the union with a copy of the report, either free of charge or on payment of such reasonable fee as may be specified in the notification.
The trade union shall so supply any member of the union who makes such a request and pays the fee (if any) notified to him.
This section applies where the responsible person for the election has determined that a person is eligible to vote at the election by more than one means of voting, or that a person is eligible to vote at the election by hybrid voting.
Where this section applies—
only one vote cast by the person is to be counted,
the vote which is to be counted is to be determined in accordance with provision in the determination made by virtue of section 46A(5), and
that provision and an explanation of its effect must be sent to the person along with the voting materials for the election.
In this section—
For the purposes of this section, each of the following is to be treated as casting a separate vote—
returning a voting paper which was sent in accordance with paragraph 14(1) of Schedule A1A;
submitting an electronic voting form where the voting access method used to access the electronic voting form was sent in accordance with paragraph 14(1) of Schedule A1A.
Nothing in this Chapter shall be taken to require a ballot to be held at an uncontested election.
Before the election is held, the responsible person for the election must make a determination about the means of voting at the election.
The determination must set out which one or more of the permissible means of voting is available for the election.
Where the determination provides that more than one permissible means of voting is available for the election, the determination must also set out—
that each of those means is available for each person who is entitled to vote at the election, or
which one or more of those means is available for one or more of the following—
particular persons who are entitled to vote at the election;
particular descriptions of persons who are entitled to vote at the election.
Where the determination includes provision under subsection (3)(b), the determination must be such that at least one permissible means of voting is available for each person who is entitled to vote at the election.
Where the determination provides— the determination must include provision setting out which vote is to be counted in a case where a person casts more than one vote (and section 51ZA(4) applies for the purposes of construing the number of votes cast by a person).
that more than one permissible means of voting is available for a particular person or description of persons, or
that hybrid voting is available for an election,
Schedule ZA1 sets out further requirements in relation to a determination by the responsible person.
The responsible person for an election under section 46(1)(a) is the trade union to which the election relates.
The permissible means of voting for an election under section 46(1)(a) are—
postal voting;
hybrid voting;
electronic voting.
In this Chapter—
“selected means of voting” means, in relation to an election, a permissible means of voting that is available for the election as a result of a determination under this section;
a person is “eligible to vote” at an election by a particular means of voting if the determination under this section for the election sets out that that means is available for the person (see subsection (3)).
Where the Certification Officer is satisfied that a trade union has failed to comply with any of the requirements of this Chapter ...— the Officer may make a declaration to that effect.
on an application by a person having a sufficient interest (see section 54(2)), ...
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Before deciding the matter the Certification Officer—
may make such enquiries as the Officer thinks fit,
must give the union and the applicant ... an opportunity to make written representations, and
may give the union and the applicant ... an opportunity to make oral representations.
If he makes a declaration he shall specify in it the provisions with which the trade union has failed to comply.
Where he makes a declaration and is satisfied that steps have been taken by the union with a view to remedying the declared failure, or securing that a failure of the same or any similar kind does not occur in future, or that the union has agreed to take such steps, he shall specify those steps in the declaration.
Whether he makes or refuses a declaration, he shall give reasons for his decision in writing; and the reasons may be accompanied by written observations on any matter arising from, or connected with, the proceedings.
In exercising his functions under this section the Certification Officer shall ensure that, so far as is reasonably practicable, an application made to him is determined within six months of being made.
Where he requests a person to furnish information to him in connection with enquiries made by him under this section, he shall specify the date by which that information is to be furnished and, unless he considers that it would be inappropriate to do so, shall proceed with his determination ... notwithstanding that the information has not been furnished to him by the specified date.
A person having a sufficient interest (see section 54(2)) who claims that a trade union has failed to comply with any of the requirements of this Chapter may apply to the court for a declaration to that effect.
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If the court makes the declaration asked for, it shall specify in the declaration the provisions with which the trade union has failed to comply.
Where the court makes a declaration it shall also, unless it considers that to do so would be inappropriate, make an enforcement order, that is, an order imposing on the union one or more of the following requirements— The court shall in an order imposing any such requirement as is mentioned in paragraph (a) or (b) specify the period within which the union is to comply with the requirements of the order.
to secure the holding of an election in accordance with the order;
to take such other steps to remedy the declared failure as may be specified in the order;
to abstain from such acts as may be so specified with a view to securing that a failure of the same or a similar kind does not occur in future.
Where the court makes an order requiring the union to hold a fresh election, the court shall (unless it considers that it would be inappropriate to do so in the particular circumstances of the case) require the election to be conducted in accordance with the requirements of this Chapter and such other provisions as may be made by the order.
Where an enforcement order has been made— is entitled to enforce obedience to the order as if he had made the application on which the order was made.
any person who is a member of the union and was a member at the time the order was made, or
any person who is or was a candidate in the election in question,
Without prejudice to any other power of the court, the court may on an application under this section grant such interlocutory relief (in Scotland, such interim order) as it considers appropriate.
The following paragraphs have effect if a person applies under section 55 in relation to an alleged failure—
that person may not apply under this section in relation to that failure;
on an application by a different person under this section in relation to that failure, the court shall have due regard to any declaration, order, observations or reasons made or given by the Certification Officer regarding that failure and brought to the court’s notice.
An appeal lies to the Employment Appeal Tribunal on any question of law arising in proceedings before or arising from any decision of the Certification Officer under section 55.
Section 46(1)(b) (requirement of re-election) does not apply to a person holding a position to which this Chapter applies if the following conditions are satisfied.
The conditions are that—
he holds the position by virtue of having been elected at an election in relation to which the requirements of this Chapter were satisfied,
he is a full-time employee of the union by virtue of the position,
he will reach retirement age within five years,
he is entitled under the rules of the union to continue as the holder of the position until retirement age without standing for re-election,
he has been a full-time employee of the union for a period (which need not be continuous) of at least ten years, and
the period between the day on which the election referred to in paragraph (a) took place and the day immediately preceding that on which paragraph (c) is first satisfied does not exceed five years.
For the purposes of this section “retirement age”, in relation to any person, means the earlier of—
the age fixed by, or in accordance with, the rules of the union for him to retire from the position in question, or
the age which is for the time being pensionable age (within the meaning given by the rules in paragraph 1 of Schedule 4 to the Pensions Act 1995).
Where a person holds a position to which this Chapter applies immediately before an election at which he is not re-elected to that position, nothing in this Chapter shall be taken to require the union to prevent him from continuing to hold that position for such period (not exceeding six months) as may reasonably be required for effect to be given to the result of the election.
A trade union which has overseas members may choose whether or not to accord any of those members entitlement to vote at an election for a position to which this Chapter applies.
An “overseas member” means a member of the union (other than a merchant seaman or offshore worker) who is outside Great Britain throughout the period during which votes may be cast.
The average hourly earnings shall be those of the employee concerned or, if no fair estimate can be made of those earnings, the average hourly earnings for work of that description of persons in comparable employment with the same employer or, if there are no such persons, a figure of average hourly earnings which is reasonable in the circumstances.
The Certification Officer shall furnish a statement, orally or in writing, of the reasons for his decision ... under this section.
Where a trade dispute exists or is apprehended, the Secretary of State may inquire into the causes and circumstances of the dispute, and, if he thinks fit, appoint a court of inquiry and refer to it any matters appearing to him to be connected with or relevant to the dispute.
The validity of a resolution approving an instrument of amalgamation or transfer shall not be questioned in any legal proceedings whatsoever (except proceedings before the Certification Officer under this section or proceedings arising out of such proceedings) on any ground on which a complaint could be, or could have been, made to the Certification Officer under this section.
The court shall inquire into the matters referred to it and report on them to the Secretary of State; and it may make interim reports if it thinks fit.
Any report of the court, and any minority report, shall be laid before both Houses of Parliament as soon as possible.
The Secretary of State may, before or after the report has been laid before Parliament, publish or cause to be published from time to time, in such manner as he thinks fit, any information obtained or conclusions arrived at by the court as the result or in the course of its inquiry.
No report or publication made or authorised by the court or the Secretary of State shall include any information obtained by the court of inquiry in the course of its inquiry— which is not available otherwise than through evidence given at the inquiry, except with the consent of the secretary of the trade union or of the person, firm, or company in question.
as to any trade union, or
as to any individual business (whether carried on by a person, firm, or company),
Where the Certification Officer makes a declaration he shall also, unless he considers that to do so would be inappropriate, make an enforcement order, that is, an order imposing on the union one or more of the following requirements—
to secure the holding of a ballot in accordance with the order;
to take such other steps to remedy the declared failure as may be specified in the order;
to abstain from such acts as may be so specified with a view to securing that a failure of the same or a similar kind does not occur in future.
Where the union chooses to accord an overseas member entitlement to vote —
the following provisions, so far as applicable, apply in relation to the member—
section 46A (responsible person’s determination of means of voting);
section 51 (voting);
section 51ZA (counting of votes where multiple votes cast by same person);
section 51ZB (postal voting);
section 51ZC (postal voting: voting paper and method of voting);
section 51B (electronic voting);
section 51C (hybrid voting);
Schedule A1A (certain requirements relating to electronic voting and hybrid voting);
nothing in section 47 (candidates) or section 50 (entitlement to vote) applies in relation to an overseas member or in relation to a vote cast by such a member.
For the purposes of this Chapter the date on which a contested election is held shall be taken, in the case of an election in which votes may be cast on more than one day, to be the last of those days.
Nothing in this Chapter affects the validity of anything done by a person holding a position to which this Chapter applies.
Where postal voting is a selected means of voting for an election, the requirements in sections 51ZC and 51A apply in relation to postal voting at the election.
So far as is reasonably practicable, every person who is eligible to vote by postal voting must have sent to them by post, at their home address or another address which they have requested the trade union in writing to treat as their postal address, a voting paper which either lists the candidates at the election or is accompanied by a separate list of those candidates.
Each voting paper must—
state the name of the independent scrutineer and clearly specify the address to which, and the date by which, it is to be returned,
be given one of a series of consecutive whole numbers every one of which is used in giving a different number in that series to each voting paper printed or otherwise produced for the purposes of the election, and
be marked with its number.
Where a person chooses to vote by postal voting, the person votes by marking the voting paper sent to them.
The trade union shall ensure that— are undertaken by one or more independent persons appointed by the union.
the storage and distribution of the voting papers for the purposes of the election, and
the counting of the votes cast in the election,
A person is an independent person in relation to an election if—
he is the scrutineer, or
he is a person other than the scrutineer and the trade union has no grounds for believing either that he will carry out any functions conferred on him in relation to the election otherwise than competently or that his independence in relation to the union, or in relation to the election, might reasonably be called into question.
An appointment under this section shall require the person appointed to carry out his functions so as to minimise the risk of any contravention of requirements imposed by or under any enactment or the occurrence of any unfairness or malpractice.
The duty of confidentiality as respects the register is incorporated in an appointment under this section.
Where the person appointed to undertake the counting of votes is not the scrutineer, his appointment shall require him to send the voting papers back to the scrutineer as soon as reasonably practicable after the counting has been completed.
The trade union—
shall ensure that nothing in the terms of an appointment under this section is such as to make it reasonable for any person to call into question the independence of the person appointed in relation to the union,
shall ensure that a person appointed under this section duly carries out his functions and that there is no interference with his carrying out of those functions which would make it reasonable for any person to call into question the independence of the person appointed in relation to the union, and
shall comply with all reasonable requests made by a person appointed under this section for the purposes of, or in connection with, the carrying out of his functions.
Where electronic voting is a selected means of voting for an election, Parts 1 and 2 of Schedule A1A apply in relation to electronic voting at the election (and Part 4 of that Schedule applies for the purposes of Parts 1 and 2).
Where hybrid voting is a selected means of voting for an election, Parts 1 and 3 of Schedule A1A apply in relation to hybrid voting at the election (and Part 4 of that Schedule applies for the purposes of Parts 1 and 3).
If— the failure (or failures), in so far as they relate to electronic voting, are to be disregarded for all purposes.
in relation to an election there is a failure (or there are failures) to comply with a provision mentioned in subsection (2) or with more than one of those provisions, and
the failure is accidental and on a scale which is unlikely to affect the result of the election or, as the case may be, the failures are accidental and taken together are on a scale which is unlikely to affect the result of the election,
The provisions are—
section 48(1)(b) (requirement to distribute election addresses);
section 49(7A) (requirement to send contact information to scrutineer);
section 51(4)(b) (requirement to provide a convenient opportunity to vote);
section 51ZA(2)(c) (requirement to send provision concerning how votes are counted where a person casts multiple votes);
paragraph 12(1) of Schedule A1A (requirement to send electronic voting materials);
paragraph 12(4) of Schedule A1A (requirement to use contact information provided by trade union).
In this section—
in relation to a worker, the person for whom he works;
If on the application of an employee an employment tribunal is satisfied that the employer has not complied with the terms of an order for the reinstatement or re-engagement of the employee under section 163(4) or (5), the tribunal shall—
make an order for the continuation of the employee’s contract of employment, and
order the employer to pay the employee such compensation as the tribunal considers just and equitable in all the circumstances having regard—
to the infringement of the employee’s right to be reinstated or re-engaged in pursuance of the order, and
to any loss suffered by the employee in consequence of the non-compliance.
This section does not apply if the union reasonably believes that all those members have the same workplace.
ACAS may, with the approval of the Secretary of State, appoint a secretary.
Employment as a member of the staff of the Commissioner is one of the kinds of employment to which a superannuation scheme under section 1 of the Superannuation Act 1972 may apply.
Section 164 applies to an order under subsection (1)(a) as in relation to an order under section 163.
Subject to section 228A, a separate ballot shall be held for each workplace; and entitlement to vote in each ballot shall be accorded equally to, and restricted to, members of the union who—
are entitled to vote by virtue of section 227, and
have that workplace.
in a case where there are individuals employed by the same employer as he is who are members of the union but are not accorded that entitlement, is not a factor—
which he has in common with any of those individuals, or
which individuals employed by that employer have in common as a consequence of having the same place of work;
Where a person who is a participant in a scheme under section 1 of that Act by reference to his employment by the Commissioner becomes the Commissioner, the Treasury may determine that his service as the Commissioner shall be treated for the purposes of the scheme as service as an employee of the Commissioner; and his rights under the scheme shall not be affected by the preceding provisions of this Part.
If on the application of an employee an employment tribunal is satisfied that the employer has not complied with the terms of an order for the continuation of a contract of employment, the following provisions apply.
The Commissioner is not required to effect insurance under the Employers' Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act 1969.
If the non-compliance consists of a failure to pay an amount by way of pay specified in the order, the tribunal shall determine the amount owed by the employer on the date of the determination.
The provisions of subsections (2) and (3) have effect, where they apply, notwithstanding anything in the rules of the trade union and, in particular, notwithstanding anything in those rules which would require the resolution—
to be passed by a majority greater than a simple majority, or
to be voted on by not less than a specified proportion of the members of the union.
In any other case, the tribunal shall order the employer to pay the employee such compensation as the tribunal considers just and equitable in all the circumstances having regard to any loss suffered by the employee in consequence of the non-compliance.
After the expiration of the period specified in a declaration under section 183(5)(c) the trade union may present a further complaint to the Central Arbitration Committee that the employer has failed to disclose or, as the case may be, to confirm in writing to representatives of the union information specified in the declaration.
If no such resolution is passed the Secretary of State shall issue the Code in the form of the draft and it shall come into effect on such day as he may appoint by order made by statutory instrument.
Where a person holds any office or employment under the Crown on terms which do not constitute a contract of employment between that person and the Crown, those terms shall nevertheless be deemed to constitute such a contract for the purposes of this section.
References in this section to a contract of employment include any contract under which one person personally does work or performs services for another; and related expressions shall be construed accordingly.
Nothing in this section shall be construed as requiring a trade union to hold separate ballots for the purposes of this section and sections 226 to 234 (requirement of ballot before action by trade union).
This section applies where a matter is under the rules of a trade union required or allowed to be submitted for determination or conciliation in accordance with the rules of the union, but a provision of the rules purporting to provide for that to be a person’s only remedy has no effect (or would have no effect if there were one).
Notwithstanding anything in the rules of the union or in the practice of any court, if a member or former member of the union begins proceedings in a court with respect to a matter to which this section applies, then if— the rules requiring or allowing the matter to be so submitted, and the fact that any relevant steps remain to be taken under the rules, shall be regarded for all purposes as irrelevant to any question whether the court proceedings should be dismissed, stayed or sisted, or adjourned.
he has previously made a valid application to the union for the matter to be submitted for determination or conciliation in accordance with the union’s rules, and
the court proceedings are begun after the end of the period of six months beginning with the day on which the union received the application,
An application shall be deemed to be valid for the purposes of subsection (2)(a) unless the union informed the applicant, before the end of the period of 28 days beginning with the date on which the union received the application, of the respects in which the application contravened the requirements of the rules.
If the court is satisfied that any delay in the taking of relevant steps under the rules is attributable to unreasonable conduct of the person who commenced the proceedings, it may treat the period specified in subsection (2)(b) as extended by such further period as it considers appropriate.
In this section—
references to the rules of a trade union include any arbitration or other agreement entered into in pursuance of a requirement imposed by or under the rules; and
references to the relevant steps under the rules, in relation to any matter, include any steps falling to be taken in accordance with the rules for the purposes of or in connection with the determination or conciliation of the matter, or any appeal, review or reconsideration of any determination or award.
This section does not affect any enactment or rule of law by virtue of which a court would apart from this section disregard any such rules of a trade union or any such fact as is mentioned in subsection (2).
An individual who is or has been a member of a trade union has the right not to be unjustifiably disciplined by the union.
For this purpose an individual is “disciplined” by a trade union if a determination is made, or purportedly made, under the rules of the union or by an official of the union or a number of persons including an official that— and whether an individual is “unjustifiably disciplined” shall be determined in accordance with section 65.
he should be expelled from the union or a branch or section of the union,
he should pay a sum to the union, to a branch or section of the union or to any other person;
sums tendered by him in respect of an obligation to pay subscriptions or other sums to the union, or to a branch or section of the union, should be treated as unpaid or paid for a different purpose,
he should be deprived to any extent of, or of access to, any benefits, services or facilities which would otherwise be provided or made available to him by virtue of his membership of the union, or a branch or section of the union,
another trade union, or a branch or section of it, should be encouraged or advised not to accept him as a member, or
he should be subjected to some other detriment;
Where a determination made in infringement of an individual’s right under this section requires the payment of a sum or the performance of an obligation, no person is entitled in any proceedings to rely on that determination for the purpose of recovering the sum or enforcing the obligation.
Subject to that, the remedies for infringement of the right conferred by this section are as provided by sections 66 and 67, and not otherwise.
The right not to be unjustifiably disciplined is in addition to (and not in substitution for) any right which exists apart from this section; and, subject to section 66(4), nothing in this section or sections 65 to 67 affects any remedy for infringement of any such right.
An individual is unjustifiably disciplined by a trade union if the actual or supposed conduct which constitutes the reason, or one of the reasons, for disciplining him is— but subject to subsection (6) (cases of bad faith in relation to assertion of wrongdoing).
conduct to which this section applies, or
something which is believed by the union to amount to such conduct;
This section applies to conduct which consists in—
failing to participate in or support a strike or other industrial action (whether by members of the union or by others), or indicating opposition to or a lack of support for such action;
failing to contravene, for a purpose connected with such a strike or other industrial action, a requirement imposed on him by or under a contract of employment;
asserting (whether by bringing proceedings or otherwise) that the union, any official or representative of it or a trustee of its property has contravened, or is proposing to contravene, a requirement which is, or is thought to be, imposed by or under the rules of the union or any other agreement or by or under any enactment (whenever passed) or any rule of law;
encouraging or assisting a person—
to perform an obligation imposed on him by a contract of employment, or
to make or attempt to vindicate any such assertion as is mentioned in paragraph (c); . . .
contravening a requirement imposed by or in consequence of a determination which infringes the individual’s or another individual’s right not to be unjustifiably disciplined.
failing to agree, or withdrawing agreement, to the making from his wages (in accordance with arrangements between his employer and the union) of deductions representing payments to the union in respect of his membership,
resigning or proposing to resign from the union or from another union, becoming or proposing to become a member of another union, refusing to become a member of another union, or being a member of another union,
working with, or proposing to work with, individuals who are not members of the union or who are or are not members of another union,
working for, or proposing to work for, an employer who employs or who has employed individuals who are not members of the union or who are or are not members of another union, or
requiring the union to do an act which the union is, by any provision of this Act, required to do on the requisition of a member.
This section applies to conduct which involves . . . the Certification Officer being consulted or asked to provide advice or assistance with respect to any matter whatever, or which involves any person being consulted or asked to provide advice or assistance with respect to a matter which forms, or might form, the subject-matter of any such assertion as is mentioned in subsection (2)(c) above.
This section also applies to conduct which consists in proposing to engage in, or doing anything preparatory or incidental to, conduct falling within subsection (2) or (3).
This section does not apply to an act, omission or statement comprised in conduct falling within subsection (2), (3) or (4) above if it is shown that the act, omission or statement is one in respect of which individuals would be disciplined by the union irrespective of whether their acts, omissions or statements were in connection with conduct within subsection (2) or (3) above.
An individual is not unjustifiably disciplined if it is shown— and that there was no other reason for disciplining him or that the only other reasons were reasons in respect of which he does not fall to be treated as unjustifiably disciplined.
that the reason for disciplining him, or one of them, is that he made such an assertion as is mentioned in subsection (2)(c), or encouraged or assisted another person to make or attempt to vindicate such an assertion,
that the assertion was false, and
that he made the assertion, or encouraged or assisted another person to make or attempt to vindicate it, in the belief that it was false or otherwise in bad faith,
In this section—
Where a person holds any office or employment under the Crown on terms which do not constitute a contract of employment between him and the Crown, those terms shall nevertheless be deemed to constitute such a contract for the purposes of this section.
An individual who claims that he has been unjustifiably disciplined by a trade union may present a complaint against the union to an employment tribunal.
The tribunal shall not entertain such a complaint unless it is presented—
before the end of the period of three months beginning with the date of the making of the determination claimed to infringe the right, or
where the tribunal is satisfied— within such further period as the tribunal considers reasonable.
that it was not reasonably practicable for the complaint to be presented before the end of that period, or
that any delay in making the complaint is wholly or partly attributable to a reasonable attempt to appeal against the determination or to have it reconsidered or reviewed,
Where the tribunal finds the complaint well-founded, it shall make a declaration to that effect.
Section 292A (extension of time limits to facilitate conciliation before institution of proceedings) applies for the purposes of subsection (2)(a).
Where a complaint relating to an expulsion which is presented under this section is declared to be well-founded, no complaint in respect of the expulsion shall be presented or proceeded with under section 174 (right not to be excluded or expelled from trade union).
An individual whose complaint under section 66 has been declared to be well-founded may make an application to an employment tribunal for one or both of the following—
an award of compensation to be paid to him by the union;
an order that the union pay him an amount equal to any sum which he has paid in pursuance of any such determination as is mentioned in section 64(2)(b).
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the determination infringing the applicant’s right not to be unjustifiably disciplined has not been revoked, or
the union has failed to take all the steps necessary for securing the reversal of anything done for the purpose of giving effect to the determination;
An application under this section shall not be entertained if made before the end of the period of four weeks beginning with the date of the declaration or after the end of the period of six months beginning with that date.
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The amount of compensation awarded shall, subject to the following provisions, be such as the . . . employment tribunal considers just and equitable in all the circumstances.
In determining the amount of compensation to be awarded, the same rule shall be applied concerning the duty of a person to mitigate his loss as applies to damages recoverable under the common law in England and Wales or Scotland.
Where the . . . employment tribunal finds that the infringement complained of was to any extent caused or contributed to by the action of the applicant, it shall reduce the amount of the compensation by such proportion as it considers just and equitable having regard to that finding.
The amount of compensation calculated in accordance with subsections (5) to (7) shall not exceed the aggregate of— . . . .
an amount equal to 30 times the limit for the time being imposed by section 227(1)(a) of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (maximum amount of a week’s pay for basic award in unfair dismissal cases), and
an amount equal to the limit for the time being imposed by section 124(1) of that Act (maximum compensatory award in such cases);
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by virtue of subsection (6) or (7), or
on account of sums already paid by the union by way of compensation in respect of the determination to which the application relates or in respect of anything done for the purpose of giving effect to the determination;
If on the date on which the application was made— the amount of compensation shall be not less than the amount for the time being specified in section 176(6A).
the determination infringing the applicant’s right not to be unjustifiably disciplined has not been revoked, or
the union has failed to take all the steps necessary for securing the reversal of anything done for the purpose of giving effect to the determination,
Where arrangements (“subscription deduction arrangements") exist between the employer of a worker and a trade union relating to the making from workers’ wages of deductions representing payments to the union in respect of the workers’ membership of the union (“subscription deductions"), the employer shall ensure that no subscription deduction is made from wages payable to the worker on any day unless—
the worker has authorised in writing the making from his wages of subscription deductions; and
the worker has not withdrawn the authorisation.
A worker withdraws an authorisation given for the purposes of subsection (1), in relation to a subscription deduction which falls to be made from wages payable to him on any day, if a written notice withdrawing the authorisation has been received by the employer in time for it to be reasonably practicable for the employer to secure that no such deduction is made.
A worker’s authorisation of the making of subscription deductions from his wages shall not give rise to any obligation on the part of the employer to the worker to maintain or continue to maintain subscription deduction arrangements.
In this section and section 68A, “employer", “wages" and “worker" have the same meanings as in the Employment Rights Act 1996.
A worker may present a complaint to an employment tribunal that his employer has made a deduction from his wages in contravention of section 68—
within the period of three months beginning with the date of the payment of the wages from which the deduction, or (if the complaint relates to more than one deduction) the last of the deductions, was made, or
where the tribunal is satisfied that it was not reasonably practicable for the complaint to be presented within that period, within such further period as the tribunal considers reasonable.
Section 292A (extension of time limits to facilitate conciliation before institution of proceedings) applies for the purposes of subsection (1)(a).
Where a tribunal finds that a complaint under this section is well founded, it shall make a declaration to that effect and shall order the employer to pay to the worker the whole amount of the deduction, less any such part of the amount as has already been paid to the worker by the employer.
Where the making of a deduction from the wages of a worker both contravenes section 68(1) and involves one or more of the contraventions specified in subsection (4) of this section, the aggregate amount which may be ordered by an employment tribunal or court (whether on the same occasion or on different occasions) to be paid in respect of the contraventions shall not exceed the amount, or (where different amounts may be ordered to be paid in respect of different contraventions) the greatest amount, which may be ordered to be paid in respect of any one of them.
The contraventions referred to in subsection (3) are—
a contravention of the requirement not to make a deduction without having given the particulars required by section 8 (itemised pay statements) or 9(1) (standing statements of fixed deductions) of the Employment Rights Act 1996,
a contravention of section 13 of that Act (requirement not to make unauthorised deductions), and
a contravention of section 86(1) or 90(1) of this Act (requirements not to make deductions of political fund contributions in certain circumstances).
In every contract of membership of a trade union, whether made before or after the passing of this Act, a term conferring a right on the member, on giving reasonable notice and complying with any reasonable conditions, to terminate his membership of the union shall be implied.
In this Chapter “member”, in relation to a trade union consisting wholly or partly of, or of representatives of, constituent or affiliated organisations, includes a member of any of the constituent or affiliated organisations.
The funds of a trade union shall not be applied in the furtherance of the political objects to which this Chapter applies unless—
there is in force in accordance with this Chapter a resolution (a “political resolution”) approving the furtherance of those objects as an object of the union (see sections 73 to 81), and
there are in force rules of the union as to— which comply with this Chapter (see sections 82, 84 and 85) and have been approved by the Certification Officer.
the making of payments in furtherance of those objects out of a separate fund, and
the making of contributions to that fund by members,
This applies whether the funds are so applied directly, or in conjunction with another trade union, association or body, or otherwise indirectly.
The political objects to which this Chapter applies are the expenditure of money—
on any contribution to the funds of, or on the payment of expenses incurred directly or indirectly by, a political party;
on the provision of any service or property for use by or on behalf of any political party;
in connection with the registration of electors, the candidature of any person, the selection of any candidate or the holding of any ballot by the union in connection with any election to a political office;
on the maintenance of any holder of a political office;
on the holding of any conference or meeting by or on behalf of a political party or of any other meeting the main purpose of which is the transaction of business in connection with a political party;
on the production, publication or distribution of any literature, document, film, sound recording or advertisement the main purpose of which is to persuade people to vote for a political party or candidate or to persuade them not to vote for a political party or candidate.
Where a person attends a conference or meeting as a delegate or otherwise as a participator in the proceedings, any expenditure incurred in connection with his attendance as such shall, for the purposes of subsection (1)(e), be taken to be expenditure incurred on the holding of the conference or meeting.
In determining for the purposes of subsection (1) whether a trade union has incurred expenditure of a kind mentioned in that subsection, no account shall be taken of the ordinary administrative expenses of the union.
In this section—
in relation to a worker, the person for whom the worker works;
A right to be paid an amount under this section does not affect any right of an employee in relation to remuneration under his contract of employment, but—
any contractual remuneration paid to an employee in respect of a period of time off to which this section applies shall go towards discharging any liability of the employer under this section in respect of that period, and
any payment under this section in respect of a period shall go towards discharging any liability of the employer to pay contractual remuneration in respect of that period.
The application shall not be entertained if made—
before the end of the period of four weeks beginning with the date of the declaration under subsection (1), or
after the end of the period of six months beginning with that date.
An employer who fails to give notice to the Secretary of State in accordance with section 193 commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding level 5 on the standard scale.
A Code of Practice issued by the Secretary of State may be revoked by him by order made by statutory instrument.
The Commissioner may appoint such staff as he may determine, with the approval of the Secretary of State as to numbers and terms and conditions of service.
An employee may present a complaint to an employment tribunal that his employer has failed to pay him in accordance with this section.
The amount of compensation awarded shall, subject to the following provisions, be such as the employment tribunal ... considers just and equitable in all the circumstances.
Proceedings in England or Wales for such an offence shall be instituted only by or with the consent of the Secretary of State or by an officer authorised for that purpose by special or general directions of the Secretary of State.
A person who is a member of a trade union and who claims that it has applied its funds in breach of section 71 may apply to the Certification Officer for a declaration that it has done so ....
Where an application is made under subsection (1), the Certification Officer must ensure that, so far as is reasonably practicable, it is determined within six months of being made.
Where the Certification Officer is satisfied that a trade union has applied its funds in breach of section 71, the Officer may make a declaration to that effect.
Before deciding the matter the Certification Officer—
may make such enquiries as the Officer thinks fit,
must give the union and the applicant ... an opportunity to make written representations, and
may give the union and the applicant ... an opportunity to make oral representations.
The Certification Officer—
must give reasons for the Officer's decision in writing, and
may make written observations on any matter arising from, or connected with, the proceedings.
If he makes a declaration he shall specify in it—
the provisions of section 71 breached, and
the amount of the funds applied in breach.
If he makes a declaration and is satisfied that the union has taken or agreed to take steps with a view to— he shall specify those steps in making the declaration.
remedying the declared breach, or
securing that a breach of the same or any similar kind does not occur in future,
If he makes a declaration he may make such order for remedying the breach as he thinks just under the circumstances.
Where the Certification Officer requests a person to furnish information to him in connection with enquiries made by him under this section, he shall specify the date by which that information is to be furnished and, unless he considers that it would be inappropriate to do so, shall proceed with his determination ... notwithstanding that the information has not been furnished to him by the specified date.
A declaration made by the Certification Officer under this section may be relied on as if it were a declaration made by the court.
Where an order has been made under this section, any person who is a member of the union and was a member at the time it was made is entitled to enforce obedience to the order as if he had made an application under this section.
An order made by the Certification Officer under this section may be enforced (by the Certification Officer, the applicant or a person mentioned in subsection (8)) in the same way as an order of the court.
If a person applies to the Certification Officer under this section in relation to an alleged breach he may not apply to the court in relation to the breach; but nothing in this subsection shall prevent such a person from exercising any right to appeal against or challenge the Certification Officer’s decision on the application to him.
If— he may not apply to the Certification Officer under this section in relation to the breach.
a person applies to the court in relation to an alleged breach, and
the breach is one in relation to which he could have made an application to the Certification Officer under this section,
A political resolution must be passed by a majority of those voting on a ballot of the members of the trade union held in accordance with this Chapter sections 73 to 78.
A political resolution so passed shall take effect as if it were a rule of the union and may be rescinded in the same manner and subject to the same provisions as such a rule.
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Where a political resolution (“the old resolution”) is in force and a ballot is held on a new political resolution, then—
if the new resolution is passed, the old resolution shall be treated as rescinded, and
if it is not passed, the old resolution shall cease to have effect at the end of the period of two weeks beginning with the date of the ballot.
Sections 73 to 78 apply in relation to a trade union with a branch or section in Northern Ireland where the head or main office of the trade union is outside Northern Ireland.
A ballot on a political resolution must be held in accordance with rules of the trade union (its “political ballot rules”) approved by the Certification Officer.
Fresh approval is required for the purposes of each ballot which it is proposed to hold, notwithstanding that the rules have been approved for the purposes of an earlier ballot.
The Certification Officer shall not approve a union’s political ballot rules unless he is satisfied that the requirements set out in— section 75 (appointment of independent scrutineer), section 76 (entitlement to vote), section 77 (voting), . . .section 77A (counting of votes etc. by independent person), and section 78 (scrutineer’s report), would be satisfied in relation to a ballot held by the union in accordance with the rules.
The trade union shall, before the ballot is held, appoint a qualified independent person (“the scrutineer”) to carry out—
the functions in relation to the ballot which are required under this section to be contained in his appointment; and
such additional functions in relation to the ballot as may be specified in his appointment.
A person is a qualified independent person in relation to a ballot if— An order under paragraph (a) shall be made by statutory instrument which shall be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.
he satisfies such conditions as may be specified for the purposes of this section by order of the Secretary of State or is himself so specified; and
the trade union has no grounds for believing either that he will carry out any functions conferred on him in relation to the ballot otherwise than competently or that his independence in relation to the union, or in relation to the ballot, might reasonably be called into question.
The scrutineer’s appointment shall require him—
to be the person who supervises the production of the voting papers and (unless he is appointed under section 77A to undertake the distribution of the voting papers) their distribution and to whom the voting papers are returned by those voting;
to take such steps as appear to him to be appropriate for the purpose of enabling him to make his report (see section 78);
to— whenever it appears to him appropriate to do so and, in particular, when the conditions specified in subsection (3A) are satisfied;
inspect the register of names and addresses of the members of the trade union, or
examine the copy of the register as at the relevant date which is supplied to him in accordance with subsection (5A)(a),
to make his report to the trade union as soon as reasonably practicable after the last date for the return of voting papers; and
to retain custody of all voting papers returned for the purposes of the ballot and the copy of the register supplied to him in accordance with subsection (5A)(a)—
until the end of the period of one year beginning with the announcement by the union of the result of the ballot; and
if within that period an application is made under section 79 (complaint of failure to comply with ballot rules), until the Certification Officer or the court authorises him to dispose of the papers or copy.
The trade union shall ensure that nothing in the terms of the scrutineer’s appointment (including any additional functions specified in the appointment) is such as to make it reasonable for any person to call the scrutineer’s independence in relation to the union into question.
The conditions referred to in subsection (3)(aa) are—
that a request that the scrutineer inspect the register or examine the copy is made to him during the appropriate period by a member of the trade union who suspects that the register is not, or at the relevant date was not, accurate and up-to-date, and
that the scrutineer does not consider that the member’s suspicion is ill-founded.
The trade union shall, before the scrutineer begins to carry out his functions, either—
send a notice stating the name of the scrutineer to every member of the union to whom it is reasonably practicable to send such a notice, or
take all such other steps for notifying members of the name of the scrutineer as it is the practice of the union to take when matters of general interest to all its members need to be brought to their attention.
In subsection (3A) “the appropriate period” means the period—
beginning with the day on which the scrutineer is appointed, and
ending with the day before the day on which the scrutineer makes his report to the trade union.
The trade union shall ensure that the scrutineer duly carries out his functions and that there is no interference with his carrying out of those functions which would make it reasonable for any person to call the scrutineer’s independence in relation to the union into question.
The duty of confidentiality as respects the register is incorporated in the scrutineer’s appointment.
The trade union shall comply with all reasonable requests made by the scrutineer for the purposes of, or in connection with, the carrying out of his functions.
The trade union shall—
supply to the scrutineer as soon as is reasonably practicable after the relevant date a copy of the register of names and addresses of its members as at that date, and
comply with any request made by the scrutineer to inspect the register.
Where the register is kept by means of a computer the duty imposed on the trade union by subsection (5A)(a) is either to supply a legible printed copy or (if the scrutineer prefers) to supply a copy of the computer data and allow the scrutineer use of the computer to read it at any time during the period when he is required to retain custody of the copy.
In this section “the relevant date” means—
where the trade union has rules determining who is entitled to vote in the ballot by reference to membership on a particular date, that date, and
otherwise, the date, or the last date, on which voting papers are distributed for the purposes of the ballot.
Entitlement to vote in the ballot shall be accorded equally to all members of the trade union.
The method of voting must be by the marking of a voting paper by the person voting.
Each voting paper must—
state the name of the independent scrutineer and clearly specify the address to which, and the date by which, it is to be returned, and
be given one of a series of consecutive whole numbers every one of which is used in giving a different number in that series to each voting paper printed or otherwise produced for the purposes of the ballot, and
be marked with its number.
Every person who is entitled to vote in the ballot must—
be allowed to vote without interference from, or constraint imposed by, the union or any of its members, officials or employees, and
so far as is reasonably practicable, be enabled to do so without incurring any direct cost to himself.
So far as is reasonably practicable, every person who is entitled to vote in the ballot must—
have a voting paper sent to him by post at his home address or another address which he has requested the trade union in writing to treat as his postal address, and
be given a convenient opportunity to vote by post.
The ballot shall be conducted so as to secure that— For the purposes of paragraph (b) an inaccuracy in counting shall be disregarded if it is accidental and on a scale which could not affect the result of the ballot.
so far as is reasonably practicable, those voting do so in secret, and
the votes given in the ballot are fairly and accurately counted.
The scrutineer’s report on the ballot shall state—
the number of voting papers distributed for the purposes of the ballot,
the number of voting papers returned to the scrutineer,
the number of valid votes cast in the ballot for and against the resolution, . . .
the number of spoiled or otherwise invalid voting papers returned and.
the name of the person (or of each of the persons) appointed under section 77A or, if no person was so appointed, that fact.
The report shall also state whether the scrutineer is satisfied— and if he is not satisfied as to any of those matters, the report shall give particulars of his reasons for not being satisfied as to that matter.
that there are no reasonable grounds for believing that there was any contravention of a requirement imposed by or under any enactment in relation to the ballot,
that the arrangements made (whether by him or any other person) with respect to the production, storage, distribution, return or other handling of the voting papers used in the ballot, and the arrangements for the counting of the votes, included all such security arrangements as were reasonably practicable for the purpose of minimising the risk that any unfairness or malpractice might occur, and
that he has been able to carry out his functions without such interference as would make it reasonable for any person to call his independence in relation to the union into question;
The trade union shall not publish the result of the ballot until it has received the scrutineer’s report.
The report shall also state— but shall not state the name of any member who has requested such an inspection or examination.
whether the scrutineer—
has inspected the register of names and addresses of the members of the trade union, or
has examined the copy of the register as at the relevant date which is supplied to him in accordance with section 75(5A)(a),
if he has, whether in the case of each inspection or examination he was acting on a request by a member of the trade union or at his own instance,
whether he declined to act on any such request, and
whether any inspection of the register, or any examination of the copy of the register, has revealed any matter which he considers should be drawn to the attention of the trade union in order to assist it in securing that the register is accurate and up-to-date,
The trade union shall within the period of three months after it receives the report—
send a copy of the report to every member of the union to whom it is reasonably practicable to send such a copy; or
take all such other steps for notifying the contents of the report to the members of the union (whether by publishing the report or otherwise) as it is the practice of the union to take when matters of general interest to all its members need to be brought to their attention.
Where one or more persons other than the scrutineer are appointed under section 77A, the statement included in the scrutineer’s report in accordance with subsection (2)(b) shall also indicate—
whether he is satisfied with the performance of the person, or each of the persons, so appointed, and
if he is not satisfied with the performance of the person, or any of them, particulars of his reasons for not being so satisfied.
Any such copy or notification shall be accompanied by a statement that the union will, on request, supply any member of the union with a copy of the report, either free of charge or on payment of such reasonable fee as may be specified in the notification.
The trade union shall so supply any member of the union who makes such a request and pays the fee (if any) notified to him.
“merchant seaman” means a person whose employment, or the greater part of it, is carried out on board sea-going ships; and
No such application may be made after the end of the period of one year beginning with the day on which the union announced the result of the ballot.
If an employee of a description to which a protective award relates dies during the protected period, the award has effect in his case as if the protected period ended on his death.
The trade union shall ensure that— are undertaken by one or more independent persons appointed by the union.
the storage and distribution of the voting papers for the purposes of the ballot, and
the counting of the votes cast in the ballot,
A person is an independent person in relation to a ballot if—
he is the scrutineer, or
he is a person other than the scrutineer and the trade union has no grounds for believing either that he will carry out any functions conferred on him in relation to the ballot otherwise than competently or that his independence in relation to the union, or in relation to the ballot, might reasonably be called into question.
An appointment under this section shall require the person appointed to carry out his functions so as to minimise the risk of any contravention of requirements imposed by or under any enactment or the occurrence of any unfairness or malpractice.
The duty of confidentiality as respects the register is incorporated in an appointment under this section.
Where the person appointed to undertake the counting of votes is not the scrutineer, his appointment shall require him to send the voting papers back to the scrutineer as soon as reasonably practicable after the counting has been completed.
The trade union—
shall ensure that nothing in the terms of an appointment under this section is such as to make it reasonable for any person to call into question the independence of the person appointed in relation to the union,
shall ensure that a person appointed under this section duly carries out his functions and that there is no interference with his carrying out of those functions which would make it reasonable for any person to call into question the independence of the person appointed in relation to the union, and
shall comply with all reasonable requests made by a person appointed under this section for the purposes of, or in connection with, the carrying out of his functions.
Where the Certification Officer is satisfied, ... on an application by a person having a sufficient interest (see section 79(2)) ..., that a trade union— the Officer may make a declaration to that effect.
has held a ballot on a political resolution otherwise than in accordance with political ballot rules approved by the Certification Officer, or
has failed in relation to a proposed ballot on a political resolution to comply with political ballot rules so approved,
Before deciding the matter the Certification Officer—
may make such enquiries as the Officer thinks fit,
must give the union and the applicant ... an opportunity to make written representations, and
may give the union and the applicant ... an opportunity to make oral representations.
If he makes a declaration he shall specify in it the provisions with which the trade union has failed to comply.
Where he makes a declaration and is satisfied that steps have been taken by the union with a view to remedying the declared failure, or securing that a failure of the same or any similar kind does not occur in future, or that the union has agreed to take such steps, he shall in making the declaration specify those steps.
Whether he makes or refuses a declaration, he shall give reasons for his decision in writing; and the reasons may be accompanied by written observations on any matter arising from, or connected with, the proceedings.
In exercising his functions under this section the Certification Officer shall ensure that, so far as is reasonably practicable, an application made to him is determined within six months of being made.
Where he requests a person to furnish information to him in connection with enquiries made by him under this section, he shall specify the date by which that information is to be furnished and shall, unless he considers that it would be inappropriate to do so, proceed with his determination ... notwithstanding that the information has not been furnished to him by the specified date.
A person having a sufficient interest (see section 79(2)) who claims that a trade union— may apply to the court for a declaration to that effect.
has held a ballot on a political resolution otherwise than in accordance with political ballot rules approved by the Certification Officer, or
has failed in relation to a proposed ballot on a political resolution to comply with political ballot rules so approved,
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If the court makes the declaration asked for, it shall specify in the declaration the provisions with which the trade union has failed to comply.
Where the court makes a declaration it shall also, unless it considers that to do so would be inappropriate, make an enforcement order, that is, an order imposing on the union one or more of the following requirements— The court shall in an order imposing any such requirement as is mentioned in paragraph (a) or (b) specify the period within which the union must comply with the requirements of the order.
to secure the holding of a ballot in accordance with the order;
to take such other steps to remedy the declared failure as may be specified in the order;
to abstain from such acts as may be so specified with a view to securing that a failure of the same or a similar kind does not occur in future.
Where the court makes an order requiring the union to hold a fresh ballot, the court shall (unless it considers that it would be inappropriate to do so in the particular circumstances of the case) require the ballot to be conducted in accordance with the union’s political ballot rules and such other provisions as may be made by the order.
Where an enforcement order has been made, any person who is a member of the union and was a member at the time the order was made is entitled to enforce obedience to the order as if he had made the application on which the order was made.
Without prejudice to any other power of the court, the court may on an application under this section grant such interlocutory relief (in Scotland, such interim order) as it considers appropriate.
The following paragraphs have effect if a person applies under section 80 in relation to a matter—
that person may not apply under this section in relation to that matter;
on an application by a different person under this section in relation to that matter, the court shall have due regard to any declaration, order, observations or reasons made or given by the Certification Officer regarding that matter and brought to the court’s notice.
Sections 72C to 72P apply in relation to a trade union which does not have a branch or section in Northern Ireland.
A political resolution must be passed by a majority of those voting on a ballot of the members of the trade union held in accordance with, so far as applicable, sections 72D to 72P and Schedule A1A.
A political resolution so passed has effect as if it were a rule of the union and may be rescinded in the same manner and subject to the same provisions as such a rule.
Where a political resolution (“the old resolution”) is in force and a ballot is held on a new political resolution, then—
if the new resolution is passed, the old resolution is to be treated as rescinded, and
if it is not passed, the old resolution ceases to have effect at the end of the period of two weeks beginning with the date of the ballot.
A ballot on a political resolution must be held in accordance with rules of the trade union (its “political ballot rules”) approved by the Certification Officer.
Fresh approval is required for the purposes of each ballot which it is proposed to hold, notwithstanding that the rules have been approved for the purposes of an earlier ballot.
The Certification Officer must not approve a union’s political ballot rules unless the Certification Officer is satisfied that the requirements, so far as applicable, set out in sections 72E to 72P and Schedule A1A, would be satisfied in relation to a ballot held by the union in accordance with the rules.
Before the ballot is held, the responsible person for the ballot must make a determination about the means of voting in the ballot.
The determination must set out which one or more of the permissible means of voting is available for the ballot.
Where the determination provides that more than one permissible means of voting is available for the ballot, the determination must also set out—
that each of those means is available for each person who is entitled to vote in the ballot, or
which one or more of those means is available for one or more of the following—
particular persons who are entitled to vote in the ballot;
particular descriptions of persons who are entitled to vote in the ballot.
Where the determination includes provision under subsection (3)(b), the determination must be such that at least one permissible means of voting is available for each person who is entitled to vote in the ballot.
Where the determination provides— the determination must include provision setting out which vote is to be counted in a case where a person casts more than one vote (and section 72I(4) applies for the purposes of construing the number of votes cast by a person).
that more than one permissible means of voting is available for a particular person or description of persons, or
that hybrid voting is available for a ballot,
Schedule ZA1 sets out further requirements in relation to a determination by the responsible person.
The responsible person for a ballot under section 72C(1) is the trade union to which the ballot relates.
The permissible means of voting for a ballot under section 72C(1) are—
postal voting;
hybrid voting;
electronic voting.
In this Chapter—
“selected means of voting” means, in relation to a ballot, a permissible means of voting that is available for the ballot as a result of a determination under this section;
a person is “eligible to vote” in a ballot by a particular means of voting if the determination under this section for the ballot sets out that that means is available for the person (see subsection (3)).
The trade union must, before the ballot is held, appoint a qualified independent person (“the scrutineer”) to carry out—
the functions in relation to the ballot which are required under this section to be contained in the scrutineer’s appointment, and
such additional functions in relation to the ballot as may be specified in the scrutineer’s appointment.
A person (“P”) is a qualified independent person in relation to a ballot if— The power to make an order under paragraph (a) is exercisable by statutory instrument and such an instrument is subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.
P satisfies such conditions as may be specified for the purposes of this section by order of the Secretary of State or P is so specified,
the trade union has no grounds for believing either that P will carry out any functions conferred on P in relation to the ballot otherwise than competently or that P’s independence in relation to the union, or in relation to the ballot, might reasonably be called into question, and
in the case of a ballot for which electronic voting or hybrid voting is a selected means of voting, the computer networks and systems which P intends to use for conducting the ballot are covered by one or more qualifying Cyber Essentials Plus certificates awarded to P.
For the purposes of subsection (2)—
“Cyber Essentials Plus certificate” means a certificate awarded in accordance with Cyber Essentials Plus Test Specification v3.2, or a later version of that document, published by the Government Communications Headquarters;
a Cyber Essentials Plus certificate awarded to a person is a “qualifying Cyber Essentials Plus certificate” if its expiry date is such that the certificate will remain valid for the duration of the ballot for which the person is appointed.
The scrutineer’s appointment must require the scrutineer—
in relation to voting papers sent or to be sent in accordance with section 72K (postal voting: voting paper and method of voting)—
where someone other than the scrutineer is appointed under section 72L, to supervise the production and distribution of the voting papers;
otherwise, to supervise the production of the voting papers, undertake the distribution of the voting papers and be the person to whom the voting papers are returned;
in relation to voting papers sent or to be sent in accordance with paragraph 14(1) of Schedule A1A (hybrid voting), to supervise the production of the voting papers, undertake the distribution of the voting papers and be the person to whom the voting papers are returned;
where electronic voting forms are to be used for the ballot—
to generate and distribute voting access methods;
to maintain the electronic voting system;
to maintain the audit logs;
to appropriately retain relevant personal information, voting information, voting access method information and the audit logs;
to— whenever it appears to the scrutineer appropriate to do so and, in particular, when the conditions specified in subsection (5) are satisfied;
inspect the register of names and addresses of the members of the trade union, or
examine the copy of the register as at the relevant date which is supplied to the scrutineer in accordance with subsection (10)(a),
to take such steps as appear to the scrutineer to be appropriate for the purpose of enabling the scrutineer to make the report (see section 72O);
to make the report to the trade union as soon as reasonably practicable after the last voting day;
to retain custody of all voting papers returned for the purposes of the ballot and the copy of the register supplied to the scrutineer in accordance with subsection (10)(a)—
until the end of the period of one year beginning with the announcement by the union of the result of the ballot, and
if within that period an application is made under section 79 (complaint of failure to comply with ballot rules), until the Certification Officer or the court authorises the scrutineer to dispose of the papers or copy.
The conditions referred to in subsection (4)(d) are—
that a request that the scrutineer inspect the register or examine the copy is made to the scrutineer during the appropriate period by a member of the trade union who suspects that the register is not, or at the relevant date was not, accurate and up-to-date, and
that the scrutineer does not consider that the member’s suspicion is ill-founded.
In subsection (5) “the appropriate period” means the period—
beginning with the day on which the scrutineer is appointed, and
ending with the day before the day on which the scrutineer makes the scrutineer’s report to the trade union.
The duty of confidentiality as respects the register is incorporated in the scrutineer’s appointment.
The trade union must ensure that nothing in the terms of the scrutineer’s appointment (including any additional functions specified in the appointment) is such as to make it reasonable for any person to call the scrutineer’s independence in relation to the union into question.
The trade union must, before the scrutineer begins to carry out the scrutineer’s functions, either—
send a notice stating the name of the scrutineer to every member of the union to whom it is reasonably practicable to send such a notice, or
take all such other steps for notifying members of the name of the scrutineer as it is the practice of the union to take when matters of general interest to all its members need to be brought to their attention.
The trade union must—
supply to the scrutineer as soon as is reasonably practicable after the relevant date a copy of the register of names and addresses of its members as at that date, and
comply with any request made by the scrutineer to inspect the register.
Where the register is kept by means of a computer the duty imposed on the trade union by subsection (10)(a) is either to supply a legible printed copy or (if the scrutineer prefers) to supply a copy of the computer data and allow the scrutineer use of the computer to read it at any time during the period when the scrutineer is required to retain custody of the copy.
The trade union must ensure that the scrutineer duly carries out the scrutineer’s functions and that there is no interference with the scrutineer’s carrying out of those functions which would make it reasonable for any person to call the scrutineer’s independence in relation to the union into question.
The trade union must comply with all reasonable requests made by the scrutineer for the purposes of, or in connection with, the carrying out of the scrutineer’s functions.
The trade union must, so far as reasonably practicable, send to the scrutineer at least one of the following in respect of each person who is eligible to vote by electronic voting—
an email address which meets the requirements in subsection (15);
a mobile telephone number which meets the requirements in subsection (15).
The requirements are that the email address or mobile telephone number—
was not provided to the person by and is not controlled by—
the person’s employer in their capacity as the person’s employer, or
the trade union,
has not been provided to the scrutineer in respect of any other person for the purposes of the ballot, and
has been provided by the person to the trade union for the purpose of communication between the person and the trade union.
In this section—
Entitlement to vote in the ballot must be accorded equally to all members of the trade union.
Every person who is entitled to vote in the ballot must—
be allowed to vote without interference from, or constraint imposed by, the union or any of its members, officials or employees, and
so far as is reasonably practicable, be enabled to do so without incurring any direct cost to themselves.
So far as is reasonably practicable, every person who is entitled to vote in the ballot must be given a convenient opportunity to vote.
The ballot must be conducted so as to secure that— For the purposes of paragraph (b) an inaccuracy in counting must be disregarded if it is accidental and on a scale which could not affect the result of the ballot.
so far as is reasonably practicable, those voting do so in secret, and
the votes given in the ballot are fairly and accurately counted.
This section applies where the responsible person for the ballot has determined that a person is eligible to vote in the ballot by more than one means of voting, or that a person is eligible to vote in the ballot by hybrid voting.
Where this section applies—
only one vote cast by the person is to be counted,
the vote which is to be counted is to be determined in accordance with provision in the determination made by virtue of section 72E(5), and
that provision and an explanation of its effect must be sent to the person along with the voting materials for the ballot.
In this section—
For the purposes of this section, each of the following is to be treated as casting a separate vote—
returning a voting paper which was sent in accordance with paragraph 14(1) of Schedule A1A;
submitting an electronic voting form where the voting access method used to access the electronic voting form was sent in accordance with paragraph 14(1) of Schedule A1A.
Where postal voting is a selected means of voting for a ballot, sections 72K and 72L apply in relation to postal voting in the ballot.
So far as is reasonably practicable, every person who is eligible to vote by postal voting must have a voting paper sent to them by post at their home address or another address which they have requested the trade union in writing to treat as their postal address.
Each voting paper must—
state the name of the independent scrutineer and clearly specify the address to which, and the date by which, it is to be returned,
be given one of a series of consecutive whole numbers every one of which is used in giving a different number in that series to each voting paper printed or otherwise produced for the purposes of the ballot, and
be marked with its number.
Where a person chooses to vote by postal voting, the person votes by marking the voting paper sent to them.
The trade union must ensure that— are undertaken by one or more independent persons appointed by the union.
the storage and distribution of the voting papers for the purposes of the ballot, and
the counting of the votes cast in the ballot,
A person appointed by the union (“P”) is an independent person in relation to a ballot if—
P is the scrutineer, or
P is a person other than the scrutineer and the trade union has no grounds for believing either that P will carry out any functions conferred on P in relation to the ballot otherwise than competently or that P’s independence in relation to the union, or in relation to the ballot, might reasonably be called into question.
An appointment under this section must require P to carry out P’s functions so as to minimise the risk of any contravention of requirements imposed by or under any enactment or the occurrence of any unfairness or malpractice.
The duty of confidentiality as respects the register is incorporated in an appointment under this section.
Where P is not the scrutineer, the appointment must require P to send the voting papers back to the scrutineer as soon as reasonably practicable after the counting has been completed.
The trade union—
must ensure that nothing in the terms of an appointment under this section is such as to make it reasonable for any person to call into question P’s independence in relation to the union,
must ensure that P duly carries out P’s functions and that there is no interference with P’s carrying out of those functions which would make it reasonable for any person to call into question P’s independence in relation to the union, and
must comply with all reasonable requests made by P for the purposes of, or in connection with, the carrying out of P’s functions.
Where electronic voting is a selected means of voting for a ballot, Parts 1 and 2 of Schedule A1A apply in relation to electronic voting in the ballot (and Part 4 of that Schedule applies for the purposes of Parts 1 and 2).
Where hybrid voting is a selected means of voting for a ballot, Parts 1 and 3 of Schedule A1A apply in relation to hybrid voting in the ballot (and Part 4 of that Schedule applies for the purposes of Parts 1 and 3).
The scrutineer’s report on the ballot must state, so far as relevant—
the means of voting by which votes have been cast in the ballot,
the number of persons who were entitled to vote in the ballot,
the number of voting papers returned to the scrutineer,
the number of electronic voting forms submitted,
the number of valid votes cast in the ballot for and against the resolution,
the number of spoiled or otherwise invalid voting papers returned and electronic voting forms submitted,
the name of the person (or of each of the persons) appointed under section 72L or, if no person was so appointed, that fact,
the number of submitted electronic voting forms which were discounted by the scrutineer following a request from the person who submitted the electronic voting form, and
the changes made to permissions to access and edit the electronic voting system during the ballot.
The report must also state whether the scrutineer is satisfied— and if the scrutineer is not satisfied as to any of those matters, the report must give particulars of the scrutineer’s reasons for not being satisfied as to that matter.
that there are no reasonable grounds for believing that there was any contravention of a requirement imposed by or under any enactment in relation to the ballot,
that the arrangements made (whether by the scrutineer or by any other person) with respect to the following matters, so far as relevant, included all such security arrangements as were reasonably practicable for the purpose of minimising the risk that any unfairness or malpractice might occur—
the production, storage, distribution, return or other handling of the voting papers used in the ballot,
the production, distribution and storage of voting access methods and the maintenance of the electronic voting system,
the counting of the votes, and
that the scrutineer has been able to carry out the scrutineer’s functions without such interference as would make it reasonable for any person to call the scrutineer’s independence in relation to the union into question,
The report must also state— but must not state the name of any member who has requested such an inspection or examination.
whether the scrutineer—
has inspected the register of names and addresses of the members of the trade union, or
has examined the copy of the register as at the relevant date which is supplied to the scrutineer in accordance with section 72F(10)(a),
if the scrutineer has, whether in the case of each inspection or examination the scrutineer was acting on a request by a member of the trade union or at the scrutineer’s own instance,
whether the scrutineer declined to act on any such request, and
whether any inspection of the register, or any examination of the copy of the register, has revealed any matter which the scrutineer considers should be drawn to the attention of the trade union in order to assist it in securing that the register is accurate and up-to-date,
Where one or more persons other than the scrutineer are appointed under section 72L, the statement included in the scrutineer’s report in accordance with subsection (2)(b) must also indicate—
whether the scrutineer is satisfied with the performance of the person, or each of the persons, so appointed, and
if the scrutineer is not satisfied with the performance of the person, or any of them, particulars of the reasons for not being so satisfied.
The trade union must not publish the result of the ballot until it has received the scrutineer’s report.
The trade union must within the period of three months after it receives the report—
send a copy of the report to every member of the union to whom it is reasonably practicable to send such a copy, or
take all such other steps for notifying the contents of the report to the members of the union (whether by publishing the report or otherwise) as it is the practice of the union to take when matters of general interest to all its members need to be brought to their attention.
Any such copy or notification must be accompanied by a statement that the union will, on request, supply any member of the union with a copy of the report, either free of charge or on payment of such reasonable fee as may be specified in the notification.
The trade union must so supply any member of the union who makes such a request and pays the fee (if any) notified to the member.
If— the failure (or failures), in so far as they relate to electronic voting, are to be disregarded for all purposes.
in relation to a ballot there is a failure (or there are failures) to comply with a provision mentioned in subsection (2) or with more than one of those provisions, and
the failure is accidental and on a scale which is unlikely to affect the result of the ballot or, as the case may be, the failures are accidental and taken together are on a scale which is unlikely to affect the result of the ballot,
The provisions are—
section 72F(14) (requirement to send contact information to scrutineer);
section 72H(2) (requirement to provide a convenient opportunity to vote);
section 72I(2)(c) (requirement to send provision concerning how votes are counted where a person casts multiple votes);
paragraph 12(1) of Schedule A1A (requirement to send electronic voting materials);
paragraph 12(4) of Schedule A1A (requirement to use contact information provided by trade union).
The trade union’s rules must provide—
that payments in the furtherance of the political objects to which this Chapter applies shall be made out of a separate fund (the “political fund” of the union);
that a member of the union who is not a contributor (see section 84) shall not be under any obligation to contribute to the political fund;
that a member shall not by reason of not being a contributor —
be excluded from any benefits of the union, or
be placed in any respect either directly or indirectly under a disability or at a disadvantage as compared with other members of the union (except in relation to the control or management of the political fund);
that contribution to the political fund shall not be made a condition for admission to the union.
that, if the union has a political fund, any form (including an electronic form) that a person has to complete in order to become a member of the union shall include—
a statement to the effect that the person may opt out of being a contributor to the fund, and
a statement setting out the effect of paragraph (c); and
A member of a trade union who claims that he is aggrieved by a breach of any rule made in pursuance of this section may complain to the Certification Officer ....
Before deciding the matter the Certification Officer—
may make such enquiries as the Officer thinks fit,
must give a representative of the union and the complainant ... an opportunity to make written representations, and
may give a representative of the union and the complainant ... an opportunity to make oral representations.
Where the Certification Officer is satisfied that a breach has been committed, the Officer may make such order for remedying the breach as he thinks just under the circumstances.
Any such order, on being recorded in the county court or, in Scotland, the sheriff court, may be enforced in the same way as an order of that court.
Where the Certification Officer requests a person to furnish information to him in connection with enquiries made by him under this section, he shall specify the date by which that information is to be furnished and, unless he considers that it would be inappropriate to do so, shall proceed with his determination ... notwithstanding that the information has not been furnished to him by the specified date.
Where an order has been made under this section, any person who is a member of the union and was a member at the time it was made is entitled to enforce obedience to the order as if he had made a complaint under this section.
An order made by the Certification Officer under this section may be enforced (by the Certification Officer, the complainant or a person mentioned in subsection (4A)) —
in England and Wales, in the same way as an order of the county court;
in Scotland, in the same way as an order of the sheriff.
This subsection applies notwithstanding any term or condition on which the liability was incurred or that an asset of the other fund has been charged in connection with the liability.
There may be added to a union’s political fund only—
sums representing contributions made to the fund by members of the union or by any person other than the union itself, and
property which accrues to the fund in the course of administering the assets of the fund.
The rules of the union shall not be taken to require any member to contribute to the political fund at a time when there is no political resolution in force in relation to the union.
No liability of a union’s political fund shall be discharged out of any other fund of the union.
For the purposes of this Act, a member of a trade union is a “contributor” to the political fund of the union unless an opt-out notice given by the member to the union has effect (see subsection (3)).
An “opt-out notice” is a notice that the member opts out of being a contributor.
that each member has a right to be exempted from contributing to the union’s political fund, and
that a form of exemption notice can be obtained by or on behalf of a member either by application at or by post from—
the head office or any branch office of the union, or
the office of the Certification Officer.
An opt-out notice has effect on and after the relevant day unless the member withdraws the notice.
In subsection (3), “the relevant day” means—
in a case where— the day on which the opt-out notice is given;
a political resolution is passed on a ballot held at a time when no such resolution is in force, and
the opt-out notice is given before the end of the period of four weeks beginning with the day on which an opt-out information notice is given to the member under section 84A,
in any other case, the earlier of—
a day specified in, or determined in accordance with, the rules of the union, and
1 January in the year following the year in which the opt-out notice is given.
A member of a trade union withdraws an opt-out notice by giving the union notice of the withdrawal (a “withdrawal notice”).
A member of a trade union may give an opt-out notice or a withdrawal notice—
by delivering it (either personally or by an authorised agent or by post) at the head office or a branch office of the union;
by sending it by email to an address that the union has told its members can be used for sending such notices;
by completing an electronic form provided by the union which sets out the notice, and sending it to the union by electronic means in accordance with instructions given by the union;
by such other electronic means as may be prescribed.
The Secretary of State must, before the end of the period of three months beginning with the day on which this section comes into force, publish guidance about the kind of provision which the Secretary of State considers it is appropriate for the rules of a trade union to make for the purposes of subsection (4)(b)(i).
The Secretary of State—
may from time to time revise guidance published under subsection (7);
must publish any revisions of that guidance.
A union that has a political fund must either—
make a separate levy of contributions to that fund from the members who are contributors, or
relieve members who are not contributors from the payment of the appropriate portion of any periodical contribution required from members towards the expenses of the union.
In the latter case, the rules shall provide—
that relief shall be given as far as possible to all members who are not contributors on the occasion of the same periodical payment, and
for enabling each member of the union to know what portion (if any) of any periodical contribution payable by the member is a contribution to the political fund.
A trade union must give an opt-out information notice to each member of the union—
within the period of eight weeks beginning with the day after the day on which a political resolution is passed by the members of the union under section 72C (trade union without a branch or section in Northern Ireland: passing and effect of political resolution) or section 73 (trade union with a branch or section in Northern Ireland: passing and effect of political resolution), and
within the period of eight weeks beginning with the end of— unless during that period of ten years the political resolution is rescinded or otherwise ceases to have effect.
the period of ten years beginning with the day on which a political resolution is passed, and
each successive period of ten years,
An “opt-out information notice” is a notice stating that—
each member of the union has the right not to be a contributor to the political fund of the union, and
a member may exercise that right by giving an opt-out notice under section 84.
An opt-out information notice must be given in accordance with rules of the union approved for the purpose by the Certification Officer.
In deciding whether to approve those rules, the Certification Officer must have regard in each case to the existing practice and character of the union.
As soon as is reasonably practicable after the end of any period of eight weeks within which an opt-out information notice must be given, a trade union must send to the Certification Officer a copy of—
the opt-out information notice, or
if there is more than one form of opt-out information notice, each form of notice.
A member of a trade union who claims that the union has failed to comply with this section may complain to the Certification Officer.
Where the Certification Officer is satisfied on a complaint under subsection (6) that a trade union has failed to comply with this section, the Officer may make such order for remedying the failure as the Officer thinks just under the circumstances.
Before deciding the matter the Certification Officer—
may make such enquiries as the Officer thinks fit;
must give the union and the member making the complaint an opportunity to make written representations;
may give the union and the member making the complaint an opportunity to make oral representations.
An order made by the Certification Officer under this section may be enforced by the Certification Officer in the same way as an order of the court.
If a member of a trade union which has a political fund certifies in writing to his employer that, or to the effect that — the employer shall ensure that no amount representing a contribution to the political fund is deducted by him from emoluments payable to the member.
the member is not a contributor to the fund, or
the member has given the union an opt-out notice but it does not yet have effect,
The employer’s duty under subsection (1) applies from the first day, following the giving of the certificate, on which it is reasonably practicable for him to comply with that subsection, until the certificate is withdrawn.
An employer may not refuse to deduct any union dues from emoluments payable to a person who has given a certificate under this section if he continues to deduct union dues from emoluments payable to other members of the union, unless his refusal is not attributable to the giving of the certificate or otherwise connected with the duty imposed by subsection (1).
A person who claims his employer has failed to comply with section 86 in deducting or refusing to deduct any amount from emoluments payable to him may present a complaint to an employment tribunal.
A tribunal shall not consider a complaint under subsection (1) unless it is presented—
within the period of three months beginning with the date of the payment of the emoluments or (if the complaint relates to more than one payment) the last of the payments, or
where the tribunal is satisfied that it was not reasonably practicable for the complaint to be presented within that period, within such further period as the tribunal considers reasonable.
Where on a complaint under subsection (1) arising out of subsection (3) (refusal to deduct union dues) of section 86 the question arises whether the employer’s refusal to deduct an amount was attributable to the giving of the certificate or was otherwise connected with the duty imposed by subsection (1) of that section, it is for the employer to satisfy the tribunal that it was not.
Section 292A (extension of time limits to facilitate conciliation before institution of proceedings) applies for the purposes of subsection (2)(a).
Where a tribunal finds that a complaint under subsection (1) is well-founded—
it shall make a declaration to that effect and, where the complaint arises out of subsection (1) of section 86, order the employer to pay to the complainant the amount deducted in contravention of that subsection less any part of that amount already paid to him by the employer, and
it may, if it considers it appropriate to do so in order to prevent a repetition of the failure, make an order requiring the employer to take, within a specified time, the steps specified in the order in relation to emoluments payable by him to the complainant.
A person who claims his employer has failed to comply with an order made under subsection (4)(b) on a complaint presented by him may present a further complaint to an employment tribunal; but only one complaint may be presented under this subsection in relation to any order.
A tribunal shall not consider a complaint under subsection (5) unless it is presented—
after the end of the period of four weeks beginning with the date of the order, but
before the end of the period of six months beginning with that date.
Where on a complaint under subsection (5) a tribunal finds that an employer has, without reasonable excuse, failed to comply with an order made under subsection (4)(b), it shall order the employer to pay to the complainant an amount equal to two weeks’ pay.
Chapter II of Part XIV of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (calculation of a week’s pay) applies for the purposes of subsection (7) with the substitution for section 225 of the following— For the purposes of this Chapter in its application to subsection (7) of section 87 of the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992, the calculation date is the date of the payment, or (if more than one) the last of the payments, to which the complaint related.
The following provisions apply where a certificate has been given by a worker to his employer for the purposes of section 86.
Nothing in the worker’s contract, or in any agreement or consent signified by him, shall be taken for the purposes of section 1 of the Wages Act 1986 (general restriction on deductions from wages) as authorising the making of deductions in contravention of the obligation imposed on the employer in consequence of the giving of the certificate.
No complaint under section 5 of the Wages Act 1986 (complaint to industrial tribunal in respect of unauthorised deduction) shall be presented in respect of a deduction made in contravention of the obligation imposed on the employer in consequence of the giving of the certificate unless a declaration has been made under section 87(2), either before or after the date of payment of the wages from which the deduction was made, that the employer has failed to comply with that obligation.
Section 5(2) of the Wages Act 1986 (time limit for presenting complaint) shall be read in relation to a complaint in respect of such a deduction, or of a series of deductions of which such a deduction is the last, as referring, if it is later, to the date of the declaration instead of to the date of payment of the wages from which the deduction was made.
“officer” includes—
The following provisions have effect with respect to the political fund of a trade union where there ceases to be any political resolution in force in relation to the union.
A simple majority of the votes recorded is sufficient to pass the resolution, whether the vote is taken under arrangements made under subsection (2) or under the rules of the union.
An employer proposing to dismiss as redundant 100 or more employees at one establishment within a period of 90 days or less shall notify the Secretary of State, in writing, of his proposal
before giving notice to terminate an employee's contract of employment in respect of any of those dismissals, and
at least 45 days before the first of those dismissals takes effect.
ACAS shall keep proper accounts and proper records in relation to the accounts and shall prepare in respect of each financial year a statement of accounts, in such form as the Secretary of State may, with the approval of the Treasury, direct.
If the resolution ceases to have effect by reason of a ballot being held on which a new political resolution is not passed, the union may continue to make payments out of the fund as if the resolution had continued in force for six months beginning with the date of the ballot.
An employer proposing to dismiss as redundant 20 or more employees at one establishment within such a period The employer shall notify the Secretary of State, in writing, of his proposal
before giving notice to terminate an employee's contract of employment in respect of any of those dismissals, and
at least 30 days before the first of those dismissals takes effect.
ACAS shall not later than 30th November following the end of the financial year to which the statement relates, send copies of the statement to the Secretary of State and to the Comptroller and Auditor General.
In determining how many employees an employer is proposing to dismiss as redundant within the period mentioned in subsection (1) or (2) (1A), no account shall be taken of employees in respect of whose proposed dismissal notice has already been given to the Secretary of State.
The Comptroller and Auditor General shall examine, certify and report on each such statement and shall lay a copy of the statement and of his report before each House of Parliament.
A notice under this section shall—
be given to the Secretary of State by delivery to him or by sending it by post to him, at such address as the Secretary of State may direct in relation to the establishment where the employees proposed to be dismissed are employed,
where there are representatives to be consulted under section 188, identify them and state the date when consultation with them under that section began,
be in such form and contain such particulars, in addition to those required by paragraph (b), as the Secretary of State may direct.
After receiving a notice under this section from an employer the Secretary of State may by written notice require the employer to give him such further information as may be specified in the notice.
Where there are representatives to be consulted under section 188 the employer shall give to each of them a copy of any notice given under subsection (1) or (2).
If the Certification Officer is satisfied, and certifies, that rules of a trade union made for any of the purposes of this Chapter and requiring approval by him have been approved— the rules shall have effect as rules of the union notwithstanding that the rules of the union as to the alteration of rules or the making of new rules have not been complied with.
by a majority of the members of the union voting for the purpose, or
by a majority of delegates of the union at a meeting called for the purpose,
Where on an amalgamation of two or more trade unions— the amalgamated union shall be treated for the purposes of this Chapter as having passed a political resolution.
there is in force in relation to each of the amalgamating unions a political resolution and such rules as are required by this Chapter, and
the rules of the amalgamated union in force immediately after the amalgamation include such rules as are required by this Chapter,
That resolution shall be treated as having been passed on the date of the earliest of the ballots on which the resolutions in force immediately before the amalgamation with respect to the amalgamating unions were passed.
Where one of the amalgamating unions is a Northern Ireland union, the references above to the requirements of this Chapter shall be construed as references to the requirements of the corresponding provisions of the law of Northern Ireland.
An appeal lies to the Employment Appeal Tribunal on any question of law arising in proceedings before or arising from any decision of the Certification Officer under this Chapter.
In this Chapter the “date of the ballot” means, in the case of a ballot in which votes may be cast on more than one day, the last of those days.
This section applies for the purposes of this Chapter.
An “access agreement” is an agreement between a qualifying trade union and an employer that—
provides for one or more officials of the union to physically enter a workplace or communicate with workers (or both) for any of the access purposes, and
is entered into under section 70ZD or is treated as having been entered into under section 70ZE.
A “qualifying trade union” is a trade union that has a certificate of independence.
“Access” means—
physical entry into a workplace;
communication with workers.
A reference to communication with workers is a reference to communication with workers (including the provision of information to workers) by any means, whether directly or indirectly.
The “access purposes” are—
to meet, support, represent, recruit or organise workers (whether or not they are members of a trade union);
to facilitate collective bargaining.
But the access purposes do not include organising industrial action.
Sections 70ZB to 70ZF contain provision about entering into access agreements.
Section 70ZG contains provision about the variation or revocation of access agreements.
Sections 70ZH to 70ZK contain provision about the enforcement of access agreements.
Section 70ZL contains general limitations on the provision that may be made under this Chapter, including in access agreements.
A qualifying trade union may give an employer a request for access by one or more officials of the union for any of the access purposes.
A request under subsection (1)—
may request access on one or more occasions;
may include the terms on which access is requested (including as to what (if any) assistance the employer is requested to provide in relation to the access).
A request under subsection (1) must—
be in the prescribed form;
include the prescribed information;
be given in the prescribed manner.
An employer that has been given a request under subsection (1) may give the union a notice agreeing with the request or disagreeing with the request (in whole or in part).
A notice under subsection (4) must—
be in the prescribed form;
include the prescribed information;
be given in the prescribed manner.
In this Chapter—
In sections 70ZD and 70ZE—
“the response period” means a prescribed period beginning with the day on which an access request is given;
“the negotiation period” means a prescribed period beginning with the day on which a response notice is given.
An access agreement is entered into under this section if—
a qualifying trade union gives an access request to an employer,
the employer gives the union a response notice before the end of the response period,
before the end of the negotiation period, the union and the employer agree in writing terms on which officials of the union are to have access, and
the union and the employer jointly notify the Central Arbitration Committee of those terms in the prescribed form and manner.
See section 70ZE for the case where an access agreement is treated as being entered into by virtue of a determination of the Central Arbitration Committee.
This section applies if a qualifying trade union has given an access request to an employer and either—
the employer has not given a response notice to the union before the end of the response period, or
the employer has given a response notice before the end of the response period and the negotiation period has ended without the union and the employer agreeing in writing terms on which officials of the union are to have access.
The Central Arbitration Committee may, on an application under this section, make a determination that officials of the union are or are not to have access.
If the Central Arbitration Committee makes a determination that officials of the union are to have access—
the determination must specify the terms on which officials of the union are to have access (including as to what (if any) assistance the employer must provide in relation to the access), and
an access agreement containing those terms (and no others) is treated as having been entered into between the union and the employer.
An application for a determination under this section may be made—
by the union, in the case referred to in subsection (1)(a);
by the union or the employer, in the case referred to in subsection (1)(b).
An application for a determination under this section—
must be in writing and in such form as the Central Arbitration Committee may require;
may not be made after the end of a prescribed period beginning with the day on which the access request is given.
In considering an application for a determination under this section, the Central Arbitration Committee—
may make such enquiries as it sees fit;
may make reasonable requests to provide information or documents relevant to the application;
so far as reasonably practicable, must give any person who it considers has a proper interest in the application an opportunity to be heard.
A determination under this section must—
be in writing, and
state the reasons for the determination.
Section 70ZF makes further provision about determinations under this section.
Subject to regulations under this section, a determination by the Central Arbitration Committee under section 70ZE must be consistent with the access principles.
The access principles are—
officials of a qualifying trade union should be able to physically enter a workplace or communicate with workers (or both) for any of the access purposes in any manner that does not unreasonably interfere with the employer’s business;
an employer should take reasonable steps to facilitate access by officials of a qualifying trade union;
physical entry into a workplace should not be refused solely on the basis that communication with workers by means not involving physical entry into a workplace is permitted;
communication with workers by means not involving physical entry into a workplace should not be refused solely on the basis that physical entry into a workplace is permitted;
access should be refused entirely only where it is reasonable in all the circumstances to do so.
The Secretary of State may prescribe terms of an access agreement that the Central Arbitration Committee must consider to be terms that—
would not unreasonably interfere with an employer’s business;
would constitute reasonable steps that an employer should take to facilitate access;
it would be reasonable for a union to comply with.
The Secretary of State may prescribe—
circumstances in which it is to be regarded as reasonable for the Central Arbitration Committee to make a determination that officials of a union that has given an access request to an employer are not to have access;
circumstances in which the Central Arbitration Committee must make such a determination.
The circumstances referred to in subsection (4) may be prescribed by reference to (among other matters)—
the description of business carried on by the employer;
the number of workers employed by the employer;
the number of workers employed by the employer, or of a particular description, that are members of the union;
a description of workplace;
a description of workers;
the ability of the employer to facilitate access;
avoiding prejudice to the prevention or detection of offences;
national security.
The Secretary of State may prescribe matters to which the Central Arbitration Committee must have regard in considering an application for a determination under section 70ZE.
The parties to an access agreement may at any time vary or revoke the agreement.
A variation or revocation of an access agreement must be in writing.
An access agreement that is varied under this section continues to have effect as an access agreement for the purposes of this Chapter.
The effect of an access agreement being revoked is that it ceases to be an access agreement for the purposes of this Chapter.
A variation or revocation of an access agreement takes effect—
only if the parties jointly notify the Central Arbitration Committee of the variation or revocation in the prescribed form and manner;
only in respect of times after the day on which the Central Arbitration Committee is so notified.
A party to an access agreement may make a complaint to the Central Arbitration Committee on the ground that—
the other party has breached the agreement;
a person that is not a party to the agreement has taken or is taking steps to prevent access, or has prevented access, from taking place in accordance with the agreement.
A complaint under subsection (1) must be made before the end of the period of three months beginning with the day on which the matter complained of is alleged to have occurred.
On a complaint under subsection (1), the Central Arbitration Committee may—
vary the agreement;
make a declaration that the complaint is or is not well-founded;
if it makes a declaration that the complaint is well-founded, make an order requiring a person to take any steps specified in the order for the purposes of ensuring that access takes place in accordance with the agreement.
An access agreement that is varied under subsection (3)(a) continues to have effect as an access agreement for the purposes of this Chapter.
An order under subsection (3)(c) may, where it appears to the Central Arbitration Committee necessary or appropriate to do so, make provision different from that made in the agreement.
A declaration or order made by the Central Arbitration Committee under this section must—
be in writing, and
state the reasons for the declaration or order.
For the purposes of this section, a reference to a person taking steps includes a reference to a person not doing something.
This section applies where the Central Arbitration Committee has made a declaration under section 70ZH(3) that a complaint about a person is well-founded.
A party to an access agreement may make a complaint to the Central Arbitration Committee on any of the following grounds—
that the person has, before the end of the relevant period, carried out the conduct complained of under section 70ZH again;
where the complaint under section 70ZH was that the person breached the agreement, that the person has, before the end of the relevant period, breached the agreement again (whether or not in the way complained of under section 70ZH);
that the person has breached an order under section 70ZH(3)(c).
In subsection (2), “the relevant period” means the period of 12 months beginning with the date of the declaration.
A complaint under subsection (2) must be made before the end of the period of three months beginning with the day on which the alleged conduct occurs.
On a complaint about a person under subsection (2), the Central Arbitration Committee may—
make a declaration that the complaint is or is not well-founded;
if it makes a declaration that the complaint is well-founded, make an order requiring the person to pay an amount to the Central Arbitration Committee.
An amount payable under subsection (5)(b) may be any amount that the Central Arbitration Committee considers appropriate, subject to regulations under section 70ZJ.
A declaration or order made by the Central Arbitration Committee under this section must—
be in writing, and
state the reasons for the declaration or order.
A declaration or order made by the Central Arbitration Committee under subsection (5) may be relied on (and enforced by the Central Arbitration Committee or a party to the access agreement) as if it were a declaration or order made by the court.
The Central Arbitration Committee must pay into the Consolidated Fund any amounts received under subsection (5)(b).
For the purposes of this section, a reference to conduct includes a reference to a person not doing something.
The Secretary of State may prescribe that an amount payable under section 70ZI(5)(b)—
must be at least a prescribed amount;
may not exceed a prescribed amount.
An amount may be prescribed under subsection (1)(a) or (b)—
as a fixed amount;
by reference to one or more prescribed factors;
as the highest or lowest of two or more prescribed amounts, whether prescribed as fixed amounts or by reference to one or more prescribed factors.
The factors that may be prescribed under subsection (2)(b) or (c) include (among others)—
the nature of the complaint under section 70ZI(2) against the person required to pay the amount (the “liable party”);
whether the liable party has previously been subject to a complaint under section 70ZH(1) or 70ZI(2), or a prescribed number of such complaints, declared by the Central Arbitration Committee to be well-founded;
whether the liable party is of a prescribed description;
in the case of a liable party that is an undertaking, the turnover of the liable party in a prescribed period, including (in particular) worldwide, European or United Kingdom turnover;
in the case of a liable party that is an employer—
the number of workers employed by the liable party, or
the number of workers of a prescribed description employed by the liable party;
in the case of a liable party that is a trade union, the number of members that the liable party has.
The Secretary of State may prescribe matters to which the Central Arbitration Committee must have regard in considering what amount is payable under section 70ZI(5)(b).
An access agreement—
is enforceable only by means of a complaint under section 70ZH or 70ZI, and not by any other means;
in particular, is to be conclusively presumed not to have been intended by the parties to be a legally enforceable contract.
Accordingly, where an access agreement is, or is part of, a collective agreement, section 179(2) and (3)(a) do not apply to the access agreement.
A complaint under section 70ZH or 70ZI must be in writing and in such form as the Central Arbitration Committee may require.
In its consideration of a complaint under section 70ZH or 70ZI, the Central Arbitration Committee—
may make such enquiries as it sees fit;
may make reasonable requests to provide information or documents relevant to the complaint;
so far as reasonably practicable, must give any person who it considers has a proper interest in the complaint an opportunity to be heard.
The Central Arbitration Committee may draw an adverse inference from a person’s failure to comply with any reasonable request to provide information or documents relevant to a complaint under section 70ZH or 70ZI.
Nothing in this Chapter requires or authorises any of the following (each, a “prohibited activity”)—
physical entry by any person into a dwelling;
a disclosure of personal data without the consent of the data subject;
a disclosure of information that would contravene the data protection legislation (but, in determining whether a disclosure would do so, the provisions of this Chapter are to be taken into account).
Accordingly—
a term of an access agreement entered into under section 70ZD that requires or authorises a prohibited activity is of no effect for the purposes of this Chapter;
the Central Arbitration Committee may not specify as a term of an access agreement under section 70ZE any term that would require or authorise a prohibited activity;
the Central Arbitration Committee may not exercise any function under sections 70ZH to 70ZK so as to require or authorise a prohibited activity.
In this section—
“consent” has the same meaning as in the UK GDPR (see Article 4(11) of the UK GDPR);
“personal data”, “data subject”, “the data protection legislation” and “the UK GDPR” have the same meaning as in the Data Protection Act 2018 (see section 3 of that Act).
An appeal lies to the Employment Appeal Tribunal on any question of law arising from any determination, declaration or order of, or arising in any proceedings before, the Central Arbitration Committee under this Chapter.
Where the Central Arbitration Committee makes an order under section 70ZI(5)(b) for a person to pay an amount to the Central Arbitration Committee, the person may appeal against the order.
On an appeal under subsection (2), the Employment Appeal Tribunal may—
quash the order;
make an order requiring the person to pay a reduced amount to the Central Arbitration Committee;
dismiss the appeal.
The Central Arbitration Committee must pay into the Consolidated Fund any amounts received under subsection (3)(b).
Regulations prescribing anything for the purposes of this Chapter (see section 293(1)) may make different provision for different purposes.
Two or more trade unions may amalgamate and become one trade union, with or without a division or dissolution of the funds of any one or more of the amalgamating unions, but shall not do so unless—
the instrument of amalgamation is approved in accordance with section 98, and
the requirements of section 99 (notice to members) and section 100 (resolution to be passed by required majority on ballot ...) are complied with in respect of each of the amalgamating unions.
A trade union may transfer its engagements to another trade union which undertakes to fulfil those engagements, but shall not do so unless—
the instrument of transfer is approved in accordance with section 98, and
the requirements of section 99 (notice to members) and section 100 (resolution to be passed by required majority on ballot ...) are complied with in respect of the transferor union.
An amalgamation or transfer of engagements does not prejudice any right of any creditor of any trade union party to the amalgamation or transfer.
The above provisions apply to every amalgamation or transfer of engagements notwithstanding anything in the rules of any of the trade unions concerned.
The instrument of amalgamation or transfer must be approved by the Certification Officer and shall be submitted to him for approval before a ballot of the members of any amalgamating union, or (as the case may be) of the transferor union, is held on the resolution to approve the instrument.
If the Certification Officer is satisfied— he shall approve the instrument.
that an instrument of amalgamation complies with the requirements of any regulations in force under this Chapter, and
that he is not prevented from approving the instrument of amalgamation by subsection (3),
The Certification Officer shall not approve an instrument of amalgamation if it appears to him that the proposed name of the amalgamated union is the same as the name under which another organisation— or if the proposed name is one so nearly resembling any such name as to be likely to deceive the public.
was on 30th September 1971 registered as a trade union under the Trade Union Acts 1871 to 1964,
was at any time registered as a trade union or employers' association under the Industrial Relations Act 1971, or
is for the time being entered in the list of trade unions or in the list of employers' associations,
Subsection (3) does not apply if the proposed name is the name of one of the amalgamating unions.
If the Certification Officer is satisfied that an instrument of transfer complies with the requirements of any regulations in force under this Chapter, he shall approve the instrument.
The trade union shall take all reasonable steps to secure that voting materials which are supplied for voting in the ballot on the resolution to approve the instrument of amalgamation or transfer are accompanied by a notice in writing approved for the purpose by the Certification Officer.
The notice shall be in writing and shall either—
set out in full the instrument of amalgamation or transfer to which the resolution relates, or
give an account of it sufficient to enable those receiving the notice to form a reasonable judgment of the main effects of the proposed amalgamation or transfer.
If the notice does not set out the instrument in full it shall state where copies of the instrument may be inspected by those receiving the notice.
The notice shall also comply with the requirements of any regulations in force under this Chapter.
The notice shall not contain any statement making a recommendation or expressing an opinion about the proposed amalgamation or transfer.
The notice proposed to be supplied to members of the union under this section shall be submitted to the Certification Officer for approval; and he shall approve it if he is satisfied that it meets the requirements of this section.
In this section “voting materials” means either or both of the following—
voting papers;
voting access methods.
An instrument of amalgamation or transfer shall not take effect before it has been registered by the Certification Officer under this Chapter.
It shall not be so registered before the end of the period of six weeks beginning with the date on which an application for its registration is sent to the Certification Officer.
An application for registration of an instrument of amalgamation or transfer shall not be sent to the Certification Officer until section 100E(6) has been complied with in relation to the scrutineer’s report on the ballot held on the resolution to approve the instrument.
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Before deciding the matter the Certification Officer—
may make such enquiries as the Officer thinks fit,
must give the union and the complainant ... an opportunity to make written representations, and
may give the union and the complainant ... an opportunity to make oral representations.
Where the Certification Officer requests a person to furnish information to him in connection with enquiries made by him under this section, he shall specify the date by which that information is to be furnished and, unless he considers that it would be inappropriate to do so, shall proceed with his determination ... notwithstanding that the information has not been furnished to him by the specified date.
A declaration made by the Certification Officer under this section may be relied on as if it were a declaration made by the court.
Where an order has been made under this section, any person who is a member of the union and was a member at the time it was made is entitled to enforce obedience to the order as if he had made a complaint under this section.
An order made by the Certification Officer under this section may be enforced in the same way as an order of the court.
An appeal lies to the Employment Appeal Tribunal, at the instance of the complainant or the trade union, on any question of law arising in any proceedings before, or arising from any decision of, the Certification Officer under section 103.
Where an instrument of amalgamation or transfer takes effect, the property held— shall without any conveyance, assignment or assignation vest, on the instrument taking effect, or on the appointment of the appropriate trustees, whichever is the later, in the appropriate trustees.
for the benefit of any of the amalgamating unions, or for the benefit of a branch of any of those unions, by the trustees of the union or branch, or
for the benefit of the transferor trade union, or for the benefit of a branch of the transferor trade union, by the trustees of the union or branch,
In the case of property to be held for the benefit of a branch of the amalgamated union, or of the transferee union, “the appropriate trustees” means the trustees of that branch, unless the rules of the amalgamated or transferee union provide that the property to be so held is to be held by the trustees of the union.
In any other case “the appropriate trustees” means the trustees of the amalgamated or transferee union.
This section does not apply—
to property excepted from the operation of this section by the instrument of amalgamation or transfer, or
to stocks and securities in the public funds of the United Kingdom or Northern Ireland.
This Chapter has effect subject to the following modifications in the case of an amalgamation or transfer of engagements to which a trade union and a Northern Ireland union are party.
The requirements , so far as applicable, of sections 98 to 100F and 101(3) and Schedule A1A (approval of instrument, notice to members and ballot on resolution) do not apply in relation to the Northern Ireland union; but the Certification Officer shall not register the instrument under section 101 unless he is satisfied that it will be effective under the law of Northern Ireland.
The instrument of amalgamation or transfer submitted to the Certification Officer for his approval under section 98 shall state which of the bodies concerned is a Northern Ireland union and, in the case of an amalgamation, whether the amalgamated body is to be a Northern Ireland union; and the Certification Officer shall withhold his approval if the instrument does not contain that information.
Nothing in section 102 (alteration of rules) or sections 103 and 104 (complaint as to passing of resolution) applies in relation to the Northern Ireland union.
Subject to the exceptions specified above, the provisions of this Chapter as to amalgamations or transfers of engagements apply in relation to the Northern Ireland union.
A trade union may change its name by any method expressly provided for by its rules or, if its rules do not expressly provide for a method of doing so, by adopting in accordance with its rules an alteration of the provision in them which gives the union its name.
If the name of the trade union is entered in the list of trade unions a change of name shall not take effect until approved by the Certification Officer.
The Certification Officer shall not approve a change of name if it appears to him that the proposed new name— or is a name so nearly resembling such a name as to be likely to deceive the public.
is the same as one entered in the list as the name of another trade union, or
is the same as one entered in the list of employers’ associations kept under Part II of this Act,
A change of name by a trade union does not affect any right or obligation of the union or any of its members; and any pending legal proceedings may be continued by or against the union, the trustees of the union or any other officer of the union who can sue or be sued on its behalf notwithstanding its change of name.
Before the ballot is held, the responsible person for the ballot must make a determination about the means of voting in the ballot.
The determination must set out which one or more of the permissible means of voting is available for the ballot.
Where the determination provides that more than one permissible means of voting is available for the ballot, the determination must also set out—
that each of those means is available for each person who is entitled to vote in the ballot, or
which one or more of those means is available for one or more of the following—
particular persons who are entitled to vote in the ballot;
particular descriptions of persons who are entitled to vote in the ballot.
Where the determination includes provision under subsection (3)(b), the determination must be such that at least one permissible means of voting is available for each person who is entitled to vote in the ballot.
Where the determination provides— the determination must include provision setting out which vote is to be counted in a case where a person casts more than one vote (and section 100CA(4) applies for the purposes of construing the number of votes cast by a person).
that more than one permissible means of voting is available for a particular person or description of persons, or
that hybrid voting is available for the ballot,
Schedule ZA1 sets out further requirements in relation to a determination by the responsible person.
In the case of a ballot under section 97(1)(b) (amalgamation) which is carried out by a trade union which is a party to the proposed amalgamation, the responsible person is the trade union.
In the case of a ballot under section 97(2)(b) (transfer of engagements), the responsible person is the transferor union.
The permissible means of voting for a ballot under section 97(1)(b) or (2)(b) are—
postal voting;
electronic voting;
hybrid voting.
In this Chapter—
“selected means of voting” means, in relation to a ballot, a permissible means of voting that is available for the ballot as a result of a determination under this section;
a person is “eligible to vote” in a ballot by a particular means of voting if the determination under this section for the ballot sets out that that means is available for the person (see subsection (3)).
The trade union shall, before the ballot is held, appoint a qualified independent person (“the scrutineer”) to carry out—
the functions in relation to the ballot which are required under this section to be contained in his appointment; and
such additional functions in relation to the ballot as may be specified in his appointment.
A person is a qualified independent person in relation to a ballot if— An order under paragraph (a) shall be made by statutory instrument which shall be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.
he satisfies such conditions as may be specified for the purposes of this section by order of the Secretary of State or is himself so specified; ...
the trade union has no grounds for believing either that he will carry out any functions conferred on him in relation to the ballot otherwise than competently or that his independence in relation to the union, or in relation to the ballot, might reasonably be called into question ; and
in the case of a ballot for which electronic voting or hybrid voting is a selected means of voting, the computer networks and systems which the person intends to use for conducting the ballot are covered by one or more qualifying Cyber Essentials Plus certificates awarded to the person.
For the purposes of subsection (2)—
“Cyber Essentials Plus certificate” means a certificate awarded in accordance with Cyber Essentials Plus Test Specification v3.2, or a later version of that document, published by the Government Communications Headquarters;
a Cyber Essentials Plus certificate awarded to a person is a “qualifying Cyber Essentials Plus certificate” if its expiry date is such that the certificate will remain valid for the duration of the ballot for which the person is appointed.
The scrutineer’s appointment shall require him—
in relation to voting papers sent or to be sent in accordance with section 100CC (postal voting: voting paper and method of voting)—
where someone other than the scrutineer is appointed under section 100D, to supervise the production and distribution of the voting papers;
otherwise, to supervise the production of the voting papers, undertake the distribution of the voting papers and be the person to whom the voting papers are returned;
in relation to voting papers sent or to be sent in accordance with paragraph 14(1) of Schedule A1A (hybrid voting), to supervise the production of the voting papers, undertake the distribution of the voting papers and be the person to whom the voting papers are returned;
where electronic voting forms are to be used for the ballot—
to generate and distribute voting access methods;
to maintain the electronic voting system;
to maintain the audit logs;
to appropriately retain relevant personal information, voting information, voting access method information and the audit logs;
to— whenever it appears to him appropriate to do so and, in particular, when the conditions specified in subsection (4) are satisfied;
inspect the register of names and addresses of the members of the trade union, or
examine the copy of the register as at the relevant date which is supplied to him in accordance with subsection (9)(a),
to take such steps as appear to him to be appropriate for the purpose of enabling him to make his report (see section 100E);
to make his report to the trade union as soon as reasonably practicable after the last voting day; and
to retain custody of all voting papers returned for the purposes of the ballot and the copy of the register supplied to him in accordance with subsection (9)(a)—
until the end of the period of one year beginning with the announcement by the union of the result of the ballot; and
if within that period a complaint is made under section 103 (complaint as regards passing of resolution), until the Certification Officer or Employment Appeal Tribunal authorises him to dispose of the papers or copy.
The conditions referred to in subsection (3)(b) are—
that a request that the scrutineer inspect the register or examine the copy is made to him during the appropriate period by a member of the trade union who suspects that the register is not, or at the relevant date was not, accurate and up-to-date, and
that the scrutineer does not consider that the member’s suspicion is ill-founded.
In subsection (4) “the appropriate period” means the period—
beginning with the day on which the scrutineer is appointed, and
ending with the day before the day on which the scrutineer makes his report to the trade union.
The duty of confidentiality as respects the register is incorporated in the scrutineer’s appointment.
The trade union shall ensure that nothing in the terms of the scrutineer’s appointment (including any additional functions specified in the appointment) is such as to make it reasonable for any person to call the scrutineer’s independence in relation to the union into question.
The trade union shall, before the scrutineer begins to carry out his functions, either—
send a notice stating the name of the scrutineer to every member of the union to whom it is reasonably practicable to send such a notice, or
take all such other steps for notifying members of the name of the scrutineer as it is the practice of the union to take when matters of general interest to all its members need to be brought to their attention.
The trade union shall—
supply to the scrutineer as soon as is reasonably practicable after the relevant date a copy of the register of names and addresses of its members as at that date, and
comply with any request made by the scrutineer to inspect the register.
Where the register is kept by means of a computer the duty imposed on the trade union by subsection (9)(a) is either to supply a legible printed copy or (if the scrutineer prefers) to supply a copy of the computer data and allow the scrutineer use of the computer to read it at any time during the period when he is required to retain custody of the copy.
The trade union shall ensure that the scrutineer duly carries out his functions and that there is no interference with his carrying out of those functions which would make it reasonable for any person to call the scrutineer’s independence in relation to the union into question.
The trade union shall comply with all reasonable requests made by the scrutineer for the purposes of, or in connection with, the carrying out of his functions.
The trade union must, so far as reasonably practicable, send to the scrutineer at least one of the following in respect of each person who is eligible to vote by electronic voting—
an email address which meets the requirements in subsection (12B);
a mobile telephone number which meets the requirements in subsection (12B).
The requirements are that the email address or mobile telephone number—
was not provided to the person by and is not controlled by—
the person’s employer in their capacity as the person’s employer, or
the trade union,
has not been provided to the scrutineer in respect of any other person for the purposes of the ballot, and
has been provided by the person to the trade union for the purpose of communication between the person and the trade union.
In this section—
Entitlement to vote in the ballot shall be accorded equally to all members of the trade union.
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Every person who is entitled to vote in the ballot must—
be allowed to vote without interference or constraint, and
so far as is reasonably practicable, be enabled to do so without incurring any direct cost to himself.
So far as is reasonably practicable, every person who is entitled to vote in the ballot must—
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
be given a convenient opportunity to vote ....
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The ballot shall be conducted so as to secure that— For the purposes of paragraph (b) an inaccuracy in counting shall be disregarded if it is accidental and on a scale which could not affect the result of the ballot.
so far as is reasonably practicable, those voting do so in secret, and
the votes given in the ballot are fairly and accurately counted.
This section applies where the responsible person for the ballot has determined that a person is eligible to vote in the ballot by more than one means of voting, or that a person is eligible to vote in the ballot by hybrid voting.
Where this section applies—
only one vote cast by the person is to be counted,
the vote which is to be counted is to be determined in accordance with provision in the determination made by virtue of section 100ZA(5), and
that provision and an explanation of its effect must be sent to the person along with the voting materials for the ballot.
In this section—
For the purposes of this section, each of the following is to be treated as casting a separate vote—
returning a voting paper which was sent in accordance with paragraph 14(1) of Schedule A1A;
submitting an electronic voting form where the voting access method used to access the electronic voting form was sent in accordance with paragraph 14(1) of Schedule A1A.
The Secretary of State may make regulations as respects— and generally for carrying this Chapter into effect.
applications to the Certification Officer under this Chapter,
the registration under this Chapter of any document or matter,
the inspection of documents kept by the Certification Officer under this Chapter,
the charging of fees in respect of such matters, and of such amounts, as may with the approval of the Treasury be prescribed by the regulations,
Provision may in particular be made—
requiring an application for the registration of an instrument of amalgamation or transfer, or of a change of name, to be accompanied by such statutory declarations or other documents as may be specified in the regulations;
as to the form or content of any document required by this Chapter, or by the regulations, to be sent or submitted to the Certification Officer and as to the manner in which any such document is to be signed or authenticated;
authorising the Certification Officer to require notice to be given or published in such manner as he may direct of the fact that an application for registration of an instrument of amalgamation or transfer has been or is to be made to him.
Regulations under this section may make different provision for different circumstances.
Regulations under this section shall be made by statutory instrument which shall be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.
Where postal voting is a selected means of voting for a ballot, sections 100CC and 100D apply in relation to postal voting in the ballot.
So far as is reasonably practicable, every person who is eligible to vote by postal voting must have a voting paper sent to them by post at their home address or another address which they have requested the trade union in writing to treat as their postal address.
Each voting paper must—
state the name of the independent scrutineer and clearly specify the address to which, and the date by which, it is to be returned,
be given one of a series of consecutive whole numbers every one of which is used in giving a different number in that series to each voting paper printed or otherwise produced for the purposes of the ballot, and
be marked with its number.
Where a person chooses to vote by postal voting, the person votes by marking the voting paper sent to them.
A voting paper which is sent or otherwise provided to a person for voting must not have enclosed with it any other document except— without any other statement.
the notice which, under section 99(1), is to accompany the voting paper,
an addressed envelope,
a document containing instructions for the return of the voting paper, and
the provision required to be sent with the voting materials under section 100CA(2)(c),
The trade union shall ensure that— are undertaken by one or more independent persons appointed by the trade union.
the storage and distribution of the voting papers for the purposes of the ballot, and
the counting of the votes cast in the ballot,
A person is an independent person in relation to a ballot if—
he is the scrutineer, or
he is a person other than the scrutineer and the trade union has no grounds for believing either that he will carry out any functions conferred on him in relation to the ballot otherwise than competently or that his independence in relation to the union, or in relation to the ballot, might reasonably be called into question.
An appointment under this section shall require the person appointed to carry out his functions so as to minimise the risk of any contravention of requirements imposed by or under any enactment or the occurrence of any unfairness or malpractice.
The duty of confidentiality as respects the register is incorporated in the scrutineer’s appointment.
Where the person appointed to undertake the counting of votes is not the scrutineer, his appointment shall require him to send the voting papers back to the scrutineer as soon as reasonably practicable after the counting has been completed.
The trade union—
shall ensure that nothing in the terms of an appointment under this section is such as to make it reasonable for any person to call into question the independence of the person appointed in relation to the union,
shall ensure that a person appointed under this section duly carries out his functions and that there is no interference with his carrying out of those functions which would make it reasonable for any person to call into question the independence of the person appointed in relation to the union, and
shall comply with all reasonable requests made by a person appointed under this section for the purposes of, or in connection with, the carrying out of his functions.
Where electronic voting is a selected means of voting for a ballot, Parts 1 and 2 of Schedule A1A apply in relation to electronic voting in the ballot (and Part 4 of that Schedule applies for the purposes of Parts 1 and 2).
Where hybrid voting is a selected means of voting for a ballot, Parts 1 and 3 of Schedule A1A apply in relation to hybrid voting in the ballot (and Part 4 of that Schedule applies for the purposes of Parts 1 and 3).
The scrutineer’s report on the ballot shall state , so far as relevant—
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
the means of voting by which votes have been cast in the ballot,
the number of persons who were entitled to vote in the ballot,
the number of voting papers returned to the scrutineer,
the number of electronic voting forms submitted,
the number of valid votes cast in the ballot for and against the resolution,
the number of spoiled or otherwise invalid voting papers returned and electronic voting forms submitted, ...
the name of the person (or of each of the persons) appointed under section 100D or, if no person was so appointed, that fact,
the number of submitted electronic voting forms which were discounted by the scrutineer following a request from the person who submitted the electronic voting form, and
the changes made to permissions to access and edit the electronic voting system during the ballot.
The report shall also state whether the scrutineer is satisfied— and if he is not satisfied as to any of those matters, the report shall give particulars of his reasons for not being satisfied as to that matter.
that there are no reasonable grounds for believing that there was any contravention of a requirement imposed by or under any enactment in relation to the ballot,
that the arrangements made (whether by him or any other person) with respect to the following matters, so far as relevant, included all such security arrangements as were reasonably practicable for the purpose of minimising the risk that any unfairness or malpractice might occur—
the production, storage, distribution, return or other handling of the voting papers used in the ballot;
the production, distribution and storage of voting access methods and the maintenance of the electronic voting system;
the counting of the votes,
that he has been able to carry out his functions without any such interference as would make it reasonable for any person to call his independence in relation to the union into question;
The report shall also state— but shall not state the name of any member who has requested such an inspection or examination.
whether the scrutineer—
has inspected the register of names and addresses of the members of the trade union, or
has examined the copy of the register as at the relevant date which is supplied to him in accordance with section 100A(9)(a),
if he has, whether in the case of each inspection or examination he was acting on a request by a member of the trade union or at his own instance,
whether he declined to act on any such request, and
whether any inspection of the register, or any examination of the copy of the register, has revealed any matter which he considers should be drawn to the attention of the trade union in order to assist it in securing that the register is accurate and up-to-date,
Where one or more persons other than the scrutineer are appointed under section 100D, the statement included in the scrutineer’s report in accordance with subsection (2)(b) shall also indicate—
whether he is satisfied with the performance of the person, or each of the persons, so appointed, and
if he is not satisfied with the performance of the person, or any of them, particulars of his reasons for not being so satisfied.
The trade union shall not publish the result of the ballot until it has received the scrutineer’s report.
The trade union shall within the period of three months after it receives the report—
send a copy of the report to every member of the union to whom it is reasonably practicable to send such a copy; or
take all such other steps for notifying the contents of the report to the members of the union (whether by publishing the report or otherwise) as it is the practice of the union to take when matters of general interest to all its members need to be brought to their attention.
Any such copy or notification shall be accompanied by a statement that the union will, on request, supply any member of the trade union with a copy of the report, either free of charge or on payment of such reasonable fee as may be specified in the notification.
The trade union shall so supply any member of the union who makes such a request and pays the fee (if any) notified to him.
If— the failure (or failures), in so far as they relate to electronic voting, are to be disregarded for all purposes.
in relation to a ballot there is a failure (or there are failures) to comply with a provision mentioned in subsection (2) or with more than one of those provisions, and
the failure is accidental and on a scale which is unlikely to affect the result of the ballot or, as the case may be, the failures are accidental and taken together are on a scale which is unlikely to affect the result of the ballot,
The provisions are—
section 99(1) (notice to be given to members);
section 100A(12A) (requirement to send contact information to scrutineer);
section 100C(4)(b) (requirement to provide a convenient opportunity to vote);
section 100CA(2)(c) (requirement to send provision concerning how votes are counted where a person casts multiple votes);
paragraph 12(1) of Schedule A1A (requirement to send electronic voting materials);
paragraph 12(4) of Schedule A1A (requirement to use contact information provided by trade union).
Subsection (2) applies if when an instrument of amalgamation is registered by the Certification Officer under this Chapter each of the amalgamating unions is entered in the list of trade unions.
The Certification Officer shall—
enter, with effect from the amalgamation date, the name of the amalgamated union in the list of trade unions, and
remove, with effect from that date, the names of the amalgamating unions from that list.
Subsection (4) applies if when an instrument of amalgamation is registered by the Certification Officer under this Chapter each of the amalgamating unions has a certificate of independence which is in force.
The Certification Officer shall issue to the amalgamated trade union, with effect from the amalgamation date, a certificate that the union is independent.
In this section “the amalgamation date” means the date on which the instrument of amalgamation takes effect.
If an instrument of amalgamation is registered under this Chapter by the Certification Officer and the amalgamated union is entered in the list of trade unions in accordance with section 101A, that union shall send to him, in such manner and form as he may require—
a copy of the rules of the union,
a list of its officers, and
the address of its head or main office.
The information required to be sent under subsection (1) must be accompanied by any fee prescribed for the purpose under section 108.
The information must be sent—
before the end of the period of six weeks beginning with the date on which the instrument of amalgamation takes effect, or
if the Certification Officer considers that it is not reasonably practicable for the amalgamated union to send it in that period, before the end of such longer period, beginning with that date, as he may specify to the amalgamated union.
If any of subsections (1) to (3) are not complied with by the amalgamated union, the Certification Officer shall remove its name from the list of trade unions.
Schedule A1 shall have effect.
This section applies where—
a trade union is recognised, in accordance with Schedule A1, as entitled to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of a bargaining unit (within the meaning of Part I of that Schedule), and
a method for the conduct of collective bargaining is specified by the Central Arbitration Committee under paragraph 31(3) of that Schedule (and is not the subject of an agreement under paragraph 31(5)(a) or (b)).
The employer must from time to time invite the trade union to send representatives to a meeting for the purpose of—
consulting about the employer’s policy on training for workers within the bargaining unit,
consulting about his plans for training for those workers during the period of six months starting with the day of the meeting, and
reporting about training provided for those workers since the previous meeting.
The date set for a meeting under subsection (2) must not be later than—
in the case of a first meeting, the end of the period of six months starting with the day on which this section first applies in relation to a bargaining unit, and
in the case of each subsequent meeting, the end of the period of six months starting with the day of the previous meeting.
The employer shall, before the period of two weeks ending with the date of a meeting, provide to the trade union any information—
without which the union’s representatives would be to a material extent impeded in participating in the meeting, and
which it would be in accordance with good industrial relations practice to disclose for the purposes of the meeting.
If the information mentioned in subjection (4) includes information relating to the employment situation the employer must (so far as not required by subsection (4)) also provide at the same time to the trade union the following information—
the number of agency workers working temporarily for and under the supervision and direction of the employer,
the parts of the employer’s undertaking in which those agency workers are working, and
the type of work those agency workers are carrying out.
Section 182(1) shall apply in relation to the provision of information under subsection (4) or (4A) as it applies in relation to the disclosure of information under section 181.
The employer shall take account of any written representations about matters raised at a meeting which he receives from the trade union within the period of four weeks starting with the date of the meeting.
Where more than one trade union is recognised as entitled to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of a bargaining unit, a reference in this section to “the trade union" is a reference to each trade union.
Where at a meeting under this section (Meeting 1) an employer indicates his intention to convene a subsequent meeting (Meeting 2) before the expiry of the period of six months beginning with the date of Meeting 1, for the reference to a period of six months in subsection (2)(b) there shall be substituted a reference to the expected period between Meeting 1 and Meeting 2.
The Secretary of State may by order made by statutory instrument amend any of subsections (2) to (6).
No order shall be made under subsection (9) unless a draft has been laid before, and approved by resolution of, each House of Parliament.
A trade union may present a complaint to an employment tribunal that an employer has failed to comply with his obligations under section 70B in relation to a bargaining unit.
An employment tribunal shall not consider a complaint under this section unless it is presented—
before the end of the period of three months beginning with the date of the alleged failure, or
within such further period as the tribunal considers reasonable in a case where it is satisfied that it was not reasonably practicable for the complaint to be presented before the end of that period of three months.
Section 292A (extension of time limits to facilitate conciliation before institution of proceedings) applies for the purposes of subsection (2)(a).
Where an employment tribunal finds a complaint under this section well-founded it—
shall make a declaration to that effect, and
may make an award of compensation to be paid by the employer to each person who was, at the time when the failure occurred, a member of the bargaining unit.
The amount of the award shall not, in relation to each person, exceed two weeks’ pay.
For the purpose of subsection (4) a week’s pay—
shall be calculated in accordance with Chapter II of Part XIV of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (taking the date of the employer’s failure as the calculation date), and
shall be subject to the limit in section 227(1) of that Act.
Proceedings for enforcement of an award of compensation under this section—
may, in relation to each person to whom compensation is payable, be commenced by that person, and
may not be commenced by a trade union.
Any order shall be made by statutory instrument; and no such order shall be made unless a draft of it has been laid before and approved by resolution of each House of Parliament.
This Chapter applies to proceedings or prospective proceedings to the extent that they consist in, or arise out of—
an application to the court under section 15(3) (application for order authorising member to take or continue proceedings on behalf of trade union) or any other proceedings brought by virtue of that section;
an application to the court under section 16 (remedy against trustees for unlawful use of trade union property);
an application to the court under section 26 (remedy for failure to maintain register of members or secure confidentiality);
an application to the court under section 31 (remedy for failure to comply with request for access to trade union’s accounting records);
an application to the court under section 56 (remedy for failure to comply with requirements as to election for office);
an application to the court under section 45C (remedy for failure to comply with duty to secure positions not held by certain offenders);
an application to the court under section 62 (application for order where industrial action does not have support of ballot);
proceedings brought by virtue of section 71 (restriction on use of funds for political objects) with respect to the unlawful application of the funds of a trade union;
an application to the court under section 81 (remedy for failure to comply with requirements as to political ballot).
This Chapter applies to proceedings or prospective proceedings to the extent that they consist in, or arise out of, proceedings in the High Court or the Court of Session with respect to an alleged breach or threatened breach of the rules of a trade union relating to any of the following matters— The reference above to the rules of a trade union includes the rules of any branch or section of the trade union; and in paragraph (a) “office” includes any position by virtue of which a person is an official in relation to the trade union or is entitled to attend as a representative any meeting concerned with union business.
the appointment or election of a person to, or the removal of a person from, any office;
disciplinary proceedings by the union (including expulsion);
the authorising or endorsing of industrial action;
the balloting of members;
the application of the union’s funds or property;
the imposition, collection or distribution of any levy for the purposes of industrial action;
the constitution or proceedings of any committee, conference or other body.
This Chapter also applies to proceedings or prospective proceedings to the extent that they consist in, or arise out of such other proceedings against a trade union, an official of a trade union or the trustees of the property of a trade union as may be specified in an order made by the Secretary of State.
An individual who is an actual or prospective party to proceedings to which this Chapter applies may apply to the Commissioner for the Rights of Trade Union Members (in this Chapter referred to as “the Commissioner”) for assistance in relation to the proceedings, and the Commissioner shall, as soon as reasonably practicable after receiving the application, consider it and decide whether and to what extent to grant it.
The matters to which the Commissioner may have regard in determining whether, and to what extent, to grant an application include—
whether the case raises a question of principle,
whether it is unreasonable, having regard to the complexity of the case, to expect the applicant to deal with it unaided, and
whether, in the Commissioner’s opinion, the case involves a matter of substantial public interest.
In the case of an application made by virtue of section 109(1)(c), (e) or (h) (failure to maintain register of members or to comply with requirements as to election or political ballot), if— the Commissioner shall grant the application to the extent he considers necessary for securing that, so far as reasonably practicable, all the steps he considers appropriate (including, where appropriate, the holding of another ballot or election) are taken by the trade union for the purpose of remedying the declared failure and of ensuring that a failure of the same or a similar kind does not occur in future.
the Certification Officer has already made a declaration with respect to the subject-matter of the proceedings or prospective proceedings, and
it appears to the Commissioner that the applicant would (if assisted) have a reasonable prospect of securing the making of an enforcement order in the proceedings,
The Commissioner shall not grant an application made by virtue of section 109(2) (proceedings arising out of breach of rules) unless it appears to him—
that the breach of rules in question affects, or may affect, members of the union other than the applicant, or
that similar breaches of the rules have been or may be committed in relation to other members of the union.
If the Commissioner decides not to provide assistance, he shall, as soon as reasonably practicable after making the decision, notify the applicant of his decision and, if he thinks fit, of the reasons for it.
If the Commissioner decides to provide assistance, he shall, as soon as reasonably practicable after making the decision—
notify the applicant, stating the extent of the assistance to be provided, and
give him a choice, subject to any restrictions specified in the notification, as to the financial arrangements to be made in connection with the provision of the assistance.
The assistance provided may include the making of arrangements for, or for the Commissioner to bear the costs of—
the giving of advice or assistance by a solicitor or counsel, and
the representation of the applicant, or the provision to him of such assistance as is usually given by a solicitor or counsel—
in steps preliminary or incidental to the proceedings, or
in arriving at or giving effect to a compromise to avoid or bring an end to the proceedings.
Where assistance is provided with respect to the conduct of proceedings—
it shall include an agreement by the Commissioner to indemnify the applicant (subject only to any exceptions specified in the notification) in respect of any liability to pay costs or expenses arising by virtue of any judgment or order of the court in the proceedings,
it may include an agreement by the Commissioner to indemnify the applicant in respect of any liability to pay costs or expenses arising by virtue of any compromise or settlement arrived at in order to avoid the proceedings or bring the proceedings to an end, and
it may include an agreement by the Commissioner to indemnify the applicant in respect of any liability to pay damages pursuant to an undertaking given on the grant of interlocutory relief (in Scotland, an interim order) to the applicant.
Where the Commissioner provides assistance in relation to any proceedings, he shall do so on such terms, or make such other arrangements, as will secure that a person against whom the proceedings have been or are commenced is informed that assistance has been or is being provided by the Commissioner in relation to them.
In England and Wales, the recovery of expenses incurred by the Commissioner in providing an applicant with assistance (as taxed or assessed in such manner as may be prescribed by rules of court) shall constitute a first charge for the benefit of the Commissioner—
on any costs which, by virtue of any judgment or order of the court, are payable to the applicant by any other person in respect of the matter in connection with which the assistance is provided, and
on any sum payable to the applicant under a compromise or settlement arrived at in connection with that matter to avoid or bring proceedings to an end.
In Scotland, the recovery of such expenses (as taxed or assessed in such manner as may be prescribed by rules of court) shall be paid to the Commissioner, in priority to other debts—
out of any expenses which, by virtue of any judgment or order of the court, are payable to the applicant by any other person in respect of the matter in connection with which the assistance is provided, and
out of any sum payable to the applicant under a compromise or settlement arrived at in connection with that matter to avoid or bring proceedings to an end.
Where a person is receiving assistance in relation to proceedings, there shall, if he so wishes, be added after his name in the title of the proceedings the words “(assisted by the Commissioner for the Rights of Trade Union Members)".
The addition of those words shall not be construed as making the Commissioner a party to the proceedings or as liable to be treated as a party for any purpose; and the omission of those words shall be treated as an irregularity only and shall not nullify the proceedings, any step taken in the proceedings or any document, judgment or order therein.
Where the Commissioner grants an application to a person who for the purposes of the application— he is entitled to recover from that person any sums paid by him to that person, or to any other person, by way of assistance.
has made a statement which he knew to be false in a material particular, or
has recklessly made a statement which was false in a material particular,
This does not affect the power of the Commissioner to enter into any agreement he thinks fit as to the terms on which assistance is provided.
Nothing in this Chapter affects the law and practice regulating the descriptions of persons who may appear in, conduct, defend and address the court in any proceedings.
The power of the Commissioner to provide assistance to a prospective applicant to the court under section 26, 56 or 81 (under which applications may be made either to the court or to the Certification Officer, and in certain cases to both) does not entitle the Commissioner to provide assistance with the making of an application to the Certification Officer.
In this Chapter “applicant”, in relation to assistance under this Chapter, means the individual on whose application the assistance is provided.
The Secretary of State may by regulations make a scheme providing for payments by the Certification Officer towards expenditure incurred by independent trade unions in respect of such ballots to which this section applies as may be prescribed by the scheme.
This section applies to a ballot if the purpose of the question to be asked (or if there is more than one such question, the purpose of any of them) is—
to obtain a decision or ascertain the views of members of a trade union—
as to the acceptance or rejection of a proposal made by an employer in relation to the contractual terms and conditions upon which, or the other incidents of the relationship whereby, a person works or provides services for the employer, or
as to the calling or ending of a strike or other industrial action;
to carry out an election— or to elect a worker who is a member of a trade union to be a representative of other members also employed by his employer;
provided for by the rules of a trade union, or
required by section 46 (duty to hold elections for certain offices),
to amend the rules of a trade union;
to obtain a decision in accordance with Chapter VI on a political resolution within the meaning of that Chapter at a time when there is such a resolution in force in relation to the union;
to obtain a decision in accordance with Chapter VII on a resolution to approve an instrument of amalgamation or transfer;
any other purpose specified by order of the Secretary of State.
The scheme may include provision for payments to be made towards expenditure incurred in respect of arrangements to hold a ballot which is not proceeded with but which would have been a ballot to which this section applies if it had been held.
The circumstances in which and the conditions subject to which payments may be made under the scheme, and the amounts of the payments, shall be such as may be prescribed by the scheme; and the scheme shall include provision for restricting the cases in which payments are made to cases in which the ballot is so conducted as to secure, so far as reasonably practicable, that those voting do so in secret.
Regulations or an order under this section shall be made by statutory instrument; and—
a statutory instrument containing regulations shall be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament; and
no order shall be made unless a draft of it has been laid before and approved by a resolution of each House of Parliament.
Where an independent trade union which is recognised by an employer to any extent for the purposes of collective bargaining— the employer shall, so far as reasonably practicable, comply with that request.
proposes to hold a ballot to which this section applies, and
requests the employer to permit premises of his to be used for the purpose of giving workers employed by him who are members of the union a convenient opportunity of voting,
This section applies to a ballot if—
as respects the purposes of the question (or one of the questions) to be voted upon, the ballot satisfies the requirements of a scheme under section 115, and
the proposals for the conduct of the ballot are such as to secure, so far as reasonably practicable, that those voting do so in secret.
Subsection (1) does not apply where—
the ballot is one in which every person who is entitled to vote must be given a convenient opportunity to vote by post; or
at the time the request is made the number of workers employed by the employer, added to the number employed by any associated employer, does not exceed 20.
A trade union which claims that an employer has failed to comply with a request made by the union in accordance with subsection (1), which it was reasonably practicable for him to comply with, may present a complaint to an industrial tribunal.
The tribunal shall not entertain a complaint unless it is presented to the tribunal—
before the end of the period of three months beginning with the date of the failure, or
where the tribunal is satisfied that it was not reasonably practicable for the complaint to be presented before the end of that period, within such further period as the tribunal considers reasonable.
Where the tribunal finds that the complaint is well-founded, it shall make a declaration to that effect and may make an award of compensation to be paid by the employer to the union of such amount as it considers just and equitable in all the circumstances having regard to the employer’s failure and to any expenses incurred by the union in consequence of the failure.
The remedy of a union for failure to comply with a request under subsection (1) is by way of complaint to an industrial tribunal in accordance with this section, and not otherwise.
In this section a “special register body” means an organisation whose name appeared in the special register maintained under section 84 of the Industrial Relations Act 1971 immediately before 16 September 1974, and which is a company registered under the Companies Act 2006 or is incorporated by charter or letters patent.
The provisions of this Part apply to special register bodies as to other trade unions, subject to the following exceptions and adaptations.
In Chapter II (status and property of trade unions)—
in section 10 (quasi-corporate status of trade unions)—
subsections (1) and (2) (prohibition on trade union being incorporated) do not apply, and
subsection (3) (prohibition on registration under certain Acts) does not apply so far as it relates to registration as a company under the Companies Act 2006;
section 11 (exclusion of common law rules as to restraint of trade) applies to the purposes or rules of a special register body only so far as they relate to the regulation of relations between employers or employers’ associations and workers;
sections 12 to 14 (vesting of property in trustees; transfer of securities) do not apply; and
in section 20 (liability of trade union in certain proceedings in tort) in subsection (7) the reference to the contract between a member and the other members shall be construed as a reference to the contract between a member and the body.
Sections 33 to 35 (appointment and removal of auditors) do not apply to a special register body which is registered as a company under the Companies Act 2006; and sections 36 and 37 (rights and duties of auditors) apply to the auditors appointed by such a body under Chapter 2 of Part 16 of that Act.
Sections 45B and 45C (disqualification) and Chapter IV (elections) apply only to— In this subsection “voting member of the executive” has the meaning given by section 46(5).
the position of voting member of the executive, and
any position by virtue of which a person is a voting member of the executive.
In this section a “federated trade union” means a trade union which consists wholly or mainly of constituent or affiliated organisations, or representatives or such organisations, as described in paragraph (b) of the definition of “trade union” in section 1.
The provisions of this Part apply to federated trade unions subject to the following exceptions and adaptations.
For the purposes of section 22 (limit on amount of damages) as it applies to a federated trade union, the members of such of its constituent or affiliated organisations as have their head or main office in Great Britain shall be treated as members of the union.
The following provisions of Chapter III (trade union administration) do not apply to a federated trade union which consists wholly or mainly of representatives of constituent or affiliated organisations—
section 27 (duty to supply copy of rules),
section 28 (duty to keep accounting records),
sections 32 to 37 (annual return, statement for members, accounts and audit), . . .
sections 38 to 42 (members’ superannuation schemes).
sections 37A to 37E (investigation of financial affairs), and
Sections 29 to 31 (right of member to access to accounting records) do not apply to a federated trade union which has no members other than constituent or affiliated organisations or representatives of such organisations.
In the case of a federated trade union which, by virtue of subsection (4), is not required to send an annual return to the Certification Officer under section 32, section 24ZA (duty to provide membership audit certificate) applies as if section 32 does apply to the union.
Sections 24 to 26 (register of members’ names and addresses) and Chapter IV (elections for certain trade union positions) do not apply to a federated trade union— For this purpose “merchant seaman” means a person whose employment, or the greater part of it, is carried out on board sea-going ships.
if it has no individual members other than representatives of constituent or affiliated organisations, or
if its individual members (other than such representatives) are all merchant seamen and a majority of them are ordinarily resident outside the United Kingdom.
The provisions of Chapter VI (application of funds for political objects) apply to a trade union which is in whole or part an association or combination of other unions as if the individual members of the component unions were members of that union and not of the component unions. But nothing in that Chapter prevents a component union from collecting contributions on behalf of the association or combination from such of its members as are contributors to the political fund of the association or combination.
In the application of section 116A to a federated trade union, subsection (2) of that section shall be omitted.
The Secretary of State may provide money to a trade union to enable or assist it to do any or all of the following—
improve the carrying out of any of its existing functions;
prepare to carry out any new function;
increase the range of services it offers to persons who are or may become members of it;
prepare for an amalgamation or the transfer of any or all of its engagements;
ballot its members (whether as a result of a requirement imposed by this Act or otherwise).
No money shall be provided to a trade union under this section unless at the time when the money is provided the union has a certificate of independence.
Money may be provided in such a way as the Secretary of State thinks fit (whether as grants or otherwise) and on such terms as he thinks fit (whether as to repayment or otherwise).
If money is provided to a trade union under this section, the terms on which it is so provided shall be deemed to include a prohibition (“a political fund prohibition”) on any of it being added to the political fund of the union.
If a political fund prohibition is contravened, the Secretary of State—
is entitled to recover from the trade union as a debt due to him an amount equal to the amount of money added to the union’s political fund in contravention of the prohibition (whether or not that money continues to form part of the political fund); and
must take such steps as are reasonably practicable to recover that amount.
An amount recoverable under subsection (5) is a liability of the trade union’s political fund.
Subsection (5) does not prevent money provided to a trade union under this section from being provided on terms containing further sanctions for a contravention of the political fund prohibition.
In this Act, in relation to a trade union—
The request shall be granted if it is made before the hearing of the complaint begins, but may be refused if it is made after that time; and no such request may be made after the tribunal has made its decision as to whether the complaint is well-founded.
A person refuses to deal with a person if, where he maintains (in whatever form) a list of approved suppliers of goods or services, or of persons from whom tenders for the supply of goods or services may be invited, he fails to include the name of that person in that list.
In this Part a “Northern Ireland union” means a trade union whose principal office is situated in Northern Ireland.
In this Part “the court” (except where the reference is expressed to be to the county court or sheriff court) means the High Court or the Court of Session.
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A person who claims that there has been a breach or threatened breach of the rules of a trade union relating to any of the matters mentioned in subsection (2) may apply to the Certification Officer for a declaration to that effect, subject to subsections (3) to (7).
The matters are—
the appointment or election of a person to, or the removal of a person from, any office;
disciplinary proceedings by the union (including expulsion);
the balloting of members on any issue other than industrial action;
the constitution or proceedings of any executive committee or of any decision-making meeting;
such other matters as may be specified in an order made by the Secretary of State.
The applicant must be a member of the union, or have been one at the time of the alleged breach or threatened breach.
A person may not apply under subsection (1) in relation to a claim if he is entitled to apply under section 80 in relation to the claim.
No application may be made regarding—
the dismissal of an employee of the union;
disciplinary proceedings against an employee of the union.
An application must be made—
within the period of six months starting with the day on which the breach or threatened breach is alleged to have taken place, or
if within that period any internal complaints procedure of the union is invoked to resolve the claim, within the period of six months starting with the earlier of the days specified in subsection (7).
Those days are—
the day on which the procedure is concluded, and
the last day of the period of one year beginning with the day on which the procedure is invoked.
The reference in subsection (1) to the rules of a union includes references to the rules of any branch or section of the union.
In subsection (2)(c) “industrial action” means a strike or other industrial action by persons employed under contracts of employment.
For the purposes of subsection (2)(d) a committee is an executive committee if—
it is a committee of the union concerned and has power to make executive decisions on behalf of the union or on behalf of a constituent body,
it is a committee of a major constituent body and has power to make executive decisions on behalf of that body, or
it is a sub-committee of a committee falling within paragraph (a) or (b).
For the purposes of subsection (2)(d) a decision-making meeting is—
a meeting of members of the union concerned (or the representatives of such members) which has power to make a decision on any matter which, under the rules of the union, is final as regards the union or which, under the rules of the union or a constituent body, is final as regards that body, or
a meeting of members of a major constituent body (or the representatives of such members) which has power to make a decision on any matter which, under the rules of the union or the body, is final as regards that body.
For the purposes of subsections (10) and (11), in relation to the trade union concerned—
a constituent body is any body which forms part of the union, including a branch, group, section or region;
a major constituent body is such a body which has more than 1,000 members.
Any order under subsection (2)(e) shall be made by statutory instrument; and no such order shall be made unless a draft of it has been laid before and approved by resolution of each House of Parliament.
If a person applies to the Certification Officer under this section in relation to an alleged breach or threatened breach he may not apply to the court in relation to the breach or threatened breach; but nothing in this subsection shall prevent such a person from exercising any right to appeal against or challenge the Certification Officer’s decision on the application to him.
If— he may not apply to the Certification Officer under this section in relation to the breach or threatened breach.
a person applies to the court in relation to an alleged breach or threatened breach, and
the breach or threatened breach is one in relation to which he could have made an application to the Certification Officer under this section,
The Certification Officer may refuse to accept an application under section 108A unless he is satisfied that the applicant has taken all reasonable steps to resolve the claim by the use of any internal complaints procedure of the union.
If he accepts an application under section 108A the Certification Officer—
shall make such enquiries as he thinks fit,
shall give the applicant and the union an opportunity to be heard,
shall ensure that, so far as is reasonably practicable, the application is determined within six months of being made,
may make or refuse the declaration asked for, and
shall, whether he makes or refuses the declaration, give reasons for his decision in writing.
Where the Certification Officer makes a declaration he shall also, unless he considers that to do so would be inappropriate, make an enforcement order, that is, an order imposing on the union one or both of the following requirements—
to take such steps to remedy the breach, or withdraw the threat of a breach, as may be specified in the order;
to abstain from such acts as may be so specified with a view to securing that a breach or threat of the same or a similar kind does not occur in future.
The Certification Officer shall in an order imposing any such requirement as is mentioned in subsection (3)(a) specify the period within which the union is to comply with the requirement.
Where the Certification Officer requests a person to furnish information to him in connection with enquiries made by him under this section, he shall specify the date by which that information is to be furnished and, unless he considers that it would be inappropriate to do so, shall proceed with his determination of the application notwithstanding that the information has not been furnished to him by the specified date.
A declaration made by the Certification Officer under this section may be relied on as if it were a declaration made by the court.
Where an enforcement order has been made, any person who is a member of the union and was a member at the time it was made is entitled to enforce obedience to the order as if he had made the application on which the order was made.
An enforcement order made by the Certification Officer under this section may be enforced (by the Certification Officer, the applicant or a person mentioned in subsection (7)) in the same way as an order of the court.
An order under section 108A(2)(e) may provide that, in relation to an application under section 108A with regard to a prescribed matter, the preceding provisions of this section shall apply with such omissions or modifications as may be specified in the order; and a prescribed matter is such matter specified under section 108A(2)(e) as is prescribed under this subsection.
An appeal lies to the Employment Appeal Tribunal on any question of law arising in proceedings before or arising from any decision of the Certification Officer under this Chapter.
In this Act an “employers’ association” means an organisation (whether temporary or permanent)—
which consists wholly or mainly of employers or individual owners of undertakings of one or more descriptions and whose principal purposes include the regulation of relations between employers of that description or those descriptions and workers or trade unions; or
which consists wholly or mainly of— and whose principal purposes include the regulation of relations between employers and workers or between employers and trade unions, or the regulation of relations between its constituent or affiliated organisations.
constituent or affiliated organisations which fulfil the conditions in paragraph (a) (or themselves consist wholly or mainly of constituent or affiliated organisations which fulfil those conditions), or
representatives of such constituent or affiliated organisations,
References in this Act to employers’ associations include combinations of employers and employers’ associations.
The Certification Officer shall keep a list of employers’ associations containing the names of—
the organisations whose names were, immediately before the commencement of this Act, duly entered in the list of employers’ associations kept by him under section 8 of the Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974, and
the names of the organisations entitled to have their names entered in the list in accordance with this Part.
The Certification Officer shall keep copies of the list of employers’ associations, as for the time being in force, available for public inspection at all reasonable hours free of charge.
A copy of the list shall be included in his annual report.
The fact that the name of an organisation is included in the list of employers’ associations is evidence (in Scotland, sufficient evidence) that the organisation is an employers’ association.
On the application of an organisation whose name is included in the list, the Certification Officer shall issue it with a certificate to that effect.
A document purporting to be such a certificate is evidence (in Scotland, sufficient evidence) that the name of the organisation is entered in the list.
An organisation of employers, whenever formed, whose name is not entered in the list of employers’ associations may apply to the Certification Officer to have its name entered in the list.
The application shall be made in such form and manner as the Certification Officer may require and shall be accompanied by— and by the prescribed fee.
a copy of the rules of the organisation,
a list of its officers,
the address of its head or main office, and
the name under which it is or is to be known,
If the Certification Officer is satisfied— he shall enter the name of the organisation in the list of employers’ associations.
that the organisation is an employers’ association,
that subsection (2) has been complied with, and
that entry of the name in the list is not prohibited by subsection (4),
The Certification Officer shall not enter the name of an organisation in the list of employers’ associations if the name is the same as that under which another organisation— or if the name is one so nearly resembling any such name as to be likely to deceive the public.
was on 30th September 1971 registered as a trade union under the Trade Union Acts 1871 to 1964,
was at any time registered as an employers’ association or trade union under the Industrial Relations Act 1971, or
is for the time being entered in the list of employers’ associations or in the list of trade unions kept under Chapter I of Part I of this Act,
If it appears to the Certification Officer, on application made to him or otherwise, that an organisation whose name is entered in the list of employers’ associations is not an employers’ association, he may remove its name from the list.
He shall not do so without giving the organisation notice of his intention and considering any representations made to him by the organisation within such period (of not less than 28 days beginning with the date of the notice) as may be specified in the notice.
The Certification Officer shall remove the name of an organisation from the list of employers’ associations if—
he is requested by the organisation to do so, or
he is satisfied that the organisation has ceased to exist.
An organisation aggrieved by the refusal of the Certification Officer to enter its name in the list of employers’ associations, or by a decision of his to remove its name from the list, may appeal to the Employment Appeal Tribunal on any appealable question.
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For the purposes of this section, an appealable question is any question of law arising in the proceedings before, or arising from the decision of, the Certification Officer.
An employers’ association may be either a body corporate or an unincorporated association.
Where an employers’ association is unincorporated—
it is capable of making contracts;
it is capable of suing and being sued in its own name, whether in proceedings relating to property or founded on contract or tort or any other cause of action; and
proceedings for an offence alleged to have been committed by it or on its behalf may be brought against it in its own name.
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The purposes of an unincorporated employers’ association and, so far as they relate to the regulation of relations between employers and workers or trade unions, the purposes of an employers’ association which is a body corporate are not, by reason only that they are in restraint of trade, unlawful so as—
to make any member of the association liable to criminal proceedings for conspiracy or otherwise, or
to make any agreement or trust void or voidable.
No rule of an unincorporated employers’ association or, so far as it relates to the regulation of relations between employers and workers or trade unions, of an employers’ association which is a body corporate, is unlawful or unenforceable by reason only that it is in restraint of trade.
The following provisions of Chapter II of Part I of this Act apply to an unincorporated employers’ association as in relation to a trade union—
section 12(1) and (2) (property to be vested in trustees),
section 13 (vesting of property in new trustees), and
section 14 (transfer of securities held in trust for trade union).
In sections 13 and 14 as they apply by virtue of subsection (1) the reference to entry in the list of trade unions shall be construed as a reference to entry in the list of employers’ associations.
Section 19 (application of certain provisions relating to . . . friendly societies) applies to any employers’ association as in relation to a trade union.
Where in any proceedings an amount is awarded by way of damages, costs or expenses— no part of that amount is recoverable by enforcement against any protected property.
against an employers’ association,
against trustees in whom property is vested in trust for an employers’ association, in their capacity as such (and otherwise than in respect of a breach of trust on their part), or
against members or officials of an employers’ association on behalf of themselves and all of the members of the association,
The following is protected property—
property belonging to the trustees otherwise than in their capacity as such;
property belonging to any member of the association otherwise than jointly or in common with the other members;
property belonging to an official of the association who is neither a member nor a trustee.
The following provisions of Chapter III of Part I of this Act apply to an employers’ association as in relation to a trade union— section 27 (duty to supply copy of rules), section 28 (duty to keep accounting records), section 32(1), (2), (3)(a), (b) and (c) and (4) to (6) ... and sections 33 to 37 (annual return, accounts and audit), sections 37A to 37E (investigation of financial affairs), sections 38 to 42 (members’ superannuation schemes), section 43(1) (exemption for newly-formed organisations), section 44(1),(2) and (4) (discharge of duties in case of organisation having branches or sections), and sections 45 and 45A (offences).
Sections 33 to 35 (appointment and removal of auditors) do not apply to an employers’ association which is registered as a company under the Companies Act 2006; and sections 36 and 37 (rights and duties of auditors) apply to the auditors appointed by such an association under . . . Chapter 2 of Part 16 of that Act.
(1) Subject to subsections (2) to (5), theprovisions of Chapter VI of Part I of this Act (application of funds for political objects) apply to an unincorporated employers’ association as in relation to a trade union.
Subsection (1) does not apply to these provisions—
section 72A to section 72Q;
in section 80, subsections (5A) to (5C) and (8) to (10);
in section 81, subsection (8).
The making of an application to the Certification Officer does not prevent the applicant, or any other person, from making an application to the court in respect of the same matter.
In its application to an unincorporated employers’ association, section 80(2)(b) shall have effect as if the words “where he considers it appropriate," were inserted at the beginning.
In its application to an unincorporated employers’ association, section 81 shall have effect as if after subsection (1) there were inserted—
Subject to subsection (2), the provisions of Chapter VII of Part I of this Act (amalgamations and similar matters) apply to unincorporated employers’ associations as in relation to trade unions.
In its application to such associations that Chapter shall have effect—
as if in section 99(1) for the words from “that voting materials" to “accompanied by" there were substituted the words “that, not less than seven days before the ballot on the resolution to approve the instrument of amalgamation or transfer is held, every member is supplied with",
as if the requirements imposed by sections 100ZA to 100F consisted only of those specified in sections 100B , 100C(3)(a) and 100CC(1) together with the requirement that every member must, so far as is reasonably possible, be given a fair opportunity of voting, . . ,
as if in section 100CC(1), for “eligible to vote by postal voting” there were substituted “entitled to vote”,
as if the references in sections 101A and 101B to the list of trade unions were to the list of employers' associations, and
with the omission of sections 101(3) , 101A(3) and (4) , 103(2A) and (6) to (9) and 107.
An unincorporated employers’ association may change its name by any method expressly provided for by its rules or, if its rules do not expressly provide for a method of doing so, by adopting in accordance with its rules an alteration of the provision in them which gives the association its name.
If the name of an employers’ association, whether incorporated or unincorporated, is entered in the list of employers’ associations a change of name shall not take effect until approved by the Certification Officer.
The Certification Officer shall not approve a change of name if it appears to him that the proposed new name— or is a name so nearly resembling such a name as to be likely to deceive the public.
is the same as one entered in the list as the name of another employers’ association, or
is the same as one entered in the list of trade unions kept under Part I of this Act,
A change of name by an unincorporated employers’ association does not affect any right or obligation of the association or any of its members; and any pending legal proceedings may be continued by or against the association, the trustees of the association or any other officer of the association who can sue or be sued on its behalf notwithstanding its change of name.
The power conferred by section 108 (power to make regulations for carrying provisions into effect) applies in relation to this section as in relation to a provision of Chapter VII of Part I.
But nothing in that Chapter prevents a component association from collecting contributions on behalf of the association or combination from such of its members as are contributors to the political fund of the association or combination.
In this section a “federated employers’ association” means a employers’ association which consists wholly or mainly of constituent or affiliated organisations, or representatives or such organisations, as described in paragraph (b) of the definition of “employers’ association” in section 122.
The provisions of Part I applied by this Part to employers’ associations apply to federated employers’ associations subject to the following exceptions and adaptations.
The following provisions of Chapter III of Part I (administration) do not apply to a federated employers’ association which consists wholly or mainly of representatives of constituent or affiliated organisations—
section 27 (duty to supply copy of rules),
section 28 (duty to keep accounting records),
section 32(1), (2), (3)(a), (b) and (c) and (4) to (6) ... and sections 33 to 37 (annual return, accounts and audit), . . .
sections 38 to 42 (members’ superannuation schemes).
sections 37A to 37E (investigation of financial affairs), and
The provisions of Chapter VI of Part I (application of funds for political objects) apply to a employers’ association which is in whole or part an association or combination of other associations as if the individual members of the component associations were members of that association and not of the component associations.
In this Act “officer”, in relation to an employers’ association, includes—
any member of the governing body of the association, and
any trustee of any fund applicable for the purposes of the association.
“cross-boundary petroleum field” means a petroleum field that extends across the boundary between the United Kingdom sector of the continental shelf and a foreign sector;
by virtue of which the holder is an official of the union, or
The remedy of a person for conduct which is unlawful by virtue of section 137 or 138 is by way of a complaint to an employment tribunal in accordance with this Part, and not otherwise.
An employer who permits an employee to take time off under section 168 , 168A or 168B shall pay him for the time taken off pursuant to the permission.
ACAS may appoint such other officers and staff as it may determine.
As soon as reasonably practicable after the end of a financial year the Commissioner shall prepare a report on his activities during that year and shall send a copy of it to the Secretary of State.
The provisions of this Act (except those specified below) apply in relation to employment as a relevant member of the House of Lords staff as in relation to other employment.
Section 300(1). Chapter Short title Extent of repeal 38 & 39 Vict. c. 86. Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act 1875. Sections 3, 5, 7, 15 and 16. 59 & 60 Vict. c. 25. Friendly Societies Act 1896. Section 22(2) and (3). 2 & 3 Geo.5 c. 30. Trade Union Act 1913. The whole Act. 9 & 10 Geo.5 c. 69. Industrial Courts Act 1919. The whole Act. 9 & 10 Geo.6 c. 52. Trade Disputes and Trade Unions Act 1946. The whole Act. 11 & 12 Geo.6 c. 39. Industrial Assurance and Friendly Societies Act 1948. In section 6—(a) in subsection (1), the words ''or a trade union or employers’ association";(b) in subsection (2), the words from ''and by virtue of section 2" to ''trade unions".Section 16(4).Section 23(1)(d). 1964 c. 24. Trade Union (Amalgam-ations, &c.) Act 1964. The whole Act. 1970 c. 36. Merchant Shipping Act 1970. Section 42(1).In Schedule 3, paragraph 1. 1972 c. 59. Administration of Justice (Scotland) Act 1972. Section 3(3). 1974 c. 46. Friendly Societies Act 1974. In Schedule 9, paragraphs 1 and 12. 1974 c. 52. Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974. The whole Act. 1975 c. 71. Employment Protection Act 1975. Sections 1 to 10. Sections 17 to 21. Sections 99 to 108. Section 110. Sections 117 to 119. Sections 121 to 123. Section 124(1)(b). In section 125(1), the words from the beginning to ''this Act and".Sections 126 to 128. In section 129—(a) in subsection (5), the words from the beginning to ''section 123(3) above,"; 1975 c. 71.—(cont.) Employment Protection Act 1975.—(cont.) (b) in subsection (6), the words “Sections 127 and 128 above and".Schedule 1. Schedule 12.In Schedule 16—(a) Part III;(b) in Part IV, paragraphs 2, 3, 7, 10, 13 and 16.In Schedule 17, paragraphs 1 to 6 1976 c. 7. Trade Union and Labour Relations (Amendment) Act 1976. The whole Act. 1976 c. 74. Race Relations Act 1976. Schedule 3. 1977 c. 45. Criminal Law Act 1977. Section 1(3).Section 5(11).In section 63(2), the references to sections 5 and 7 of the Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act 1875. 1977 c. 49. National Health Service Act 1977. In Schedule 15, paragraph 62. 1978 c. 29. National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1978. In Schedule 16, paragraph 39. 1978 c. 36. House of Commons (Administration) Act 1978. In Schedule 2—(a) in paragraph 1, the words ''and section 122 of the Employment Protection Act 1975";(b) paragraph 5. 1978 c. 44. Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978. Sections 23 to 28. Section 30(3). Section 58. In section 59, the words from ''either" to ''or" at the end of paragraph (a).Sections 62 and 62A. In section 64—(a) in subsection (1), the words ''Subject to subsection (3),";(b) subsection (3). In section 64A(2), the words from ''or if it is shown" to the end.Section 67(3). Section 72A.Section 73(4A) and (4B). Section 75A. Sections 76A to 79. In section 132(1)(b), the words from ''or in pursuance of an award" to the end.In section 133(1)— 1978 c. 44.—(cont.) Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978.—(cont.) (a) in paragraph (a), the words “23, 27, 28,";(b) in paragraph (b), the words from ''of section 99 or " to ''1975 or";(c) paragraphs (d), (f) and (g).In section 136—(a) in subsection (1), paragraphs (c) and (g);(b) subsections (2) and (3);(c) in subsection (5), the words from ''or under section 2" to the end.In section 146(4), the words ''27, 28".In section 149(2), the words ''58, 58A", ''73(4B)," and ''75A(7)".In Schedule 2—(a) In paragraph 2(2), the words ''or 58";(b) In paragraphs 2(4) and 6(3), the words ''58(3) to (12),58A,".In Schedule 16, paragraphs 2, 5, 18 and 23. 1978 c. 46. Employment (Continental Shelf) Act 1978. Section 1(1). 1980 c. 9. Reserve Forces Act 1980. In Schedule 9, paragraph 15. 1980 c. 42. Employment Act 1980. Sections 1 to 5.Sections 15 and 16.Section 19.In section 20(1), the defintions of ''the 1974 Act" and ''the 1975 Act".In Schedule 1—(a) paragraphs 2 to 7; (b) in paragraph 17, the words from ''and after paragraph (c)" to the end;(c) paragraphs 19, 21(b) and 24. 1980 c. 53. Health Services Act 1980. In Schedule 1, paragraph 25. 1982 c. 9. Agricultural Training Board Act 1982. Section 11(3). 1982 c. 10. Industrial Training Act 1982. In Schedule 3, paragraph 6. 1982 c. 23. Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act 1982. In Schedule 3, paragraph 25. 1982 c. 46. Employment Act 1982. Sections 2 to 19. Section 22(4) and (5). Schedule 1. In Schedule 2, paragraph 6(1). 1982 c. 46. Employment Act 1982.—(cont.) In Schedule 3, paragraphs 10 to 13, 17 to 20, 24, 27(2)(a) and (3)(a). 1984 c. 49. Trade Union Act 1984. The whole Act. 1985 c. 9. Companies Consolidation (Consequential Provisions) Act 1985. In Schedule 2, the entry relating to the Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974. 1986 c. 48. Wages Act 1986. In section 1(6), the words from “and where a certificate" to the end. Section 5(3A). 1986 c. 64. Public Order Act 1986. In Schedule 2, paragraph 1. 1987 c. 43. Consumer Protection Act 1987. In Schedule 4, paragraph 8. 1988 c. 19. Employment Act 1988. Sections 1 to 23. Section 30. In section 32— (a) in subsection (1), all the definitions except those of ''the 1973 Act" and "modifications"; (b) subsection (2). In section 34— (a) subsections (2) and (3); (b) in subsection (6), paragraphs (a) and (b) and the words following paragraph (c). Schedule 1. In Schedule 3, paragraphs 1 to 6. 1989 c. 38. Employment Act 1989. Section 14. In Schedule 6, paragraph 19. In Schedule 9, paragraph 2. 1989 c. 40. Companies Act 1989. Section 124. 1990 c. 38. Employment Act 1990. Sections 1 to 12. In section 18(1), the paragraphs relating to sections 11 and 12. Schedule 1. In Schedule 2, paragraphs 1(2), 2 and 3. S.I. 1992/807 (N.I. 5) Industrial Relations (Northern Ireland) Order 1992. Article 67(2).
to which Chapter IV of Part I applies (duty to hold elections).
Where the employee’s remuneration for the work he would ordinarily have been doing during that time does not vary with the amount of work done, he shall be paid as if he had worked at that work for the whole of that time.
Nothing in any rule of law or the law or practice of Parliament prevents a person from bringing a civil employment claim before the court or from bringing before an employment tribunal proceedings of any description . . . which could be brought before such a tribunal in relation to other employment.
Section 300(2).
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The House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 is amended as follows. The Central Arbitration Committee. The Council of the Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service. The Employment Appeal Tribunal. Certification Officer or any assistant certification officer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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In Part VIII of the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (supplementary provisions), after section 85 (application to Crown) insert—.
In Part X of the Race Relations Act 1976 (supplementary provisions), after section 75 (application to Crown) insert—.
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In section 40 of the Patents Act 1977 (compensation for employees for certain inventions), in subsection (6) in the definition of “relevant collective agreement" for “the Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974" substitute “ the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 ”.
In sub-paragraph (5) “trade union”, and “recognised” in relation to a trade union, have the same meaning as in the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992.
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in subsection (1), for paragraphs (a) and (b) substitute “a complaint under section 29 that an employer has failed to permit an employee to take time off”;
in subsection (2) for “any complaint mentioned in subsection (1)(a)” substitute “such a complaint”; and
omit subsection (3).
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in paragraph (b) omit “or in pursuance of an award under section 103 of the Employment Protection Act 1975”,
after that paragraph insert—,
in paragraph (c) after “mentioned in paragraph (b)” insert “or (bb)”, and
in the closing words, for “section 101 of the said Act of 1975” substitute “section 189 of the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992”.
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in paragraph 18 (particular matters with respect to which rules may be made), in paragraphs (aa) and (d), and
in paragraph 21A (enforcement of awards), in sub-paragraphs (1) and (3),
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In section 21 of the Industrial Training Act 1982 (short title, extent and commencement), before subsection (2) (extent) insert—; and in subsection (2) for “Paragraph 4 of Schedule 3 to this Act extends" substitute “ Subsection (1A) above and paragraph 4 of Schedule 3 extend ”.
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In section 2(2) of the Insurance Companies Act 1982 (exceptions from requirement of authorisation under that Act), and in section 15(3) of that Act (exceptions from regulatory provisions), for “assigned to them by section 28 of the Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974" substitute “ respectively assigned by section 1 and section 122(1) of the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 ”.
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in paragraph (c) for the words from “section 27(3)” to “of that Act” substitute “section 31(3) or 31A(4) of that Act (looking for work, etc.; ante-natal care) or under section 169 of the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 (trade union duties)”; and
in paragraph (d) for “section 101 of the Employment Protection Act 1975” substitute “section 189 of the latter Act”.
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In section 7(4)(c)(iii) of the Building Societies Act 1986 (shares held and deposits made by or on behalf of trade union) for “Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974" substitute “ Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 ”.
In section 6 of the Sex Discrimination Act 1986 (application of provisions to collective agreements), in subsection (6) (meaning of “collective agreement") for the words from “section 29(1)" to “trade dispute)" substitute “ section 178(2) of the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 ”.
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in paragraph (a), for “section 8 of the Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974” substitute “section 2 of the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992”, and
in paragraph (b) for “section 8 of the Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974” substitute “section 123 of the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992”.
In section 17 of the Local Government Act 1988 (local and other public authority contracts: exclusion of non-commercial considerations), in subsection (8)—
in the definition of “industrial dispute", for “the Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974" substitute “ Part V of the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 ”, and
in the closing words, for “Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974" substitute “ Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 ”.
In section 12 of the Local Government and Housing Act 1989 (conflict of interest in staff negotiations), subsection (2) (definitions) is amended as follows. “member”, in relation to a trade union consisting wholly or partly of, or of representatives of, constituent or affiliated organisations, includes a member of any of its constituent or affiliated trade unions; In the definition of “official" and “trade union" for “the Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974" substitute “ the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 ”.
The Industrial Relations (Northern Ireland) Order 1992 is amended as follows. In Article 5 (lists of trade unions and employers’ associations)— In Article 6 (certification as independent trade union), in paragraphs (12) and (13) for “section 8 of the Employment Protection Act 1975" substitute “ section 6 of the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 ”. In Article 12 (returns by trade unions and employers’ associations outside Northern Ireland), in paragraph (1) for “section 11 of the Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974" substitute “ section 32 of the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 ” and for “subsection (2)" substitute “ subsection (1) ”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The provisions of this section apply in relation to an employment agency acting, or purporting to act, on behalf of an employer as in relation to an employer.
Where the employee’s remuneration for the work he would ordinarily have been doing during that time varies with the amount of work done, he shall be paid an amount calculated by reference to the average hourly earnings for that work.
In this section—
Section 300(3).
The repeal and re-enactment of provisions in this Act does not affect the continuity of the law. Anything done (including subordinate legislation made), or having effect as done, under a provision reproduced in this Act has effect as if done under the corresponding provision of this Act. References (express or implied) in this Act or any other enactment, instrument or document to a provision of this Act shall, so far as the context permits, be construed as including, in relation to times, circumstances and purposes before the commencement of this Act, a reference to corresponding earlier provisions. A reference (express or implied) in any enactment, instrument or other document to a provision reproduced in this Act shall be construed, so far as is required for continuing its effect, and subject to any express amendment made by this Act, as being, or as the case may required including, a reference to the corresponding provision of this Act.
The repeal by this Act of a transitional provision or saving relating to the coming into force of a provision reproduced in this Act does not affect the operation of the transitional provision or saving, in so far as it is not specifically reproduced in this Act but remains capable of having effect in relation to the corresponding provision of this Act. The repeal by this Act of an enactment previously repealed subject to savings does not affect the continued operation of those savings. The repeal by this Act of a saving on the previous repeal of an enactment does not affect the operation of the saving in so far as it is not specifically reproduced in this Act but remains capable of having effect.
The repeal by this Act of the Trade Disputes and Trade Unions Act 1946 shall not be construed as reviving in any respect the effect of the Trade Disputes and Trade Unions Act 1927.
Any reference in an enactment passed, or instrument made under an enactment, before 16th September 1974— shall be construed as a reference to a trade union or employers’ association within the meaning of this Act. Subsection (1) does not apply to any enactment relating to income tax or corporation tax.
Section 179 of this Act (enforceability of collective agreements) does not apply to a collective agreement made on or after 1st December 1971 and before 16th September 1974.
The repeal by this Act of section 19 of the Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974 (transitional provisions for trade unions and employers’ associations ceasing to be incorporated) does not affect— A certificate given by the persons who on that date were the president and general secretary of a trade union or employers’ association, or occupied positions equivalent to that of president and general secretary, that the persons named in the certificate are the appropriate trustees of the union or association for the purposes of section 19(2) of the Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974 is conclusive evidence that those persons were the appropriate trustees for those purposes. A document which purports to be such a certificate shall be taken to be such a certificate unless the contrary is proved.
Any reference to the former Industrial Arbitration Board in relation to which section 10(2) of the Employment Protection Act 1975 applied immediately before the commencement of this Act shall continue to be construed as a reference to the Central Arbitration Committee.
A resolution under section 3 of the Trade Union Act 1913, or rule made for the purposes of that section, in relation to which section 17(2) of the Trade Union Act 1984 applied immediately before the commencement of this Act shall continue to have effect as if for any reference to the political objects to which section 3 of the 1913 Act formerly applied there were substituted a reference to the objects to which that section applied as amended by the 1984 Act.
In relation to a person who was, within the period of five years ending with 25th July 1989, elected to a position to which the requirements of section 1 of the Trade Union Act 1984 were extended by virtue of section 12(1) of the Employment Act 1988— Sub-paragraph (1) does not apply if the only persons entitled to vote in the election were themselves persons holding positions to which Chapter IV of Part I would have applied had that Chapter been in force at the time.
In relation to a person who was elected to a position to which Chapter IV of Part I applies before 26th July 1989, the reference in section 58(2)(a) (exemption of persons nearing retirement) to satisfying the requirements of that Chapter—
shall not be construed as requiring compliance with any provision corresponding to a provision of section 13 or 15 of the Employment Act 1988 (additional requirements as to elections) which was not then in force, and
in relation to an election before the commencement of section 14(2) of that Act (postal ballots) shall be construed as requiring compliance with section 3 of the Trade Union Act 1984 (non-postal ballots).
Nothing in section 34 (eligibility for appointment as auditor) affects the validity of any appointment as auditor of a trade union or employers’ association made before 1st October 1991 (when section 389 of the Companies Act 1985 was repealed and replaced by the provisions of Part II of the Companies Act 1989). A person who is not qualified as mentioned in section 34(1) may act as auditor of a trade union in respect of an accounting period if—
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Any document made, served or issued on or after the commencement of this Act which contains a reference to an enactment repealed by this Act shall be construed, except so far as a contrary intention appears, as referring or, as the context may require, including a reference to the corresponding provision of this Act.
The power of the Secretary of State by further order to vary or revoke the Funds for Trade Union Ballots Order 1982 extends to so much of section 115(2)(a) as reproduces the effect of Article 2 of that order.
In relation to employment as such a member references to employment include employment otherwise than under a contract if the terms of that employment correspond to those of a contract of employment; and related expressions shall be construed accordingly.
For the purposes of sections 137 to 143 the holder for the time being of the office of Clerk of the Parliaments or Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod is the employer in relation to employment to which a person is appointed by the holder of that office; and anything done, before or after he took office, in relation to a person seeking such employment shall be treated as done by him.
If the House of Lords resolves at any time that any provision of subsection (3) or (5) should be amended in its application to any employment as a member of the staff of that House, Her Majesty may by Order in Council amend that provision accordingly.
It is unlawful for an employment agency to refuse a person any of its services—
because he is, or is not, a member of a trade union, or
because he is unwilling to accept a requirement to take steps to become or cease to be, or to remain or not to become, a member of a trade union.
A person who is thus unlawfully refused any service of an employment agency has a right of complaint to an employment tribunal.
Where an advertisement is published which indicates, or might reasonably be understood as indicating— a person who does not satisfy that condition or, as the case may be, is unwilling to accept that requirement, and who seeks to avail himself of and is refused that service, shall be conclusively presumed to have been refused it for that reason.
that any service of an employment agency is available only to a person who is, or is not, a member of a trade union, or
that any such requirement as is mentioned in subsection (1)(b) will be imposed in relation to a service to which the advertisement relates,
Section 12A of the Employment Tribunals Act 1996 (financial penalties) applies in relation to a complaint under this section as it applies in relation to a claim involving an employer and a worker (reading references to an employer as references to the employment agency and references to a worker as references to the complainant).
A person shall be taken to be refused a service if he seeks to avail himself of it and the agency—
refuses or deliberately omits to make the service available to him, or
causes him not to avail himself of the service or to cease to avail himself of it, or
does not provide the same service, on the same terms, as is provided to others.
Where a person is offered a service on terms which include a requirement that he is, or is not, a member of a trade union, or any such requirement as is mentioned in subsection (1)(b), and he does not accept the offer because he does not satisfy or, as the case may be, is unwilling to accept that requirement, he shall be treated as having been refused the service for that reason.
An employment tribunal shall not consider a complaint under section 137 or 138 unless it is presented to the tribunal—
before the end of the period of three months beginning with the date of the conduct to which the complaint relates, or
where the tribunal is satisfied that it was not reasonably practicable for the complaint to be presented before the end of that period, within such further period as the tribunal considers reasonable.
The date of the conduct to which a complaint under section 137 relates shall be taken to be—
in the case of an actual refusal, the date of the refusal;
in the case of a deliberate omission— the end of the period within which it was reasonable to expect the employer to act;
to entertain and process the complainant’s application or enquiry, or
to offer employment,
in the case of conduct causing the complainant to withdraw or cease to pursue his application or enquiry, the date of that conduct;
in a case where an offer was made but withdrawn, the date when it was withdrawn;
in any other case where an offer was made but not accepted, the date on which it was made.
The date of the conduct to which a complaint under section 138 relates shall be taken to be—
in the case of an actual refusal, the date of the refusal;
in the case of a deliberate omission to make a service available, the end of the period within which it was reasonable to expect the employment agency to act;
in the case of conduct causing the complainant not to avail himself of a service or to cease to avail himself of it, the date of that conduct;
in the case of failure to provide the same service, on the same terms, as is provided to others, the date or last date on which the service in fact provided was provided.
Section 292A (extension of time limits to facilitate conciliation before institution of proceedings) applies for the purposes of subsection (1)(a).
Where the employment tribunal finds that a complaint under section 137 or 138 is well-founded, it shall make a declaration to that effect and may make such of the following as it considers just and equitable—
an order requiring the respondent to pay compensation to the complainant of such amount as the tribunal may determine;
a recommendation that the respondent take within a specified period action appearing to the tribunal to be practicable for the purpose of obviating or reducing the adverse effect on the complainant of any conduct to which the complaint relates.
Compensation shall be assessed on the same basis as damages for breach of statutory duty and may include compensation for injury to feelings.
If the respondent fails without reasonable justification to comply with a recommendation to take action, the tribunal may increase its award of compensation or, if it has not made such an award, make one.
The total amount of compensation shall not exceed the limit for the time being imposed by section 124(1) of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (limit on compensation for unfair dismissal).
United Kingdom sector of the continental shelf means the areas designated under section 1(7) of the Continental Shelf Act 1964.
Where a complaint is brought against an employer and an employment agency jointly, or where it is brought against one and the other is joined or sisted as a party to the proceedings, and the tribunal— it may order that the compensation shall be paid by the one or the other, or partly by one and partly by the other, as the tribunal may consider just and equitable in the circumstances.
finds that the complaint is well-founded as against the employer and the agency, and
makes an award of compensation,
The amount of compensation calculated in accordance with subsections (4) and (5) shall not exceed the aggregate of— . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
an amount equal to thirty times the limit for the time being imposed by section 227(1)(a) of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (maximum amount of a week’s pay for basic award in unfair dismissal cases), and
an amount equal to the limit for the time being imposed by section 124(1) of that Act (maximum compensatory award in such cases).
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The voting paper must contain at least one of the following questions—
a question (however framed) which requires the person answering it to say, by answering “Yes" or “No", whether he is prepared to take part or, as the case may be, to continue to take part in a strike;
a question (however framed) which requires the person answering it to say, by answering “Yes" or “No", whether he is prepared to take part or, as the case may be, to continue to take part in industrial action short of a strike.
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any reduction by virtue of subsection (6) or (7), or
any reduction on account of sums already paid by the union by way of compensation in respect of the subject matter of the application;
The voting paper must specify who, in the event of a vote in favour of industrial action, is authorised for the purposes of section 233 to call upon members to take part or continue to take part in the industrial action.
If in proceedings on a complaint under section 137 or 138 either the complainant or the respondent claims that the respondent was induced to act in the manner complained of by pressure which a trade union or other person exercised on him by calling, organising, procuring or financing a strike or other industrial action, or by threatening to do so, the complainant or the respondent may request the employment tribunal to direct that the person who he claims exercised the pressure be joined or sisted as a party to the proceedings.
The request shall be granted if it is made before the hearing of the complaint begins, but may be refused if it is made after that time; and no such request may be made after the tribunal has made its decision as to whether the complaint is well-founded.
Where a person has been so joined or sisted as a party to the proceedings and the tribunal— it may order that the compensation shall be paid by the person joined instead of by the respondent, or partly by that person and partly by the respondent, as the tribunal may consider just and equitable in the circumstances.
finds that the complaint is well-founded,
makes an award of compensation, and
also finds that the claim in subsection (1) above is well-founded,
Where by virtue of section 141 (complaint against employer and employment agency) there is more than one respondent, the above provisions apply to either or both of them.
A worker’s employer must give the worker a written statement that the worker has the right to join a trade union.
The statement must be given—
at the same time as the employer gives the worker a statement under section 1 of the 1996 Act (statement of employment particulars);
at other prescribed times.
The Secretary of State may prescribe—
information that must be included in the statement;
the form which the statement must take;
the manner in which the statement must be given.
The information prescribed may include that the worker has rights conferred by this Part.
For the purposes of this section—
“worker” and “employer” have the same meaning as in the 1996 Act (see section 230 of that Act);
in a case where an employer gives a worker a statement under section 1 of the 1996 Act in instalments (see section 2(4) of that Act), that statement is to be treated as given when the first instalment is given;
“the 1996 Act” means the Employment Rights Act 1996.
Regulations prescribing anything for the purposes of this section (see section 293(1)) may make different provision for different purposes.
See section 38 of the Employment Act 2002 for the effect of failing to give a statement in accordance with this section.
A term or condition of a contract for the supply of goods or services is void in so far as it purports to require that the whole, or some part, of the work done for the purposes of the contract is done only by persons who are, or are not, members of trade unions or of a particular trade union.
A person shall not refuse to deal with a supplier or prospective supplier of goods or services on union membership grounds.“Refuse to deal” and “union membership grounds” shall be construed as follows.
A worker has the right not to be subjected to any detriment as an individual by any act, or any deliberate failure to act, by his employer if the act or failure takes place for the sole or main purpose of—
preventing or deterring him from being or seeking to become a member of an independent trade union, or penalising him for doing so,
preventing or deterring him from taking part in the activities of an independent trade union at an appropriate time, or penalising him for doing so, . . .
compelling him to be or become a member of any trade union or of a particular trade union or of one of a number of particular trade unions.
preventing or deterring him from making use of trade union services at an appropriate time, or penalising him for doing so, or
In subsection (1)“an appropriate time” means— and for this purpose “working hours”, in relation to a worker, means any time when, in accordance with his contract of employment (or other contract personally to do work or perform services), he is required to be at work.
a time outside the worker's working hours, or
a time within his working hours at which, in accordance with arrangements agreed with or consent given by his employer, it is permissible for him to take part in the activities of a trade union or (as the case may be) make use of trade union services;
A worker also has the right not to be subjected to any detriment as an individual by any act, or any deliberate failure to act, by his employer if the act or failure takes place for the sole or main purpose of enforcing a requirement (whether or not imposed by a contract of employment or in writing) that, in the event of his not being a member of any trade union or of a particular trade union or of one of a number of particular trade unions, he must make one or more payments.
In this section—
“trade union services” means services made available to the worker by an independent trade union by virtue of his membership of the union, and
references to a worker’s “making use” of trade union services include his consenting to the raising of a matter on his behalf by an independent trade union of which he is a member.
For the purposes of subsection (3) any deduction made by an employer from the remuneration payable to a worker in respect of his employment shall, if it is attributable to his not being a member of any trade union or of a particular trade union or of one of a number of particular trade unions, be treated as a detriment to which he has been subjected as an individual by an act of his employer taking place for the sole or main purpose of enforcing a requirement of a kind mentioned in that subsection.
If an independent trade union of which a worker is a member raises a matter on his behalf (with or without his consent), penalising the worker for that is to be treated as penalising him as mentioned in subsection (1)(ba).
A worker or former worker may present a complaint to an industrial tribunal on the ground that he has been subjected to a detrimentby his employer in contravention of this section.
A worker also has the right not to be subjected to any detriment as an individual by any act, or any deliberate failure to act, by his employer if the act or failure takes place because of the worker’s failure to accept an offer made in contravention of section 145A or 145B.
For the purposes of subsection (2C), not conferring a benefit that, if the offer had been accepted by the worker, would have been conferred on him under the resulting agreement shall be taken to be subjecting him to a detriment as an individual (and to be a deliberate failure to act).
This section does not apply where—
the worker is an employee; and
the detriment in question amounts to dismissal.
(1)An employment tribunal shall not consider a complaint under section 146 unless it is presented—
before the end of the period of three months beginning with the date of the act or failure to which the complaint relates or, where that act or failure is part of a series of similar acts or failures (or both) the last of them , or
where the tribunal is satisfied that it was not reasonably practicable for the complaint to be presented before the end of that period, within such further period as it considers reasonable.
For the purposes of subsection (1)—
where an act extends over a period, the reference to the date of the act is a reference to the last day of that period;
a failure to act shall be treated as done when it was decided on.
For the purposes of subsection (2), in the absence of evidence establishing the contrary an employer shall be taken to decide on a failure to act—
when he does an act inconsistent with doing the failed act, or
if he has done no such inconsistent act, when the period expires within which he might reasonably have been expected to do the failed act if it was to be done.
Section 292A (extension of time limits to facilitate conciliation before institution of proceedings) applies for the purposes of subsection (1)(a).
On a complaint under section 146 it shall be for the employer to show what was the sole or main purpose for which he acted or failed to act
In determining any question whether the employer acted or failed to act, or the purpose for which he did so, no account shall be taken of any pressure which was exercised on him by calling, organising, procuring or financing a strike or other industrial action, or by threatening to do so; and that question shall be determined as if no such pressure had been exercised.
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Where the employment tribunal finds that a complaint under section 146 is well-founded, it shall make a declaration to that effect and may make an award of compensation to be paid by the employer to the complainant in respect of the act or failure complained of.
The amount of the compensation awarded shall be such as the tribunal considers just and equitable in all the circumstances having regard to the infringement complained of and to any loss sustained by the complainant which is attributable to the act or failure which infringed his right.
The loss shall be taken to include—
any expenses reasonably incurred by the complainant in consequence of the act or failurecomplained of, and
loss of any benefit which he might reasonably be expected to have had but for that act or failure.
In ascertaining the loss, the tribunal shall apply the same rule concerning the duty of a person to mitigate his loss as applies to damages recoverable under the common law of England and Wales or Scotland.
In determining the amount of compensation to be awarded no account shall be taken of any pressure which was exercised on the employer by calling, organising, procuring or financing a strike or other industrial action, or by threatening to do so; and that question shall be determined as if no such pressure had been exercised.
Where the tribunal finds that the act or failure complained of was to any extent caused or contributed to by action of the complainant, it shall reduce the amount of the compensation by such proportion as it considers just and equitable having regard to that finding.
If in proceedings on a complaint under section 146— the complainant or the employer may request the tribunal to direct that the person who he claims exercised the pressure be joined or sisted as a party to the proceedings.
the complaint is made on the ground that the complainant has been subjected to detriment by an act or failure by his employer taking place for the sole or main purpose of compelling him to be or become a member of any trade union or of a particular trade union or of one of a number of particular trade unions, and
either the complainant or the employer claims in proceedings before the tribunal that the employer was induced to act or fail to act in the waycomplained of by pressure which a trade union or other person exercised on him by calling, organising, procuring or financing a strike or other industrial action, or by threatening to do so,
The request shall be granted if it is made before the hearing of the complaint begins, but may be refused if it is made after that time; and no such request may be made after the tribunal has made a declaration that the complaint is well-founded.
Where a person has been so joined or sisted as a party to proceedings and the tribunal— it may order that the compensation shall be paid by the person joined instead of by the employer, or partly by that person and partly by the employer, as the tribunal may consider just and equitable in the circumstances.
makes an award of compensation, and
finds that the claim mentioned in subsection (1)(b) is well-founded,
References in sections 146 to 150 to being, becoming or ceasing to remain a member of a trade union include references to being, becoming or ceasing to remain a member of a particular branch or section of that union and to being, becoming or ceasing to remain a member of one of a number of particular branches or sections of that union . . . .
The remedy of a person for infringement of the right conferred on him by section 146 is by way of a complaint to an employment tribunal in accordance with this Part, and not otherwise.
References in those sections— shall be construed in accordance with subsection (1).
to taking part in the activities of a trade union, and
to services made available by a trade union by virtue of membership of the union,
In sections 146 to 150—
For purposes of Part X of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (unfair dismissal) the dismissal of an employee shall be regarded as unfair if the reason for it (or, if more than one, the principal reason) was that the employee—
was, or proposed to become, a member of an independent trade union, . . .
had taken part, or proposed to take part, in the activities of an independent trade union at an appropriate time, . . .
was not a member of any trade union, or of a particular trade union, or of one of a number of particular trade unions, or had refused, or proposed to refuse, to become or remain a member.
had made use, or proposed to make use, of trade union services at an appropriate time,
had failed to accept an offer made in contravention of section 145A or 145B, or
In subsection (1)“an appropriate time” means— and for this purpose “working hours”, in relation to an employee, means any time when, in accordance with his contract of employment, he is required to be at work.
a time outside the employee’s working hours, or
a time within his working hours at which, in accordance with arrangements agreed with or consent given by his employer, it is permissible for him to take part in the activities of a trade union or (as the case may be) make use of trade union services;
Where the reason, or one of the reasons, for the dismissal was— the reason shall be treated as falling within subsection (1)(c).
the employee’s refusal, or proposed refusal, to comply with a requirement (whether or not imposed by his contract of employment or in writing) that, in the event of his not being a member of any trade union, or of a particular trade union, or of one of a number of particular trade unions, he must make one or more payments, or
his objection, or proposed objection, (however expressed) to the operation of a provision (whether or not forming part of his contract of employment or in writing) under which, in the event mentioned in paragraph (a), his employer is entitled to deduct one or more sums from the remuneration payable to him in respect of his employment,
In this section—
“trade union services” means services made available to the employee by an independent trade union by virtue of his membership of the union, and
references to an employee’s “making use” of trade union services include his consenting to the raising of a matter on his behalf by an independent trade union of which he is a member.
References in this section to being, becoming or ceasing to remain a member of a trade union include references to being, becoming or ceasing to remain a member of a particular branch or section of that union or of one of a number of particular branches or sections of that trade union . . . .
Where the reason or one of the reasons for the dismissal was that an independent trade union (with or without the employee’s consent) raised a matter on behalf of the employee as one of its members, the reason shall be treated as falling within subsection (1)(ba).
References in this section— shall be construed in accordance with subsection (4).
to taking part in the activities of a trade union, and
to services made available by a trade union by virtue of membership of the union,
Where the reason or principal reason for the dismissal of an employee was that he was redundant, but it is shown— the dismissal shall be regarded as unfair for the purposes of Part X of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (unfair dismissal).
that the circumstances constituting the redundancy applied equally to one or more other employees in the same undertaking who held positions similar to that held by him and who have not been dismissed by the employer, and
that the reason (or, if more than one, the principal reason) why he was selected for dismissal was one of those specified in section 152(1),
Sections 108(1) and 109(1) of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (qualifying period and upper age limit for unfair dismissal protection) do not apply to a dismissal which by virtue of section 152 or 153 is regarded as unfair for the purposes of Part 10 of that Act.
Where an employment tribunal makes an award of compensation for unfair dismissal in a case where the dismissal is unfair by virtue of section 152 or 153, the tribunal shall disregard, in considering whether it would be just and equitable to reduce, or further reduce, the amount of any part of the award, any such conduct or action of the complainant as is specified below.
Conduct or action of the complainant shall be disregarded in so far as it constitutes a breach or proposed breach of a requirement— For the purposes of this subsection a requirement means a requirement imposed on the complainant by or under an arrangement or contract of employment or other agreement.
to be or become a member of any trade union or of a particular trade union or of one of a number of particular trade unions,
to cease to be, or refrain from becoming, a member of any trade union or of a particular trade union or of one of a number of particular trade unions,. . .
not to take part in the activities of any trade union or of a particular trade union or of one of a number of particular trade unions , or
not to make use of services made available by any trade union or by a particular trade union or by one of a number of particular trade unions.
Conduct or action of the complainant shall be disregarded in so far as it constitutes a refusal, or proposed refusal, to comply with a requirement of a kind mentioned in section 152(3)(a) (payments in lieu of membership) or an objection, or proposed, objection, (however expressed) to the operation of a provision of a kind mentioned in section 152(3)(b) (deductions in lieu of membership).
Conduct or action of the complainant shall be disregarded in so far as it constitutes acceptance of or failure to accept an offer made in contravention of section 145A or 145B.
Where a dismissal is unfair by virtue of section 152(1) or 153, the amount of the basic award of compensation, before any reduction is made under section 122 of the Employment Rights Act 1996, shall be not less than £9,157.
But where the dismissal is unfair by virtue of section 153, subsection (2) of that section (reduction for contributory fault) applies in relation to so much of the basic award as is payable because of subsection (1) above.
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Where an industrial tribunal makes an award of compensation for unfair dismissal in a case where the dismissal is unfair by virtue of section 152(1) or 153, then, unless— the award shall include a special award calculated in accordance with section 158.
the complainant does not request the tribunal to make an order for reinstatement or re-engagement, or
the case falls within section 73(2) of the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978 (cases where employer takes requisite steps to renew employment or re-engage employee),
Section 71(2)(b) of the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978 (additional award of compensation in case of failure to comply with an order for reinstatement or re-engagement) does not apply in a case where the dismissal is unfair by virtue of section 152(1) or 153.
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Subject to the following provisions of this section, the amount of the special award shall be one week’s pay multiplied by 104, or £13,400, whichever is the greater, but shall not exceed £26,800.
Where the award of compensation is made under section 71(2)(a) of the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978 (compensation where employee not reinstated or re-engaged in accordance with order) then, unless the employer satisfies the tribunal that it was not practicable to comply with the order for reinstatement or re-engagement, the amount of the special award shall be increased to one week’s pay multiplied by 156, or £20,100 whichever is the greater.
In a case where the amount of the basic award is reduced under section 73(5) of the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978 (reduction where complainant aged over 64), the amount of the special award shall be reduced by the same fraction.
Where the tribunal considers that any conduct of the complainant before the dismissal (or, where the dismissal was with notice, before the notice was given) was such that it would be just and equitable to reduce or further reduce the amount of the special award to any extent, the tribunal shall reduce or further reduce that amount accordingly.
Where the tribunal finds that the complainant has unreasonably— the tribunal shall reduce or further reduce the amount of the special award to such extent as it considers just and equitable having regard to that finding.
prevented an order for reinstatement or re-engagement from being complied with, or
refused an offer by the employer (made otherwise than in compliance with such an order) which if accepted would have the effect of reinstating the complainant in his employment in all respects as if he had not been dismissed,
Where the employer has engaged a permanent replacement for the complainant, the tribunal shall not take that fact into account in determining for the purposes of subsection (2) whether it was practicable to comply with an order for reinstatement or re-enagement unless the employer shows that it was not practicable for him to arrange for the complainant’s work to be done without engaging a permanent replacement.
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If in proceedings before an employment tribunal on a complaint of unfair dismissal either the employer or the complainant claims— the employer or the complainant may request the tribunal to direct that the person who he claims exercised the pressure be joined or sisted as a party to the proceedings.
that the employer was induced to dismiss the complainant by pressure which a trade union or other person exercised on the employer by calling, organising, procuring or financing a strike or other industrial action, or by threatening to do so, and
that the pressure was exercised because the complainant was not a member of any trade union or of a particular trade union or of one of a number of particular trade unions,
The request shall be granted if it is made before the hearing of the complaint begins, but may be refused after that time; and no such request may be made after the tribunal has made an award of compensation for unfair dismissal or an order for reinstatement or re-engagement.
Where a person has been so joined or sisted as a party to the proceedings and the tribunal— the tribunal may order that the compensation shall be paid by that person instead of the employer, or partly by that person and partly by the employer, as the tribunal may consider just and equitable.
makes an award of compensation for unfair dismissal, and
finds that the claim mentioned in subsection (1) is well-founded,
An employee who presents a complaint of unfair dismissal alleging that the dismissal is unfair by virtue of section 152 may apply to the tribunal for interim relief.
The tribunal shall not entertain an application for interim relief unless it is presented to the tribunal before the end of the period of seven days immediately following the effective date of termination (whether before, on or after that date).
In a case where the employee relies on section 152(1)(a), (b) or (ba), or on section 152(1)(bb) otherwise than in relation to an offer made in contravention of section 145A(1)(d), the tribunal shall not entertain an application for interim relief unless before the end of that period there is also so presented a certificate in writing signed by an authorised official of the independent trade union of which the employee was or proposed to become a member stating—
that on the date of the dismissal the employee was or proposed to become a member of the union, and
that there appear to be reasonable grounds for supposing that the reason for his dismissal (or, if more than one, the principal reason) was one alleged in the complaint.
An “authorised official” means an official of the trade union authorised by it to act for the purposes of this section.
A document purporting to be an authorisation of an official by a trade union to act for the purposes of this section and to be signed on behalf of the union shall be taken to be such an authorisation unless the contrary is proved; and a document purporting to be a certificate signed by such an official shall be taken to be signed by him unless the contrary is proved.
For the purposes of subsection (3) the date of dismissal shall be taken to be—
where the employee’s contract of employment was terminated by notice (whether given by his employer or by him), the date on which the employer’s notice was given, and
in any other case, the effective date of termination.
An employment tribunal shall determine an application for interim relief as soon as practicable after receiving the application and, where appropriate, the requisite certificate.
The tribunal shall give to the employer, not later than seven days before the hearing, a copy of the application and of any certificate, together with notice of the date, time and place of the hearing.
If a request under section 160 (awards against third parties) is made three days or more before the date of the hearing, the tribunal shall also give to the person to whom the request relates, as soon as reasonably practicable, a copy of the application and of any certificate, together with notice of the date, time and place of the hearing.
The tribunal shall not exercise any power it has of postponing the hearing of an application for interim relief except where it is satisfied that special circumstances exist which justify it in doing so.
If on hearing an application for interim relief it appears to the tribunal that it is likely that on determining the complaint to which the application relates that it will find that, by virtue of section 152, the complainant has been unfairly dismissed, the following provisions apply.
The tribunal shall announce its findings and explain to both parties (if present) what powers the tribunal may exercise on the application and in what circumstances it will exercise them, and shall ask the employer (if present) whether he is willing, pending the determination or settlement of the complaint—
to reinstate the employee, that is to say, to treat him in all respects as if he had not been dismissed, or
if not, to re-engage him in another job on terms and conditions not less favourable than those which would have been applicable to him if he had not been dismissed.
For this purpose “terms and conditions not less favourable than those which would have been applicable to him if he had not been dismissed” means as regards seniority, pension rights and other similar rights that the period prior to the dismissal shall be regarded as continuous with his employment following the dismissal.
If the employer states that he is willing to reinstate the employee, the tribunal shall make an order to that effect.
If the employer states that he is willing to re-engage the employee in another job, and specifies the terms and conditions on which he is willing to do so, the tribunal shall ask the employee whether he is willing to accept the job on those terms and conditions; and—
if the employee is willing to accept the job on those terms and conditions, the tribunal shall make an order to that effect, and
if he is not, then, if the tribunal is of the opinion that the refusal is reasonable, the tribunal shall make an order for the continuation of his contract of employment, and otherwise the tribunal shall make no order.
If on the hearing of an application for interim relief the employer fails to attend before the tribunal, or states that he is unwilling either to reinstate the employee or re-engage him as mentioned in subsection (2), the tribunal shall make an order for the continuation of the employee’s contract of employment.
An order under section 163 for the continuation of a contract of employment is an order that the contract of employment continue in force— from the date of its termination (whether before or after the making of the order) until the determination or settlement of the complaint.
for the purposes of pay or any other benefit derived from the employment, seniority, pension rights and other similar matters, and
for the purpose of determining for any purpose the period for which the employee has been continuously employed,
Where the tribunal makes such an order it shall specify in the order the amount which is to be paid by the employer to the employee by way of pay in respect of each normal pay period, or part of any such period, falling between the date of dismissal and the determination or settlement of the complaint.
Subject as follows, the amount so specified shall be that which the employee could reasonably have been expected to earn during that period, or part, and shall be paid—
in the case of payment for any such period falling wholly or partly after the making of the order, on the normal pay day for that period, and
in the case of a payment for any past period, within such time as may be specified in the order.
If an amount is payable in respect only of part of a normal pay period, the amount shall be calculated by reference to the whole period and reduced proportionately.
Any payment made to an employee by an employer under his contract of employment, or by way of damages for breach of that contract, in respect of a normal pay period or part of any such period shall go towards discharging the employer’s liability in respect of that period under subsection (2); and conversely any payment under that subsection in respect of a period shall go towards discharging any liability of the employer under, or in respect of the breach of, the contract of employment in respect of that period.
If an employee, on or after being dismissed by his employer, receives a lump sum which, or part of which, is in lieu of wages but is not referable to any normal pay period, the tribunal shall take the payment into account in determining the amount of pay to be payable in pursuance of any such order.
For the purposes of this section the amount which an employee could reasonably have been expected to earn, his normal pay period and the normal pay day for each such period shall be determined as if he had not been dismissed.
At any time between the making of an order under section 163 and the determination or settlement of the complaint, the employer or the employee may apply to an employment tribunal for the revocation or variation of the order on the ground of a relevant change of circumstances since the making of the order.
Sections 161 to 163 apply in relation to such an application as in relation to an original application for interim relief, except that—
no certificate need be presented to the tribunal under section 161(3), and
in the case of an application by the employer, section 162(2) (service of copy of application and notice of hearing) has effect with the substitution of a reference to the employee for the reference to the employer.
Part X of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (unfair dismissal) has effect subject to the provisions of sections 152 to 166 above.
Those sections shall be construed as one with that Part; and in those sections—
Nothing in those sections shall be construed as conferring a right to complain of unfair dismissal from employment of a description to which that Part does not otherwise apply.
A worker has the right not to have an offer made to him by his employer for the sole or main purpose of inducing the worker—
not to be or seek to become a member of an independent trade union,
not to take part, at an appropriate time, in the activities of an independent trade union,
not to make use, at an appropriate time, of trade union services, or
to be or become a member of any trade union or of a particular trade union or of one of a number of particular trade unions.
In subsection (1) “an appropriate time” means—
a time outside the worker’s working hours, or
a time within his working hours at which, in accordance with arrangements agreed with or consent given by his employer, it is permissible for him to take part in the activities of a trade union or (as the case may be) make use of trade union services.
In subsection (2) “working hours”, in relation to a worker, means any time when, in accordance with his contract of employment (or other contract personally to do work or perform services), he is required to be at work.
In subsections (1) and (2)—
“trade union services” means services made available to the worker by an independent trade union by virtue of his membership of the union, and
references to a worker’s “making use” of trade union services include his consenting to the raising of a matter on his behalf by an independent trade union of which he is a member.
A worker or former worker may present a complaint to an employment tribunal on the ground that his employer has made him an offer in contravention of this section.
A worker who is a member of an independent trade union which is recognised, or seeking to be recognised, by his employer has the right not to have an offer made to him by his employer if—
acceptance of the offer, together with other workers' acceptance of offers which the employer also makes to them, would have the prohibited result, and
the employer’s sole or main purpose in making the offers is to achieve that result.
The prohibited result is that the workers' terms of employment, or any of those terms, will not (or will no longer) be determined by collective agreement negotiated by or on behalf of the union.
It is immaterial for the purposes of subsection (1) whether the offers are made to the workers simultaneously.
Having terms of employment determined by collective agreement shall not be regarded for the purposes of section 145A (or section 146 or 152) as making use of a trade union service.
A worker or former worker may present a complaint to an employment tribunal on the ground that his employer has made him an offer in contravention of this section.
An employment tribunal shall not consider a complaint under section 145A or 145B unless it is presented—
before the end of the period of three months beginning with the date when the offer was made or, where the offer is part of a series of similar offers to the complainant, the date when the last of them was made, or
where the tribunal is satisfied that it was not reasonably practicable for the complaint to be presented before the end of that period, within such further period as it considers reasonable.
Section 292A (extension of time limits to facilitate conciliation before institution of proceedings) applies for the purposes of subsection (1)(a).
On a complaint under section 145A it shall be for the employer to show what was his sole or main purpose in making the offer.
On a complaint under section 145B it shall be for the employer to show what was his sole or main purpose in making the offers.
On a complaint under section 145A or 145B, in determining any question whether the employer made the offer (or offers) or the purpose for which he did so, no account shall be taken of any pressure which was exercised on him by calling, organising, procuring or financing a strike or other industrial action, or by threatening to do so; and that question shall be determined as if no such pressure had been exercised.
In determining whether an employer’s sole or main purpose in making offers was the purpose mentioned in section 145B(1), the matters taken into account must include any evidence—
that when the offers were made the employer had recently changed or sought to change, or did not wish to use, arrangements agreed with the union for collective bargaining,
that when the offers were made the employer did not wish to enter into arrangements proposed by the union for collective bargaining, or
that the offers were made only to particular workers, and were made with the sole or main purpose of rewarding those particular workers for their high level of performance or of retaining them because of their special value to the employer.
Subsections (2) and (3) apply where the employment tribunal finds that a complaint under section 145A or 145B is well-founded.
The tribunal—
shall make a declaration to that effect, and
shall make an award to be paid by the employer to the complainant in respect of the offer complained of.
The amount of the award shall be £5,993 (subject to any adjustment of the award that may fall to be made under Part 3 of the Employment Act 2002).
Where an offer made in contravention of section 145A or 145B is accepted—
if the acceptance results in the worker’s agreeing to vary his terms of employment, the employer cannot enforce the agreement to vary, or recover any sum paid or other asset transferred by him under the agreement to vary;
if as a result of the acceptance the worker’s terms of employment are varied, nothing in section 145A or 145B makes the variation unenforceable by either party.
Nothing in this section or sections 145A and 145B prejudices any right conferred by section 146 or 149.
In ascertaining any amount of compensation under section 149, no reduction shall be made on the ground—
that the complainant caused or contributed to his loss, or to the act or failure complained of, by accepting or not accepting an offer made in contravention of section 145A or 145B, or
that the complainant has received or is entitled to an award under this section.
References in sections 145A to 145E to being or becoming a member of a trade union include references—
to being or becoming a member of a particular branch or section of that union, and
to being or becoming a member of one of a number of particular branches or sections of that union.
References in those sections— shall be construed in accordance with subsection (1).
to taking part in the activities of a trade union, and
to services made available by a trade union by virtue of membership of the union,
In sections 145A to 145E—
The remedy of a person for infringement of the right conferred on him by section 145A or 145B is by way of a complaint to an employment tribunal in accordance with this Part, and not otherwise.
An employer shall permit an employee of his who is an official of an independent trade union recognised by the employer to take time off during his working hours for the purpose of carrying out any duties of his, as such an official, concerned with—
negotiations with the employer related to or connected with matters falling within section 178(2) (collective bargaining) in relation to which the trade union is recognised by the employer, or
the performance on behalf of employees of the employer of functions related to or connected with matters falling within that provision which the employer has agreed may be so performed by the trade union, or
receipt of information from the employer and consultation by the employer under section 188 (redundancies) or under the Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) Regulations 2006, or
negotiations with a view to entering into an agreement under regulation 9 of the Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) Regulations 2006 that applies to employees of the employer, or
the performance on behalf of employees of the employer of functions related to or connected with the making of an agreement under that regulation.
He shall also permit such an employee to take time off during his working hours for the purpose of undergoing training in aspects of industrial relations—
relevant to the carrying out of such duties as are mentioned in subsection (1), and
approved by the Trades Union Congress or by the independent trade union of which he is an official.
The amount of time off which an employee is to be permitted to take under this section and the purposes for which, the occasions on which and any conditions subject to which time off may be so taken are those that are reasonable in all the circumstances having regard to any relevant provisions of a Code of Practice issued by ACAS.
An employee may present a complaint to an employment tribunal that his employer has failed to permit him to take time off as required by this section.
An employer that permits an employee to take time off as required by this section must, where requested by the employee, provide the employee with such accommodation and other facilities for carrying out the duties or undergoing the training for which the employee takes time off as is reasonable in all the circumstances, having regard to any relevant provisions of a Code of Practice issued by ACAS.
An employee may present a complaint to an employment tribunal that the employer has failed— as required by this section.
to permit the employee to take time off, or
to provide the employee with facilities,
On a complaint under subsection (4)(a), it is for the employer to show that the amount of time off which the employee proposed to take was not a reasonable amount of time off.
An employer shall permit an employee of his who is— to take time off during his working hours for any of the following purposes.
a member of an independent trade union recognised by the employer, and
a learning representative of the trade union,
The purposes are—
carrying on any of the following activities in relation to qualifying members of the trade union—
analysing learning or training needs,
providing information and advice about learning or training matters,
arranging learning or training, and
promoting the value of learning or training,
consulting the employer about carrying on any such activities in relation to such members of the trade union,
preparing for any of the things mentioned in paragraphs (a) and (b).
Subsection (1) only applies if—
the trade union has given the employer notice in writing that the employee is a learning representative of the trade union, and
the training condition is met in relation to him.
The training condition is met if—
the employee has undergone sufficient training to enable him to carry on the activities mentioned in subsection (2), and the trade union has given the employer notice in writing of that fact,
the trade union has in the last six months given the employer notice in writing that the employee will be undergoing such training, or
within six months of the trade union giving the employer notice in writing that the employee will be undergoing such training, the employee has done so, and the trade union has given the employer notice of that fact.
Only one notice under subsection (4)(b) may be given in respect of any one employee.
References in subsection (4) to sufficient training to carry out the activities mentioned in subsection (2) are to training that is sufficient for those purposes having regard to any relevant provision of a Code of Practice issued by ACAS or the Secretary of State.
If an employer is required to permit an employee to take time off under subsection (1), he shall also permit the employee to take time off during his working hours for the following purposes—
undergoing training which is relevant to his functions as a learning representative, and
where the trade union has in the last six months given the employer notice under subsection (4)(b) in relation to the employee, undergoing such training as is mentioned in subsection (4)(a).
The amount of time off which an employee is to be permitted to take under this section and the purposes for which, the occasions on which and any conditions subject to which time off may be so taken are those that are reasonable in all the circumstances having regard to any relevant provision of a Code of Practice issued by ACAS or the Secretary of State.
An employer that permits an employee to take time off as required by this section must, where requested by the employee, provide the employee with such accommodation and other facilities for the purposes for which the employee takes time off as is reasonable in all the circumstances, having regard to any relevant provisions of a Code of Practice issued by ACAS.
An employee may present a complaint to an employment tribunal that his employer has failed to permit him to take time off as required by this section.
An employee may present a complaint to an employment tribunal that the employer has failed— as required by this section.
to permit the employee to take time off, or
to provide the employee with facilities,
On a complaint under subsection (9)(a), it is for the employer to show that the amount of time off which the employee proposed to take was not a reasonable amount of time off.
In subsection (2)(a), the reference to qualifying members of the trade union is to members of the trade union—
who are employees of the employer of a description in respect of which the union is recognised by the employer, and
in relation to whom it is the function of the union learning representative to act as such.
For the purposes of this section, a person is a learning representative of a trade union if he is appointed or elected as such in accordance with its rules.
An employer shall permit an employee of his who is a member of an independent trade union recognised by the employer in respect of that description of employee to take time off during his working hours for the purpose of taking part in—
any activities of the union, and
any activities in relation to which the employee is acting as a representative of the union.
The right conferred by subsection (1) does not extend to activities which themselves consist of industrial action, whether or not in contemplation or furtherance of a trade dispute.
The amount of time off which an employee is to be permitted to take under this section and the purposes for which, the occasions on which and any conditions subject to which time off may be so taken are those that are reasonable in all the circumstances having regard to any relevant provisions of a Code of Practice issued by ACAS.
The right conferred by subsection (1) does not extend to time off for the purpose of acting as, or having access to services provided by, a learning representative or an equality representative of a trade union.
An employee may present a complaint to an employment tribunal that his employer has failed to permit him to take time off as required by this section.
An employer shall permit an employee of his who is a member of an independent trade union recognised by the employer in respect of that description of employee to take time off during his working hours for the purpose of having access to services provided by a person in his capacity as a learning representative or an equality representative of the trade union.
Subsection (2B) only applies —
in relation to a learning representative, if the learning representative would be entitled to time off under subsection (1) of section 168A for the purpose of carrying on in relation to the employee activities of the kind mentioned in subsection (2) of that section.
in relation to an equality representative, if the equality representative would be entitled to time off under subsection (1) of section 168B for the purpose of carrying on in relation to the employee activities of the kind mentioned in subsection (2) of that section.
For the purposes of this section—
a person is a learning representative or an equality representative of a trade union if he is appointed or elected as such in accordance with its rules, and
a person who is a learning representative of a trade union acts as such if he carries on the activities mentioned in section 168A(2) in that capacity , and
a person who is an equality representative of a trade union acts as such if the person carries on the activities mentioned in section 168B(2) in that capacity.
An employer must permit an employee who is— to take time off during the employee’s working hours for any of the following purposes.
a member of an independent trade union recognised by the employer, and
an equality representative of the trade union,
The purposes are—
carrying out activities for the purpose of promoting the value of equality in the workplace;
arranging learning or training on matters relating to equality in the workplace;
providing information, advice or support to qualifying members of the trade union in relation to matters relating to equality in the workplace;
consulting with the employer on matters relating to equality in the workplace;
obtaining and analysing information relating to equality in the workplace;
preparing for any of the things mentioned in paragraphs (a) to (e).
Subsection (1) applies only if—
the trade union has given the employer notice in writing that the employee is an equality representative of the union, and
the training condition is met in relation to the employee.
The training condition is met if—
the employee has undergone sufficient training to enable the employee to carry on activities mentioned in subsection (2), and the trade union has given the employer notice in writing of that fact,
the trade union has in the last six months given the employer notice in writing that the employee will be undergoing such training, or
within six months of the trade union giving the employer notice in writing that the employee will be undergoing such training, the employee has done so, and the trade union has given the employer notice of that fact.
Only one notice under subsection (4)(b) may be given in respect of any one employee.
References in subsection (4) to sufficient training to carry out activities mentioned in subsection (2) are to training that is sufficient for those purposes having regard to any relevant provision of a Code of Practice issued by ACAS or the Secretary of State.
If an employer is required to permit an employee to take time off under subsection (1), the employer must also permit the employee to take time off during the employee’s working hours for the following purposes—
undergoing training which is relevant to the employee’s functions as an equality representative, and
where the trade union has in the last six months given the employer notice under subsection (4)(b) in relation to the employee, undergoing such training as is mentioned in subsection (4)(a).
The amount of time off which an employee is to be permitted to take under this section and the purposes for which, the occasions on which and any conditions subject to which time off may be so taken are those that are reasonable in all the circumstances, having regard to any relevant provision of a Code of Practice issued by ACAS or the Secretary of State.
An employer that permits an employee to take time off as required by this section must, where requested by the employee, provide the employee with such accommodation and other facilities in relation to the purposes for which the employee takes time off as is reasonable in all the circumstances, having regard to any relevant provisions of a Code of Practice issued by ACAS.
An employee may present a complaint to an employment tribunal that the employer has failed— as required by this section.
to permit the employee to take time off, or
to provide the employee with facilities,
On a complaint under subsection (10)(a), it is for the employer to show that the amount of time off which the employee proposed to take was not a reasonable amount of time off.
For the purposes of this section—
a person is an equality representative of a trade union if the person is appointed or elected as such in accordance with its rules;
“equality”, in relation to a workplace, means—
the elimination of discrimination, harassment and victimisation, each of which is to be read in accordance with the Equality Act 2010, and of any other conduct that is prohibited by or under that Act;
the advancement of equality of opportunity between persons who share a relevant protected characteristic and persons who do not share it;
the fostering of good relations between persons who share a relevant protected characteristic and persons who do not share it;
“relevant protected characteristic” means age, disability, gender reassignment, pregnancy and maternity, race, religion or belief, sex or sexual orientation, each of which is to be read in accordance with the Equality Act 2010;
a reference to qualifying members of the trade union is a reference to members of the trade union—
who are employees of the employer of a description in respect of which the union is recognised by the employer, and
in relation to whom it is the function of the equality representative to act as such.
within three months of the date when the failure occurred, or
An employment tribunal shall not consider a complaint under section 168, 168A, 168B, 169 or 170 unless it is presented to the tribunal—
where the tribunal is satisfied that it was not reasonably practicable for the complaint to be presented within that period, within such further period as the tribunal considers reasonable.
Section 292A (extension of time limits to facilitate conciliation before institution of proceedings) applies for the purposes of subsection (1)(a).
Where the tribunal finds a complaint under section 168 , 168A , 168B or 170 is well-founded, it shall make a declaration to that effect and may make an award of compensation to be paid by the employer to the employee.
The amount of the compensation shall be such as the tribunal considers just and equitable in all the circumstances having regard to the employer’s default in failing to permit time off to be taken by the employee and to any loss sustained by the employee which is attributable to the matters complained of.
Where on a complaint under section 169 the tribunal finds that the employer has failed to pay the employee in accordance with that section, it shall order him to pay the amount which it finds to be due.
For the purposes of sections 168 , 168A , 168B and 170 the working hours of an employee shall be taken to be any time when in accordance with his contract of employment he is required to be at work.
The remedy of an employee for infringement of the rights conferred on him by section 168, 168A, 168B, 169 or 170 is by way of complaint to an employment tribunal in accordance with this Part, and not otherwise.
The Secretary of State may by order made by statutory instrument amend section 168A or 168B for the purpose of changing the purposes for which an employee may take time off under that section.
No order may be made under subsection (3) unless a draft of the order has been laid before and approved by resolution of each House of Parliament.
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An individual shall not be excluded or expelled from a trade union unless the exclusion or expulsion is permitted by this section.
not to have an application for membership of a specified trade union unreasonably refused, and
not to be unreasonably expelled from a specified union.
The exclusion or expulsion of an individual from a trade union is permitted by this section if (and only if)—
he does not satisfy, or no longer satisfies, an enforceable membership requirement contained in the rules of the union,
he does not qualify, or no longer qualifies, for membership of the union by reason of the union operating only in a particular part or particular parts of Great Britain,
in the case of a union whose purpose is the regulation of relations between its members and one particular employer or a number of particular employers who are associated, he is not, or is no longer, employed by that employer or one of those employers, or
the exclusion or expulsion is entirely attributable to conduct of his (other than excluded conduct) and the conduct to which it is wholly or mainly attributable is not protected conduct.
A requirement in relation to membership of a union is “enforceable” for the purposes of subsection (2)(a) if it restricts membership solely by reference to one or more of the following criteria—
employment in a specified trade, industry or profession,
occupational description (including grade, level or category of appointment), and
possession of specified trade, industrial or professional qualifications or work experience.
For the purposes of subsection (2)(d) “excluded conduct”, in relation to an individual, means—
conduct which consists in his being or ceasing to be, or having been or ceased to be, a member of another trade union,
conduct which consists in his being or ceasing to be, or having been or ceased to be, employed by a particular employer or at a particular place, or
conduct to which section 65 (conduct for which an individual may not be disciplined by a union) applies or would apply if the references in that section to the trade union which is relevant for the purposes of that section were references to any trade union.
An individual who claims that he has been excluded or expelled from a trade union in contravention of this section may present a complaint to an employment tribunal.
For the purposes of subsection (2)(d) “protected conduct” is conduct which consists in the individual’s being or ceasing to be, or having been or ceased to be, a member of a political party.
The question whether the trade union acted reasonably or unreasonably shall be determined in accordance with equity and the substantial merits of the case.
Conduct which consists of activities undertaken by an individual as a member of a political party is not conduct falling within subsection (4A).
Conduct which consists in an individual's being or having been a member of a political party is not conduct falling within subsection (4A) if membership of that political party is contrary to—
a rule of the trade union, or
an objective of the trade union.
For the purposes of subsection (4C)(b) in the case of conduct consisting in an individual's being a member of a political party, an objective is to be disregarded—
in relation to an exclusion, if it is not reasonably practicable for the objective to be ascertained by a person working in the same trade, industry or profession as the individual;
in relation to an expulsion, if it is not reasonably practicable for the objective to be ascertained by a member of the union.
For the purposes of subsection (4C)(b) in the case of conduct consisting in an individual's having been a member of a political party, an objective is to be disregarded—
in relation to an exclusion, if at the time of the conduct it was not reasonably practicable for the objective to be ascertained by a person working in the same trade, industry or profession as the individual;
in relation to an expulsion, if at the time of the conduct it was not reasonably practicable for the objective to be ascertained by a member of the union.
Where the exclusion or expulsion of an individual from a trade union is wholly or mainly attributable to conduct which consists of an individual's being or having been a member of a political party but which by virtue of subsection (4C) is not conduct falling within subsection (4A), the exclusion or expulsion is not permitted by virtue of subsection (2)(d) if any one or more of the conditions in subsection (4G) apply.
Those conditions are—
the decision to exclude or expel is taken otherwise than in accordance with the union's rules;
the decision to exclude or expel is taken unfairly;
the individual would lose his livelihood or suffer other exceptional hardship by reason of not being, or ceasing to be, a member of the union.
For the purposes of subsection (4G)(b) a decision to exclude or expel an individual is taken unfairly if (and only if)—
before the decision is taken the individual is not given—
notice of the proposal to exclude or expel him and the reasons for that proposal, and
a fair opportunity to make representations in respect of that proposal, or
representations made by the individual in respect of that proposal are not considered fairly.
before the end of the period of six months beginning with the date of the exclusion or expulsion, or
An employment tribunal shall not entertain a complaint under section 174 unless it is presented—
where the tribunal is satisfied that it was not reasonably practicable for the complaint to be presented before the end of that period, within such further period as the tribunal considers reasonable.
Section 292A (extension of time limits to facilitate conciliation before institution of proceedings) applies for the purposes of subsection (1)(a).
If a tribunal makes a declaration under subsection (1) and it appears to the tribunal that the exclusion or expulsion was mainly attributable to conduct falling within section 174(4A) it shall make a declaration to that effect.
If a tribunal makes a declaration under subsection (1A) and it appears to the tribunal that the other conduct to which the exclusion or expulsion was attributable consisted wholly or mainly of conduct of the complainant which was contrary to— it shall make a declaration to that effect.
a rule of the union, or
an objective of the union,
For the purposes of subsection (1B), it is immaterial whether the complainant was a member of the union at the time of the conduct contrary to the rule or objective.
A declaration by virtue of subsection (1B)(b) shall not be made unless the union shows that, at the time of the conduct of the complainant which was contrary to the objective in question, it was reasonably practicable for that objective to be ascertained—
if the complainant was not at that time a member of the union, by a person working in the same trade, industry or profession as the complainant, and
if he was at that time a member of the union, by a member of the union.
If on the date on which the application was made the applicant had not been admitted or re-admitted to the union, the award shall not be less than £13,986.
Subsection (6A) does not apply in a case where the tribunal which made the declaration under subsection (1) also made declarations under subsections (1A) and (1B).
For the purposes of section 174—
“trade union” does not include an organisation falling within paragraph (b) of section 1,
“conduct” includes statements, acts and omissions, and
“employment” includes any relationship whereby an individual personally does work or performs services for another person (related expressions being construed accordingly).
For the purposes of sections 174 to 176—
if an individual’s application for membership of a trade union is neither granted nor rejected before the end of the period within which it might reasonably have been expected to be granted if it was to be granted, he shall be treated as having been excluded from the union on the last day of that period, and
an individual who under the rules of a trade union ceases to be a member of the union on the happening of an event specified in the rules shall be treated as having been expelled from the union.
The remedy of an individual for infringement of the rights conferred by section 174 is by way of a complaint to an employment tribunal in accordance with that section, sections 175 and 176 and this section, and not otherwise.
Where a complaint relating to an expulsion which is presented under section 174 is declared to be well-founded, no complaint in respect of the expulsion shall be presented or proceeded with under section 66 (complaint of infringement of right not to be unjustifiably disciplined).
The rights conferred by section 174 are in addition to, and not in substitution for, any right which exists apart from that section; and, subject to subsection (4), nothing in that section, section 175 or 176 or this section affects any remedy for infringement of any such right.
In this Act “collective agreement” means any agreement or arrangement made by or on behalf of one or more trade unions and one or more employers or employers’ associations and relating to one or more of the matters specified below; and “collective bargaining” means negotiations relating to or connected with one or more of those matters.
The matters referred to above are—
terms and conditions of employment, or the physical conditions in which any workers are required to work;
engagement or non-engagement, or termination or suspension of employment or the duties of employment, of one or more workers;
allocation of work or the duties of employment between workers or groups of workers;
matters of discipline;
a worker’s membership or non-membership of a trade union;
facilities for officials of trade unions; and
machinery for negotiation or consultation, and other procedures, relating to any of the above matters, including the recognition by employers or employers’ associations of the right of a trade union to represent workers in such negotiation or consultation or in the carrying out of such procedures.
In this Act “recognition”, in relation to a trade union, means the recognition of the union by an employer, or two or more associated employers, to any extent, for the purpose of collective bargaining; and “recognised” and other related expressions shall be construed accordingly.
A collective agreement shall be conclusively presumed not to have been intended by the parties to be a legally enforceable contract unless the agreement—
is in writing, and
contains a provision which (however expressed) states that the parties intend that the agreement shall be a legally enforceable contract.
A collective agreement which does satisfy those conditions shall be conclusively presumed to have been intended by the parties to be a legally enforceable contract.
If a collective agreement is in writing and contains a provision which (however expressed) states that the parties intend that one or more parts of the agreement specified in that provision, but not the whole of the agreement, shall be a legally enforceable contract, then—
the specified part or parts shall be conclusively presumed to have been intended by the parties to be a legally enforceable contract, and
the remainder of the agreement shall be conclusively presumed not to have been intended by the parties to be such a contract.
A part of a collective agreement which by virtue of subsection (3)(b) is not a legally enforceable contract may be referred to for the purpose of interpreting a party of the agreement which is such a contract.
Any terms of a collective agreement which prohibit or restrict the right of workers to engage in a strike or other industrial action, or have the effect of prohibiting or restricting that right, shall not form part of any contract between a worker and the person for whom he works unless the following conditions are met.
The conditions are that the collective agreement— and that the contract with the worker expressly or impliedly incorporates those terms in the contract.
is in writing,
contains a provision expressly stating that those terms shall or may be incorporated in such a contract,
is reasonably accessible at his place of work to the worker to whom it applies and is available for him to consult during working hours, and
is one where each trade union which is a party to the agreement is an independent trade union;
The above provisions have effect notwithstanding anything in section 179 and notwithstanding any provision to the contrary in any agreement (including a collective agreement or a contract with any worker).
An employer is not required by section 181 to disclose information— In formulating the provisions of any Code of Practice relating to the disclosure of information, ACAS shall have regard to the provisions of this subsection.
the disclosure of which would be against the interests of national security, or
which he could not disclose without contravening a prohibition imposed by or under an enactment, or
which has been communicated to him in confidence, or which he has otherwise obtained in consequence of the confidence reposed in him by another person, or
which relates specifically to an individual (unless that individual has consented to its being disclosed), or
the disclosure of which would cause substantial injury to his undertaking for reasons other than its effect on collective bargaining, or
obtained by him for the purpose of bringing, prosecuting or defending any legal proceedings.
In the performance of his duty under section 181 an employer is not required—
to produce, or allow inspection of, any document (other than a document prepared for the purpose of conveying or confirming the information) or to make a copy of or extracts from any document, or
to compile or assemble any information where the compilation or assembly would involve an amount of work or expenditure out of reasonable proportion to the value of the information in the conduct of collective bargaining.
civil employment claim means a claim arising out of or relating to a contract of employment or any other contract connected with employment, or a claim in tort arising in connection with a person’s employment; and
A trade union may present a complaint to the Central Arbitration Committee that an employer has failed— The complaint must be in writing and in such form as the Committee may require.
to disclose to representatives of the union information which he was required to disclose to them by section 181, or
to confirm such information in writing in accordance with that section.
On receipt of a further complaint the Committee shall proceed to hear and determine the complaint and shall make a declaration stating whether they find the complaint well-founded, wholly or in part, and stating the reasons for their finding.
The accounts prepared by ACAS in respect of any financial year shall show separately any sums disbursed to or on behalf of the Certification Officer in consequence of the provisions of this Part.
This section sets out requirements that apply in relation to the voting paper for a ballot for which either or both of the following are selected means of voting—
postal voting;
workplace voting.
If on receipt of a complaint the Committee is of the opinion that it is reasonably likely to be settled by conciliation, it shall refer the complaint to ACAS and shall notify the trade union and employer accordingly, whereupon ACAS shall seek to promote a settlement of the matter.
On the hearing of a further complaint any person who the Committee consider has a proper interest in that complaint shall be entitled to be heard by the Committee, but a failure to accord a hearing to a person other than the trade union and employer directly concerned shall not affect the validity of any decision of the Committee in those proceedings.
If the Committee find the further complaint wholly or partly well-founded the declaration shall specify the information in respect of which the Committee find that that complaint is well-founded.
Each voting paper must— This subsection, in its application to a ballot in which merchant seamen to whom section 230(2A) applies are entitled to vote, shall have effect with the substitution, for the reference to the address to which the voting paper is to be returned, of a reference to the ship to which the seamen belong.
state the name of the independent scrutineer,
where it is produced for the purpose of voting in accordance with section 230 (postal voting: conduct of ballot), clearly specify the address to which, and the date by which, it is to be returned,
be given one of a series of consecutive whole numbers every one of which is used in giving a different number in that series to each voting paper printed or otherwise produced for the purposes of the ballot, and
be marked with its number.
For the purposes of subsection (2) an overtime ban and a call-out ban constitute industrial action short of a strike.
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On or after presenting a further complaint under section 184 the trade union may present to the Central Arbitration Committee a claim, in writing, in respect of one or more descriptions of employees (but not workers who are not employees) specified in the claim that their contracts should include the terms and conditions specified in the claim.
The right to present a claim expires if the employer discloses or, as the case may be, confirms in writing, to representatives of the trade union the information specified in the declaration under section 183(5) or 184(4); and a claim presented shall be treated as withdrawn if the employer does so before the Committee make an award on the claim.
If the Committee find, or have found, the further complaint wholly or partly well-founded, they may, after hearing the parties, make an award that in respect of any description of employees specified in the claim the employer shall, from a specified date, observe either— The date specified may be earlier than that on which the award is made but not earlier than the date specified in accordance with section 183(5)(b) in the declaration made by the Committee on the original complaint.
the terms and conditions specified in the claim; or
other terms and conditions which the Committee consider appropriate.
An award shall be made only in respect of a description of employees, and shall comprise only terms and conditions relating to matters in respect of which the trade union making the claim is recognised by the employer.
Terms and conditions which by an award under this section an employer is required to observe in respect of an employee have effect as part of the employee’s contract of employment as from the date specified in the award, except in so far as they are superseded or varied—
by a subsequent award under this section,
by a collective agreement between the employer and the union for the time being representing that employee, or
by express or implied agreement between the employee and the employer so far as that agreement effects an improvement in terms and conditions having effect by virtue of the award.
Where— that contract shall have effect in accordance with that award, order or other instrument or in accordance with the award under this section, whichever is the more favourable, in respect of any terms and conditions of that contract, to the employee.
by virtue of any enactment, other than one contained in this section, providing for minimum remuneration or terms and conditions, a contract of employment is to have effect as modified by an award, order or other instrument under that enactment, and
by virtue of an award under this section any terms and conditions are to have effect as part of that contract,
No award may be made under this section in respect of terms and conditions of employment which are fixed by virtue of any enactment.
A term or condition of a contract for the supply of goods or services is void in so far as it purports to require a party to the contract—
to recognise one or more trade unions (whether or not named in the contract) for the purpose of negotiating on behalf of workers, or any class of worker, employed by him, or
to negotiate or consult with, or with an official of, one or more trade unions (whether or not so named).
A person shall not refuse to deal with a supplier or prospective supplier of goods or services if the ground or one of the grounds for his action is that the person against whom it is taken does not, or is not likely to—
recognise one or more trade unions for the purpose of negotiating on behalf of workers, or any class of worker, employed by him, or
negotiate or consult with, or with an official of, one or more trade unions.
A person refuses to deal with a person if—
where he maintains (in whatever form) a list of approved suppliers of goods or services, or of persons from whom tenders for the supply of goods or services may be invited, he fails to include the name of that person in that list; or
in relation to a proposed contract for the supply of goods or services—
he excludes that person from the group of persons from whom tenders for the supply of the goods or services are invited, or
he fails to permit that person to submit such a tender; or
he otherwise determines not to enter into acontract with that person for the supply of the goods or services. or
he terminates a contract with that person for the supply of goods or services.
The obligation to comply with this section is a duty owed to the person with whom there is a refusal to deal and to any other person who may be adversely affected by its contravention; and a breach of the duty is actionable accordingly (subject to the defences and other incidents applying to actions for breach of statutory duty).
Where an employer is proposing to dismiss as redundant 20 or more employees at one establishment within a period of 90 days or less, the employer The employer shall consult about the dismissals all the persons who are appropriate representatives of any of the employees who may be affected by the proposed dismissals or may be affected by measures taken in connection with those dismissals.
Subsection (1) applies where an employer is proposing to dismiss as redundant within a period of 90 days or less—
at least the threshold number of employees (see section 195A), or
20 or more employees at one establishment.
The consultation shall include consultation about ways of— and shall be undertaken by the employer with a view to reaching agreement with the appropriate representatives.
avoiding the dismissals,
reducing the numbers of employees to be dismissed, and
mitigating the consequences of the dismissals,
In determining how many employees an employer is proposing to dismiss as redundant no account shall be taken of employees in respect of whose proposed dismissals consultation has already begun.
The consultation shall begin in good time and in any event— before the first of the dismissals takes effect.
where the employer is proposing to dismiss 100 or more employees as mentioned in subsection (1) (A1), at least 45 days, and
otherwise, at least 30 days,
For the purposes of the consultation the employer shall disclose in writing to the appropriate representatives—
the reasons for his proposals,
the numbers and descriptions of employees whom it is proposed to dismiss as redundant,
where the employees whom it is proposed to dismiss as redundant are at only one establishment, the total number of employees of any such description employed by the employer at the establishment in question,
the proposed method of selecting the employees who may be dismissed, . . .
where the employees whom it is proposed to dismiss as redundant are at more than one establishment—
the total number of employees of any such description employed by the employer, and
details of the establishments at which those employees are employed,
the proposed method of carrying out the dismissals, with due regard to any agreed procedure, including the period over which the dismissals are to take effect. ...
the proposed method of calculating the amount of any redundancy payments to be made (otherwise than in compliance with an obligation imposed by or by virtue of any enactment) to employees who may be dismissed.
the number of agency workers working temporarily for and under the supervision and direction of the employer,
the parts of the employer’s undertaking in which those agency workers are working, and
the type of work those agency workers are carrying out.
For the purposes of this section the appropriate representatives of any affected employees are–
if the employees are of a description in respect of which an independent trade union is recognised by their employer, representatives of the trade union, or
in any other case, whichever of the following employee representatives the employer chooses:–
employee representatives appointed or elected by the affected employees otherwise than for the purposes of this section, who (having regard to the purposes for and the method by which they were appointed or elected) have authority from those employees to receive information and to be consulted about the proposed dismissals on their behalf;
employee representatives elected by the affected employees, for the purposes of this section, in an election satisfying the requirements of section 188A(1).
That information shall be given to each of the appropriate representatives by being delivered to them, or sent by post to an address notified by them to the employer, or (in the case of representatives of a trade union) sent by post to the union at the address of its head or main office.
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consider any representations made by the trade union representatives, and
reply to those representations and, if he rejects any of those representations, state his reasons.
This section does not require the employer to—
consult all of the appropriate representatives together, or
undertake the consultation with a view to reaching the same agreement with all of the appropriate representatives.
If in any case there are special circumstances which render it not reasonably practicable for the employer to comply with a requirement of subsection (1A), (2) or (4), the employer shall take all such steps towards compliance with that requirement as are reasonably practicable in those circumstances. Where the decision leading to the proposed dismissals is that of a person controlling the employer (directly or indirectly), a failure on the part of that person to provide information to the employer shall not constitute special circumstances rendering it not reasonably practicable for the employer to comply with such a requirement.
This section does not confer any rights on a trade union , a representative or an employee except as provided by sections 189 to 192 below.
The employer shall allow the appropriate representatives access to the affected employees and shall afford to those representatives such accommodation and other facilities as may be appropriate.
Where— the employer shall be treated as complying with the requirements of this section in relation to those employees if he complies with those requirements as soon as is reasonably practicable after the election of the representatives.
the employer has invited any of the affected employees to elect employee representatives, and
the invitation was issued long enough before the time when the consultation is required by subsection (1A)(a) or (b) to begin to allow them to elect representatives by that time,
If, after the employer has invited affected employees to elect representatives, the affected employees fail to do so within a reasonable time, he shall give to each affected employee the information set out in subsection (4).
Where an employer has failed to comply with a requirement of section 188 or section 188A, a complaint may be presented to an employment tribunal on that ground–
in the case of a failure relating to the election of employee representatives, by any of the affected employees or by any of the employees who have been dismissed as redundant;
in the case of any other failure relating to employee representatives, by any of the employee representatives to whom the failure related,
in the case of failure relating to representatives of a trade union, by the trade union, and
in any other case, by any of the affected employees or by any of the employees who have been dismissed as redundant.
If the tribunal finds the complaint well-founded it shall make a declaration to that effect and may also make a protective award.
If on a complaint under subsection (1) a question arises as to whether or not any employee representative was an appropriate representative for the purposes of section 188, it shall be for the employer to show that the employee representative had the authority to represent the affected employees.
A protective award is an award in respect of one or more descriptions of employees— ordering the employer to pay remuneration for the protected period.
who have been dismissed as redundant, or whom it is proposed to dismiss as redundant, and
in respect of whose dismissal or proposed dismissal the employer has failed to comply with a requirement of section 188,
On a complaint under subsection (1)(a) it shall be for the employer to show that the requirements in section 188A have been satisfied.
The protected period— but shall not exceed 180 days . . . .
begins with the date on which the first of the dismissals to which the complaint relates takes effect, or the date of the award, whichever is the earlier, and
is of such length as the tribunal determines to be just and equitable in all the circumstances having regard to the seriousness of the employer’s default in complying with any requirement of section 188;
An industrial tribunal shall not consider a complaint under this section unless it is presented to the tribunal—
before the date on which the last of the dismissals to which the complaint relates takes effect, or
during the period of three months beginning with that date, or
where the tribunal is satisfied that it was not reasonably practicable for the complaint to be presented during the period of three months, within such further period as it considers reasonable.
If on a complaint under this section a question arises— it is for the employer to show that there were and that he did.
whether there were special circumstances which rendered it not reasonably practicable for the employer to comply with any requirement of section 188, or
whether he took all such steps towards compliance with that requirement as were reasonably practicable in those circumstances,
Where the complaint concerns a failure to comply with a requirement of section 188 or 188A, section 292A (extension of time limits to facilitate conciliation before institution of proceedings) applies for the purposes of subsection (5)(b).
The requirements for the election of employee representatives under section 188(1B)(b)(ii) are that–
the employer shall make such arrangements as are reasonably practical to ensure that the election is fair;
the employer shall determine the number of representatives to be elected so that there are sufficient representatives to represent the interests of all the affected employees having regard to the number and classes of those employees;
the employer shall determine whether the affected employees should be represented either by representatives of all the affected employees or by representatives of particular classes of those employees;
before the election the employer shall determine the term of office as employee representatives so that it is of sufficient length to enable information to be given and consultations under section 188 to be completed;
the candidates for election as employee representatives are affected employees on the date of the election;
no affected employee is unreasonably excluded from standing for election;
all affected employees on the date of the election are entitled to vote for employee representatives;
the employees entitled to vote may vote for as many candidates as there are representatives to be elected to represent them or, if there are to be representatives for particular classes of employees, may vote for as many candidates as there are representatives to be elected to represent their particular class of employee;
the election is conducted so as to secure that–
so far as is reasonably practicable, those voting do so in secret, and
the votes given at the election are accurately counted.
Where, after an election of employee representatives satisfying the requirements of subsection (1) has been held, one of those elected ceases to act as an employee representative and any of those employees are no longer represented, they shall elect another representative by an election satisfying the requirements of subsection (1)(a), (e), (f) and (i).
Where the employee is employed by the employer during the protected period and— then, subject to the following provisions, he is not entitled to remuneration under the protective award in respect of any period during which but for that dismissal or termination he would have been employed.
he is fairly dismissed by his employer otherwise than as redundant, or
he unreasonably terminates the contract of employment,
If an employer makes an employee an offer (whether in writing or not and whether before or after the ending of his employment under the previous contract) to renew his contract of employment, or to re-engage him under a new contract, so that the renewal or re-engagement would take effect before or during the protected period, and either— the following subsections have effect.
the provisions of the contract as renewed, or of the new contract, as to the capacity and place in which he would be employed, and as to the other terms and conditions of his employment, would not differ from the corresponding provisions of the previous contract, or
the offer constitutes an offer of suitable employment in relation to the employee,
If the employee unreasonably refuses the offer, he is not entitled to remuneration under the protective award in respect of a period during which but for that refusal he would have been employed.
If the employee’s contract of employment is renewed, or he is re-engaged under a new contract of employment, in pursuance of such an offer as is referred to in subsection (2)(b), there shall be a trial period in relation to the contract as renewed, or the new contract (whether or not there has been a previous trial period under this section).
The trial period begins with the ending of his employment under the previous contract and ends with the expiration of the period of four weeks beginning with the date on which the he starts work under the contract as renewed, or the new contract, or such longer period as may be agreed in accordance with subsection (6) for the purpose of retraining the employee for employment under that contract.
Any such agreement—
shall be made between the employer and the employee or his representative before the employee starts work under the contract as renewed or, as the case may be, the new contract,
shall be in writing,
shall specify the date of the end of the trial period, and
shall specify the terms and conditions of employment which will apply in the employee’s case after the end of that period.
If during the trial period— the employee remains entitled under the protective award unless, in a case falling within paragraph (a), he acted unreasonably in terminating or giving notice to terminate the contract.
the employee, for whatever reason, terminates the contract, or gives notice to terminate it and the contract is thereafter, in consequence, terminated, or
the employer, for a reason connected with or arising out of the change to the renewed, or new, employment, terminates the contract, or gives notice to terminate it and the contract is thereafter, in consequence, terminated,
An employee may present a complaint to an employment tribunal on the ground that he is an employee of a description to which a protective award relates and that his employer has failed, wholly or in part, to pay him remuneration under the award.
An employment tribunal shall not entertain a complaint under this section unless it is presented to the tribunal—
before the end of the period of three months beginning with the day (or, if the complaint relates to more than one day, the last of the days) in respect of which the complaint is made of failure to pay remuneration, or
where the tribunal is satisfied that it was not reasonably practicable for the complaint to be presented within the period of three months, within such further period as it may consider reasonable.
Where the tribunal finds a complaint under this section well-founded it shall order the employer to pay the complainant the amount of remuneration which it finds is due to him.
Section 292A (extension of time limits to facilitate conciliation before institution of proceedings) applies for the purposes of subsection (2)(a).
The remedy of an employee for infringement of his right to remuneration under a protective award is by way of complaint under this section, and not otherwise.
voting papers, and
If in any case there are special circumstances rendering it not reasonably practicable for the employer to comply with any of the requirements of subsections (1) (2) to (6), he shall take all such steps towards compliance with that requirement as are reasonably practicable in the circumstances Where the decision leading to the proposed dismissals is that of a person controlling the employer (directly or indirectly), a failure on the part of that person to provide information to the employer shall not constitute special circumstances rendering it not reasonably practicable for the employer to comply with any of those requirements..
There shall continue to be an officer called the Commissioner for the Rights of Trade Union Members (referred to in this Act as “the Commissioner”) whose function is to provide assistance in accordance with Chapter VIII of Part I of this Act in connection with certain legal proceedings.
may contain such incidental, supplementary or transitional provisions as appear to Her Majesty to be appropriate, and
The Commissioner shall be appointed by the Secretary of State.
shall be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.
The Commissioner shall have an official seal for the authentication of documents required for the purposes of his functions.
Anything authorised or required by or under this Act to be done by the Commissioner may be done by a member of his staff authorised by him for the purpose, whether generally or specifically.
“transferring individual” has the meaning given in subsection (1)(c).
Where an offence under this section committed by a body corporate is proved to have been committed with the consent or connivance of, or to be attributable to neglect on the part of, any director, manager, secretary or other similar officer of the body corporate, or any person purporting to act in any such capacity, he as well as the body corporate is guilty of the offence and liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.
If ACAS requests the Secretary of State to revoke a Code and he decides not to do so, he shall publish details of his reasons for his decision.
When the Secretary of State proposes to issue a Code of Practice, or a revised Code, he shall after consultation with ACAS prepare and publish a draft of the Code, shall consider any representations made to him about the draft and may modify the draft accordingly.
There shall continue to be an officer called the Certification Officer.
a worker employed by that employer; or
The following provisions are excepted from subsection (1)—
Where the affairs of a body corporate are managed by its members, subsection (3) applies in relation to the acts and defaults of a member in connection with his functions of management as if he were a director of the body corporate.
An order shall not be made under this section unless a draft of it has been laid before and approved by resolution of each House of Parliament.
If he determines to proceed with the draft, he shall lay it before both Houses of Parliament and, if it is approved by resolution of each House, shall issue the Code in the form of the draft.
The Certification Officer shall be appointed by the Secretary of State after consultation with ACAS (but is not subject to directions of any kind from any Minister of the Crown as to the manner in which he is to exercise his functions).
A Code issued under this section shall come into effect on such day as the Secretary of State may by order appoint.
The Certification Officer may appoint one or more assistant certification officers and shall appoint an assistant certification officer for Scotland.
The Certification Officer may delegate to an assistant certification officer such functions as he thinks appropriate, and in particular may delegate to the assistant certification officer for Scotland such functions as he thinks appropriate in relation to organisations whose principal office is in Scotland.
Section 193 applies with the modifications set out in subsections (2) and (3) if—
the duty under section 193(1) or 193(2) applies to a proposal to dismiss employees as redundant, and
some or all of the employees concerned are members of the crew of a seagoing ship which is registered at a port outside Great Britain.
The employer shall give the notification required by section 193(1) or (2) section 193(2) , so far as relating to the members of crew of a ship within subsection (1)(b), to the competent authority of the state where the ship is registered (as well as to the Secretary of State).
Where this subsection applies, section 193 is to be read as if references in subsections (4) and (6) to a notice were to the notice that is required to be given to the Secretary of State.
In this section “ship” includes—
any kind of vessel used in navigation, and
hovercraft.
In this Chapter references to dismissal as redundant are references to dismissal for a reason not related to the individual concerned or for a number of reasons all of which are not so related.
the fact that the employer has ceased, or intends to cease, to carry on the business for the purposes of which the employee is or was employed by him, or has ceased, or intends to cease, to carry on that business in the place where the employee is or was so employed, or
the fact that the requirements of that business for employees to carry out work of a particular kind, or for employees to carry out work of a particular kind in the place where he is or was so employed, have ceased or diminished or are expected to cease or diminish.
For the purposes of any proceedings under this Chapter, where an employee is or is proposed to be dismissed it shall be presumed, unless the contrary is proved, that he is or is proposed to be dismissed as redundant.
voting access methods.
For the purposes of any proceedings under this Chapter, the dismissal or proposed dismissal of an employee shall be presumed, unless the contrary is proved, to be by reason of redundancy.
For the purposes of this Chapter persons are employee representatives if— and (in either case) they are employed by the employer at the time when they are elected or appointed.
they have been elected by employees for the specific purpose of being consulted by their employer about dismissals proposed by him, or
having been elected or appointedby employees (whether before or after dismissals have been proposed by their employer) otherwise than for that specific purpose, it is appropriate (having regard to the purposes for which they were elected) for the employer to consult them about dismissals proposed by him,
References in this Chapter to representatives of a trade union, in relation to an employer, are to officials or other persons authorised by the trade union to carry on collective bargaining with the employer.
References in this Chapter to affected employees are to employees who may be affected by the proposed dismissals or who may be affected by measures taken in connection with such dismissals.
In this Chapter references to the threshold number of employees are references to the number of employees determined in accordance with regulations made by the Secretary of State under this section.
Regulations under this section may (among other things) provide that the number is—
a specified number;
a number determined by reference to a specified percentage of employees;
a number that is the highest or lowest of two or more numbers, whether those numbers are specified numbers, determined by reference to a specified percentage of employees, or determined in another way specified in the regulations.
But the regulations may not provide in any case for the threshold number of employees to be lower than 20.
For the purposes of determining a number by reference to a specified percentage of employees, the regulations may make provision for determining how many employees an employer has, including (among other things)—
provision about the time by reference to which that determination is to be made;
provision excluding employees of a specified description from being taken into account in that determination.
Regulations under this section may make different provision for different purposes, including (among other things)—
different provision in respect of different provisions of this Chapter;
different provision in respect of different descriptions of employer.
Regulations under this section may contain such incidental, supplementary or transitional provision as appears to the Secretary of State to be necessary or expedient.
Regulations under this section are to be made by statutory instrument.
A statutory instrument containing regulations under this section (whether alone or with other provision) may not be made unless a draft of the instrument is laid before and approved by a resolution of each House of Parliament.
In this section “specified” means specified in the regulations.
The Secretary of State may by order made by statutory instrument vary— but no such order shall be made which has the effect of reducing to less than 30 days the periods referred to in sections 188(2) and 193(1) as the periods which must elapse before the first of the dismissals takes effect.
the provisions of sections 188(2) and 193(1) (requirements as to consultation and notification), and
the period referred to at the end of section 189(4) (maximum protected period);
No such order shall be made unless a draft of the order has been laid before Parliament and approved by a resolution of each House of Parliament.
This section applies where there is in force a collective agreement which establishes—
arrangements for providing alternative employment for employees to whom the agreement relates if they are dismissed as redundant by an employer to whom it relates, or
arrangements for handling the dismissal of employees as redundant.
On the application of all the parties to the agreement the Secretary of State may, if he is satisfied having regard to the provisions of the agreement that the arrangements are on the whole at least as favourable to those employees as the foregoing provisions of this Chapter, by order made by statutory instrument adapt, modify or exclude any of those provisions both in their application to all or any of those employees and in their application to any other employees of any such employer.
The Secretary of State shall not make such an order unless the agreement— or indicates that any such employee may present a complaint to an employment tribunal that any such employer or other person has not complied with those provisions.
provides for procedures to be followed (whether by arbitration or otherwise) in cases where an employee to whom the agreement relates claims that any employer or other person to whom it relates has not complied with the provisions of the agreement, and
provides that those procedures include a right to arbitration or adjudication by an independent referee or body in cases where (by reason of an equality of votes or otherwise) a decision cannot otherwise be reached,
An order under this section may confer on an industrial tribunal to whom a complaint is presented as mentioned in subsection (3) such powers and duties as the Secretary of State considers appropriate.
An order under this section may be varied or revoked by a subsequent order thereunder either in pursuance of an application made by all or any of the parties to the agreement in question or without any such application.
This section applies where the following conditions are met—
there is to be, or is likely to be, a relevant transfer,
the transferee is proposing to dismiss as redundant 20 or more employees at one establishment within a period of 90 days or less, and
the individuals who work for the transferor and who are to be (or are likely to be) transferred to the transferee’s employment under the transfer (“transferring individuals”) include one or more individuals who may be affected by the proposed dismissals or by measures taken in connection with the proposed dismissals.
Where this section applies, the transferee may elect to consult, or to start to consult, representatives of affected transferring individuals about the proposed dismissals before the transfer takes place (“pre-transfer consultation”).
Any such election—
may be made only if the transferor agrees to it, and
must be made by way of written notice to the transferor.
If the transferee elects to carry out pre-transfer consultation—
sections 188 to 198 apply from the time of the election (and continue to apply after the transfer) as if the transferee were already the transferring individuals’ employer and as if any transferring individuals who may be affected by the proposed dismissals were already employed at the establishment mentioned in subsection (1)(b) (but this is subject to section 198B), and
the transferor may provide information or other assistance to the transferee to help the transferee meet the requirements of this Chapter.
A transferee who elects to carry out pre-transfer consultation may cancel that election at any time by written notice to the transferor.
If the transferee cancels an election to carry out pre-transfer consultation—
sections 188 to 198 no longer apply as mentioned in subsection (4)(a),
anything done under those sections has no effect so far as it was done in reliance on the election,
if the transferee notified an appropriate representative, a transferring individual or the Secretary of State of the election or the proposed dismissals, the transferee must notify him or her of the cancellation as soon as reasonably practicable, and
the transferee may not make another election under subsection (2) in relation to the proposed dismissals.
For the purposes of this section and section 198B—
Where section 198A applies and the transferee elects to carry out pre-transfer consultation (and has not cancelled the election), the application under section 198A(4)(a) of sections 188 to 198 is (both before and after the transfer) subject to the following modifications—
for section 188(1B)(a) substitute—;
in section 188(5), for “the employer” substitute “the transferor or transferee”;
in section 188(5A), for “shall allow the appropriate representatives access to the affected employees and shall afford to those representatives such accommodation and other facilities as may be appropriate” substitute “shall ensure that the appropriate representatives are allowed access to the affected transferring individuals and that such accommodation and other facilities as may be appropriate are afforded to those representatives”;
A failure on the part of the transferor to provide information or other assistance to the transferee does not constitute special circumstances rendering it not reasonably practicable for the transferee to comply with such a requirement.
where an employment tribunal makes a protective award under section 189 ordering the transferee to pay remuneration for a protected period in respect of a transferring individual, then, so far as the protected period falls before the relevant transfer, the individual’s employer before the transfer is to be treated as the employer for the purpose of determining under sections 190(2) to (6) and 191 the period (if any) in respect of which, and the rate at which, the individual is entitled to be paid remuneration by the transferee under section 190(1);
in section 189, at the end insert—;
in section 192, at the end insert—;
in section 193(6), for “the employer” the second time it appears substitute “the transferor or transferee”;
A failure on the part of the transferor to provide information or other assistance to the transferee does not constitute special circumstances rendering it not reasonably practicable for the transferee to comply with any of those requirements.
in section 196(1), in the closing words, for “employed by the employer” substitute “employed by the transferor or transferee”;
for section 196(2) substitute—.
Where section 198A applies and the transferee elects to carry out pre-transfer consultation (and has not cancelled the election), both before and after the transfer section 168(1)(c) applies as follows in relation to an official of an independent trade union who, as such an official, is an affected transferring individual’s appropriate representative under section 188(1B)(a)—
in relation to the official’s duties as such a representative, the reference in the opening words of section 168(1) to an independent trade union being recognised by the employer is to be read as a reference to an independent trade union being recognised by the transferor;
the references in section 168(1)(c) to the employer in relation to section 188 are to be read as references to the transferee.
ACAS may issue Codes of Practice containing such practical guidance as it thinks fit for the purpose of promoting the improvement of industrial relations or for purposes connected with trade union learning representatives or equality representatives.
In particular, ACAS shall in one or more Codes of Practice provide practical guidance on the following matters—
the time off and facilities to be permitted by an employer to a trade union official in accordance with section 168 (time off for carrying out trade union duties);
the time off to be permitted by an employer to a trade union member in accordance with section 170 (time off for trade union activities); and
the information to be disclosed by employers to trade union representatives in accordance with sections 181 and 182 (disclosure of information for purposes of collective bargaining).
The guidance mentioned in subsection (2)(a) shall include guidance on the circumstances in which a trade union official is to be permitted to take time off under section 168 in respect of duties connected with industrial action; and the guidance mentioned in subsection (2)(b) shall include guidance on the question whether, and the circumstances in which, a trade union member is to be permitted to take time off under section 170 for trade union activities connected with industrial action.
ACAS may from time to time revise the whole or any part of a Code of Practice issued by it and issue that revised Code.
The order may contain such transitional provisions or savings as appear to him to be necessary or expedient.
Where ACAS proposes to issue a Code of Practice, or a revised Code, it shall prepare and publish a draft of the Code, shall consider any representations made to it about the draft and may modify the draft accordingly.
If ACAS determines to proceed with the draft, it shall transmit the draft to the Secretary of State who—
if he approves of it, shall lay it before both Houses of Parliament, and
if he does not approve of it, shall publish details of his reasons for withholding approval.
A Code containing practical guidance— shall not be issued unless the draft has been approved by a resolution of each House of Parliament; and if it is so approved, ACAS shall issue the Code in the form of the draft.
on the time off and facilities to be permitted to a trade union learning representative in accordance with section 168A (time off for training and carrying out functions as a learning representative),
on the training that is sufficient to enable a trade union learning representative to carry on the activities mentioned in section 168A(2) (activities for which time off is to be permitted), or
on the time off and facilities to be permitted to a trade union equality representative in accordance with section 168B (time off for training and carrying out functions as an equality representative),
on the training that is sufficient to enable a trade union equality representative to carry on the activities mentioned in section 168B(2) (activities for which time off is to be permitted), or
on any of the matters referred to in section 199(2),
In any other case the following procedure applies— In reckoning the period of 40 days no account shall be taken of any period during which Parliament is dissolved or prorogued or during which both Houses are adjourned for more than four days.
if, within the period of 40 days beginning with the day on which the draft is laid before Parliament, (or, if copies are laid before the two Houses on different days, with the later of the two days) either House so resolves, no further proceedings shall be taken thereon, but without prejudice to the laying before Parliament of a new draft;
if no such resolution is passed, ACAS shall issue the Code in the form of the draft.
A Code issued in accordance with this section shall come into effect on such day as the Secretary of State may appoint by order made by statutory instrument.
The Secretary of State may issue Codes of Practice containing such practical guidance as he thinks fit for the purpose—
of promoting the improvement of industrial relations, or
of promoting what appear to him to be to be desirable practices in relation to the conduct by trade unions of ballots and elections or for purposes connected with trade union learning representatives or equality representatives.
The Secretary of State may from time to time revise the whole or any part of a Code of Practice issued by him and issue that revised Code.
contravention includes a failure to comply, and cognate expressions shall be construed accordingly;
“workplace location” means a location in the workplace of those who are eligible to vote by workplace voting which is not a workplace installation.
An order shall not be made under this section unless a draft of it has been laid before and approved by resolution of each House of Parliament.
Subsection (2) applies where an employer is proposing to dismiss as redundant within a period of 90 days or less—
at least the threshold number of employees (see section 195A), or
20 or more employees at one establishment.
The notice must be given—
before the employer gives notice to terminate an employee’s contract of employment in respect of any of the dismissals;
at least 30 days before the first of the dismissals takes effect, or, where the employer is proposing to dismiss 100 or more employees as mentioned in subsection (1A), at least 45 days before the first of the dismissals takes effect.
A failure on the part of any person to observe any provision of a Code of Practice issued under this Chapter shall not of itself render him liable to any proceedings.
In any proceedings before an employment tribunal or the Central Arbitration Committee any Code of Practice issued under this Chapter by ACAS shall be admissible in evidence, and any provision of the Code which appears to the tribunal or Committee to be relevant to any question arising in the proceedings shall be taken into account in determining that question.
In any proceedings before a court or employment tribunal or the Central Arbitration Committee any Code of Practice issued under this Chapter by the Secretary of State shall be admissible in evidence, and any provision of the Code which appears to the court, tribunal or Committee to be relevant to any question arising in the proceedings shall be taken into account in determining that question.
If ACAS is of the opinion that the provisions of a Code of Practice to be issued by it under this Chapter will supersede the whole or part of a Code previously issued under this Chapter, by it or by the Secretary of State, it shall in the new Code state that on the day on which the new Code comes into effect the old Code or a specified part of it shall cease to have effect.
If the Secretary of State is of the opinion that the provisions of a Code of Practice to be issued by him under this Chapter will supersede the whole or part of a Code previously issued under this Chapter by him or by ACAS, he shall in the new Code state that on the day on which the new Code comes into effect the old Code or a specified part of it shall cease to have effect.
The above provisions do not affect any transitional provisions or savings made by the order bringing the new Code into effect.
This section applies to proceedings before an employment tribunal relating to a claim by an employee under any of the jurisdictions listed in Schedule A2.
If, in the case of proceedings to which this section applies, it appears to the employment tribunal that— the employment tribunal may, if it considers it just and equitable in all the circumstances to do so, increase any award it makes to the employee by no more than 25%.
the claim to which the proceedings relate concerns a matter to which a relevant Code of Practice applies,
the employer has failed to comply with that Code in relation to that matter, and
that failure was unreasonable,
If, in the case of proceedings to which this section applies, it appears to the employment tribunal that— the employment tribunal may, if it considers it just and equitable in all the circumstances to do so, reduce any award it makes to the employee by no more than 25%.
the claim to which the proceedings relate concerns a matter to which a relevant Code of Practice applies,
the employee has failed to comply with that Code in relation to that matter, and
that failure was unreasonable,
In subsections (2) and (3), “relevant Code of Practice” means a Code of Practice issued under this Chapter which relates exclusively or primarily to procedure for the resolution of disputes.
Where an award falls to be adjusted under this section and under section 38 of the Employment Act 2002, the adjustment under this section shall be made before the adjustment under that section.
The Secretary of State may by order amend Schedule A2 for the purpose of—
adding a jurisdiction to the list in that Schedule, or
removing a jurisdiction from that list.
The power of the Secretary of State to make an order under subsection (6) includes power to make such incidental, supplementary, consequential or transitional provision as the Secretary of State thinks fit.
An order under subsection (6) shall be made by statutory instrument.
No order shall be made under subsection (6) unless a draft of the statutory instrument containing it has been laid before Parliament and approved by a resolution of each House.
It is the general duty of ACAS to promote the improvement of industrial relations . . . . . .
Where a trade dispute exists or is apprehended ACAS may, at the request of one or more parties to the dispute or otherwise, offer the parties to the dispute its assistance with a view to bringing about a settlement.
The assistance may be by way of conciliation or by other means, and may include the appointment of a person other than an officer or servant of ACAS to offer assistance to the parties to the dispute with a view to bringing about a settlement.
In exercising its functions under this section ACAS shall have regard to the desirability of encouraging the parties to a dispute to use any appropriate agreed procedures for negotiation or the settlement of disputes.
ACAS shall designate some of its officers to perform the functions of conciliation officers under any enactment (whenever passed) relating to matters which are or could be the subject of proceedings before an employment tribunal.
References in any such enactment to a conciliation officer are to an officer designated under this section.
This section applies where ACAS is exercising its functions under section 210 with a view to bringing about a settlement of a recognition dispute.
The parties to the recognition dispute may jointly request ACAS or a person nominated by ACAS to do either or both of the following—
hold a ballot of the workers involved in the dispute;
ascertain the union membership of the workers involved in the dispute.
In the following provisions of this section references to ACAS include references to a person nominated by ACAS; and anything done by such a person under this section shall be regarded as done in the exercise of the functions of ACAS mentioned in subsection (1).
At any time after ACAS has received a request under subsection (2), it may require any party to the recognition dispute—
to supply ACAS with specified information concerning the workers involved in the dispute, and
to do so within such period as it may specify.
ACAS may impose a requirement under subsection (4) only if it considers that it is necessary to do so—
for the exercise of the functions mentioned in subsection (1); and
in order to enable or assist it to comply with the request.
The recipient of a requirement under this section must, within the specified period, supply ACAS with such of the specified information as is in the recipient’s possession.
A request under subsection (2) may be withdrawn by any party to the recognition dispute at any time and, if it is withdrawn, ACAS shall take no further steps to hold the ballot or to ascertain the union membership of the workers involved in the dispute.
If a party to a recognition dispute fails to comply with subsection (6), ACAS shall take no further steps to hold the ballot or to ascertain the union membership of the workers involved in the dispute.
Nothing in this section requires ACAS to comply with a request under subsection (2).
In this section—
Where a trade dispute exists or is apprehended ACAS may, at the request of one or more of the parties to the dispute and with the consent of all the parties to the dispute, refer all or any of the matters to which the dispute relates for settlement to the arbitration of—
one or more persons appointed by ACAS for that purpose (not being officers or employees of ACAS), or
the Central Arbitration Committee.
In exercising its functions under this section ACAS shall consider the likelihood of the dispute being settled by conciliation.
Where there exist appropriate agreed procedures for negotiation or the settlement of disputes, ACAS shall not refer a matter for settlement to arbitration under this section unless—
those procedures have been used and have failed to result in a settlement, or
there is, in ACAS’s opinion, a special reason which justifies arbitration under this section as an alternative to those procedures.
Where a matter is referred to arbitration under subsection (1)(a)—
if more than one arbitrator or arbiter is appointed, ACAS shall appoint one of them to act as chairman; and
the award may be published if ACAS so decides and all the parties consent.
Nothing in any of sections 1 to 15 of and schedule 1 to the Arbitration (Scotland) Act 2010 or Part I of the Arbitration Act 1996 (general provisions as to arbitration) does not apply applies to an arbitration under this section.
ACAS may, if it thinks fit, inquire into any question relating to industrial relations generally or to industrial relations in any particular industry or in any particular undertaking or part of an undertaking.
The findings of an inquiry under this section, together with any advice given by ACAS in connection with those findings, may be published by ACAS if—
it appears to ACAS that publication is desirable for the improvement of industrial relations, either generally or in relation to the specific question inquired into, and
after sending a draft of the findings to all parties appearing to to be concerned and taking account of their views, it thinks fit.
ACAS may prepare a scheme providing for arbitration in the case of disputes involving proceedings, or claims which could be the subject of proceedings, before an employment tribunal under, or arising out of a contravention or alleged contravention of—
section 63F(4), (5) or (6) or 63I(1)(b) of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (study and training);
section 80G(1) or 80H(1)(b) of that Act (flexible working),
Part X of that Act (unfair dismissal), or
any enactment specified in an order made by the Secretary of State.
When ACAS has prepared such a scheme it shall submit a draft of the scheme to the Secretary of State who, if he approves it, shall make an order—
setting out the scheme, and
making provision for it to come into effect.
ACAS may from time to time prepare a revised version of such a scheme and, when it has done so, shall submit a draft of the revised scheme to the Secretary of State who, if he approves it, shall make an order—
setting out the revised scheme, and
making provision for it to come into effect.
ACAS may take any steps appropriate for promoting awareness of a scheme prepared under this section.
Where the parties to any dispute within subsection (1) agree in writing to submit the dispute to arbitration in accordance with a scheme having effect by virtue of an order under this section, ACAS shall refer the dispute to the arbitration of a person appointed by ACAS for the purpose (not being an officer or employee of ACAS).
Nothing in the Arbitration Act 1996 shall apply to an arbitration conducted in accordance with a scheme having effect by virtue of an order under this section except to the extent that the order provides for any provision of Part I of that Act so to apply; and the order may provide for any such provision so to apply subject to modifications.
A scheme set out in an order under this section may, in relation to an arbitration conducted in accordance with the law of Scotland, make provision— to the relevant court on such grounds and in respect of such matters as may be specified in the scheme; and in this subsection “relevant court” means such court, being the Court of Session or the Employment Appeal Tribunal, as may be specified in the scheme, and a different court may be specified as regards different grounds or matters.
that a reference on a preliminary point may be made, or
conferring a right of appeal which shall lie,
Where a scheme set out in an order under this section includes provision for the making of re-employment orders in arbitrations conducted in accordance with the scheme, the order setting out the scheme may require employment tribunals to enforce such orders—
in accordance with section 117 of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (enforcement by award of compensation), or
in accordance with that section as modified by the order. For this purpose “re-employment orders” means orders requiring that persons found to have been unfairly dismissed be reinstated, re-engaged or otherwise re-employed.
An order under this section setting out a scheme may provide that, in the case of disputes within subsection (1)(a), such part of an award made in accordance with the scheme as is specified by the order shall be treated as a basic award of compensation for unfair dismissal for the purposes of section 184(1)(d) of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (which specifies such an award as a debt which the Secretary of State must satisfy if the employer has become insolvent).
An order under this section shall be made by statutory instrument.
No order shall be made under subsection (1)(b) unless a draft of the statutory instrument containing it has been laid before Parliament and approved by a resolution of each House.
A statutory instrument containing an order under this section (other than one of which a draft has been approved by resolution of each House of Parliament) shall be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.
ACAS may, in accordance with any dismissal procedures agreement (within the meaning of the Employment Rights Act 1996), refer any matter to the arbitration of a person appointed by ACAS for the purpose (not being an officer or employee of ACAS).
A court of inquiry shall consist of— as the Secretary of State thinks fit.
a chairman and such other persons as the Secretary of State thinks fit to appoint, or
one person appointed by the Secretary of State,
A court may act notwithstanding any vacancy in its number.
A court may conduct its inquiry in public or in private, at its discretion.
The Secretary of State may make rules regulating the procedure of a court of inquiry, including rules as to summoning of witnesses, quorum, and the appointment of committees and enabling the court to call for such documents as the court may determine to be relevant to the subject-matter of the inquiry.
A court of inquiry may, if and to such extent as may be authorised by rules under this section, by order require any person who appears to the court to have knowledge of the subject-matter of the inquiry— and the court may administer or authorise any person to administer an oath for that purpose.
to supply (in writing or otherwise) such particulars in relation thereto as the court may require, and
where necessary, to attend before the court and give evidence on oath;
Provision shall be made by rules under this section with respect to the cases in which persons may appear by a relevant lawyer in proceedings before a court of inquiry, and except as provided by those rules no person shall be entitled to appear in any such proceedings by a relevant lawyer.
In subsection (6) “relevant lawyer” means—
a person who, for the purposes of the Legal Services Act 2007, is an authorised person in relation to an activity which constitutes the exercise of a right of audience or the conduct of litigation within the meaning of that Act, or
an advocate or solicitor in Scotland.
Section 3 of the Administration of Justice (Scotland) Act 1972 (power of arbiter to state case for opinion of Court of Session) does not apply to—
any form of arbitration relating to a trade dispute, or
any other arbitration arising from a collective agreement.
In this Part “trade dispute” means a dispute between employers and workers, or between workers and workers, which is connected with one or more of the following matters—
terms and conditions of employment, or the physical conditions in which any workers are required to work;
engagement or non-engagement, or termination or suspension of employment or the duties of employment, of one or more workers;
allocation of work or the duties of employment as between workers or groups of workers;
matters of discipline;
the membership or non-membership of a trade union on the part of a worker;
facilities for officials of trade unions; and
machinery for negotiation or consultation, and other procedures, relating to any of the foregoing matters, including the recognition by employers or employers’ associations of the right of a trade union to represent workers in any such negotiation or consultation or in the carrying out of such procedures.
A dispute between a Minister of the Crown and any workers shall, notwithstanding that he is not the employer of those workers, be treated for the purposes of this Part as a dispute between an employer and those workers if the dispute relates—
to matters which have been referred for consideration by a joint body on which, by virtue of any provision made by or under any enactment, that Minister is represented, or
to matters which cannot be settled without that Minister exercising a power conferred on him by or under an enactment.
There is a trade dispute for the purpose of this Part even though it relates to matters occurring outside Great Britain.
A dispute to which a trade union or employer’s association is a party shall be treated for the purposes of this Part as a dispute to which workers or, as the case may be, employers are parties.
In this section—
An act done by a person in contemplation or furtherance of a trade dispute is not actionable in tort on the ground only—
that it induces another person to break a contract or interferes or induces another person to interfere with its performance, or
that it consists in his threatening that a contract (whether one to which he is a party or not) will be broken or its performance interfered with, or that he will induce another person to break a contract or interfere with its performance.
An agreement or combination by two or more persons to do or procure the doing of an act in contemplation or furtherance of a trade dispute is not actionable in tort if the act is one which if done without any such agreement or combination would not be actionable in tort.
Nothing in subsections (1) and (2) prevents an act done in the course of picketing from being actionable in tort unless it is done in the course of attendance declared lawful by section 220 (peaceful picketing).
Subsections (1) and (2) have effect subject to— and in those sections “not protected” means excluded from the protection afforded by this section or, where the expression is used with reference to a particular person, excluded from that protection as respects that person.
sections 222 to 225 (action excluded from protection),
section 226 (requirement of ballot before action by trade union), and
section 234A (requirement of notice to employer of industrial action);
It is lawful for a person in contemplation or furtherance of a trade dispute to attend— for the purpose only of peacefully obtaining or communicating information, or peacefully persuading any person to work or abstain from working.
at or near his own place of work, or
if he is an official of a trade union, at or near the place of work of a member of the union whom he is accompanying and whom he represents,
If a person works or normally works— his place of work for the purposes of that subsection shall be any premises of his employer from which he works or from which his work is administered.
otherwise than at any one place, or
at a place the location of which is such that attendance there for a purpose mentioned in subsection (1) is impracticable,
In the case of a worker not in employment where— in relation to that dispute his former place of work shall be treated for the purposes of subsection (1) as being his place of work.
his last employment was terminated in connection with a trade dispute, or
the termination of his employment was one of the circumstances giving rise to a trade dispute,
A person who is an official of a trade union by virtue only of having been elected or appointed to be a representative of some of the members of the union shall be regarded for the purposes of subsection (1) as representing only those members; but otherwise an official of a union shall be regarded for those purposes as representing all its members.
This subsection does not extend to Scotland.
Where— the court shall not grant the injunction or interdict unless satisfied that all steps which in the circumstances were reasonable have been taken with a view to securing that notice of the application and an opportunity of being heard with respect to the application have been given to him.
an application for an injunction or interdict is made to a court in the absence of the party against whom it is sought or any representative of his, and
he claims, or in the opinion of the court would be likely to claim, that he acted in contemplation or furtherance of a trade dispute,
Where— the court shall, in exercising its discretion whether or not to grant the injunction, have regard to the likelihood of that party’s succeeding at the trial of the action in establishing any matter which would afford a defence to the action under section 219 (protection from certain tort liabilities) or section 220 (peaceful picketing).
an application for an interlocutory injunction is made to a court pending the trial of an action, and
the party against whom it is sought claims that he acted in contemplation or furtherance of a trade dispute,
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Any such reference includes a reference to not being a member of a particular branch or section of a trade union or of one of a number of particular branches or sections of a trade union.
An act is not protected if the reason, or one of the reasons, for which it is done is the fact or belief that a particular employer—
is employing, has employed or might employ a person who is not a member of a trade union, or
is failing, has failed or might fail to discriminate against such a person.
For the purposes of subsection (1)(b) an employer discriminates against a person if, but only if, he ensures that his conduct in relation to— is different, in some or all cases, according to whether or not they are members of a trade union, and is more favourable to those who are.
persons, or persons of any description, employed by him, or who apply to be, or are, considered by him for employment, or
the provision of employment for such persons,
An act is not protected if it constitutes, or is one of a number of acts which together constitute, an inducement or attempted inducement of a person—
to incorporate in a contract to which that person is a party, or a proposed contract to which he intends to be a party, a term or condition which is or would be void by virtue of section 144 (union membership requirement in contract for goods or services), or
to contravene section 145 (refusal to deal with person on grounds relating to union membership).
References in this section to an employer employing a person are to a person acting in the capacity of the person for whom a worker works or normally works.
References in this section to not being a member of a trade union are to not being a member of any trade union, of a particular trade union or of one of a number of particular trade unions.
An act is not protected if the reason, or one of the reasons, for doing it is the fact or belief that an employer has dismissed one or more employees in circumstances such that by virtue of section 237 (dismissal in connection with unofficial action) they have no right to complain of unfair dismissal.
An act is not protected if it constitutes, or is one of a number of acts which together constitute, an inducement or attempted inducement of a person—
to incorporate in a contract to which that person is a party, or a proposed contract to which he intends to be a party, a term or condition which is or would be void by virtue of section 186 (recognition requirement in contract for goods or services), or
to contravene section 187 (refusal to deal with person on grounds of union exclusion).
An act is not protected if—
it interferes with the supply (whether or not under a contract) of goods or services, or can reasonably be expected to have that effect, and
one of the facts relied upon for the purpose of establishing liability is that a person has—
induced another to break a contract of employment or interfered or induced another to interfere with its performance, or
threatened that a contract of employment under which he or another is employed will be broken or its performance interfered with, or that he will induce another to break a contract of employment or to interfere with its performance, and
the reason, or one of the reasons, for doing the act is the fact or belief that the supplier (not being the employer under the contract of employment mentioned in paragraph (b)) does not, or might not—
recognise one or more trade unions for the purpose of negotiating on behalf of workers, or any class of worker, employed by him, or
negotiate or consult with, or with an official of, one or more trade unions.
An act done by a trade union to induce a person to take part, or continue to take part, in industrial action —
is not protected unless the industrial action has the support of a ballot, and
where section 226A falls to be complied with in relation to the person’s employer, is not protected as respects the employer unless the trade union has complied with section 226A in relation to him.
Industrial action shall be regarded as having the support of a ballot only if— Any reference in this subsection to a requirement of a provision which is disapplied or modified by section 232 has effect subject to that section.
the union has held a ballot in respect of the action—
in relation to which the requirements of section 226ZA were satisfied,
in relation to which the requirements of section 226B so far as applicable before and during the holding of the ballot were satisfied,
in relation to which the requirements of sections 227 to 231 and Schedule A1A, so far as applicable were satisfied,...
in which at least 50% of those who were entitled to vote in the ballot did so, and
in which the majority voting in the ballot answered “Yes" to the question applicable in accordance with section 229(2) to industrial action of the kind to which the act of inducement relates;
such of the requirements of the following sections as have fallen to be satisfied at the relevant time have been satisfied, namely—
section 226B so far as applicable after the holding of the ballot, and
section 231B; . . .
the requirements of section 233 (calling of industrial action with support of ballot) are satisfied.
section 232A does not prevent the industrial action from being regarded as having the support of the ballot; and
Where separate workplace ballots are held by virtue of section 228(1)— in relation to the ballot for the place of work of the person induced to take part, or continue to take part, in the industrial action.
industrial action shall be regarded as having the support of a ballot if the conditions specified in subsection (2) are satisfied, and
the trade union shall be taken to have complied with the requirements relating to a ballot imposed by section 226A if those requirements are complied with,
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For the purposes of this section an inducement, in relation to a person, includes an inducement which is or would be ineffective, whether because of his unwillingness to be influenced by it or for any other reason.
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If the requirements of section 231A fall to be satisfied in relation to an employer, as respects that employer industrial action shall not be regarded as having the support of a ballot unless those requirements are satisfied in relation to that employer.
Entitlement to vote in the ballot must be accorded equally to all the members of the trade union who it is reasonable at the time of the ballot for the union to believe will be induced by the union to take part or, as the case may be, to continue to take part in the industrial action in question, and to no others.
The requirement in subsection (1) shall be taken not to have been satisfied if any person who was a member of the trade union at the time when the ballot was held and was denied entitlement to vote in the ballot is induced by the union to take part or, as the case may be, to continue to take part in the industrial action.
In this section and section 228A “workplace” in relation to a person who is employed means—
if the person works at or from a single set of premises, those premises, and
in any other case, the premises with which the person’s employment has the closest connection.
Where postal voting is a selected means of voting for a ballot, this section applies in relation to postal voting in the ballot.
Where a person chooses to vote by postal voting, the method of voting is by the marking of a voting paper by the person voting.
Subsection (2B) applies to a merchant seaman if the trade union reasonably believes that—
he will be employed in a ship either at sea or at a place outside Great Britain at some time in the period during which votes may be cast, and
it will be convenient for him to receive a voting paper and to vote while on the ship or while at a place where the ship is rather than in accordance with subsection (2).
Where this subsection applies to a merchant seaman he shall, if it is reasonably practicable—
have a voting paper made available to him while on the ship or while at a place where the ship is, and
be given an opportunity to vote while on the ship or while at a place where the ship is.
In subsections (2A) and (2B) “merchant seaman” means a person whose employment, or the greater part of it, is carried out on board sea-going ships.
As soon as is reasonably practicable after the holding of the ballot, the trade union shall take such steps as are reasonably necessary to ensure that all persons entitled to vote in the ballot are told—
the number of individuals who were entitled to vote in the ballot,
the number of votes cast in the ballot,
the number of individuals answering “Yes” to the question, or as the case may be, to each question,
the number of individuals answering “No” to the question, or as the case may be, to each question,
the number of spoiled or otherwise invalid voting papers returned and electronic voting forms submitted, and
whether or not the number of votes cast in the ballot is at least 50% of the number of individuals who were entitled to vote in the ballot, ...
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A trade union which has overseas members may choose whether or not to accord any of those members entitlement to vote in a ballot; and nothing in sections 226ZA, 226B to 230H, 231B and 232B applies in relation to an overseas member or a vote cast by such a member.
Where overseas members have voted in the ballot—
the references in sections 231 and 231A to persons entitled to vote in the ballot do not include overseas members, and
those sections shall be read as requiring the information mentioned in section 231 to distinguish between overseas members and other members.
An “overseas member” of a trade union means a member (other than a merchant seaman or offshore worker) who is outside Great Britain throughout the period during which votes may be cast.
A member who throughout the period during which votes may be cast is in Northern Ireland shall not be treated as an overseas member—
where the ballot is one to which section 228(1) or (2) applies (workplace ballots) and his place of work is in Great Britain, or
where the ballot is one to which section 228(3) applies (general ballots) and relates to industrial action involving members both in Great Britain and in Northern Ireland.
In relation to offshore employment the references in subsection (4) to Northern Ireland include any area where the law of Northern Ireland applies and the references to Great Britain include any area where the law of England and Wales or Scotland applies.
Industrial action shall be regarded as having the support of a ballot only if—
it is called by a person specified or of a description specified in all of the voting materials for the ballot in accordance with section 229(3) or paragraph 3(4) or 16(2) of Schedule A1A, and
there was no call by the trade union to take part or continue to take part in industrial action to which the ballot relates, or any authorisation or endorsement by the union of any such industrial action, before the date of the ballot.
A “specified person” means a person specified or of a description specified in the voting paper for the ballot in accordance with section 229(3).
The conditions are that—
there must have been no call by the trade union to take part or continue to take part in industrial action to which the ballot relates, or any authorisation or endorsement by the union of any such industrial action, before the date of the ballot;
there must be a call for industrial action by a specified person, and industrial action to which it relates must take place, before the ballot ceases to be effective in accordance with section 234.
In this section “voting materials” means such of the following as are relevant—
voting papers;
electronic voting forms.
For the purposes of this section a call shall be taken to have been made by a trade union if it was authorised or endorsed by the union; and the provisions of section 20(2) to (4) apply for the purpose of determining whether a call, or industrial action, is to be taken to have been so authorised or endorsed.
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Industrial action that is regarded as having the support of a ballot shall cease to be so regarded at the end of the period of 12 months beginning with the date of the ballot.
Where for the whole or part of that period the calling or organising of industrial action is prohibited— the trade union may apply to the court for an order that the period during which the prohibition had effect shall not count towards the period referred to in subsection (1).
by virtue of a court order which subsequently lapses or is discharged, recalled or set aside, or
by virtue of an undertaking given to a court by any person from which he is subsequently released or by which he ceases to be bound,
Subsection (1) has effect—
without prejudice to the possibility of the industrial action getting the support of a fresh ballot; and
subject to the following provisions.
The application must be made forthwith upon the prohibition ceasing to have effect— ...
to the court by virtue of whose decision it ceases to have effect, or
where an order lapses or an undertaking ceases to bind without any such decision, to the court by which the order was made or to which the undertaking was given;
The court shall not make an order if it appears to the court—
that the result of the ballot no longer represents the views of the union members concerned, or
that an event is likely to occur as a result of which those members would vote against industrial action if another ballot were to be held.
No appeal lies from the decision of the court to make or refuse an order under this section.
The period between the making of an application under this section and its determination does not count towards the period referred to in subsection (1).
In sections 226 to 234A references to a contract of employment include any contract under which one person personally does work or performs services for another; and “employer" and other related expressions shall be construed accordingly.
No court shall, whether by way of— compel an employee to do any work or attend at any place for the doing of any work.
an order for specific performance or specific implement of a contract of employment, or
an injunction or interdict restraining a breach or threatened breach of such a contract,
Before the ballot is held, the responsible person for the ballot must make a determination about the means of voting in the ballot.
The determination must set out which one or more of the permissible means of voting is available for the ballot.
Where the determination provides that more than one permissible means of voting is available for the ballot, the determination must also set out—
that each of those means is available for each person who is entitled to vote in the ballot, or
which one or more of those means is available for one or more of the following—
particular persons who are entitled to vote in the ballot;
particular descriptions of persons who are entitled to vote in the ballot.
Where the determination includes provision under subsection (3)(b), the determination must be such that at least one permissible means of voting is available for each person who is entitled to vote in the ballot.
A determination under this section must be such that merchant seamen and offshore workers are not eligible to vote by workplace voting.
In subsection (5), “merchant seaman” and “offshore worker” have the meanings given in section 232(3) (balloting of overseas members).
Where the determination provides— the determination must include provision setting out which vote is to be counted in a case where a person casts more than one vote (and section 228C(4) applies for the purposes of construing the number of votes cast by a person).
that more than one permissible means of voting is available for a particular person or description of persons, or
that hybrid voting is available for the ballot,
Schedule ZA1 sets out further requirements in relation to a determination by the responsible person.
The responsible person for a ballot under section 226(1)(a) is the trade union to which the ballot relates.
The permissible means of voting for a ballot under section 226(1)(a) are—
postal voting;
electronic voting;
hybrid voting;
workplace voting.
In this Part—
“selected means of voting” means, in relation to a ballot, a permissible means of voting that is available for the ballot as a result of a determination under this section;
a person is “eligible to vote” in a ballot by a particular means of voting if the determination under this section for the ballot sets out that that means is available for the person (see subsection (3)).
The trade union must take such steps as are reasonably necessary to ensure that— is received by every person who it is reasonable for the union to believe (at the latest time when steps could be taken to comply with paragraph (a)) will be the employer of persons who will be entitled to vote in the ballot.
not later than the seventh day before the opening day of the ballot, the notice specified in subsection (2), and
not later than the third day before the opening day of the ballot, the sample voting materials specified in subsection (2F),
The notice referred to in paragraph (a) of subsection (1) is a notice in writing—
stating that the union intends to hold the ballot,
specifying the date which the union reasonably believes will be the opening day of the ballot, and
containing—
the lists mentioned in subsection (2A) and the number mentioned in subsection (2B), or
where some or all of the employees concerned are employees from whose wages the employer makes deductions representing payments to the union, either those lists and that number or the information mentioned in subsection (2C).
The lists are—
a list of the categories of employee to which the employees concerned belong, and
a list of the workplaces at which the employees concerned work.
The number is the total number of employees concerned.
The information referred to in subsection (2)(c)(ii) is such information as will enable the employer readily to deduce—
the total number of employees concerned,
the categories of employee to which the employees concerned belong ..., and
the workplaces at which the employees concerned work ....
The lists and the number supplied under this section, or the information mentioned in subsection (2C) that is so supplied, must be as accurate as is reasonably practicable in the light of the information in the possession of the union at the time when it complies with subsection (1)(a).
For the purposes of subsection (2D) information is in the possession of the union if it is held, for union purposes—
in a document, whether in electronic form or any other form, and
in the possession or under the control of an officer or employee of the union.
The sample voting materials referred to in paragraph (b) of subsection (1) are—
a sample of the form of either or both of the following, as applicable—
the voting paper which is to be sent or otherwise provided to the employees concerned;
the electronic voting form which is to be used for the ballot, or
where the employees concerned are not all to be sent or otherwise provided with the same form of voting materials, a sample of each form of voting materials which is to be sent or otherwise provided to any of them.
Nothing in this section requires a union to supply an employer with the names of the employees concerned.
In this section references to the “employees concerned” are references to those employees of the employer in question who the union reasonably believes will be entitled to vote in the ballot.
For the purposes of this section, the workplace at which an employee works is—
in relation to an employee who works at or from a single set of premises, those premises, and
in relation to any other employee, the premises with which his employment has the closest connection.
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In this section references to the opening day of the ballot are references to the earlier of the following, so far as applicable—
the first day when a voting paper is sent or otherwise provided to any person entitled to vote in the ballot;
the first day when a voting access method is sent to any person entitled to vote in the ballot.
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The trade union shall, before the ballot in respect of the industrial action is held, appoint a qualified person (“the scrutineer”) whose terms of appointment shall require him to carry out in relation to the ballot the functions of—
in relation to voting papers sent or to be sent in accordance with paragraph 14(1) of Schedule A1A or provided in accordance with paragraph 16(5)(a) of that Schedule, supervising the production of the voting papers, undertaking the distribution of the voting papers and being the person to whom the voting papers are returned;
where electronic voting forms are to be used for the ballot—
generating and distributing the voting access methods;
maintaining the electronic voting system;
maintaining the audit logs;
appropriately retaining relevant personal information, voting information, voting access method information and the audit logs;
in the case of a ballot for which workplace voting is a selected means of voting—
supervising the production of the voting papers;
sending notice of the ballot in accordance with section 230D;
providing voting papers to persons entitled to vote in the ballot;
setting up and maintaining voting stations (within the meaning of section 230E(3));
counting the votes cast by the return of voting papers at voting stations;
taking such steps as appear to him to be appropriate for the purpose of enabling him to make a report to the trade union (see section 231B); and
making the report as soon as reasonably practicable after the date of the ballot and, in any event, not later than the end of the period of four weeks beginning with that date.
A person is a qualified person in relation to a ballot if— An order under paragraph (a) shall be made by statutory instrument which shall be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.
he satisfies such conditions as may be specified for the purposes of this section by order of the Secretary of State or is himself so specified; ...
the trade union has no grounds for believing either that he will carry out the functions conferred on him under subsection (1) otherwise than competently or that his independence in relation to the union, or in relation to the ballot, might reasonably be called into question , and
in the case of a ballot for which electronic voting or hybrid voting is a selected means of voting, the computer networks and systems which the person intends to use for conducting the ballot are covered by one or more qualifying Cyber Essentials Plus certificates awarded to the person.
For the purposes of subsection (2)—
“Cyber Essentials Plus certificate” means a certificate awarded in accordance with Cyber Essentials Plus Test Specification v3.2, or a later version of that document, published by the Government Communications Headquarters;
a Cyber Essentials Plus certificate awarded to a person is a “qualifying Cyber Essentials Plus certificate” if its expiry date is such that the certificate will remain valid for the duration of the ballot for which the person is appointed.
The trade union shall ensure that the scrutineer duly carries out the functions conferred on him under subsection (1) and that there is no interference with the carrying out of those functions from the union or any of its members, officials or employees.
The trade union shall comply with all reasonable requests made by the scrutineer for the purposes of, or in connection with, the carrying out of those functions.
The trade union must, so far as reasonably practicable, send to the scrutineer at least one of the following in respect of each person who is eligible to vote by electronic voting—
an email address which meets the requirements in subsection (6);
a mobile telephone number which meets the requirements in subsection (6).
The requirements are that the email address or mobile telephone number—
was not provided to the person by and is not controlled by—
the person’s employer in their capacity as the person’s employer, or
the trade union,
has not been provided to the scrutineer in respect of any other person for the purposes of the ballot, and
has been provided by the person to the trade union for the purpose of communication between the person and the trade union.
Where workplace voting is a selected means of voting for a ballot, the trade union must send to the scrutineer a list of the names of the persons eligible to vote by workplace voting.
In the case of a ballot for which postal voting is the only selected means of voting, nothing in section 226B, section 229(1A)(a) or section 231B shall impose a requirement on a trade union unless— exceeds 50.
the number of members entitled to vote in the ballot, or
where separate workplace ballots are held in accordance with section 228(1), the aggregate of the number of members entitled to vote in each of them,
Where section 228(3) would require separate ballots to be held for each workplace, a ballot may be held in place of some or all of the separate ballots if one of subsections (2) to (4) is satisfied in relation to it.
This subsection is satisfied in relation to a ballot if the workplace of each member entitled to vote in the ballot is the workplace of at least one member of the union who is affected by the dispute.
This subsection is satisfied in relation to a ballot if entitlement to vote is accorded to, and limited to, all the members of the union who—
according to the union’s reasonable belief have an occupation of a particular kind or have any of a number of particular kinds of occupation, and
are employed by a particular employer, or by any of a number of particular employers, with whom the union is in dispute.
This subsection is satisfied in relation to a ballot if entitlement to vote is accorded to, and limited to, all the members of the union who are employed by a particular employer, or by any of a number of particular employers, with whom the union is in dispute.
For the purposes of subsection (2) the following are members of the union affected by a dispute—
if the dispute relates (wholly or partly) to a decision which the union reasonably believes the employer has made or will make concerning a matter specified in subsection (1)(a), (b) or (c) of section 244 (meaning of “trade dispute”), members whom the decision directly affects,
if the dispute relates (wholly or partly) to a matter specified in subsection (1)(d) of that section, members whom the matter directly affects,
if the dispute relates (wholly or partly) to a matter specified in subsection (1)(e) of that section, persons whose membership or non-membership is in dispute,
if the dispute relates (wholly or partly) to a matter specified in subsection (1)(f) of that section, officials of the union who have used or would use the facilities concerned in the dispute.
Every person who is entitled to vote in the ballot must—
be allowed to vote without interference from, or constraint imposed by, the union or any of its members, officials or employees, and
so far as is reasonably practicable, be enabled to do so without incurring any direct cost to themselves.
Subsection (1)(b) does not apply in relation to voting at an off-site location (within the meaning of section 230F(6)).
So far as is reasonably practicable, every person who is entitled to vote in the ballot must be given a convenient opportunity to vote.
A ballot must be conducted so as to secure that— For the purposes of paragraph (b) an inaccuracy in counting must be disregarded if it is accidental and on a scale which could not affect the result of the ballot.
so far as is reasonably practicable, those voting do so in secret, and
the votes given in the ballot are fairly and accurately counted.
This section applies where the responsible person for the ballot has determined that a person is eligible to vote in the ballot by more than one means of voting, or that a person is eligible to vote in the ballot by hybrid voting.
Where this section applies—
only one vote cast by the person is to be counted,
the vote which is to be counted is to be determined in accordance with provision in the determination made by virtue of section 226ZA(7),
that provision and an explanation of its effect must be sent to the person along with the voting materials for the ballot, and
where the person is eligible to vote by workplace voting, the provision mentioned in paragraph (b) and an explanation of its effect must also be sent along with the notice mentioned in section 230D.
In this section—
For the purposes of this section, each of the following is to be treated as casting a separate vote—
returning a voting paper which was sent in accordance with paragraph 14(1) of Schedule A1A or provided in accordance with paragraph 16(5)(a) of that Schedule;
submitting an electronic voting form where the voting access method used to access the electronic voting form was sent in accordance with paragraph 14(1) of Schedule A1A or provided in accordance with paragraph 16(5)(a) of that Schedule.
An employee has no right to complain of unfair dismissal if at the time of dismissal he was taking part in an unofficial strike or other unofficial industrial action.
A strike or other industrial action is unofficial in relation to an employee unless— Provided that, a strike or other industrial action shall not be regarded as unofficial if none of those taking part in it are members of a trade union.
he is a member of a trade union and the action is authorised or endorsed by that union, or
he is not a member of a trade union but there are among those taking part in the industrial action members of a trade union by which the action has been authorised or endorsed.
Subsection (1) does not apply to the dismissal of the employee if it is shown that the reason (or, if more than one, the principal reason) for the dismissal or, in a redundancy case, for selecting the employee for dismissal was one of those specified in or under—.
section 98B, 99, 100, 101A(d), 103 , 103A, 104C , 104D or 104E of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (dismissal in jury service, family, health and safety, working time, employee representative, protected disclosure, flexible working , pension scheme membership, and study and training cases),
section 104 of that Act in its application in relation to time off under section 57A of that Act (dependants);; and a reference to a specified reason for dismissal includes a reference to specified circumstances of dismissal
The provisions of section 20(2) apply for the purpose of determining whether industrial action is to be taken to have been authorised or endorsed by a trade union.
The question whether industrial action is to be so taken in any case shall be determined by reference to the facts as at the time of dismissal. Provided that, where an act is repudiated as mentioned in section 21, industrial action shall not thereby be treated as unofficial before the end of the next working day after the day on which the repudiation takes place.
In this section the “time of dismissal” means— and a “working day” means any day which is not a Saturday or Sunday, Christmas Day, Good Friday or a bank holiday under the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971.
where the employee’s contract of employment is terminated by notice, when the notice is given,
where the employee’s contract of employment is terminated without notice, when the termination takes effect, and
where the employee is employed under a contract for a fixed term which expires without being renewed under the same contract, when that term expires;
For the purposes of this section membership of a trade union for purposes unconnected with the employment in question shall be disregarded; but an employee who was a member of a trade union when he began to take part in industrial action shall continue to be treated as a member for the purpose of determining whether that action is unofficial in relation to him or another notwithstanding that he may in fact have ceased to be a member.
This section applies in relation to an employee who has a right to complain of unfair dismissal (the “complainant”) and who claims to have been unfairly dismissed, where at the date of the dismissal—
the employer was conducting or instituting a lock-out, or
the complainant was taking part in a strike or other industrial action.
In such a case an employment tribunal shall not determine whether the dismissal was fair or unfair unless it is shown—
that one or more relevant employees of the same employer have not been dismissed, or
that a relevant employee has before the expiry of the period of three months beginning with the date of his dismissal been offered re-engagement and that the complainant has not been offered re-engagement.
For this purpose “relevant employees” means— Nothing in section 237 (dismissal of those taking part in unofficial industrial action) affects the question who are relevant employees for the purposes of this section.
in relation to a lock-out, employees who were directly interested in the dispute in contemplation or furtherance of which the lock-out occurred, and
in relation to a strike or other industrial action, those employees at the establishment of the employer at or from which the complainant works who at the date of his dismissal were taking part in the action.
Subsection (2) does not apply to the dismissal of the employee if it is shown that the reason (or, if more than one, the principal reason) for the dismissal or, in a redundancy case, for selecting the employee for dismissal was one of those specified in or under—.
section 98B, 99, 100, 101A(d) , 103, 104C , 104D or 104E of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (dismissal in jury service, family, health and safety, working time , employee representative, flexible working , pension scheme membership, and study and training cases),
section 104 of that Act in its application in relation to time off under section 57A of that Act (dependants);; and a reference to a specified reason for dismissal includes a reference to specified circumstances of dismissal
An offer of re-engagement means an offer (made either by the original employer or by a successor of that employer or an associated employer) to re-engage an employee, either in the job which he held immediately before the date of dismissal or in a different job which would be reasonably suitable in his case.
Subsection (2) does not apply in relation to an employee who is regarded as unfairly dismissed by virtue of section 238A below.
In this section “date of dismissal” means—
where the employee’s contract of employment was terminated by notice, the date on which the employer’s notice was given, and
in any other case, the effective date of termination.
Sections 237 to 238A(loss of unfair dismissal protection in connection with industrial action) shall be construed as one with Part X of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (unfair dismissal) ; but sections 108 and 109 of that Act (qualifying period and age limit) shall not apply in relation to section 238A of this Act..
In relation to a complaint to which section 238 or 238A applies, section 111(2) of that Act (time limit for complaint) does not apply, but an employment tribunal shall not consider the complaint unless it is presented to the tribunal—
before the end of the period of six months beginning with the date of the complainant’s dismissal (as defined by section 238(5)), or
where the tribunal is satisfied that it was not reasonably practicable for the complaint to be presented before the end of that period, within such further period as the tribunal considers reasonable.
Where it is shown that the condition referred to in section 238(2)(b) is fulfilled (discriminatory re-engagement), the references in— to the reason or principal reason for which the complainant was dismissed shall be read as references to the reason or principal reason he has not been offered re-engagement.
sections 98 to 106 of the Employment Rights Act 1996, and
sections 152 and 153 of this Act,
In relation to a complaint under section 111 of the 1996 Act (unfair dismissal: complaint to employment tribunal) that a dismissal was unfair by virtue of section 238A of this Act—
no order shall be made under section 113 of the 1996 Act (reinstatement or re-engagement) until after the conclusion of protected industrial action by any employee in relation to the relevant dispute,
regulations under section 7 of the Employment Tribunals Act 1996 may make provision about the adjournment and renewal of applications (including provision requiring adjournment in specified circumstances), and
regulations under section 9 of that Act may require a pre-hearing review to be carried out in specified circumstances.
For the purposes of this section an employee takes protected industrial action if he commits an act which, or a series of acts each of which, he is induced to commit by an act which by virtue of section 219 is not actionable in tort.
An employee who is dismissed shall be regarded for the purposes of Part X of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (unfair dismissal) as unfairly dismissed if—
the reason (or, if more than one, the principal reason) for the dismissal is that the employee took protected industrial action, ... ...
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For the purposes of this section no account shall be taken of the repudiation of any act by a trade union as mentioned in section 21 in relation to anything which occurs before the end of the next working day (within the meaning of section 237) after the day on which the repudiation takes place.
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A person commits an offence who wilfully and maliciously breaks a contract of service or hiring, knowing or having reasonable cause to believe that the probable consequences of his so doing, either alone or in combination with others, will be—
to endanger human life or cause serious bodily injury, or
to expose valuable property, whether real or personal, to destruction or serious injury.
Subsection (1) applies equally whether the offence is committed from malice conceived against the person endangered or injured or, as the case may be, the owner of the property destroyed or injured, or otherwise.
A person guilty of an offence under this section is liable on summary conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months or to a fine not exceeding level 2 on the standard scale or both.
This section does not apply to seamen.
A person commits an offence who, with a view to compelling another person to abstain from doing or to do any act which that person has a legal right to do or abstain from doing, wrongfully and without legal authority—
uses violence to or intimidates that person or his spouse or civil partner or children, or injures his property,
persistently follows that person about from place to place,
hides any tools, clothes or other property owned or used by that person, or deprives him of or hinders him in the use thereof,
watches or besets the house or other place where that person resides, works, carries on business or happens to be, or the approach to any such house or place, or
follows that person with two or more other persons in a disorderly manner in or through any street or road.
A person guilty of an offence under this section is liable on summary conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months or a fine not exceeding level 5 on the standard scale, or both.
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Where in pursuance of any such agreement as is mentioned in section 1(1) of the Criminal Law Act 1977 (which provides for the offence of conspiracy) the acts in question in relation to an offence are to be done in contemplation or furtherance of a trade dispute, the offence shall be disregarded for the purposes of that subsection if it is a summary offence which is not punishable with imprisonment.
This section extends to England and Wales only.
An agreement or combination by two or more persons to do or procure to be done an act in contemplation or furtherance of a trade dispute is not indictable as a conspiracy if that act committed by one person would not be punishable as a crime.
A crime for this purpose means an offence punishable on indictment, or an offence punishable on summary conviction, and for the commission of which the offender is liable under the statute making the offence punishable to be imprisoned either absolutely or at the discretion of the court as an alternative for some other punishment.
Where a person is convicted of any such agreement or combination as is mentioned above to do or procure to be done an act which is punishable only on summary conviction, and is sentenced to imprisonment, the imprisonment shall not exceed three months or such longer time as may be prescribed by the statute for the punishment of the act when committed by one person.
Nothing in this section—
exempts from punishment a person guilty of a conspiracy for which a punishment is awarded by an Act of Parliament, or
affects the law relating to riot, unlawful assembly, breach of the peace, or sedition or any offence against the State or the Sovereign.
This section extends to Scotland only.
In this Part a “trade dispute” means a dispute between workers and their employer which relates wholly or mainly to one or more of the following—
terms and conditions of employment, or the physical conditions in which any workers are required to work;
engagement or non-engagement, or termination or suspension of employment or the duties of employment, of one or more workers;
allocation of work or the duties of employment between workers or groups of workers;
matters of discipline;
a worker’s membership or non-membership of a trade union;
facilities for officials of trade unions; and
machinery for negotiation or consultation, and other procedures, relating to any of the above matters, including the recognition by employers or employers’ associations of the right of a trade union to represent workers in such negotiation or consultation or in the carrying out of such procedures.
A dispute between a Minister of the Crown and any workers shall, notwithstanding that he is not the employer of those workers, be treated as a dispute between those workers and their employer if the dispute relates to matters which—
have been referred for consideration by a joint body on which, by virtue of provision made by or under any enactment, he is represented, or
cannot be settled without him exercising a power conferred on him by or under an enactment.
There is a trade dispute even though it relates to matters occurring outside the United Kingdom, so long as the person or persons whose actions in the United Kingdom are said to be in contemplation or furtherance of a trade dispute relating to matters occurring outside the United Kingdom are likely to be affected in respect of one or more of the matters specified in subsection (1) by the outcome of the dispute.
An act, threat or demand done or made by one person or organisation against another which, if resisted, would have led to a trade dispute with that other, shall be treated as being done or made in contemplation of a trade dispute with that other, notwithstanding that because that other submits to the act or threat or accedes to the demand no dispute arises.
In this section—
An officer so authorised may . . . prosecute or conduct proceedings for such an offence before a magistrates’ court.
If the Secretary of State is satisfied that a member— the Secretary of State may declare his office as a member to be vacant and shall notify the declaration in such manner as he thinks fit, whereupon the office shall become vacant.
has been absent from meetings of the Council for a period longer than six consecutive months without the permission of the Council, or
has become bankrupt or has had a debt relief order (under Part 7A of the Insolvency Act 1986) made in respect of him or has made an arrangement with his creditors (or, in Scotland, has had his estate sequestrated or has made a trust deed for his creditors or has made and had accepted a composition contract), or
is incapacitated by physical or mental illness, or
is otherwise unable or unfit to discharge the functions of a member,
The Secretary of State shall not give his consent under subsection (1) or (2) without the approval of the Treasury.
ACAS shall pay to the Treasury, at such times in each accounting year as may be determined by the Treasury, sums of such amounts as may be so determined as being equivalent to the increase in that year of such liabilities of his as are attributable to the provision of pensions, allowances or gratuities to or in respect of persons who are or have been in the service of ACAS in so far as that increase results from the service of those persons during that accounting year and to the expense to be incurred in administering those pensions, allowances or gratuities.
The fixing of the common seal of ACAS shall be authenticated by the signature of the secretary of ACAS or some other person authorised by ACAS to act for that purpose.
Where a person holds any office or employment under the Crown on terms which do not constitute a contract of employment between that person and the Crown, those terms shall nevertheless be deemed to constitute such a contract for the purposes of—
the law relating to liability in tort of a person who commits an act which—
induces another person to break a contract, interferes with the performance of a contract or induces another person to interfere with its performance, or
consists in a threat that a contract will be broken or its performance interfered with, or that any person will be induced to break a contract or interfere with its performance, and
the provisions of this or any other Act which refer (whether in relation to contracts generally or only in relation to contracts of employment) to such an act.
In this Part—
Where electronic voting is a selected means of voting for a ballot, Parts 1 and 2 of Schedule A1A apply in relation to electronic voting in the ballot (and Part 4 of that Schedule applies for the purposes of Parts 1 and 2).
Where hybrid voting is a selected means of voting for a ballot, Parts 1 and 3 of Schedule A1A apply in relation to hybrid voting in the ballot (and Part 4 of that Schedule applies for the purposes of Parts 1 and 3).
Where workplace voting is a selected means of voting for a ballot, sections 230D to 230H apply in relation to workplace voting in the ballot.
Every person eligible to vote by workplace voting must be sent a notice stating—
the location they need to attend to cast their vote;
the operating hours and duration of the ballot;
the times at which the employer of the persons eligible to vote by workplace voting will permit those persons to vote;
the questions which will be included on the voting paper in accordance with section 229(2).
So far as is reasonably practicable, there must be as many voting stations as is necessary to give every person who is eligible to vote by workplace voting a convenient opportunity to vote.
In the case of a ballot which is held for more than one workplace, a voting station may serve more than one workplace only where the voting station is near all of the workplaces it serves.
In subsections (1) and (2), “voting station” means an area—
in a qualifying location, and
where—
a person who is eligible to vote by workplace voting can do so in accordance with subsections (4) to (6), and
there is one or more qualifying ballot box.
In order to vote, a person must—
attend the qualifying location for a ballot,
provide the scrutineer with their name and a form of identification which the scrutineer considers acceptable,
be provided with a voting paper in accordance with subsection (6),
mark the voting paper, and
place the marked voting paper in a qualifying ballot box.
When a person attends the qualifying location and provides the scrutineer with their name and identification, the scrutineer must ascertain—
whether the person’s name is on the workplace voting list, and
whether the person’s identification is acceptable.
The scrutineer must provide a person with a voting paper where the scrutineer finds that—
the person’s name is on the workplace voting list, and
the person’s identification is acceptable.
If a voting paper is, after having been provided in accordance with subsection (6), removed from the qualifying location before being placed in the qualifying ballot box, it becomes invalid.
The scrutineer must ensure that the workplace voting list is not seen by anyone who is not involved in administering the ballot.
In this section—
A qualifying location is a location that satisfies the following requirements—
it is a location which the employer of the persons who are eligible to vote by workplace voting has agreed may be used for the purposes of the ballot;
it is capable of being secured against unauthorised entry of persons;
so far as reasonably practicable, it is not monitored by the employer during the carrying out of the ballot;
it is a suitable location or environment for the purposes of enabling the carrying out of the ballot.
The qualifying location must be a workplace location unless it is not possible to secure a workplace location for the ballot.
If it is not possible to secure a workplace location for the ballot, the qualifying location must be a workplace installation, unless it is not possible to secure a workplace installation for the ballot.
If it is not possible to secure a workplace location or a workplace installation for the ballot, the qualifying location must be an off-site location.
Subsections (2) to (4) do not apply in relation to a voting station which is to serve more than one workplace.
In this section—
Before the ballot takes place, an agreement in writing must be made between the trade union and the employer of persons eligible to vote by workplace voting.
The agreement must include provision about the following matters—
the qualifying location at which the ballot will be conducted;
access by the scrutineer to the workplace of persons eligible to vote by workplace voting, where this is necessary for the conduct of the ballot;
where relevant, the employer’s right to access the qualifying location in the case of an emergency;
the operating hours and duration of the ballot;
the times at which the employer of the persons eligible to vote by workplace voting will permit those persons to vote.
The agreement must include the following provisions—
the employer must not unreasonably prevent persons who are eligible to vote by workplace voting from voting by this means;
the employer must not monitor the qualifying location;
the employer must co-operate with the scrutineer and the trade union for the purposes of carrying out the ballot.
The agreement must provide for the consequences of a breach of the agreement by the employer, including—
which party is responsible for the costs arising from such a breach, and
where such a breach prevents the completion of a ballot, the status of any votes cast in the ballot.
Where provision under subsection (4) requires the employer to pay costs, it must require the employer to pay the trade union directly.
In this section “qualifying location” is to be interpreted in accordance with section 230F.
The counting of the votes must not be carried out in the workplace.
As soon as reasonably practicable after the holding of the ballot, the trade union shall take such steps as are reasonably necessary to ensure that every relevant employer is informed of the matters mentioned in section 231.
In subsection (1) “relevant employer” means a person who it is reasonable for the trade union to believe (at the time when the steps are taken) was at the time of the ballot the employer of any persons entitled to vote.
The scrutineer’s report on the ballot shall state whether the scrutineer is satisfied— and if he is not satisfied as to any of those matters, the report shall give particulars of his reason for not being satisfied as to that matter.
that there are no reasonable grounds for believing that there was any contravention of a requirement imposed by or under any enactment in relation to the ballot,
that the arrangements made with respect to the following matters, so far as relevant, included all such security arrangements as were reasonably practicable for the purpose of minimising the risk that any unfairness or malpractice might occur—
the production, storage, distribution, return or other handling of the voting papers used in the ballot;
the production, distribution and storage of voting access methods and the maintenance of the electronic voting system;
the counting of the votes,
that he has been able to carry out the functions conferred on him under section 226B(1) without any interference from the trade union or any of its members, officials or employees;
The scrutineer’s report must also include, so far as relevant—
the means of voting by which votes have been cast in the ballot,
the number of individuals who were entitled to vote in the ballot,
the number of voting papers returned to the scrutineer by post,
the number of electronic voting forms submitted,
the number of voting papers returned in accordance with section 230E,
the number of individuals answering “Yes” to the question, or as the case may be, to each question,
the number of individuals answering “No” to the question, or as the case may be, to each question,
the number of spoiled or otherwise invalid voting papers returned and electronic voting forms submitted,
the number of submitted electronic voting forms which were discounted by the scrutineer following a request from the person who submitted the electronic voting form, and
a description of any changes made to permissions to access and edit the electronic voting system during the ballot.
If at any time within six months from the date of the ballot— requests a copy of the scrutineer’s report, the trade union must, as soon as practicable, provide him with one either free of charge or on payment of such reasonable fee as may be specified by the trade union.
any person entitled to vote in the ballot, or
the employer of any such person,
Industrial action shall not be regarded as having the support of a ballot if the following conditions apply in the case of any person—
he was a member of the trade union at the time when the ballot was held,
it was reasonable at that time for the trade union to believe he would be induced to take part or, as the case may be, to continue to take part in the industrial action,
he was not accorded entitlement to vote in the ballot, and
he was induced by the trade union to take part or, as the case may be, to continue to take part in the industrial action.
If— the failure (or failures) shall be disregarded for all purposes (including, in particular, those of section 232A(c)).
in relation to a ballot there is a failure (or there are failures) to comply with a provision mentioned in subsection (2) or with more than one of those provisions, and
the failure is accidental and on a scale which is unlikely to affect the result of the ballot or, as the case may be, the failures are accidental and taken together are on a scale which is unlikely to affect the result of the ballot,
The provisions are—
section 226B(5) (requirement to send contact information to scrutineer);
section 227(1) (entitlement to vote in ballot);
section 228B(3) (requirement to provide a convenient opportunity to vote);
section 228C(2)(c) (requirement to send provision concerning how votes are counted where a person casts multiple votes with voting materials);
section 228C(2)(d) (requirement to send provision concerning how votes are counted where a person casts multiple votes with workplace voting notice);
section 230(2) (requirement to send voting paper);
section 230(2B) (requirement to make voting paper available to merchant seaman);
section 230D (requirement to send workplace voting notice);
section 230E(1) (requirement to set up voting stations);
section 230E(2) (requirement for voting station to be near workplaces it serves);
section 230E(4)(c) (requirement to provide voting papers for workplace voting);
paragraph 12(1) of Schedule A1A (requirement to send electronic voting materials);
paragraph 12(4) of Schedule A1A (requirement to use contact information provided by trade union);
paragraph 14(1) of Schedule A1A (requirement to send hybrid voting materials);
paragraph 16(5) of Schedule A1A (requirement to make hybrid voting materials available to merchant seaman).
An act done by a trade union to induce a person to take part, or continue to take part, in industrial action is not protected as respects his employer unless the union has taken or takes such steps as are reasonably necessary to ensure that the employer receives within the appropriate period a relevant notice covering the act.
Subsection (1) imposes a requirement in the case of an employer only if it is reasonable for the union to believe, at the latest time when steps could be taken to ensure that he receives such a notice, that he is the employer of persons who will be or have been induced to take part, or continue to take part, in the industrial action.
For the purposes of this section a relevant notice is a notice in writing which—
contains—
the lists mentioned in subsection (3A) and the figures mentioned in subsection (3B), together with an explanation of how those figures were arrived at, or
where some or all of the affected employees are employees from whose wages the employer makes deductions representing payments to the union, either those lists and figures and that explanation or the information mentioned in subsection (3C), ... and
states whether industrial action is intended to be continuous or discontinuous and specifies—
where it is to be continuous, the intended date for any of the affected employees to begin to take part in the action,
where it is to be discontinuous, the intended dates for any of the affected employees to take part in the action, ... ...
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The lists referred to in subsection (3)(a) are—
a list of the categories of employee to which the affected employees belong, and
a list of the workplaces at which the affected employees work.
The figures referred to in subsection (3)(a) are—
the total number of the affected employees,
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the number of the affected employees who work at each workplace in the list mentioned in subsection (3A)(b).
The information referred to in subsection (3)(a)(ii) is such information as will enable the employer readily to deduce—
the total number of the affected employees,
the categories of employee to which the affected employees belong ..., and
the workplaces at which the affected employees work and the number of them who work at each of those workplaces.
The lists and figures supplied under this section, or the information mentioned in subsection (3C) that is so supplied, must be as accurate as is reasonably practicable in the light of the information in the possession of the union at the time when it complies with subsection (1).
For the purposes of subsection (3D) information is in the possession of the union if it is held, for union purposes—
in a document, whether in electronic form or any other form, and
in the possession or under the control of an officer or employee of the union.
Nothing in this section requires a union to supply an employer with the names of the affected employees.
For the purposes of subsection (1) the appropriate period is the period—
beginning with the day when the union satisfies the requirement of section 231A in relation to the ballot in respect of the industrial action, and
ending with the tenth day before the day, or before the first of the days, specified in the relevant notice.
For the purposes of subsection (1) a relevant notice covers an act done by the union if the person induced falls within a notified category of employee and the workplace at which he works is a notified workplace and—
where he is induced to take part or continue to take part in industrial action which the union intends to be continuous, if—
the notice states that the union intends the industrial action to be continuous, and
there is no participation by him in the industrial action before the date specified in the notice in consequence of any inducement by the union not covered by a relevant notice; and
where he is induced to take part or continue to take part in industrial action which the union intends to be discontinuous, if there is no participation by him in the industrial action on a day not so specified in consequence of any inducement by the union not covered by a relevant notice.
In subsection (5)—
a “notified category of employee” means—
a category of employee that is listed in the notice, or
where the notice contains the information mentioned in subsection (3C), a category of employee that the employer (at the time he receives the notice) can readily deduce from the notice is a category of employee to which some or all of the affected employees belong, and
a “notified workplace” means—
a workplace that is listed in the notice, or
where the notice contains the information mentioned in subsection (3C), a workplace that the employer (at the time he receives the notice) can readily deduce from the notice is the workplace at which some or all of the affected employees work.
In this section references to the “affected employees” are references to those employees of the employer who the union reasonably believes will be induced by the union, or have been so induced, to take part or continue to take part in the industrial action.
For the purposes of this section, the workplace at which an employee works is—
in relation to an employee who works at or from a single set of premises, those premises, and
in relation to any other employee, the premises with which his employment has the closest connection.
For the purposes of this section—
a union intends industrial action to be discontinuous if it intends it to take place only on some days on which there is an opportunity to take the action, and
a union intends industrial action to be continuous if it intends it to be not so restricted.
Subject to subsections (7A) and (7B), where— no relevant notice covering acts done to induce persons to take part in the earlier action shall operate to cover acts done to induce persons to take part in the action authorised or endorsed at the later date and this section shall apply in relation to an act to induce a person to take part, or continue to take part, in the industrial action after that date as if the references in subsection (3)(b)(i) to the industrial action were to the industrial action taking place after that date.
continuous industrial action which has been authorised or endorsed by a union ceases to be so authorised or endorsed otherwise than to enable the union to comply with a court order or an undertaking given to a court, and
the industrial action has at a later date again been authorised or endorsed by the union (whether as continuous or discontinuous action),
Subsection (7) shall not apply where industrial action ceases to be authorised or endorsed in order to enable the union to comply with a court order or an undertaking given to a court.
Subsection (7) shall not apply where—
a union agrees with an employer, before industrial action ceases to be authorised or endorsed, that it will cease to be authorised or endorsed with effect from a date specified in the agreement (“the suspension date") and that it may again be authorised or endorsed with effect from a date not earlier than a date specified in the agreement (“the resumption date"),
the action ceases to be authorised or endorsed with effect from the suspension date, and
the action is again authorised or endorsed with effect from a date which is not earlier than the resumption date or such later date as may be agreed between the union and the employer.
The requirement imposed on a trade union by subsection (1) shall be treated as having been complied with if the steps were taken by other relevant persons or committees whose acts were authorised or endorsed by the union and references to the belief or intention of the union in subsection (2) or, as the case may be, subsections (3), (5) , (5C) and (6) shall be construed as references to the belief or the intention of the person or committee taking the steps.
The provisions of section 20(2) to (4) apply for the purpose of determining for the purposes of subsection (1) who are relevant persons or committees and whether the trade union is to be taken to have authorised or endorsed the steps the person or committee took and for the purposes of subsections (7) to (7B) whether the trade union is to be taken to have authorised or endorsed the industrial action.
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Where an individual claims that— he may apply to the High Court or the Court of Session for an order under this section.
any trade union or other person has done, or is likely to do, an unlawful act to induce any person to take part, or to continue to take part, in industrial action, and
an effect, or a likely effect, of the industrial action is or will be to— to the individual making the claim,
prevent or delay the supply of goods or services, or
reduce the quality of goods or services supplied,
For the purposes of this section an act to induce any person to take part, or to continue to take part, in industrial action is unlawful—
if it is actionable in tort by any one or more persons, or
(where it is or would be the act of a trade union) if it could form the basis of an application by a member under section 62.
In determining whether an individual may make an application under this section it is immaterial whether or not the individual is entitled to be supplied with the goods or services in question.
Where on an application under this section the court is satisfied that the claim is well-founded, it shall make such order as it considers appropriate for requiring the person by whom the act of inducement has been, or is likely to be, done to take steps for ensuring—
that no, or no further, act is done by him to induce any persons to take part or to continue to take part in the industrial action, and
that no person engages in conduct after the making of the order by virtue of having been induced by him before the making of the order to take part or continue to take part in the industrial action.
Without prejudice to any other power of the court, the court may on an application under this section grant such interlocutory relief (in Scotland, such interim order) as it considers appropriate.
For the purposes of this section an act of inducement shall be taken to be done by a trade union if it is authorised or endorsed by the union; and the provisions of section 20(2) to (4) apply for the purposes of determining whether such an act is to be taken to be so authorised or endorsed. Those provisions also apply in relation to proceedings for failure to comply with an order under this section as they apply in relation to the original proceedings.
A worker has the right not to be subjected as an individual to detriment of a prescribed description by any act, or any deliberate failure to act, by the worker’s employer, if the act or failure takes place for the sole or main purpose of preventing or deterring the worker from taking protected industrial action, or penalising the worker for doing so.
For that purpose, a worker takes protected industrial action if the worker commits an act which, or a series of acts each of which, the worker is induced to commit by an act which by virtue of section 219 is not actionable in tort.
But no account may be taken of the repudiation of any act by a trade union as mentioned in section 21 in relation to anything which occurs before the end of the next working day after the day on which the repudiation takes place.
Regulations under subsection (1) may prescribe detriment of any description (instead of detriment of a specific description).
Subsection (1) does not apply where the worker is an employee and the detriment in question amounts to dismissal (but see sections 237 to 239).
A worker or former worker may present a complaint to an employment tribunal on the ground that the worker or former worker has been subjected to a detriment by an employer in contravention of this section.
A worker or former worker has no other remedy for infringement of the right conferred by this section.
In this section and sections 236B to 236D—
An employment tribunal may not consider a complaint under section 236A unless it is presented—
before the end of the period of six months beginning with the date of the act or failure to which the complaint relates or, where that act or failure is part of a series of similar acts or failures (or both), the last of them, or
where the tribunal is satisfied that it was not reasonably practicable for the complaint to be presented before the end of that period, within such further period as it considers reasonable.
For the purposes of subsection (1)—
where an act extends over a period, the reference to the date of the act is a reference to the last day of that period;
a failure to act is to be treated as done when it was decided on.
For the purposes of subsection (2), in the absence of evidence establishing the contrary, an employer is to be taken to decide on a failure to act—
when the employer does an act inconsistent with doing the failed act, or
if the employer has done no such inconsistent act, when the period expires within which the employer might reasonably have been expected to do the failed act if it was to be done.
Section 292A (extension of time limits to facilitate conciliation before institution of proceedings) applies for the purposes of subsection (1)(a).
On a complaint under section 236A it is for the employer to show what was the sole or main purpose for which the employer acted or failed to act.
Where the employment tribunal finds that a complaint under section 236A is well-founded, the tribunal—
must make a declaration to that effect, and
may make an award of compensation to be paid by the employer to the complainant in respect of the act or failure complained of.
The amount of the compensation awarded is to be an amount which the tribunal considers just and equitable in all the circumstances having regard to the infringement complained of and to any loss sustained by the complainant which is attributable to the act or failure.
The loss is to be taken to include—
any expenses reasonably incurred by the complainant in consequence of the act or failure, and
loss of any benefit which the complainant might reasonably be expected to have had but for the act or failure.
In ascertaining the loss, the tribunal must apply the same rule concerning the duty of a person to mitigate loss as applies to damages recoverable under the common law of England and Wales or Scotland.
Where the tribunal finds that the act or failure complained of was to any extent caused or contributed to by action of the complainant, it must reduce the amount of the compensation by such proportion as it considers just and equitable having regard to that finding.
There shall continue to be a body called the Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (referred to in this Act as ACAS).
ACAS is a body corporate of which the corporators are the members of its Council.
Its functions, and those of its officers and servants, shall be performed on behalf of the Crown, but not so as to make it subject to directions of any kind from any Minister of the Crown as to the manner in which it is to exercise its functions under any enactment.
For the purposes of civil proceedings arising out of those functions the Crown Proceedings Act 1947 applies to ACAS as if it were a government department and the Crown Suits (Scotland) Act 1857 applies to it as if it were a public department.
Nothing in section 9 of the Statistics of Trade Act 1947 (restriction on disclosure of information obtained under that Act) shall prevent or penalise the disclosure to ACAS, for the purposes of the exercise of any of its functions, of information obtained under that Act by a government department.
ACAS shall maintain offices in such of the major centres of employment in Great Britain as it thinks fit for the purposes of discharging its functions under any enactment.
ACAS shall be directed by a Council which, subject to the following provisions, shall consist of a chairman and nine ordinary members appointed by the Secretary of State.
Before appointing those ordinary members of the Council, the Secretary of State shall—
as to three of them, consult such organisations representing employers as he considers appropriate, and
as to three of them, consult such organisations representing workers as he considers appropriate.
The Secretary of State may, if he thinks fit, appoint a further two ordinary members of the Council (who shall be appointed so as to take office at the same time); and before making those appointments he shall—
as to one of them, consult such organisations representing employers as he considers appropriate, and
as to one of them, consult such organisations representing workers as he considers appropriate.
The Secretary of State may appoint up to three deputy chairman who may be appointed from the ordinary members, or in addition to those members.
The Council shall determine its own procedure, including the quorum necessary for its meetings.
If the Secretary of State has not appointed a deputy chairman, the Council may choose a member to act as chairman in the absence or incapacity of the chairman.
The validity of proceedings of the Council is not affected by any vacancy among the members of the Council or by any defect in the appointment of any of them.
“legal professional privilege”, as respects Scotland, means confidentiality of communications;
The members of the Council shall hold and vacate office in accordance with their terms of appointment, subject to the following provisions.
Where the Certification Officer makes an order requiring the union to hold a fresh ballot, he shall (unless he considers that it would be inappropriate to do so in the particular circumstances of the case) require the ballot to be conducted in accordance with the union’s political ballot rules and such other provisions as may be made by the order.
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Where an enforcement order has been made, any person who is a member of the union and was a member at the time the order was made is entitled to enforce obedience to the order as if he had made an application under this section.
A declaration made by the Certification Officer under this section may be relied on as if it were a declaration made by the court.
An enforcement order made by the Certification Officer under this section may be enforced (by the Certification Officer, the applicant or a person mentioned in subsection (5C)) in the same way as an order of the court.
The following paragraphs have effect if a person applies under section 81 in relation to a matter—
that person may not apply under this section in relation to that matter;
on an application by a different person under this section in relation to that matter, the Certification Officer shall have due regard to any declaration, order, observations, or reasons made or given by the court regarding that matter and brought to the Certification Officer’s notice.
ACAS shall pay to the members of its Council such remuneration and travelling and other allowances as may be determined by the Secretary of State.
The Secretary of State may pay, or make provision for payment, to or in respect of a member of the Council such pension, allowance or gratuity on death or retirement as he may determine.
Where a person ceases to be the holder of the Council otherwise than on the expiry of his term of office and it appears to the Secretary of State that there are special circumstances which make it right for him to receive compensation, he may make him a payment of such amount he may determine.
The approval of the Treasury is required for any determination by the Secretary of State under this section.
The Secretary of State shall pay to ACAS such sums as are approved by the Treasury and as he considers appropriate for the purpose of enabling ACAS to perform its functions.
ACAS may pay to— such fees and travelling and other allowances as may be determined by the Secretary of State with the approval of the Treasury.
persons appointed under section 210(2) (conciliation) who are not officers or servants of ACAS, and
arbitrators or arbiters appointed by ACAS under any enactment,
ACAS may, in any case in which it thinks it appropriate to do so, but subject to any directions under subsection (2) below, charge a fee for exercising a function in relation to any person.
The Secretary of State may direct ACAS to charge fees, in accordance with the direction, for exercising any function specified in the direction, but the Secretary of State shall not give a direction under this subsection without consulting ACAS.
A direction under subsection (2) above may require ACAS to charge fees in respect of the exercise of a function only in specified descriptions of case.
A direction under subsection (2) above shall specify whether fees are to be charged in respect of the exercise of any specified function—
at the full economic cost level, or
at a level less than the full economic cost but not less than a specified proportion or percentage of the full economic cost.
Where a direction requires fees to be charged at the full economic cost level ACAS shall fix the fee for the case at an amount estimated to be sufficient to cover the administrative costs of ACAS of exercising the function including an appropriate sum in respect of general staff costs and overheads.
Where a direction requires fees to be charged at a level less than the full economic cost ACAS shall fix the fee for the case at such amount, not being less than the proportion or percentage of the full economic cost specified under subsection (4)(b) above, as it thinks appropriate (computing that cost in the same way as under subsection (5) above).
No liability to pay a fee charged under this section shall arise on the part of any person unless ACAS has notified that person that a fee may or will be charged.
For the purposes of this section—
a function is exercised in relation to a person who avails himself of the benefit of its exercise, whether or not he requested its exercise and whether the function is such as to be exercisable in relation to particular persons only or in relation to persons generally; and
where a function is exercised in relation to two or more persons the fee chargeable for its exercise shall be apportioned among them as ACAS thinks appropriate.
Information held by ACAS shall not be disclosed if the information— This is subject to subsection (2).
relates to a worker, an employer of a worker or a trade union (a “relevant person”), and
is held by ACAS in connection with the provision of a service by ACAS or its officers.
Subsection (1) does not prohibit the disclosure of information if—
the disclosure is made for the purpose of enabling or assisting ACAS to carry out any of its functions under this Act,
the disclosure is made for the purpose of enabling or assisting an officer of ACAS to carry out the functions of a conciliation officer under any enactment,
the disclosure is made for the purpose of enabling or assisting— to carry out functions specified in the appointment,
a person appointed by ACAS under section 210(2), or
an arbitrator or arbiter appointed by ACAS under any enactment,
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the disclosure is made for the purposes of a criminal investigation or criminal proceedings (whether or not within the United Kingdom),
the disclosure is made in order to comply with a court order,
the disclosure is made in a manner that ensures that no relevant person to whom the information relates can be identified, or
the disclosure is made with the consent of each relevant person to whom the information relates.
Subsection (2) does not authorise the making of a disclosure which contravenes the data protection legislation.
A person who discloses information in contravention of this section commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding level 5 on the standard scale.
Proceedings in England and Wales for an offence under this section may be instituted only with the consent of the Director of Public Prosecutions.
For the purposes of this section information held by— is information that is held by ACAS in connection with the provision of a service by ACAS.
a person appointed by ACAS under section 210(2) in connection with functions specified in the appointment, or
an arbitrator or arbiter appointed by ACAS under any enactment in connection with functions specified in the appointment,
In this section, “the data protection legislation” has the same meaning as in the Data Protection Act 2018 (see section 3 of that Act).
ACAS shall pay to the Certification Officer and any assistant certification officer such remuneration and travelling and other allowances as may be determined by the Secretary of State.
The Secretary of State may pay, or make provision for payment, to or in respect of the Certification Officer and any assistant certification officer such pension, allowance or gratuity on death or retirement as he may determine.
Where a person ceases to be the Certification Officer or an assistant certification officer otherwise than on the expiry of his term of office and it appears to the Secretary of State that there are special circumstances which make it right for him to receive compensation, he may make him a payment of such amount he may determine.
The approval of the Treasury is required for any determination by the Secretary of State under this section.
Except in relation to matters as to which express provision is made by or under an enactment, the Certification Officer may regulate the procedure to be followed—
on any application or complaint made to him, ...
where his approval is sought with respect to any matter, or
determining whether to make a declaration or order under section 24B ... , 45C, 55, 72A, 80, 82 or 103 ....
He shall in particular make provision about the disclosure, and restriction of the disclosure, of the identity of an individual who has made or is proposing to make any such application or complaint.
The Secretary of State may, with the consent of the Treasury, make a scheme providing for the payment by the Certification Officer to persons of such sums as may be specified in or determined under the scheme in respect of expenses incurred by them for the purposes of, or in connection with, their attendance at hearings held by him in the course of carrying out his functions.
Provision under subsection (2) shall be such that if the application or complaint relates to a trade union—
the individual’s identity is disclosed to the union unless the Certification Officer thinks the circumstances are such that it should not be so disclosed;
the individual’s identity is disclosed to such other persons (if any) as the Certification Officer thinks fit.
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The Certification Officer shall continue to have custody of the annual returns, accounts, copies of rules and other documents submitted for the purposes of— of which he took custody under section 9 of the Employment Protection Act 1975.
the Trade Union Acts 1871 to 1964,
the Industrial Relations Act 1971, or
the Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974,
He shall keep available for public inspection (either free of charge or on payment of a reasonable charge) at all reasonable hours such of those documents as were available for public inspection in pursuance of any of those Acts.
At any stage of proceedings on an application or complaint made to the Certification Officer, he may—
order the application or complaint, or any response, to be struck out on the grounds that it is scandalous, vexatious, has no reasonable prospect of success or is otherwise misconceived,
order anything in the application or complaint, or in any response, to be amended or struck out on those grounds, or
order the application or complaint, or any response, to be struck out on the grounds that the manner in which the proceedings have been conducted by or on behalf of the applicant or complainant or (as the case may be) respondent has been scandalous, vexatious, or unreasonable.
The Certification Officer may order an application or complaint made to him to be struck out for excessive delay in proceeding with it.
An order under this section may be made on the Certification Officer’s own initiative and may also be made—
if the order sought is to strike out an application or complaint, or to amend or strike out anything in an application or complaint, on an application by the respondent, or
if the order sought is to strike out any response, or to amend or strike out anything in any response, on an application by the person who made the application or complaint mentioned in subsection (1).
Before making an order under this section, the Certification Officer shall send notice to the party against whom it is proposed that the order should be made giving him an opportunity to show cause why the order should not be made.
Subsection (4) shall not be taken to require the Certification Officer to send a notice under that subsection if the party against whom it is proposed that the order under this section should be made has been given an opportunity to show cause orally why the order should not be made.
Nothing in this section prevents the Certification Officer from making further provision under section 256(1) about the striking out of proceedings on any application or complaint made to him.
An appeal lies to the Employment Appeal Tribunal on any question of law arising from a decision of the Certification Officer under this section.
In this section—
The Certification Officer may refuse to entertain any application or complaint made to him under a provision of Chapters III to VIIA of Part I by a vexatious litigant.
The Certification Officer must give reasons for such a refusal.
Subsection (1) does not apply to a complaint under section 37E(1)(b) or to an application under section 41.
For the purposes of subsection (1) a vexatious litigant is a person who is the subject of—
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a civil proceedings order or an all proceedings order which is made under section 42(1) of the Senior Courts Act 1981 and which remains in force,
an order which is made under section 1 of the Vexatious Actions (Scotland) Act 1898 or a vexatious litigation order made under section 100 of the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014, or
an order which is made under section 32 of the Judicature (Northern Ireland) Act 1978.
For the purposes of a relevant enactment an application to the Certification Officer shall be disregarded if—
it was made under a provision mentioned in the relevant enactment, and
it was refused by the Certification Officer under section 256A(1).
The relevant enactments are sections 26(8), 31(7), 45C(5B), 56(8), 72A(10), 81(8) and 108A(13).
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There shall continue to be a body called the Central Arbitration Committee.
The functions of the Committee shall be performed on behalf of the Crown, but not so as to make it subject to directions of any kind from any Minister of the Crown as to the manner in which it is to exercise its functions.
ACAS shall provide for the Committee the requisite staff (from among the officers and servants of ACAS) and the requisite accommodation, equipment and other facilities.
The Central Arbitration Committee shall consist of members appointed by the Secretary of State.
The Secretary of State shall appoint a member as chairman, and may appoint a member as deputy chairman or members as deputy chairmen.
The Secretary of State may appoint as members only persons experienced in industrial relations, and they shall include some persons whose experience is as representatives of employers and some whose experience is as representatives of workers.
At any time when the chairman of the Committee is absent or otherwise incapable of acting, or there is a vacancy in the office of chairman, and the Committee has a deputy chairman or deputy chairmen— may perform any of the functions of chairman of the Committee.
the deputy chairman, if there is only one, or
if there is more than one, such of the deputy chairmen as they may agree or in default of agreement as the Secretary of State may direct,
Before making an appointment under subsection (1) or (2) the Secretary of State shall consult ACAS and may consult other persons.
At any time when every person who is chairman or deputy chairman is absent or otherwise incapable of acting, or there is no such person, such member of the Committee as the Secretary of State may direct may perform any of the functions of the chairman of the Committee.
The validity of any proceedings of the Committee shall not be affected by any vacancy among the members of the Committee or by any defect in the appointment of a member of the Committee.
The members of the Central Arbitration Committee shall hold and vacate office in accordance with their terms of appointment, subject to the following provisions.
A person shall not be appointed to the Committee for a term exceeding five years, but previous membership does not affect eligibility for re-appointment.
The Secretary of State may, with the consent of the member concerned, vary the terms of his appointment as to whether he is a full-time or part-time member.
A member may at any time resign his membership, and the chairman or a deputy chairman may at any time resign his office as such, by notice in writing to the Secretary of State.
If the Secretary of State is satisfied that a member— the Secretary of State may declare his office as a member to be vacant and shall notify the declaration in such manner as he thinks fit, whereupon the office shall become vacant.
has become bankrupt or has had a debt relief order (under Part 7A of the Insolvency Act 1986) made in respect of him or has made an arrangement with his creditors (or, in Scotland, has had his estate sequestrated or has made a trust deed for his creditors or has made and had accepted a composition contract), or
is incapacitated by physical or mental illness, or
is otherwise unable or unfit to discharge the functions of a member,
If the chairman or a deputy chairman ceases to be a member of the Committee, he shall also cease to be chairman or, as the case may be, a deputy chairman.
ACAS shall pay to the members of the Central Arbitration Committee such remuneration and travelling and other allowances as may be determined by the Secretary of State.
The Secretary of State may pay, or make provision for payment, to or in respect of a member of the Committee such pension, allowance or gratuity on death or retirement as he may determine.
Where a person ceases to be the holder of the Committee otherwise than on the expiry of his term of office and it appears to the Secretary of State that there are special circumstances which make it right for him to receive compensation, he may make him a payment of such amount he may determine.
The approval of the Treasury is required for any determination by the Secretary of State under this section.
For the purpose of discharging its functions in any particular case the Central Arbitration Committee shall consist of the chairman and such other members as the chairman may direct: Provided that, it may sit in two or more divisions constituted of such members as the chairman may direct, and in a division in which the chairman does not sit the functions of the chairman shall be performed by a deputy chairman.
The Committee may, at the discretion of the chairman, where it appears expedient to do so, call in the aid of one or more assessors, and may settle the matter wholly or partly with their assistance.
The Committee may at the discretion of the chairman sit in private where it appears expedient to do so.
If in any case the Committee cannot reach a unanimous decision on its award, the chairman shall decide the matter acting with the full powers of an umpire or, in Scotland, an oversman.
Subject to the above provisions, the Committee shall determine its own procedure.
Part I of the Arbitration Act 1996 (general provisions as to arbitration) and section 3 of the Administration of Justice (Scotland) Act 1972 (power of arbiter to state case to Court of Session) sections 1 to 15 of and schedule 1 to the Arbitration (Scotland) Act 2010 do not apply to proceedings before the Committee.
In relation to the discharge of the Committee’s functions under Schedule A1—
section 263A and subsection (6) above shall apply, and
subsections (1) to (5) above shall not apply.
The Central Arbitration Committee may correct in any award ,or in any decision or declaration of the Committee under Schedule A1, any clerical mistake or error arising from an accidental slip or omission.
If a question arises as to the interpretation of an award of the Committee or of a decision or declaration of the Committee under Schedule A1,, any party may apply to the Committee for a decision; and the Committee shall decide the question after hearing the parties or, if the parties consent, without a hearing, and shall notify the parties.
Decisions of the Committee in the exercise of any of its functions shall be published.
For the purpose of discharging its functions under Schedule A1 in any particular case, the Central Arbitration Committee shall consist of a panel established under this section.
The chairman of the Committee shall establish a panel or panels, and a panel shall consist of these three persons appointed by him—
the chairman or a deputy chairman of the Committee, who shall be chairman of the panel;
a member of the Committee whose experience is as a representative of employers;
a member of the Committee whose experience is as a representative of workers.
The chairman of the Committee shall decide which panel is to deal with a particular case.
A panel may at the discretion of its chairman sit in private where it appears expedient to do so.
If— the question shall be decided according to that opinion.
a panel cannot reach a unanimous decision on a question arising before it, and
a majority of the panel have the same opinion,
If— the chairman of the panel shall decide the question acting with the full powers of an umpire or, in Scotland, an oversman.
a panel cannot reach a unanimous decision on a question arising before it, and
a majority of the panel do not have the same opinion,
Subject to the above provisions, a panel shall determine its own procedure.
The reference in subsection (1) to the Committee’s functions under Schedule A1 does not include a reference to its functions under paragraph 166 of that Schedule.
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The Commissioner shall hold and vacate office in accordance with the terms of his appointment, subject to the following provisions.
The appointment of a person to hold office as the Commissioner shall be for a term not exceeding five years; but previous appointment to that office does not affect eligibility for re-appointment.
The Secretary of State may remove a person from that office if he is satisfied—
that that person has been adjudged bankrupt, his estate has been sequestrated or he has made a composition or arrangement with, or granted a trust deed for, his creditors,
that he is incapacitated by physical or mental illness, or
that he is otherwise unable or unfit to discharge his functions as the Commissioner.
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There shall be paid to the Commissioner such remuneration, and such travelling and other allowances, as the Secretary of State may determine.
If the Secretary of State so determines in the case of any holder of the office of Commissioner, there shall be paid such pension, allowance or gratuity to or in respect of him on his retirement or death, or such contributions or payments towards provision for such a pension, allowance or gratuity as may be so determined.
If, when a person ceases to hold office as the Commissioner, the Secretary of State determines that there are special circumstances which make it right that he should receive compensation, there may be paid to him a sum by way of compensation of such amount as may be so determined.
Payments required to be made under this section shall be made by the Secretary of State
The consent of the Treasury is required for the making of a determination under this section.
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The Commissioner may, with the approval of the Secretary of State, make such provision as he considers appropriate for the payment by him to those who apply for assistance of sums in respect of travelling and other expenses incurred by them in connection with their applications.
The Secretary of State shall pay to the Commissioner such sums as he may determine are required by the Commissioner for the purpose of carrying out his functions.
The consent of the Treasury is required for the giving of an approval under subsection (1) or the making of a determination under subsection (2).
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In this Part financial year means the twelve months ending with 31st March.
The provisions of this Act have effect (except as mentioned below) in relation to Crown employment and persons in Crown employment as in relation to other employment and other workers or employees.
The following provisions are excepted from subsection (1)— section 87(4)(b) (power of tribunal to make order in respect of employer’s failure to comply with duties as to union contributions); sections 184 and 185 (remedy for failure to comply with declaration as to disclosure of information); Chapter II of Part IV (procedure for handling redundancies).
In this section Crown employment means employment under or for the purposes of a government department or any officer or body exercising on behalf of the Crown functions conferred by an enactment.
For the purposes of the provisions of this Act as they apply in relation to Crown employment or persons in Crown employment—
employee and contract of employment mean a person in Crown employment and the terms of employment of such a person (but subject to subsection (5) below);
dismissal means the termination of Crown employment;
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the reference in 182(1)(e) (disclosure of information for collective bargaining: restrictions on general duty) to the employer’s undertaking shall be construed as a reference to the national interest; and
any other reference to an undertaking shall be construed, in relation to a Minister of the Crown, as a reference to his functions or (as the context may require) to the department of which he is in charge, and in relation to a government department, officer or body shall be construed as a reference to the functions of the department, officer or body or (as the context may require) to the department, officer or body.
Sections 137 to 143 (rights in relation to trade union membership: access to employment) apply in relation to Crown employment otherwise than under a contract only where the terms of employment correspond to those of a contract of employment.
This section has effect subject to section 274 (armed forces) and section 275 (exemption on grounds of national security).
Section 273 (application of Act to Crown employment) does not apply to service as a member of the naval, military or air forces of the Crown.
But that section applies to employment by an association established for the purposes of Part XI of the Reserve Forces Act 1996 (territorial, auxiliary and reserve forces associations) as it applies to employment for the purposes of a government department.
Section 273 (application of Act to Crown employment) does not apply to employment in respect of which there is in force a certificate issued by or on behalf of a Minister of the Crown certifying that employment of a description specified in the certificate, or the employment of a particular person so specified, is (or, at a time specified in the certificate, was) required to be excepted from that section for the purpose of safeguarding national security.
A document purporting to be such a certificate shall, unless the contrary is proved, be deemed to be such a certificate.
The provisions of this Act (except those specified below) apply in relation to employment as a relevant member of the House of Commons staff as in relation to other employment.
The following provisions are excepted from subsection (1)— sections 184 and 185 (remedy for failure to comply with declaration as to disclosure of information), Chapter II of Part IV (procedure for handling redundancies).
In this section relevant member of the House of Commons staff has the same meaning as in section 139 of the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978.
Nothing in any rule of law or the law or practice of Parliament prevents a relevant member of the House of Commons staff from bringing a civil employment claim before the court or from bringing before an employment tribunal proceedings of any description which could be brought before such a tribunal by any person who is not such a member.
For the purposes of the other provisions of this Act as they apply by virtue of this section—
employee and contract of employment include a relevant member of the House of Commons staff and the terms of employment of any such member (but subject to subsection (5) below);
dismissal includes the termination of any such member’s employment;
the reference in section 182(1)(e) (disclosure of information for collective bargaining: restrictions on general duty) to the employer’s undertaking shall be construed as a reference to the national interest or, if the case so requires, the interests of the House of Commons; and
any other reference to an undertaking shall be construed as a reference to the House of Commons.
Sections 137 to 143 (access to employment) apply by virtue of this section in relation to employment otherwise than under a contract only where the terms of employment correspond to those of a contract of employment.
Subsections (6) to (12) of section 195 of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (person to be treated as employer of House of Commons staff) apply, with any necessary modifications, for the purposes of this section.
by a Family Health Services Authority under section 29, 35, 38 or 41 of the National Heath Service Act 1977, or
In this Act worker includes an individual regarded in his capacity as one who works or normally works or seeks to work as a person performing ... personal dental services or providing ... general dental services, general ophthalmic services or pharmaceutical services in accordance with arrangements made— and employer, in relation to such an individual, regarded in that capacity, means that ... body.
by NHS England under section 126 of the National Health Service Act 2006 or a Local Health Board under section ... 71 or 80 of the National Health Service (Wales) Act 2006 of the National Heath Service Act 1977, or
by a Health Board under section 17C, ... 25, 26, or 27 of the National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1978 or as a person providing local pharmaceutical services under a pilot scheme established under section 134 of the National Health Service Act 2006 or section 92 of the National Health Service (Wales) Act 2006, or under an LPS scheme established under Schedule 12 to the National Health Service Act 2006 or Schedule 7 to the National Health Service (Wales) Act 2006;
by a Health Board under section 19, 25, 26, or 27 of the National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1978;
In this Act “worker” also includes an individual regarded in his capacity as one who works or normally works or seeks to work as a person performing primary medical services or primary dental services— and “employer” in relation to such an individual, regarded in that capacity, means that ... Board.
in accordance with arrangements made by the National Health Service Commissioning Board or a Local Health Board under section 92 or 107 of the National Health Service Act 2006, or section 50 or 64 of the National Health Service (Wales) Act 2006; or
under a contract under section 84 or 100 of the National Health Service Act 2006 or section 42 or 57 of the National Health Service (Wales) Act 2006 entered into by him with the National Health Service Commissioning Board or a Local Health Board,
In this Act “worker” also includes an individual regarded in his capacity as one who works or normally works or seeks to work as a person performing primary medical services– and “employer” in relation to such an individual, regarded in that capacity, means that Health Board.
in accordance with arrangements made by a Health Board under section 17C of the National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1978; or
under a contract under section 17J of that Act entered into by him with a Health Board,
In this Act employee or worker does not include a person in police service; and the provisions of sections 137 and 138 (rights in relation to trade union membership: access to employment) do not apply in relation to police service.
Police service means service as a member of any constabulary maintained by virtue of an enactment, or in any other capacity by virtue of which a person has the powers or privileges of a constable.
Sections 168 and 170 (time off for trade union duties and activities) do not apply to employment under a contract which normally involves employment for less than sixteen hours weekly.
If the employee’s relations with his employer cease to be governed by a contract which normally involve work for sixteen hours or more weekly and become governed by a contract which normally involves employment for eight hours or more, but less than sixteen hours, weekly, the employee shall nevertheless for a period of 26 weeks be treated for the purposes of this section as if his contract normally involved employment for sixteen hours or more weekly.
In computing that period of 26 weeks no account shall be taken of any week—
during which the employee is in fact employed for sixteen hours or more;
during which the employee takes part in a strike (as defined by paragraph 24 of Schedule 13 to the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978); or
during which there is no contract of employment but which by virtue of paragraph 9(1) of that Schedule counts in computing a period of continuous employment.
An employee whose relations with his employer are governed by a contract of employment which normally involves employment for eight hours or more, but less than sixteen hours, weekly shall nevertheless, if he had been continuously employed for a period of five years or more be treated for the purposes of this section as if his contract normally involved employment for sixteen hours or more weekly.
Section 151 of and Schedule 13 to the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978 (computation of period of continuous employment), and any provision modifying or supplementing that section or Schedule for the purposes of that Act, apply for the purposes of this section; and references in this section to weeks are to weeks within the meaning of that Schedule.
An employee’s normal working hours for the purposes of this section shall be calculated in accordance with Part I of Schedule 14 to that Act.
In this section, “fixed term contract” means a contract of employment that, under its provisions determining how it will terminate in the normal course, will terminate—
on the expiry of a specific term,
on the completion of a particular task, or
on the occurrence or non-occurrence of any other specific event other than the attainment by the employee of any normal and bona fide retiring age in the establishment for an employee holding the position held by him.
The provisions of Chapter II of Part IV (procedure for handling redundancies) do not apply to employment under a fixed term contract unless—
the employer is proposing to dismiss the employee as redundant; and
the dismissal will take effect before the expiry of the specific term, the completion of the particular task or the occurrence or non-occurrence of the specific event (as the case may be).
The provisions of Chapter II of Part IV (procedure for handling redundancies) do not apply to employment as a merchant seaman.
For this purpose employment as a merchant seaman means employment as master or as a member of the crew of a sea-going ship, including an apprentice or trainee employed on any such ship and employment as a radio officer on such a ship.
The following provisions of this Act do not apply to employment as master or as member of the crew of a fishing vessel where the employee (or, in the case of sections 145A to 151, the worker) is remunerated only by a share in the profits or gross earnings of the vessel— In Part III (rights in relation to trade union membership and activities)— sections 137 to 143 (access to employment), sections 145A to 151 (inducements and detriment), and sections 168 to 173 (time off for trade union duties and activities; ...
The following provisions of this Act do not apply to employment where under his contract of employment an employee ordinarily works, or in the case of a prospective employee would ordinarily work, outside Great Britain— In Part III (rights in relation to trade union membership and activities)— sections 137 to 143 (access to employment), sections 145A to 151 (inducements and detriment), and sections 168 to 173 (time off for trade union duties and activities; In Part IV, sections 193 to 194 (duty to notify Secretary of State of certain redundancies).
For the other purposes of subsection (1) and the purposes of subsection (1A) employment on board a ship registered in the United Kingdom shall be treated as employment where under his contract a person ordinarily works in Great Britain unless—
the ship is registered at a port outside Great Britain, or
the employment is wholly outside Great Britain, or
the employee or, as the case may be, the worker or the person seeking employment or seeking to avail himself of a service of an employment agency, is not ordinarily resident in Great Britain.
Sections 145A to 151 do not apply to employment where under his contract personally to do work or perform services a worker who is not an employee ordinarily works outside Great Britain.
For the purposes of subsection (1) as it relates to sections 193 to 194, employment on board a ship registered in the United Kingdom or a GB-linked ship shall be treated as employment where under his contract a person ordinarily works in Great Britain.
In this section, “GB-linked ship” means a ship providing a service—
for the carriage of persons or goods, with or without vehicles, and
that is within subsection (4) or (5).
A service is within this subsection if it is operated between a place in Great Britain and another place in the United Kingdom.
A service is within this subsection if—
ships providing the service entered a harbour in Great Britain on at least 120 occasions in the period of 12 months ending with the day when the redundancy proposal in question is settled by the employer, or
if the service has been provided for less than 12 months before that day, ships providing the service entered a harbour in Great Britain on at least 10 occasions in each month for which the service has been provided.
But a service is not within subsection (5) if the service—
is for the purpose of leisure or recreation, or
is provided by a fishing vessel.
In this section—
This section applies in relation to the following provisions— In Part III (rights in relation to trade union membership and activities), section 136A (right to statement of trade union rights) and sections 145A to 151 (inducements and detriment), In Part IV, Chapter II (procedure for handling redundancies), and In Part V (industrial action), section 237 (dismissal of those taking part in unofficial industrial action).
The Secretary of State may by order made by statutory instrument provide that any of those provisions— and may vary or revoke any of the provisions of sections 281 to 285 above (excluded classes of employment) so far as they relate to any such provision.
shall not apply to persons or to employment of such classes as may be prescribed by the order, or
shall apply to persons or employments of such classes as may be prescribed by the order subject to such exceptions and modifications as may be so prescribed,
Any such order shall be made by statutory instrument and may contains such incidental, supplementary or transitional provisions as appear to the Secretary of State to be necessary or expedient.
No such order shall be made unless a draft of the order has been laid before Parliament and approved by a resolution of each House of Parliament.
In this Act offshore employment means employment for the purposes of activities—
in the territorial waters of the United Kingdom, or
connected with the exploration of the sea-bed or subsoil, or the exploitation of their natural resources, in the United Kingdom sector of the continental shelf, or
connected with the exploration or exploitation, in a foreign sector of the continental shelf, of a cross-boundary petroleum field.
Her Majesty may by Order in Council provide that— apply, to such extent and for such purposes as may be specified in the Order and with or without modification, to or in relation to a person in offshore employment or, in relation to sections 137 to 143 (access to employment), a person seeking such employment.
the provisions of this Act, and
any Northern Ireland legislation making provision for purposes corresponding to any of the purposes of this Act,
An Order in Council under this section—
may make different provision for different cases;
may provide that the enactments to which this section applies, as applied, apply— and apply notwithstanding that the application may affect the activities of such an individual or body outside the United Kingdom;
to individuals whether or not they are British subjects, and
to bodies corporate whether or not they are incorporated under the law of a part of the United Kingdom,
may make provision for conferring jurisdiction on any court or class of court specified in the Order, or on employment tribunals, in respect of offences, causes of action or other matters arising in connection with offshore employment;
may provide that the enactments to which this section applies apply in relation to a person in offshore employment in a part of the areas referred to in subsection (1)(a) and (b);
may exclude from the operation of section 3 of the Territorial Waters Jurisdiction Act 1878 (consents required for prosecutions) proceedings for offences under the enactments to which this section applies in connection with offshore employment;
may provide that such proceedings shall not be brought without such consent as may be required by the Order;
may modify or exclude any of sections 281 to 285 (excluded classes of employment) or any corresponding provision of Northern Ireland legislation.
Any jurisdiction conferred on a court or tribunal under this section is without prejudice to jurisdiction exercisable apart from this section, by that or any other court or tribunal.
An Order in Council under this section shall be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.
In this section—
Any provision in an agreement (whether a contract of employment or not) is void in so far as it purports—
to exclude or limit the operation of any provision of this Act, or
to preclude a person from bringing—
proceedings before an employment tribunal or the Central Arbitration Committee under any provision of this Act, . . .
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Subsection (1) does not apply to an agreement to refrain from instituting or continuing proceedings where a conciliation officer has taken action under— any of sections 18A to 18C of the Employment Tribunals Act 1996 (conciliation)
section 133(2) or (3) of the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978 (general provisions as to conciliation), or
section 134(1), (2) or (3) of that Act (conciliation in case of unfair dismissal).
Subsection (1) does not apply—
to such an agreement as is referred to in section 185(5)(b) or (c) to the extent that it varies or supersedes an award under that section;
to any provision in a collective agreement excluding rights under Chapter II of Part IV (procedure for handling redundancies), if an order under section 198 is in force in respect of it.
Subsection (1) does not apply to an agreement to refrain from instituting or continuing any proceedings, other than excepted proceedings, specified in subsection (1)(b) of that section before an employment tribunal if the conditions regulating settlement agreements under this Act are satisfied in relation to the agreement.
The conditions regulating settlement agreements under this Act are that—
the agreement must be in writing;
the agreement must relate to the particular proceedings;
the complainant must have received advice from a relevant independent adviser as to the terms and effect of the proposed agreement and in particular its effect on his ability to pursue his rights before an employment tribunal;
there must be in force, when the adviser gives the advice, a contract of insurance, or an indemnity provided for members of a profession or professional body, covering the risk of a claim by the complainant in respect of loss arising in consequence of the advice;
the agreement must identify the adviser; and
the agreement must state that the conditions regulating settlement agreements under this Act are satisfied.
The proceedings excepted from subsection (2A) are proceedings on a complaint of non-compliance with section 188.
A person is a relevant independent adviser for the purposes of subsection (2B)(c)—
if he is a qualified lawyer,
if he is an officer, official, employee or member of an independent trade union who has been certified in writing by the trade union as competent to give advice and as authorised to do so on behalf of the trade union,
if he works at an advice centre (whether as an employee or a volunteer) and has been certified in writing by the centre as competent to give advice and as authorised to do so on behalf of the centre, or
if he is a person of a description specified in an order made by the Secretary of State.
But a person is not a relevant independent adviser for the purposes of subsection (2B)(c) in relation to the complainant—
if he is, is employed by or is acting in the matter for the other party or a person who is connected with the other party,
in the case of a person within subsection (4)(b) or (c), if the trade union or advice centre is the other party or a person who is connected with the other party,
in the case of a person within subsection (4)(c), if the complainant makes a payment for the advice received from him, or
in the case of a person of a description specified in an order under subsection (4)(d), if any condition specified in the order in relation to the giving of advice by persons of that description is not satisfied.
In subsection (4)(a) qualified lawyer means—
as respects England and Wales, a person who, for the purposes of the Legal Services Act 2007, is an authorised person in relation to an activity which constitutes the exercise of a right of audience or the conduct of litigation (within the meaning of that Act), and
as respects Scotland, an advocate (whether in practice as such or employed to give legal advice), or a solicitor who holds a practising certificate.
An order under subsection (4)(d) shall be made by statutory instrument which shall be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.
For the purposes of subsection (4A) any two persons are to be treated as connected—
if one is a company of which the other (directly or indirectly) has control, or
if both are companies of which a third person (directly or indirectly) has control.
An agreement under which the parties agree to submit a dispute to arbitration—
shall be regarded for the purposes of subsections (2) and (2A) as being an agreement to refrain from instituting or continuing proceedings if—
the dispute is covered by a scheme having effect by virtue of an order under section 212A, and
the agreement is to submit it to arbitration in accordance with the scheme, but
shall be regarded for those purposes as neither being nor including such an agreement in any other case.
For the purposes of this Act it is immaterial whether the law which (apart from this Act) governs any person’s employment is the law of the United Kingdom, or of a part of the United Kingdom, or not.
section 64 (right of trade union member not to be unjustifiably disciplined);
section 137 or 138 (refusal of employment or service of employment agency on grounds related to union membership);
section 146 (action short of dismissal on grounds related to union membership or activities);
section 168, 169 or 170 (time off for trade union duties and activities);
section 174 (unreasonable exclusion or expulsion from union where employment subject to union membership agreement);
section 188 (failure to consult trade union representatives on proposed redundancies);
section 190 (entitlement under protective award).
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This section has effect in relation to the following provisions so far as they confer rights on employees or make provision in connection therewith—
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sections 168 to 173 (time off for trade union duties and activities);
sections 188 to 198 (procedure for handling redundancies).
Where the employee or worker or employer dies, tribunal proceedings may be instituted or continued by a personal representative of the deceased employee or worker or, as the case may be, defended by a personal representative of the deceased employer.
This section also has effect in relation to sections 145A to 151 so far as those sections confer rights on workers or make provision in connection therewith.
If there is no personal representative of a deceased employee or worker, tribunal proceedings or proceedings to enforce a tribunal award may be instituted or continued on behalf of his estate by such other person as the employment tribunal may appoint, being either— In such a case any award made by the employment tribunal shall be in such terms and shall be enforceable in such manner as may be prescribed.
a person authorised by the employee or worker to act in connection with the proceedings before his death, or
the widower, widow, surviving civil partner, child, father, mother, brother or sister of the employee or worker.
Any right arising under any of the provisions mentioned in subsection (1) or (1A) which by virtue of this section accrues after the death of the employee or worker in question shall devolve as if it had accrued before his death.
Any liability arising under any of those provisions which by virtue of this section accrues after the death of the employer in question shall be treated for all purposes as if it had accrued immediately before his death.
The Secretary of State may by regulations prescribe anything authorised or required to be prescribed for the purposes of this Act.
The regulations may contain such incidental, supplementary or transitional provisions as appear to the Secretary of State to be necessary or expedient.
Regulations under this section are to be made by statutory instrument.
A statutory instrument containing regulations to which subsection (5) applies (whether alone or with other provision) may not be made unless a draft of the instrument is laid before and approved by a resolution of each House of Parliament.
This subsection applies to regulations prescribing anything for the purposes of—
section 70ZC (access agreements: response period and negotiation period);
section 70ZE (access agreements: period to make application to Central Arbitration Committee);
section 70ZF (access agreements: determinations by Central Arbitration Committee);
section 70ZJ (enforcement of access agreements: amounts payable for breach);
section 236A (detriment for taking industrial action).
Any other statutory instrument containing regulations under this section is subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.
This section applies where this Act provides for it to apply for the purposes of a provision of this Act (a “relevant provision”).
In this section—
Day A is the day on which the complainant concerned complies with the requirement in subsection (1) of section 18A of the Employment Tribunals Act 1996 (requirement to contact ACAS before instituting proceedings) in relation to the matter in respect of which the proceedings are brought, and
Day B is the day on which the complainant concerned receives or, if earlier, is treated as receiving (by virtue of regulations made under subsection (11) of that section) the certificate issued under subsection (4) of that section.
In working out when a time limit set by a relevant provision expires the period beginning with the day after Day A and ending with Day B is not to be counted.
If a time limit set by a relevant provision would (if not extended by this subsection) expire during the period beginning with Day A and ending one month after Day B, the time limit expires instead at the end of that period.
Where an employment tribunal has power under this Act to extend a time limit set by a relevant provision, the power is exercisable in relation to the time limit as extended by this section.
If provision is made by Northern Ireland legislation for purposes corresponding to the purposes of any provision of this Act re-enacting a provision of the Employment Protection Act 1975 or the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978, the Secretary of State may, with the consent of the Treasury, make reciprocal arrangements with the appropriate Northern Ireland authority for co-ordinating the relevant provisions of this Act with the corresponding Northern Ireland provisions so as to secure that they operate, to such extent as may be provided by the arrangements, as a single system.
The Secretary of State may make regulations for giving effect to any such arrangements.
The regulations may make different provision for different cases and may contain such supplementary, incidental and transitional provisions as appear to the Secretary of State to be necessary or expedient.
The regulations may provide that the relevant provisions of this Act shall have effect in relation to persons affected by the arrangements subject to such modifications and adaptations as may be specified in the regulations, including provisions—
for securing that acts, omission and events having any effect for the purposes of the Northern Ireland legislation have a corresponding effect for the purposes of the relevant provisions of this Act (but not so as to confer a right to double payment in respect of the same act, omission or event, and
for determining, in cases where rights accrue both under the relevant provisions of this Act and under the Northern Ireland legislation, which of this rights is available to the person concerned.
In this section the appropriate Northern Ireland authority means such authority as is specified in that behalf in the Northern Ireland legislation.
Regulations under this section shall be made by statutory instrument which shall be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.
In this Act—
Subsection (1) has effect subject to section 235 and other provisions conferring a wider meaning on contract of employment or related expressions.
In this Act worker means an individual who works, or normally works or seeks to work—
under a contract of employment, or
under any other contract whereby he undertakes to do or perform personally any work or services for another party to the contract who is not a professional client of his, or
in employment under or for the purposes of a government department (otherwise than as a member of the naval, military or air forces of the Crown) in so far as such employment does not fall within paragraph (a) or (b) above.
In this Act employer, in relation to a worker, means a person for whom one or more workers work, or have worked or normally work or seek to work.
This section has effect subject to sections 68(4), ... 145F(3) , 151(1B) and 236A(8).
For the purposes of this Act any two employers shall be treated as associated if— and associated employer shall be construed accordingly.
one is a company of which the other (directly or indirectly) has control, or
both are companies of which a third person (directly or indirectly) has control;
In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires—
For the purposes of this Act, the number of persons voting in a ballot includes those who return ballot papers (whether by post or otherwise) or submit electronic voting forms that are spoiled or otherwise invalid.
In this Act the expressions listed below are defined by or otherwise fall to be construed in accordance with the provisions indicated— ACAS section 247(1) act and action section 298 advertisement (in sections 137 to 143) section 143(1) affected employees (in Part IV, Chapter II) section 196(3) “affected transferring individual” (in sections 198A and 198B) section 198A(7) agency worker section 298 agent (of trade union) section 119 appropriately qualified actuary (in sections 38 to 41) section 42 associated employer section 297 audit logs section 298A branch or section (of trade union) section 119 certificate of independence section 298. collective agreement and collective bargaining section 178(1) . . . . . . contract of employment —generally section 295(1) —in sections 226 to 234A section 235 —in relation to Crown employment section 273(4)(a) —in relation to House of Lords or House of Commons staff sections 277(4) and 278(4)(a) contravention section 298 contributor (in relation to the political fund of a trade union) section 84(1) the court (in Part I) section 121 date of the ballot (in Part V) section 246 . . . . . . dismiss and dismissal —generally section 298 —in relation to Crown employment section 273(4)(c) —in relation to House of Commons staff section 278(4)(b) the duty of confidentiality , in the context of a scrutineer or independent person section 24A(3) effective date of termination section 298 electronic voting section 298A electronic voting form section 298A electronic voting instructions section 298A electronic voting system section 298A eligible to vote section 298A employee —generally section 295(1) —in relation to Crown employment section 273(4)(a) —in relation to House of Commons staff section 278(4)(a) —excludes police service section 280 employee representatives (in Part IV, Chapter II) section 196(1). employer —in relation to an employee section 295(1) —in relation to a worker section 296(2) —in relation to health service practitioners section 279 employment and employment agency (in sections 137 to 143) section 143(1) executive (of trade union) section 119 financial affairs (of trade union) section 119 financial year (in Part VI) section 272 general secretary section 119 hybrid voting section 298A independent trade union (and related expressions) section 5 legal professional privilege (as respects Scotland) section 298 list —of trade unions section 2 —of employers’ associations section 123 . . . . . . Northern Ireland union (in Part I) section 120 not protected (in sections 222 to 226 and 234A) section 219(4) officer —of trade union section 119 —of employers’ association section 136 official (of trade union) section 119 offshore employment section 287 . . . . . . permissible means of voting section 298A political fund section 82(1)(a) political resolution section 82(1)(a) . . . . . . postal voting section 298A prescribed section 293(1) president section 119 “pre-transfer consultation” (in sections 198A and 198B) section 198A(7) recognised, recognition and related expressions section 178(3) . . . . . . relevant personal information section 298A “relevant transfer” (in sections 198A and 198B) section 198A(7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . representatives of a trade union (in Part IV, Chapter II) section 196(2) rules (of trade union) section 119 strike (in Part V) section 246 tort (as respects Scotland) section 298 trade dispute —in Part IV section 218 —in Part V section 244 trade union section 1 “transferee” and “transferor” (in sections 198A and 198B) section 198A(7) “transferring individual” (in sections 198A and 198B) section 198A(7) undertaking (of employer) —in relation to Crown employment section 273(4)(e) and (f) —in relation to House of Commons staff section 278(4)(c) and (d) voting section 297A . . . . . . voting access method section 298A voting access method information section 298A voting information section 298A worker —generally section 296(1) —includes health service practitioners section 279 —excludes police service section 280 working hours (in Part V) section 246 workplace voting section 298A
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In this Act—
The enactments specified in Schedule 1 are repealed to the extent specified.
The enactments specified in Schedule 2 are amended in accordance with that Schedule, the amendments being consequential on the provisions of this Act.
Schedule 3 contains transitional provisions and savings.
This Act extends to England and Wales and (apart from section 212A(6)) to Scotland.
The following provisions of this Act extend to Northern Ireland— but this Act does not otherwise extend there.
sections 13 and 14 (provisions as to property held in trust for trade union), and section 129 (application of provisions to employers’ associations) so far as it applies those sections;
Chapter VI of Part I (application of funds for political objects), except sections 86 to 88 (duties of employer who deducts union contributions), for the purposes of the application of that Chapter to trade unions or unincorporated employers’ associations having their head or main office outside Northern Ireland;
section 287 (offshore employment);
section 294 (reciprocal arrangements with Northern Ireland);
Schedule 1 (repeals) so far as it relates to enactments which extend to Northern Ireland, other than the Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act 1875;
Schedules 2 and 3 (consequential amendments, transitional provisions and savings), so far as they relate to enactments which extend to Northern Ireland;
Subsection (2)(b) does not affect the operation of Article 71(2) to (4) of the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Northern Ireland) Order 1995 (application of Northern Ireland law to contributions by members in Northern Ireland); and the closing words of that subsection do not affect the operation in relation to persons or property in Northern Ireland of any provision of Chapter VII of Part I (amalgamations and similar matters) which is capable of so applying as part of the law of England and Wales or Scotland.
This Act comes into force at the end of the period of three months beginning with the day on which it is passed.
This Act may be cited as the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992.
Sections 46A, 72E, 100ZA and 226ZA
This Schedule applies in relation to a determination under any of sections 46A, 72E, 100ZA and 226ZA.
In making a determination to which this Schedule applies, the responsible person must take the following factors into account— The responsible person must take the following additional factors into account when making a determination that electronic voting, hybrid voting or workplace voting is available for a ballot or election— In making a determination to which this Schedule applies, the responsible person must apply the following criteria— The criterion in sub-paragraph (3)(a) is considered to be satisfied in relation to a determination that— In this paragraph—
A trade union (or trade unions) seeking recognition to be entitled to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of a group or groups of workers may make a request in accordance with this Part of this Schedule.
This paragraph applies for the purposes of this Part of this Schedule. References to the bargaining unit are to the group of workers concerned (or the groups taken together). References to the proposed bargaining unit are to the bargaining unit proposed in the request for recognition. References to an appropriate bargaining unit’s being decided by the CAC are to a bargaining unit’s being decided by the CAC to be appropriate under paragraph 19(2) or (3) or 19A(2) or (3). References to the employer are to the employer of the workers constituting the bargaining unit concerned. References to the parties are to the union (or unions) and the employer.
This paragraph applies for the purposes of this Part of this Schedule. The meaning of collective bargaining given by section 178(1) shall not apply. References to collective bargaining are to negotiations relating to pay, hours and holidays; but this has effect subject to sub-paragraph (4). If the parties agree matters as the subject of collective bargaining, references to collective bargaining are to negotiations relating to the agreed matters; and this is the case whether the agreement is made before or after the time when the CAC issues a declaration, or the parties agree, that the union is (or unions are) entitled to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of a bargaining unit. Sub-paragraph (4) does not apply in construing paragraph 31(3). Sub-paragraphs (2) to (5) do not apply in construing paragraph 35 or 44.
The union or unions seeking recognition must make a request for recognition to the employer. Paragraphs 5 to 9 apply to the request.
The request is not valid unless it is received by the employer.
The request is not valid unless the union (or each of the unions) has a certificate of independence.
The request is not valid unless the employer, taken with any associated employer or employers, employs— To find the average under sub-paragraph (1)(b)— For the purposes of sub-paragraph (1)(a) any worker employed by an associated company incorporated outside Great Britain must be ignored unless the day the request was made fell within a period during which he ordinarily worked in Great Britain. For the purposes of sub-paragraph (1)(b) any worker employed by an associated company incorporated outside Great Britain must be ignored in relation to a week unless the whole or any part of that week fell within a period during which he ordinarily worked in Great Britain. For the purposes of sub-paragraphs (3) and (4) a worker who is employed on board a ship registered in the register maintained under section 8 of the Merchant Shipping Act 1995 shall be treated as ordinarily working in Great Britain unless— Sub-paragraph (5B) applies to an agency worker whose contract within regulation 3(1)(b) of the Agency Workers Regulations 2010 (contract with the temporary work agency) is not a contract of employment. For the purposes of sub-paragraphs (1) and (2), the agency worker is to be treated as having a contract of employment with the temporary work agency for the duration of the assignment with the employer (and “assignment” has the same meaning as in those Regulations). The Secretary of State may by order— and different provision may be made for different circumstances. An order under sub-paragraph (6)— No such order shall be made unless a draft of it has been laid before Parliament and approved by a resolution of each House of Parliament.
The request is not valid unless it—
is in writing,
identifies the union or unions and the bargaining unit, and
states that it is made under this Schedule.
The Secretary of State may by order made by statutory instrument prescribe the form of requests and the procedure for making them; and if he does so the request is not valid unless it complies with the order.
If before the end of the first period the parties agree a bargaining unit and that the union is (or unions are) to be recognised as entitled to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of the unit, no further steps are to be taken under this Part of this Schedule. If before the end of the first period the employer informs the union (or unions) that the employer does not accept the request but is willing to negotiate, sub-paragraph (3) applies. The parties may conduct negotiations with a view to agreeing a bargaining unit and that the union is (or unions are) to be recognised as entitled to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of the unit. If such an agreement is made before the end of the second period no further steps are to be taken under this Part of this Schedule. The employer and the union (or unions) may request ACAS to assist in conducting the negotiations. The first period is the period of 10 working days starting with the day after that on which the employer receives the request for recognition. The second period is—
This paragraph applies if— The union (or unions) may apply to the CAC to decide both these questions—
Sub-paragraph (2) applies if— The union (or unions) may apply to the CAC to decide both these questions— Sub-paragraph (4) applies if— The union (or unions) may apply to the CAC to decide the question whether the union has (or unions have) the support of a majority of the workers constituting the bargaining unit. But no application may be made under this paragraph if within the period of 10 working days starting with the day after that on which the employer informs the union (or unions) under paragraph 10(2) the employer proposes that ACAS be requested to assist in conducting the negotiations and—
The CAC must give notice to the parties of receipt of an application under paragraph 11 or 12.
This paragraph applies if— A relevant application is an application under paragraph 11 or 12. In relation to a relevant application, the relevant bargaining unit is— Within the acceptance period the CAC must decide, with regard to each relevant application, whether the required percentage test is satisfied. The required percentage test is satisfied if members of the union (or unions) constitute at least the required percentage (see paragraph 171B) of the workers constituting the relevant bargaining unit. The acceptance period is— If the CAC decides that— the CAC must not accept any of the relevant applications. If the CAC decides that the required percentage test is satisfied with regard to one only of the relevant applications the CAC— The CAC must give notice of its decision to the parties. If by virtue of this paragraph the CAC does not accept an application, no further steps are to be taken under this Part of this Schedule in relation to that application.
This paragraph applies to these applications— Within the acceptance period the CAC must decide whether— In deciding those questions the CAC must consider any evidence which it has been given by the employer or the union (or unions). If the CAC decides that the request is not valid or the application is not made in accordance with paragraph 11 or 12 or is not admissible— If the CAC decides that the request is valid and the application is made in accordance with paragraph 11 or 12 and is admissible it must— The acceptance period is—
If an application under paragraph 19F(5) or 11 or 12 is accepted by the CAC, the union (or unions) may not withdraw the application— If an application is withdrawn by the union (or unions)—
This paragraph applies if the CAC has received an application under paragraph 11 or 12 and— No further steps are to be taken under this Part of this Schedule if, before the final event occurs, the parties give notice to the CAC that they want no further steps to be taken. The final event occurs when the first of the following occurs— and the notification period is that defined by paragraph 24(6) and arising from the application.
If the CAC accepts an application under paragraph 11(2) or 12(2) it must try to help the parties to reach within the appropriate period an agreement as to what the appropriate bargaining unit is. The appropriate period is (subject to any notice under sub-paragraph (3), (4) or (5))— If, during the appropriate period, the CAC concludes that there is no reasonable prospect of the parties' agreeing an appropriate bargaining unit before the time when (apart from this sub-paragraph) the appropriate period would end, the CAC may, by a notice given to the parties, declare that the appropriate period ends with the date of the notice. If, during the appropriate period, the parties apply to the CAC for a declaration that the appropriate period is to end with a date (specified in the application) which is earlier than the date with which it would otherwise end, the CAC may, by a notice given to the parties, declare that the appropriate period ends with the specified date. If the CAC has declared under sub-paragraph (4) that the appropriate period ends with a specified date, it may before that date by a notice given to the parties specify a later date with which the appropriate period ends. A notice under sub-paragraph (3) must contain reasons for reaching the conclusion mentioned in that sub-paragraph. A notice under sub-paragraph (5) must contain reasons for the extension of the appropriate period.
This paragraph applies if the CAC accepts an application under paragraph 11(2) or 12(2). Within 5 working days starting with the day after that on which the CAC gives the employer notice of acceptance of the application, the employer must supply the following information to the union (or unions) and the CAC— The lists and numbers supplied under this paragraph must be as accurate as is reasonably practicable in the light of the information in the possession of the employer at the time when he complies with sub-paragraph (2). The lists and numbers supplied to the union (or unions) and to the CAC must be the same. For the purposes of this paragraph, the workplace at which a worker works is—
This paragraph applies if— Within the decision period, the CAC must decide whether the proposed bargaining unit is appropriate. If the CAC decides that the proposed bargaining unit is not appropriate, it must also decide within the decision period a bargaining unit which is appropriate. The decision period is—
This paragraph applies if— Within the decision period, the CAC must decide whether the proposed bargaining unit is appropriate. If the CAC decides that the proposed bargaining unit is not appropriate, it must also decide within the decision period a bargaining unit which is appropriate. The decision period is—
This paragraph applies if the CAC has to decide whether a bargaining unit is appropriate for the purposes of paragraph 19(2) or (3) or 19A(2) or (3). The CAC must take these matters into account— The matters are— In taking an employer’s views into account for the purpose of deciding whether the proposed bargaining unit is appropriate, the CAC must take into account any view the employer has about any other bargaining unit that he considers would be appropriate. The CAC must give notice of its decision to the parties.
This paragraph applies if the CAC accepts an application under paragraph 11(2) or 12(2) or (4). The union (or unions) may apply to the CAC for the appointment of a suitable independent person to handle communications during the initial period between the union (or unions) and the relevant workers. In the case of an application under paragraph 11(2) or 12(2), the relevant workers are— In the case of an application under paragraph 12(4), the relevant workers are those falling within the bargaining unit agreed by the parties. The initial period is the period starting with the day on which the CAC informs the parties under sub-paragraph (7)(b) and ending with the first day on which any of the following occurs— A person is a suitable independent person if— On an application under sub-paragraph (2) the CAC must as soon as reasonably practicable— The person appointed by the CAC is referred to in paragraphs 19D and 19E as “the appointed person”.
An employer who is informed by the CAC under paragraph 19C(7)(b) must comply with the following duties (so far as it is reasonable to expect him to do so). The duties are— Nothing in sub-paragraph (2) requires the employer to give information to the CAC after the end of the initial period. As soon as reasonably practicable after the CAC receives any information under sub-paragraph (2), it must pass it on to the appointed person.
During the initial period, the appointed person must if asked to do so by the union (or unions) send to any worker— any information supplied by the union (or unions) to the appointed person. The costs of the appointed person shall be borne— The appointed person may send to the union (or each of the unions) a demand stating his costs and the amount of those costs to be borne by the recipient. In such a case the recipient must pay the amount stated to the person sending the demand and must do so within the period of 15 working days starting with the day after that on which the demand is received. In England and Wales, if the amount stated is not paid in accordance with sub-paragraph (4) it shall, if the county court so orders, be recoverable under section 85 of the County Courts Act 1984 or otherwise as if it were payable under an order of that court. Where a warrant of control is issued under section 85 of the 1984 Act to recover an amount in accordance with sub-paragraph (5), the power conferred by the warrant is exercisable , to the same extent and in the same manner as if the union were a body corporate, against any property held in trust for the union other than protected property as defined in section 23(2). References to the costs of the appointed person are to—
If the CAC is satisfied that the employer has failed to fulfil a duty mentioned in paragraph 19D(2), and the initial period has not yet ended, the CAC may order the employer— and in this paragraph a “remedial order” means an order under this sub-paragraph. If the CAC is satisfied that the employer has failed to comply with a remedial order and the initial period has not yet ended, the CAC must as soon as reasonably practicable notify the employer and the union (or unions) that it is satisfied that the employer has failed to comply. A remedial order and a notice under sub-paragraph (2) must draw the recipient’s attention to the effect of sub-paragraphs (4) and (5). Sub-paragraph (5) applies if— The CAC may issue a declaration that the union is (or unions are) recognised as entitled to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of the workers constituting the bargaining unit.
This paragraph applies if— The union (or unions) may, by giving notice to the CAC and the employer within the access request period, request access to the relevant workers in connection with the application. In the case of an application under paragraph 11(2) or 12(2), the relevant workers are— In the case of an application under paragraph 12(4), the relevant workers are those falling within the bargaining unit agreed by the parties. The access request period is the period of 5 working days starting with the day after the day on which the CAC gives the union (or unions) notice under paragraph 15(5) that the application is accepted. For the purposes of this paragraph and paragraphs 19H to 19K, an application under paragraph 11 or 12 is in progress if none of the following has occurred—
This paragraph applies if— The CAC must try to help the parties to reach agreement within the negotiation period as to terms on which the union is (or unions are) to have access to the relevant workers. The negotiation period is, subject to any notice under sub-paragraph (4) or (6)— If, during the negotiation period, the CAC concludes that there is no reasonable prospect of the parties’ agreeing terms on which the union is (or unions are) to have access to the relevant workers before the time when (apart from this sub-paragraph) the negotiation period would end, the CAC may, by a notice given to the parties, declare that the negotiation period ends with the date of the notice. A notice under sub-paragraph (4) must contain reasons for reaching the conclusion mentioned in that sub-paragraph. If, during the negotiation period, the parties apply to the CAC for a declaration that the negotiation period is to end with a date (specified in the application) which is earlier or later than the date with which it would otherwise end, the CAC may, by a notice given to the parties, declare that the negotiation period ends with the specified date.
This paragraph applies if— Within the adjudication period, the CAC must— The adjudication period is— Any terms decided by the CAC must be terms that the CAC regards as allowing such access to the relevant workers as is reasonable to enable the union (or unions) to—
This paragraph applies if— “Access agreement” means— and such an agreement is “entered into” when the terms are so agreed or decided. The parties must comply with the access agreement. The employer must refrain from making any offer to any or all of the relevant workers which— The employer must refrain from taking, or threatening to take, any action against a worker solely or mainly on the grounds that the worker— In the case of an application under paragraph 11(2) or 12(2), the relevant workers are— In the case of an application under paragraph 12(4), the relevant workers are those falling within the bargaining unit agreed by the parties. A meeting is a relevant meeting in relation to a worker for the purposes of sub-paragraphs (4) and (5) if— The duties imposed by sub-paragraphs (4) and (5) do not confer any rights on a worker; but that does not affect any other right which a worker may have. Any provision of an access agreement that would require personal data relating to any of the relevant workers to be disclosed to any person who is not an appointed person is of no effect for the purposes of this Part of this Schedule. In sub-paragraph (10)— An access agreement is to be conclusively presumed not to have been intended by the parties to be a legally enforceable contract; and, accordingly, where an access agreement is, or is part of, a collective agreement, section 179(2) and (3)(a) do not apply to the access agreement.
Sub-paragraph (2) applies if— The CAC may order the party— Sub-paragraphs (4) and (5) apply if— If the party that has failed to comply is the employer, the CAC may issue a declaration that the union is (or unions are) recognised as entitled to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of the bargaining unit. If the party that has failed to comply is a union, the CAC may issue a declaration that the union is (or unions are) not entitled to be so recognised.
Each of the powers specified in sub-paragraph (2) is to be taken to include power to issue Codes of Practice about any matter relating to requests for access under paragraph 19G(2), including (among other things)— The powers are—
Each of the parties informed by the CAC under paragraph 15(5) that an application under paragraph 11 or 12 is accepted must refrain from using any unfair practice in relation to the application. A party uses an unfair practice if, with a view to influencing the outcome of the application, the party does any of the following— In sub-paragraph (2)— For the purposes of sub-paragraph (2)(e) an “outcome-specific offer” is an offer to pay money, or give money’s worth, which— The duty imposed by this paragraph does not confer any rights on a worker; but that does not affect any other right which a worker may have. Each of the following powers is to be taken to include power to issue Codes of Practice about unfair practices for the purposes of this paragraph—
A party may complain to the CAC that another party has failed to comply with paragraph 19M. A complaint under sub-paragraph (1) may not be made after— Within the decision period the CAC must decide whether the complaint is well-founded. A complaint is well-founded if the CAC finds that the party complained against used an unfair practice. The decision period is—
This paragraph applies if the CAC decides that a complaint under paragraph 19N is well-founded. The CAC must, as soon as is reasonably practicable, issue a declaration to that effect. The CAC may order the party concerned to take any action specified in the order within such period as may be so specified. Sub-paragraph (5) applies if— The CAC may give notice to the employer and to the union (or unions) that it intends to arrange for the holding of a secret ballot in which the workers constituting the bargaining unit, other than those who joined the bargaining unit after the application day, are asked whether they want the union (or unions) to conduct collective bargaining on their behalf. The CAC may make an order under sub-paragraph (3), or give a notice under sub-paragraph (5), either at the same time as it issues the declaration under sub-paragraph (2) or at any other time before any of the following occurs— The action specified in an order under sub-paragraph (3) must be such as the CAC considers reasonable in order to mitigate the effect of the failure of the party concerned to comply with the duty imposed by paragraph 19M. The CAC may make more than one order under sub-paragraph (3).
Sub-paragraphs (4) to (6) apply if— This sub-paragraph applies if the declaration states that the unfair practice used consisted of or included— This sub-paragraph applies if the CAC has made an order under paragraph 19O(3) and— If the party that has failed to comply is the employer, the CAC may issue a declaration that the union is (or unions are) recognised as entitled to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of the bargaining unit. If the party that has failed to comply is a union, the CAC may issue a declaration that the union is (or unions are) not entitled to be so recognised. The powers conferred by this paragraph are in addition to those conferred by paragraph 19O.
This paragraph applies if— Within the decision period the CAC must decide whether the application is invalid within the terms of paragraphs 43 to 50. In deciding whether the application is invalid, the CAC must consider any evidence which it has been given by the employer or the union (or unions). If the CAC decides that the application is invalid— If the CAC decides that the application is not invalid it must— The decision period is—
This paragraph applies if—
the CAC accepts an application under paragraph 11(2) or 12(2),
the parties have agreed an appropriate bargaining unit at the end of the appropriate period, or the CAC has decided an appropriate bargaining unit, and
that bargaining unit differs from the proposed bargaining unit.
Within the decision period the CAC must decide whether the application is invalid within the terms of paragraphs 43 to 50.
In deciding whether the application is invalid, the CAC must consider any evidence which it has been given by the employer or the union (or unions).
If the CAC decides that the application is invalid—
the CAC must give notice of its decision to the parties,
the CAC must not proceed with the application, and
no further steps are to be taken under this Part of this Schedule.
If the CAC decides that the application is not invalid it must—
proceed with the application, and
give notice to the parties that it is so proceeding.
The decision period is—
the period of 10 working days starting with the day after that on which the parties agree an appropriate bargaining unit or the CAC decides an appropriate bargaining unit, or
such longer period (so starting) as the CAC may specify to the parties by notice containing reasons for the extension.
This paragraph applies if— This paragraph also applies if the CAC accepts an application under paragraph 12(4). The CAC must proceed with the application.
This paragraph applies if— The CAC must issue a declaration that the union is (or unions are) recognised as entitled to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of the workers constituting the bargaining unit. But if any of the three qualifying conditions is fulfilled, instead of issuing a declaration under sub-paragraph (2) the CAC must give notice to the parties that it intends to arrange for the holding of a secret ballot in which the workers constituting the bargaining unit are asked whether they want the union (or unions) to conduct collective bargaining on their behalf. These are the three qualifying conditions— For the purposes of sub-paragraph (4)(c) membership evidence is—
This paragraph applies if— The CAC must give notice to the parties that it intends to arrange for the holding of a secret ballot in which the workers constituting the bargaining unit are asked whether they want the union (or unions) to conduct collective bargaining on their behalf.
This paragraph applies if the CAC gives notice under paragraph 22(3) or 23(2). Within the notification period— may notify the CAC that the party making the notification does not (or the parties making the notification do not) want the CAC to arrange for the holding of the ballot. If the CAC is so notified— If the CAC is not so notified it must arrange for the holding of the ballot. The notification period is, in relation to notification by the union (or unions)— The notification period is, in relation to notification by the union (or unions) and the employer— The CAC may give a notice under sub-paragraph (5)(b) or (6)(b) only if the parties have applied jointly to it for the giving of such a notice.
This paragraph applies if the CAC arranges under paragraph 24 for the holding of a ballot. The ballot must be conducted by a qualified independent person appointed by the CAC. The ballot must be conducted within— The ballot must be conducted— depending on the CAC’s preference. In deciding how the ballot is to be conducted the CAC must take into account— The CAC may not decide that the ballot is to be conducted as mentioned in sub-paragraph (4)(c) unless there are special factors making such a decision appropriate; and special factors include— If the CAC decides that the ballot must (in whole or in part) be conducted at a workplace (or workplaces), it may require arrangements to be made for workers— to be given the opportunity (if they request it far enough in advance of the ballot for this to be practicable) to vote by post; and the CAC’s imposing such a requirement is not to be treated for the purposes of sub-paragraph (6) as a decision that the ballot be conducted as mentioned in sub-paragraph (4)(c). A person is a qualified independent person if— An order under sub-paragraph (7)(a) shall be made by statutory instrument subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament. As soon as is reasonably practicable after the CAC is required under paragraph 24 to arrange for the holding of a ballot it must inform the parties—
An employer who is informed by the CAC under paragraph 25(9) must comply with the following five duties. The first duty is to co-operate generally, in connection with the ballot, with the union (or unions) and the person appointed to conduct the ballot; and the second and third duties are not to prejudice the generality of this. The second duty is to give to the union (or unions) such access to the workers constituting the bargaining unit as is reasonable to enable the union (or unions) to inform the workers of the object of the ballot and to seek their support and their opinions on the issues involved. The third duty is to do the following (so far as it is reasonable to expect the employer to do so)— The fourth duty is to refrain from making any offer to any or all of the workers constituting the bargaining unit which— The fifth duty is to refrain from taking or threatening to take any action against a worker solely or mainly on the grounds that he— A meeting is a relevant meeting in relation to a worker for the purposes of sub-paragraphs (4A) and (4B) if— Without prejudice to the generality of the second duty imposed by this paragraph, an employer is to be taken to have failed to comply with that duty if— The fourth and fifth duties do not confer any rights on a worker; but that does not affect any other right which a worker may have. Sub-paragraph (4)(a) does not apply to names and addresses that the employer has already given to the CAC under paragraph 19D. Where (because of sub-paragraph (4F)) the employer does not have to comply with sub-paragraph (4)(a), the reference in sub-paragraph (4)(b) to the time when the employer complied with sub-paragraph (4)(a) is to be read as a reference to the time when the employer is informed under paragraph 25(9). If— the CAC must, as soon as is reasonably practicable, pass on to the person appointed to conduct the ballot the names and addresses given to it under paragraph 19D. As soon as is reasonably practicable after the CAC receives any information under sub-paragraph (4) it must pass it on to the person appointed to conduct the ballot. If asked to do so by the union (or unions) the person appointed to conduct the ballot must send to any worker— any information supplied by the union (or unions) to the person so appointed. The duty under sub-paragraph (6) does not apply unless the union bears (or unions bear) the cost of sending the information. Each of the powers specified in sub-paragraph (9) shall be taken to include power to issue Codes of Practice— The powers are—
If the CAC is satisfied that the employer has failed to fulfil any of the duties imposed on him by paragraph 26, and the ballot has not been held, the CAC may order the employer— If the CAC is satisfied that the employer has failed to comply with an order under sub-paragraph (1), and the ballot has not been held, the CAC may issue a declaration that the union is (or unions are) recognised as entitled to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of the bargaining unit. If the CAC issues a declaration under sub-paragraph (2) it shall take steps to cancel the holding of the ballot; and if the ballot is held it shall have no effect.
Each of the parties informed by the CAC under paragraph 25(9) must refrain from using any unfair practice. A party uses an unfair practice if, with a view to influencing the result of the ballot, the party— For the purposes of sub-paragraph (2)(b) an “outcome-specific offer” is an offer to pay money or give money’s worth which— The duty imposed by this paragraph does not confer any rights on a worker; but that does not affect any other right which a worker may have. Each of the following powers shall be taken to include power to issue Codes of Practice about unfair practices for the purposes of this paragraph—
A party may complain to the CAC that another party has failed to comply with paragraph 27A. A complaint under sub-paragraph (1) must be made on or before the first working day after— Within the decision period the CAC must decide whether the complaint is well-founded. A complaint is well-founded if— The decision period is— If, at the beginning of the decision period, the ballot has not begun, the CAC may by notice to the parties and the qualified independent person postpone the date on which it is to begin until a date which falls after the end of the decision period.
This paragraph applies if the CAC decides that a complaint under paragraph 27B is well-founded. The CAC must, as soon as is reasonably practicable, issue a declaration to that effect. The CAC may do either or both of the following— The CAC may give an order or a notice under sub-paragraph (3) either at the same time as it issues the declaration under sub-paragraph (2) or at any other time before it acts under paragraph 29. The action specified in an order under sub-paragraph (3)(a) shall be such as the CAC considers reasonable in order to mitigate the effect of the failure of the party concerned to comply with the duty imposed by paragraph 27A. The CAC may give more than one order under sub-paragraph (3)(a).
This paragraph applies if the CAC issues a declaration under paragraph 27C(2) and the declaration states that the unfair practice used consisted of or included— This paragraph also applies if the CAC has made an order under paragraph 27C(3)(a) and— If the party concerned is the employer, the CAC may issue a declaration that the union is (or unions are) recognised as entitled to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of the bargaining unit. If the party concerned is a union, the CAC may issue a declaration that the union is (or unions are) not entitled to be so recognised. The powers conferred by this paragraph are in addition to those conferred by paragraph 27C(3).
This paragraph applies if the CAC issues a declaration that a complaint under paragraph 27B is well-founded and— If the ballot in connection with which the complaint was made has not been held, the CAC shall take steps to cancel it. If that ballot is held, it shall have no effect.
This paragraph applies if the CAC gives a notice under paragraph 27C(3)(b). Paragraphs 24 to 29 apply in relation to that notice as they apply in relation to a notice given under paragraph 22(3) or 23(2) but with the modifications specified in sub-paragraphs (3) to (6). In each of sub-paragraphs (5)(a) and (6)(a) of paragraph 24 for “10 working days” substitute 5 working days. An employer’s duty under paragraph (a) of paragraph 26(4) is limited to— Any order given under paragraph 27(1) or 27C(3)(a) for the purposes of the cancelled or ineffectual ballot shall have effect (to the extent that the CAC specifies in a notice to the parties) as if it were made for the purposes of the ballot to which the notice under paragraph 27C(3)(b) relates. The gross costs of the ballot shall be borne by such of the parties and in such proportions as the CAC may determine and, accordingly, sub-paragraphs (2) and (3) of paragraph 28 shall be omitted and the reference in sub-paragraph (4) of that paragraph to the employer and the union (or each of the unions) shall be construed as a reference to the party or parties which bear the costs in accordance with the CAC’s determination.
This paragraph applies if the holding of a ballot has been arranged under paragraph 24 whether or not it has been cancelled. The gross costs of the ballot shall be borne— If there is more than one union they shall bear their half of the gross costs— The person appointed to conduct the ballot may send to the employer and the union (or each of the unions) a demand stating— In such a case the recipient must pay the amount stated to the person sending the demand, and must do so within the period of 15 working days starting with the day after that on which the demand is received. In England and Wales, if the amount stated is not paid in accordance with sub-paragraph (5) it shall, if the county court so orders, be recoverable under section 85 of the County Courts Act 1984 or otherwise as if it were payable under an order of that court. Where a warrant of control is issued under section 85 of the 1984 Act to recover an amount in accordance with sub-paragraph (6), the power conferred by the warrant is exercisable , to the same extent and in the same manner as if the union were a body corporate, against any property held in trust for the union other than protected property as defined in section 23(2). References to the costs of the ballot are to—
As soon as is reasonably practicable after the CAC is informed of the result of a ballot by the person conducting it, the CAC must act under this paragraph. The duty in sub-paragraph (1) does not apply if the CAC gives a notice under paragraph 27C(3)(b). The CAC must inform the employer and the union (or unions) of the result of the ballot. If the result is that the union is (or unions are) supported by a majority of the workers voting, the CAC must issue a declaration that the union is (or unions are) recognised as entitled to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of the bargaining unit. If the result is otherwise the CAC must issue a declaration that the union is (or unions are) not entitled to be so recognised. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
This paragraph applies if the CAC issues a declaration under this Part of this Schedule that the union is (or unions are) recognised as entitled to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of a bargaining unit. The parties may in the negotiation period conduct negotiations with a view to agreeing a method by which they will conduct collective bargaining. If no agreement is made in the negotiation period the employer or the union (or unions) may apply to the CAC for assistance. The negotiation period is— The start day is the day after that on which the parties are notified of the declaration.
This paragraph applies if an application for assistance is made to the CAC under paragraph 30. The CAC must try to help the parties to reach in the agreement period an agreement on a method by which they will conduct collective bargaining. If at the end of the agreement period the parties have not made such an agreement the CAC must specify to the parties the method by which they are to conduct collective bargaining. Any method specified under sub-paragraph (3) is to have effect as if it were contained in a legally enforceable contract made by the parties. But if the parties agree in writing— the written agreement shall have effect as a legally enforceable contract made by the parties. Specific performance shall be the only remedy available for breach of anything which is a legally enforceable contract by virtue of this paragraph. If at any time before a specification is made under sub-paragraph (3) the parties jointly apply to the CAC requesting it to stop taking steps under this paragraph, the CAC must comply with the request. The agreement period is—
This paragraph applies if— The employer or the union (or unions) may apply to the CAC for assistance. Paragraph 31 applies as if paragraph 30 (in each place) read paragraph 30 or paragraph 32.
An application under paragraph 11 or 12 is not admissible unless—
it is made in such form as the CAC specifies, and
it is supported by such documents as the CAC specifies.
An application under paragraph 11 or 12 is not admissible unless the union gives (or unions give) to the employer—
notice of the application, and
a copy of the application and any documents supporting it.
An application under paragraph 11 or 12 is not admissible if the CAC is satisfied that there is already in force a collective agreement under which a union is (or unions are) recognised as entitled to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of any workers falling within the relevant bargaining unit. But sub-paragraph (1) does not apply to an application under paragraph 11 or 12 if— A declaration of recognition which is the subject of a declaration under paragraph 83(2) must for the purposes of sub-paragraph (1) be treated as ceasing to have effect to the extent specified in paragraph 83(2) on the making of the declaration under paragraph 83(2). In applying sub-paragraph (1) an agreement for recognition (the agreement in question) must be ignored if— It is for the CAC to decide whether one group of workers is the same or substantially the same as another, but in deciding the CAC may take account of the views of any person it believes has an interest in the matter. In applying sub-paragraph (1) an agreement for recognition (the agreement in question) must be ignored if— The period of reflection is the period of 20 working days starting with the first day after the end of— The restricted period is the period— The relevant bargaining unit is—
An application under paragraph 11 or 12 is not admissible unless the CAC decides that members of the union (or unions) constitute at least the required percentage (see paragraph 171B) of the workers constituting the relevant bargaining unit. The relevant bargaining unit is— The CAC must give reasons for the decision.
This paragraph applies to an application made by more than one union under paragraph 11 or 12. The application is not admissible unless— The relevant bargaining unit is—
This paragraph applies if— Another relevant application is not admissible if— A relevant application is an application under paragraph 11 or 12. The relevant bargaining unit is—
This paragraph applies if the CAC accepts a relevant application relating to a bargaining unit or proceeds under paragraph 20 with an application relating to a bargaining unit. Another relevant application is not admissible if— A relevant application is an application under paragraph 11 or 12. The relevant bargaining unit is— This paragraph does not apply if paragraph 40 or 41 applies.
This paragraph applies if the CAC issues a declaration under paragraph 27D(4) or 29(4) that a union is (or unions are) not entitled to be recognised as entitled to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of a bargaining unit; and this is so whether the ballot concerned is arranged under this Part or Part III of this Schedule. An application under paragraph 11 or 12 is not admissible if— The relevant bargaining unit is—
This paragraph applies if the CAC issues a declaration under paragraph 119D(4), 119H(5) or 121(3) that bargaining arrangements are to cease to have effect; and this is so whether the ballot concerned is arranged under Part IV or Part V of this Schedule. An application under paragraph 11 or 12 is not admissible if— The relevant bargaining unit is—
This paragraph applies for the purposes of paragraphs 39 to 41. It is for the CAC to decide whether one bargaining unit is the same or substantially the same as another, but in deciding the CAC may take account of the views of any person it believes has an interest in the matter.
Paragraphs 44 to 50 apply if the CAC has to decide under paragraph 20 whether an application is valid. In those paragraphs—
The application in question is invalid if the CAC is satisfied that there is already in force a collective agreement under which a union is (or unions are) recognised as entitled to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of any workers falling within the relevant bargaining unit. But sub-paragraph (1) does not apply to the application in question if— A declaration of recognition which is the subject of a declaration under paragraph 83(2) must for the purposes of sub-paragraph (1) be treated as ceasing to have effect to the extent specified in paragraph 83(2) on the making of the declaration under paragraph 83(2). In applying sub-paragraph (1) an agreement for recognition (the agreement in question) must be ignored if— It is for the CAC to decide whether one group of workers is the same or substantially the same an another, but in deciding the CAC may take account of the views of any person it believes has an interest in the matter. In applying sub-paragraph (1) an agreement for recognition (the agreement in question) must be ignored if— The period of reflection is the period of 20 working days starting with the first day after the end of— The restricted period is the period—
This paragraph applies if— The application in question is invalid if—
This paragraph applies if the CAC accepts an application under paragraph 11 or 12 relating to a bargaining unit or proceeds under paragraph 20 with an application relating to a bargaining unit. The application in question is invalid if— This paragraph does not apply if paragraph 48 or 49 applies.
This paragraph applies if the CAC issues a declaration under paragraph 27D(4) or 29(4) that a union is (or unions are) not entitled to be recognised as entitled to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of a bargaining unit; and this is so whether the ballot concerned is arranged under this Part or Part III of this Schedule. The application in question is invalid if—
This paragraph applies if the CAC issues a declaration under paragraph 119D(4), 119H(5) or 121(3) that bargaining arrangements are to cease to have effect; and this is so whether the ballot concerned is arranged under Part IV or Part V of this Schedule. The application in question is invalid if—
This paragraph applies for the purposes of paragraphs 47 to 49. It is for the CAC to decide whether one bargaining unit is the same or substantially the same as another, but in deciding the CAC may take account of the views of any person it believes has an interest in the matter.
For the purposes of this paragraph— but an application cannot be an original application unless it was made under paragraph 11(2) or 12(2). This paragraph applies if— In such a case—
This paragraph applies for the purposes of this Part of this Schedule. An agreement is an agreement for recognition if the following conditions are fulfilled in relation to it— The permitted period is the period which begins with the day on which the employer receives the request and ends when the first of the following occurs— Sub-paragraph (5) applies to an agreement if— This sub-paragraph is satisfied if, in relation to the application under paragraph 11 or 12, the parties give notice to the CAC under paragraph 17 before the final event (as defined in paragraph 17) occurs.
This paragraph applies for the purposes of this Part of this Schedule. In relation to an agreement for recognition, references to the bargaining unit are to the group of workers (or the groups taken together) to which the agreement for recognition relates. In relation to an agreement for recognition, references to the parties are to the union (or unions) and the employer who are parties to the agreement.
This paragraph applies for the purposes of this Part of this Schedule. The meaning of collective bargaining given by section 178(1) shall not apply. Except in paragraph 63(2), in relation to an agreement for recognition references to collective bargaining are to negotiations relating to the matters in respect of which the union is (or unions are) recognised as entitled to conduct negotiations under the agreement for recognition. In paragraph 63(2) the reference to collective bargaining is to negotiations relating to pay, hours and holidays.
This paragraph applies if one or more of the parties to an agreement applies to the CAC for a decision whether or not the agreement is an agreement for recognition. The CAC must give notice of receipt of an application under sub-paragraph (1) to any parties to the agreement who are not parties to the application. The CAC must within the decision period decide whether the agreement is an agreement for recognition. If the CAC decides that the agreement is an agreement for recognition it must issue a declaration to that effect. If the CAC decides that the agreement is not an agreement for recognition it must issue a declaration to that effect. The decision period is—
The employer may not terminate an agreement for recognition before the relevant period ends. After that period ends the employer may terminate the agreement, with or without the consent of the union (or unions). The union (or unions) may terminate an agreement for recognition at any time, with or without the consent of the employer. Sub-paragraphs (1) to (3) have effect subject to the terms of the agreement or any other agreement of the parties. The relevant period is the period of three years starting with the day after the date of the agreement.
If an agreement for recognition is terminated, as from the termination the agreement and any provisions relating to the collective bargaining method shall cease to have effect. For this purpose provisions relating to the collective bargaining method are—
This paragraph applies if the parties make an agreement for recognition. The parties may in the negotiation period conduct negotiations with a view to agreeing a method by which they will conduct collective bargaining. If no agreement is made in the negotiation period the employer or the union (or unions) may apply to the CAC for assistance. The negotiation period is— The start day is the day after that on which the agreement is made.
This paragraph applies if— The employer or the union (or unions) may apply to the CAC for assistance.
This paragraph applies if an application for assistance is made to the CAC under paragraph 58 or 59. The application is not admissible unless the conditions in sub-paragraphs (3) and (4) are satisfied. The condition is that the employer, taken with any associated employer or employers, must— The condition is that the union (or every union) has a certificate of independence. To find the average under sub-paragraph (3)(b)— For the purposes of sub-paragraph (3)(a) any worker employed by an associated company incorporated outside Great Britain must be ignored unless the day the application was made fell within a period during which he ordinarily worked in Great Britain. For the purposes of sub-paragraph (3)(b) any worker employed by an associated company incorporated outside Great Britain must be ignored in relation to a week unless the whole or any part of that week fell within a period during which he ordinarily worked in Great Britain. For the purposes of sub-paragraphs (6) and (7) a worker who is employed on board a ship registered in the register maintained under section 8 of the Merchant Shipping Act 1995 shall be treated as ordinarily working in Great Britain unless— An order made under paragraph 7(6) may also—
This paragraph applies if an application for assistance is made to the CAC under paragraph 58 or 59.
The application is not admissible unless the conditions in sub-paragraphs (3) and (4) are satisfied.
The condition is that the employer, taken with any associated employer or employers, must—
employ at least 21 workers on the day the application is made, or
employ an average of at least 21 workers in the 13 weeks ending with that day.
The condition is that the union (or every union) has a certificate under section 6 that it is independent.
To find the average under sub-paragraph (3)(b)—
take the number of workers employed in each of the 13 weeks (including workers not employed for the whole of the week);
aggregate the 13 numbers;
divide the aggregate by 13.
For the purposes of sub-paragraph (3)(a) any worker employed by an associated company incorporated outside Great Britain must be ignored unless the day the application was made fell within a period during which he ordinarily worked in Great Britain.
For the purposes of sub-paragraph (3)(b) any worker employed by an associated company incorporated outside Great Britain must be ignored in relation to a week unless the whole or any part of that week fell within a period during which he ordinarily worked in Great Britain.
For the purposes of sub-paragraphs (6) and (7) a worker who is employed on board a ship registered in the register maintained under section 8 of the Merchant Shipping Act 1995 shall be treated as ordinarily working in Great Britain unless—
the ship’s entry in the register specifies a port outside Great Britain as the port to which the vessel is to be treated as belonging,
the employment is wholly outside Great Britain, or
the worker is not ordinarily resident in Great Britain.
An order made under paragraph 7(6) may also—
provide that sub-paragraphs (2), (3) and (5) to (8) of this paragraph are not to apply, or are not to apply in specified circumstances, or
vary the number of workers for the time being specified in sub-paragraph (3).
An application to the CAC is not admissible unless— An application which is made by a union (or unions) to the CAC is not admissible unless the union gives (or unions give) to the employer— An application which is made by an employer to the CAC is not admissible unless the employer gives to the union (or each of the unions)—
The CAC must give notice to the parties of receipt of an application under paragraph 58 or 59. Within the acceptance period the CAC must decide whether the application is admissible within the terms of paragraphs 60 and 61. In deciding whether an application is admissible the CAC must consider any evidence which it has been given by the employer or the union (or unions). If the CAC decides that the application is not admissible— If the CAC decides that the application is admissible it must— The acceptance period is—
If the CAC accepts an application it must try to help the parties to reach in the agreement period an agreement on a method by which they will conduct collective bargaining. If at the end of the agreement period the parties have not made such an agreement the CAC must specify to the parties the method by which they are to conduct collective bargaining. Any method specified under sub-paragraph (2) is to have effect as if it were contained in a legally enforceable contract made by the parties. But if the parties agree in writing— the written agreement shall have effect as a legally enforceable contract made by the parties. Specific performance shall be the only remedy available for breach of anything which is a legally enforceable contract by virtue of this paragraph. If the CAC accepts an application, the applicant may not withdraw it after the end of the agreement period. If at any time before a specification is made under sub-paragraph (2) the parties jointly apply to the CAC requesting it to stop taking steps under this paragraph, the CAC must comply with the request. The agreement period is—
This Part of this Schedule applies if— In such a case, in this Part of this Schedule— For this purpose provisions relating to the collective bargaining method are—
References in this Part of this Schedule to the parties are to the employer and the union (or unions) concerned.
This paragraph applies if the employer believes or the union believes (or unions believe) that the original unit is no longer an appropriate bargaining unit. The employer or union (or unions) may apply to the CAC to make a decision as to what is an appropriate bargaining unit.
An application under paragraph 66 is not admissible unless the CAC decides that it is likely that the original unit is no longer appropriate by reason of any of the matters specified in sub-paragraph (2). The matters are—
The CAC must give notice to the parties of receipt of an application under paragraph 66. Within the acceptance period the CAC must decide whether the application is admissible within the terms of paragraphs 67 and 92. In deciding whether the application is admissible the CAC must consider any evidence which it has been given by the employer or the union (or unions). If the CAC decides that the application is not admissible — If the CAC decides that the application is admissible it must— The acceptance period is—
This paragraph applies if— If in the CAC’s opinion the new unit (or any of the new units) contains at least one worker falling within an outside bargaining unit no further steps are to be taken under this Part of this Schedule. If sub-paragraph (2) does not apply— The first period is— An outside bargaining unit is a bargaining unit which fulfils these conditions—
This paragraph applies if— During the second period— In deciding whether or not the original unit continues to be an appropriate bargaining unit the CAC must take into account only these matters— In deciding what other bargaining unit is or units are appropriate the CAC must take these matters into account— The matters are— If the CAC decides that two or more bargaining units are appropriate its decision must be such that no worker falls within more than one of them. The second period is—
If the CAC gives notice under paragraph 70 of a decision that the original unit continues to be an appropriate bargaining unit no further steps are to be taken under this Part of this Schedule.
Paragraph 82 applies if the CAC gives notice under paragraph 70 of—
a decision that the original unit is no longer an appropriate bargaining unit, and
a decision as to the bargaining unit which is (or units which are) appropriate.
This paragraph applies if— In such a case—
If the employer— he must give the union (or each of the unions) a notice complying with sub-paragraph (2) and must give a copy of the notice to the CAC. A notice complies with this sub-paragraph if it— Within the validation period the CAC must decide whether the notice complies with sub-paragraph (2). If the CAC decides that the notice does not comply with sub-paragraph (2)— If the CAC decides that the notice complies with sub-paragraph (2) it must give the parties notice of the decision. The bargaining arrangements shall cease to have effect on the date specified under sub-paragraph (2)(d) if— The validation period is—
Paragraph 76 applies if— The questions are— The matters are—
The CAC must give notice to the parties of receipt of an application under paragraph 75. Within the acceptance period the CAC must decide whether the application is admissible within the terms of paragraph 92. In deciding whether the application is admissible the CAC must consider any evidence which it has been given by the employer or the union (or unions). If the CAC decides that the application is not admissible— If the CAC decides that the application is admissible it must— The acceptance period is—
If the CAC accepts an application it— If the CAC decides that the original unit has ceased to exist— If the CAC decides that the original unit has not ceased to exist, and that it is not the case that the original unit is no longer appropriate by reason of any of the matters specified in paragraph 75(3)— If the CAC decides that the original unit has not ceased to exist, and that the original unit is no longer appropriate by reason of any of the matters specified in paragraph 75(3), the CAC must give the parties notice of its decision. The decision period is— The termination date is the later of—
This paragraph applies if— If in the CAC’s opinion the new unit (or any of the new units) contains at least one worker falling within an outside bargaining unit no further steps are to be taken under this Part of this Schedule. If sub-paragraph (2) does not apply— The first period is— An outside bargaining unit is a bargaining unit which fulfils these conditions—
This paragraph applies if— During the second period the CAC— In deciding what other bargaining unit is or units are appropriate, the CAC must take these matters into account— The matters are— If the CAC decides that two or more bargaining units are appropriate its decision must be such that no worker falls within more than one of them. The second period is—
Paragraph 82 applies if the CAC gives notice under paragraph 79 of a decision as to the bargaining unit which is (or units which are) appropriate.
This paragraph applies if— In such a case —
This paragraph applies if— The union (or unions) may, by giving notice to the CAC and the employer within the access request period, request access to the relevant workers in connection with the application. The relevant workers are— But, where there is more than one new unit, references to the relevant workers are references to the workers constituting each new unit separately. The access request period is the period of 5 working days starting with the day after the day on which the CAC gives the union (or unions) notice under paragraph 68(5) or 76(5) that the application is accepted. For the purposes of this paragraph and paragraphs 81B to 81E, an application under paragraph 66 or 75 is in progress if none of the following has occurred—
This paragraph applies if— The CAC must try to help the parties to reach agreement within the negotiation period as to terms on which the union is (or unions are) to have access to the relevant workers. The negotiation period is, subject to any notice under sub-paragraph (4) or (6)— If, during the negotiation period, the CAC concludes that there is no reasonable prospect of the parties’ agreeing terms on which the union is (or unions are) to have access to the relevant workers before the time when (apart from this sub-paragraph) the negotiation period would end, the CAC may, by a notice given to the parties, declare that the negotiation period ends with the date of the notice. A notice under sub-paragraph (4) must contain reasons for reaching the conclusion mentioned in that sub-paragraph. If, during the negotiation period, the parties apply to the CAC for a declaration that the negotiation period is to end with a date (specified in the application) which is earlier or later than the date with which it would otherwise end, the CAC may, by a notice given to the parties, declare that the negotiation period ends with the specified date.
This paragraph applies if— Within the adjudication period, the CAC must— The adjudication period is— Any terms decided by the CAC must be terms that the CAC regards as allowing such access to the relevant workers as is reasonable to enable the union (or unions) to—
This paragraph applies if— “Access agreement” means— and such an agreement is “entered into” when the terms are so agreed or decided. The parties must comply with the access agreement. The employer must refrain from making any offer to any or all of the relevant workers which— The employer must refrain from taking, or threatening to take, any action against a worker solely or mainly on the grounds that the worker— The relevant workers are— But, where there is more than one new unit, references to the relevant workers are references to the workers constituting each new unit separately. A meeting is a relevant meeting in relation to a worker for the purposes of sub-paragraphs (4) and (5) if— The duties imposed by sub-paragraphs (4) and (5) do not confer any rights on a worker; but that does not affect any other right which a worker may have. Any provision of an access agreement that would require personal data relating to any of the relevant workers to be disclosed to any person other than a person appointed to conduct a ballot under paragraph 25 (where it applies by virtue of paragraph 89(4)) is of no effect for the purposes of this Part of this Schedule. “Personal data” has the same meaning as in the Data Protection Act 2018 (see section 3 of that Act). An access agreement is to be conclusively presumed not to have been intended by the parties to be a legally enforceable contract; and, accordingly, where an access agreement is, or is part of, a collective agreement, section 179(2) and (3)(a) do not apply to the access agreement.
Sub-paragraph (2) applies if— The CAC may order the party— Sub-paragraphs (4) and (5) apply if— If the party that has failed to comply is the employer, the CAC may issue a declaration that the union is (or unions are) recognised as entitled to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of the new unit or units. If the party that has failed to comply is a union, the CAC may issue a declaration that the union is (or unions are) not entitled to be so recognised.
Each of the powers specified in sub-paragraph (2) is to be taken to include power to issue Codes of Practice about any matter relating to requests for access under paragraph 81A(2), including (among other things)— The powers are—
Each of the parties informed by the CAC under paragraph 68(5) or 76(5) that an application under paragraph 66 or 75 is accepted must refrain from using any unfair practice in relation to the application. A party uses an unfair practice if, with a view to influencing the outcome of the application, the party does any of the following— In sub-paragraph (2)— For the purposes of sub-paragraph (2)(e) an “outcome-specific offer” is an offer to pay money, or give money’s worth, which— The duty imposed by this paragraph does not confer any rights on a worker; but that does not affect any other right which a worker may have. Each of the following powers is to be taken to include power to issue Codes of Practice about unfair practices for the purposes of this paragraph—
A party may complain to the CAC that another party has failed to comply with paragraph 81G. A complaint under sub-paragraph (1) may not be made after a conclusion event occurs. The following are conclusion events— The post-ballot complaint period is, in relation to any ballot held arising from the application, the period of 5 working days after— Within the decision period the CAC must decide whether the complaint is well-founded. A complaint is well-founded if the CAC finds that the party complained against used an unfair practice. The decision period is—
This paragraph applies if the CAC decides that a complaint under paragraph 81H is well-founded. The CAC must, as soon as is reasonably practicable, issue a declaration to that effect. The CAC may order the party concerned to take any action specified in the order within such period as may be so specified. Sub-paragraph (5) applies if— The CAC may give notice to the employer and to the union (or unions) that it intends to arrange for the holding of a secret ballot (or secret ballots) in which the workers constituting the new unit (or each of the new units) are asked whether they want the union (or unions) to conduct collective bargaining on their behalf. The CAC may make an order under sub-paragraph (3), or give a notice under sub-paragraph (5), either at the same time as it issues the declaration under sub-paragraph (2) or at any other time before any of the following occurs— The action specified in an order under sub-paragraph (3) must be such as the CAC considers reasonable in order to mitigate the effect of the failure of the party concerned to comply with the duty imposed by paragraph 81G. The CAC may make more than one order under sub-paragraph (3).
Sub-paragraphs (4) to (6) apply if— This sub-paragraph applies if the declaration states that the unfair practice used consisted of or included— This sub-paragraph applies if the CAC has made an order under paragraph 81I(3) and— If the party that has failed to comply is the employer, the CAC may issue a declaration that the union is (or unions are) recognised as entitled to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of the new unit or units. If the party that has failed to comply is a union, the CAC may issue a declaration that the union is (or unions are) not entitled to be so recognised. The powers conferred by this paragraph are in addition to those conferred by paragraph 81I.
This paragraph applies if the CAC gives notice under paragraph 70 of— This paragraph also applies if the CAC gives notice under paragraph 79 of a decision as to the bargaining unit which is (or units which are) appropriate. The CAC— References in those paragraphs to the new unit are to the appropriate unit under consideration.
This paragraph applies if in the CAC’s opinion the new unit contains at least one worker falling within a statutory outside bargaining unit. In such a case— The relevant bargaining arrangements are— The bargaining arrangements relating to the original unit are the bargaining arrangements as defined in paragraph 64. The bargaining arrangements relating to an outside unit are— For this purpose the provisions relating to the collective bargaining method are— A statutory outside bargaining unit is a bargaining unit which fulfils these conditions— The date specified under sub-paragraph (2)(a) must be— and the relevant period is the period of 65 working days starting with the day after that on which the declaration is issued.
This paragraph applies if in the CAC’s opinion the new unit contains— In such a case— The original bargaining arrangements are the bargaining arrangements as defined in paragraph 64. A voluntary outside bargaining unit is a bargaining unit which fulfils these conditions— The date specified under sub-paragraph (2)(a) must be— and the relevant period is the period of 65 working days starting with the day after that on which the declaration is issued.
If the CAC’s opinion is not that mentioned in paragraph 83(1) or 84(1) it must— If the CAC’s decision is that such support does not need to be assessed—
This paragraph applies if the CAC decides under paragraph 85(1) that the support of the union (or unions) within the new unit needs to be assessed. The CAC must decide whether members of the union (or unions) constitute at least the required percentage (see paragraph 171B) of the workers constituting the new unit. If the CAC decides that members of the union (or unions) do not constitute at least the required percentage of the workers constituting the new unit—
This paragraph applies if, following a decision under paragraph 86(2), the CAC is satisfied that a majority of workers constituting the new unit are members of the union (or unions). The CAC must issue a declaration that the union is (or unions are) recognised as entitled to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of the workers constituting the new unit. But if any of the three qualifying conditions is fulfilled, instead of issuing a declaration under sub-paragraph (2) the CAC must give notice to the parties that it intends to arrange for the holding of a secret ballot in which the workers constituting the new unit are asked whether they want the union (or unions) to conduct collective bargaining on their behalf. These are the three qualifying conditions— For the purposes of sub-paragraph (4)(c) membership evidence is— If the CAC issues a declaration under sub-paragraph (2)—
This paragraph applies if— The CAC must give notice to the parties that it intends to arrange for the holding of a secret ballot in which the workers constituting the new unit are asked whether they want the union (or unions) to conduct collective bargaining on their behalf.
If the CAC gives notice under paragraph 87(3) or 88(2) the union (or unions) may within the notification period notify the CAC that the union does not (or unions do not) want the CAC to arrange for the holding of the ballot; and the notification period is the period of 10 working days starting with the day after that on which the union (or last of the unions) receives the CAC’s notice. If the CAC is so notified— If the CAC is not so notified it must arrange for the holding of the ballot. Paragraph 25 applies if the CAC arranges under this paragraph for the holding of a ballot (as well as if the CAC arranges under paragraph 24 for the holding of a ballot). Paragraphs 26 to 29 apply accordingly, but as if— If as a result of the ballot the CAC issues a declaration that the union is (or unions are) recognised as entitled to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of the new unit— If as a result of the ballot the CAC issues a declaration that the union is (or unions are) not entitled to be recognised as entitled to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of the new unit— Paragraphs (a) and (b) of sub-paragraph (6) also apply if the CAC issues a declaration under paragraph 27(2) or 27D(3). Paragraphs (a) and (b) of sub-paragraph (7) also apply if the CAC issues a declaration under paragraph 27D(4).
This paragraph applies if— In such a case —
This paragraph applies if— The CAC must— and in this paragraph each statutory outside bargaining unit so identified is referred to as a parent unit. The CAC must then— and in this paragraph the workers so identified in relation to a parent unit are referred to as a residual unit. In relation to each residual unit, the CAC must issue a declaration that the outside union is (or outside unions are) recognised as entitled to conduct collective bargaining on its behalf. But no such declaration shall be issued in relation to a residual unit if the CAC has received an application under paragraph 66 or 75 in relation to its parent unit. In this paragraph references to the outside union (or to outside unions) in relation to a residual unit are to the union which is (or unions which are) recognised as entitled to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of its parent unit. If the CAC issues a declaration under sub-paragraph (4)—
An application to the CAC under this Part of this Schedule is not admissible unless— An application which is made by a union (or unions) to the CAC under this Part of this Schedule is not admissible unless the union gives (or unions give) to the employer— An application which is made by an employer to the CAC under this Part of this Schedule is not admissible unless the employer gives to the union (or each of the unions)—
If an application under paragraph 66 or 75 is accepted by the CAC, the applicant (or applicants) may not withdraw the application— If an application is withdrawn by the applicant (or applicants)—
This paragraph applies for the purposes of this Part of this Schedule. Except in relation to paragraphs 69(5), 78(5) and 83(6), the meaning of collective bargaining given by section 178(1) shall not apply. In relation to a new unit references to collective bargaining are to negotiations relating to the matters which were the subject of collective bargaining in relation to the corresponding original unit; and the corresponding original unit is the unit which was the subject of an application under paragraph 66 or 75 in consequence of which the new unit was agreed by the parties or decided by the CAC. But if the parties agree matters as the subject of collective bargaining in relation to the new unit, references to collective bargaining in relation to that unit are to negotiations relating to the agreed matters; and this is the case whether the agreement is made before or after the time when the CAC issues a declaration that the union is (or unions are) recognised as entitled to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of the new unit. In relation to a residual unit in relation to which a declaration is issued under paragraph 91, references to collective bargaining are to negotiations relating to the matters which were the subject of collective bargaining in relation to the corresponding parent unit. In construing paragraphs 69(3)(c), 78(3)(c), 85(2)(c), 87(6)(b) and 89(6)(b)—
This paragraph applies for the purposes of this Part of this Schedule. Where a method of collective bargaining has effect in relation to a new unit, that method shall have effect as if it were contained in a legally enforceable contract made by the parties. But if the parties agree in writing— the written agreement shall have effect as a legally enforceable contract made by the parties. Specific performance shall be the only remedy available for breach of anything which is a legally enforceable contract by virtue of this paragraph.
This Part of this Schedule applies if the CAC has issued a declaration that a union is (or unions are) recognised as entitled to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of a bargaining unit. In such a case references in this Part of this Schedule to the bargaining arrangements are to the declaration and to the provisions relating to the collective bargaining method. For this purpose the provisions relating to the collective bargaining method are—
For the purposes of this Part of this Schedule the relevant date is the date of the expiry of the period of 3 years starting with the date of the CAC’s declaration.
References in this Part of this Schedule to the parties are to the employer and the union (or unions) concerned.
This paragraph applies if— If the employer wishes the bargaining arrangements to cease to have effect, he must give the union (or each of the unions) a notice complying with sub-paragraph (3) and must give a copy of the notice to the CAC. A notice complies with this sub-paragraph if it— To find the average number of workers employed by the employer, taken with any associated employer or employers, in the specified period of 13 weeks— For the purposes of sub-paragraph (1)(a) any worker employed by an associated company incorporated outside Great Britain must be ignored in relation to a week unless the whole or any part of that week fell within a period during which he ordinarily worked in Great Britain. Sub-paragraph (5B) applies to an agency worker whose contract within regulation 3(1)(b) of the Agency Workers Regulations 2010 (contract with the temporary work agency) is not a contract of employment.. For the purposes of sub-paragraphs (1) and (4), the agency worker is to be treated as having a contract of employment with the temporary work agency for the duration of the assignment with the employer (and “assignment” has the same meaning as in those Regulations). For the purposes of sub-paragraph (5) a worker who is employed on board a ship registered in the register maintained under section 8 of the Merchant Shipping Act 1995 shall be treated as ordinarily working in Great Britain unless— An order made under paragraph 7(6) may also—
A notice given for the purposes of paragraph 99(2) (“the notice in question”) is invalidated by this paragraph if— A relevant application is an application made to the CAC—
If an employer gives notice for the purposes of paragraph 99(2), within the validation period the CAC must decide whether the notice complies with paragraph 99(3). If the CAC decides that the notice does not comply with paragraph 99(3)— If the CAC decides that the notice complies with paragraph 99(3) it must give the parties notice of the decision. The bargaining arrangements shall cease to have effect on the date specified under paragraph 99(3)(f) if— The validation period is—
This paragraph applies if— An application is not admissible unless— An application is not admissible unless the union gives (or unions give) to the employer— . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The CAC must give notice to the parties of receipt of an application under paragraph 101. Within the acceptance period the CAC must decide whether the application is admissible within the terms of paragraph 101. In deciding whether an application is admissible the CAC must consider any evidence which it has been given by the employer or the union (or unions). If the CAC decides that the application is not admissible— If the CAC decides that the application is admissible it must— The acceptance period is—
If the CAC accepts an application it— If the CAC decides that the period of 13 weeks specified under paragraph 99(3)(b) ends on or after the relevant date and that the statement made under paragraph 99(3)(e) is correct the bargaining arrangements shall cease to have effect on the termination date. If the CAC decides that the period of 13 weeks specified under paragraph 99(3)(b) does not end on or after the relevant date or that the statement made under paragraph 99(3)(e) is not correct, the notice under paragraph 99 shall be treated as not having been given. Sub-paragraph (3) does not prevent the notice from being treated for the purposes of the provisions mentioned in sub-paragraph (3B) as having been given. Those provisions are— The decision period is— The termination date is the later of—
This paragraph and paragraphs 105 to 111 apply if after the relevant date the employer requests the union (or each of the unions) to agree to end the bargaining arrangements. The request is not valid unless it—
If before the end of the first period the parties agree to end the bargaining arrangements no further steps are to be taken under this Part of this Schedule. Sub-paragraph (3) applies if before the end of the first period— The parties may conduct negotiations with a view to agreeing to end the bargaining arrangements. If such an agreement is made before the end of the second period no further steps are to be taken under this Part of this Schedule. The employer and the union (or unions) may request ACAS to assist in conducting the negotiations. The first period is the period of 10 working days starting with the day after— The second period is—
This paragraph applies if— The employer may apply to the CAC for the holding of a secret ballot to decide whether the bargaining arrangements should be ended.
This paragraph applies if — The employer may apply to the CAC for the holding of a secret ballot to decide whether the bargaining arrangements should be ended. But no application may be made if within the period of 10 working days starting with the day after that on which the union informs (or unions inform) the employer under paragraph 105(2) the union proposes (or unions propose) that ACAS be requested to assist in conducting the negotiations and—
An application under paragraph 106 or 107 is not admissible unless— An application under paragraph 106 or 107 is not admissible unless the employer gives to the union (or each of the unions)—
An application under paragraph 106 or 107 is not admissible if— A relevant application is an application made to the CAC—
An application under paragraph 106 or 107 is not admissible unless the CAC decides that— The CAC must give reasons for the decision.
The CAC must give notice to the parties of receipt of an application under paragraph 106 or 107. Within the acceptance period the CAC must decide whether— In deciding those questions the CAC must consider any evidence which it has been given by the employer or the union (or unions). If the CAC decides that the request is not valid or the application is not made in accordance with paragraph 106 or 107 or is not admissible— If the CAC decides that the request is valid and the application is made in accordance with paragraph 106 or 107 and is admissible it must— The acceptance period is—
A worker or workers falling within the bargaining unit may after the relevant date apply to the CAC to have the bargaining arrangements ended. An application is not admissible unless— An application is not admissible unless the worker gives (or workers give) to the employer and to the union (or each of the unions)—
An application under paragraph 112 is not admissible if— A relevant application is an application made to the CAC—
An application under paragraph 112 is not admissible unless the CAC decides that— The CAC must give reasons for the decision.
The CAC must give notice to the worker (or workers), the employer and the union (or unions) of receipt of an application under paragraph 112. Within the acceptance period the CAC must decide whether the application is admissible within the terms of paragraphs 112 to 114. In deciding whether the application is admissible the CAC must consider any evidence which it has been given by the employer, the union (or unions) or any of the workers falling within the bargaining unit. If the CAC decides that the application is not admissible— If the CAC decides that the application is admissible it must— The acceptance period is—
If the CAC accepts the application, in the negotiation period the CAC must help the employer, the union (or unions) and the worker (or workers) with a view to— The negotiation period is—
This paragraph applies if— The union (or unions) may, by giving notice to the CAC and the employer within the access request period, request access to the workers constituting the bargaining unit in connection with the application. The access request period is the period of 5 working days starting with the day after the day on which the CAC gives the union (or unions) notice under paragraph 111(5) or 115(5) that the application is accepted. For the purposes of this paragraph and paragraphs 116B to 116E, an application under paragraph 106, 107 or 112 is in progress if none of the following has occurred—
This paragraph applies if— The CAC must try to help the parties to reach agreement within the negotiation period as to terms on which the union is (or unions are) to have access to the workers. The negotiation period is, subject to any notice under sub-paragraph (4) or (6)— If, during the negotiation period, the CAC concludes that there is no reasonable prospect of the parties’ agreeing terms on which the union is (or unions are) to have access to the workers before the time when (apart from this sub-paragraph) the negotiation period would end, the CAC may, by a notice given to the parties, declare that the negotiation period ends with the date of the notice. A notice under sub-paragraph (4) must contain reasons for reaching the conclusion mentioned in that sub-paragraph. If, during the negotiation period, the parties apply to the CAC for a declaration that the negotiation period is to end with a date (specified in the application) which is earlier or later than the date with which it would otherwise end, the CAC may, by a notice given to the parties, declare that the negotiation period ends with the specified date.
This paragraph applies if— Within the adjudication period, the CAC must— The adjudication period is— Any terms decided by the CAC must be terms that the CAC regards as allowing such access to the workers constituting the bargaining unit as is reasonable to enable the union (or unions) to—
This paragraph applies if— “Access agreement” means— and such an agreement is to be treated as “entered into” when the terms are so agreed or decided. The parties must comply with the access agreement. The employer must refrain from making any offer to any or all of the workers constituting the bargaining unit which— The employer must refrain from taking, or threatening to take, any action against a worker solely or mainly on the grounds that the worker— A meeting is a relevant meeting in relation to a worker for the purposes of sub-paragraphs (4) and (5) if— The duties imposed by sub-paragraphs (4) and (5) do not confer any rights on a worker; but that does not affect any other right which a worker may have. Any provision of an access agreement that would require personal data relating to any of the relevant workers to be disclosed to a person other than a person appointed under paragraph 117 to conduct a ballot is of no effect for the purposes of this Part of this Schedule. “Personal data” has the same meaning as in the Data Protection Act 2018 (see section 3 of that Act). An access agreement is to be conclusively presumed not to have been intended by the parties to be a legally enforceable contract; and, accordingly, where an access agreement is, or is part of, a collective agreement, section 179(2) and (3)(a) do not apply to the access agreement.
Sub-paragraph (2) applies if— The CAC may order the party— Sub-paragraphs (4) and (5) apply if— If the party that has failed to comply is the employer, the CAC may— If the party that has failed to comply is a union, the CAC may issue a declaration that the bargaining arrangements are to cease to have effect; and the bargaining arrangements cease to have effect accordingly.
This paragraph applies if the CAC has made an order under paragraph 116E(4)(b) in relation to an application under paragraph 112. The worker making the application (or each of the workers making the application) and the union (or each of the unions) are entitled to enforce obedience to the order. The order may be enforced—
Each of the powers specified in sub-paragraph (2) is to be taken to include power to issue Codes of Practice about any matter relating to requests for access under paragraph 116A(2), including (among other things)— The powers are—
Each of the parties informed by the CAC under paragraph 111(5) or 115(5) that an application under paragraph 106, 107 or 112 is accepted must refrain from using any unfair practice in relation to the application. A party uses an unfair practice if, with a view to influencing the outcome of the application, the party does any of the following— In sub-paragraph (2)— For the purposes of sub-paragraph (2)(e) an “outcome-specific offer” is an offer to pay money, or give money’s worth, which— For the purposes of this paragraph and paragraphs 116I to 116K as they apply in relation to an application under paragraph 112, references to a party are to be read as including references to the worker or workers making the application. The duty imposed by this paragraph does not confer any rights on a worker; but that does not affect any other right which a worker may have. Each of the following powers is to be taken to include power to issue Codes of Practice about unfair practices for the purposes of this paragraph—
A party may complain to the CAC that another party has failed to comply with paragraph 116H. A complaint under sub-paragraph (1) may not be made after— Within the decision period the CAC must decide whether the complaint is well-founded. A complaint is well-founded if the CAC finds that the party complained against used an unfair practice. The decision period is—
This paragraph applies if the CAC decides that a complaint under paragraph 116I is well-founded. The CAC must, as soon as is reasonably practicable, issue a declaration to that effect. The CAC may order the party concerned to take any action specified in the order within such period as may be so specified. Sub-paragraph (5) applies if the CAC has at any time informed the union (or unions) under paragraph 117(11) of a ballot in relation to the application (including a ballot that was cancelled or is ineffective). The CAC may make arrangements for the holding of a secret ballot in which the workers constituting the bargaining unit are asked whether the bargaining arrangements should be ended. The CAC may make an order under sub-paragraph (3), or make arrangements under sub-paragraph (5), either at the same time as it issues the declaration under sub-paragraph (2) or at any other time before any of the following occurs— The action specified in an order under sub-paragraph (3) must be such as the CAC considers reasonable in order to mitigate the effect of the failure of the party concerned to comply with the duty imposed by paragraph 116H. The CAC may make more than one order under sub-paragraph (3).
Sub-paragraphs (4) to (7) apply if— This sub-paragraph applies if the declaration states that the unfair practice used consisted of or included— This sub-paragraph applies if the CAC has made an order under paragraph 116J(3) and— If the party that has failed to comply is the employer, the CAC may— If the party that has failed to comply is a union, the CAC may issue a declaration that the bargaining arrangements are to cease to have effect on a date specified by the CAC in the declaration; and the bargaining arrangements cease to have effect accordingly. If the party that has failed to comply is the worker making an application under paragraph 112 (or any of the workers making an application under paragraph 112), the CAC may refuse the application. The powers conferred by this paragraph are in addition to those conferred by paragraph 116J.
This paragraph applies if the CAC has made an order against the employer under paragraph 116J(3) or 116K(4)(b) in relation to an application under paragraph 112. The worker making the application (or each of the workers making the application) and the union (or each of the unions) are entitled to enforce obedience to the order. The order may be enforced—
This paragraph applies if the CAC accepts an application under paragraph 106 or 107. This paragraph also applies if— The CAC must arrange for the holding of a secret ballot in which the workers constituting the bargaining unit are asked whether the bargaining arrangements should be ended. The ballot must be conducted by a qualified independent person appointed by the CAC. The ballot must be conducted within— The ballot must be conducted— depending on the CAC’s preference. In deciding how the ballot is to be conducted the CAC must take into account— The CAC may not decide that the ballot is to be conducted as mentioned in sub-paragraph (6)(c) unless there are special factors making such a decision appropriate; and special factors include— If the CAC decides that the ballot must (in whole or in part) be conducted at a workplace (or workplaces), it may require arrangements to be made for workers— to be given the opportunity (if they request it far enough in advance of the ballot for this to be practicable) to vote by post; and the CAC’s imposing such a requirement is not to be treated for the purposes of sub-paragraph (8) as a decision that the ballot be conducted as mentioned in sub-paragraph (6)(c). A person is a qualified independent person if— An order under sub-paragraph (9)(a) shall be made by statutory instrument subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament. As soon as is reasonably practicable after the CAC is required under sub-paragraph (3) to arrange for the holding of a ballot it must inform the employer and the union (or unions)—
An employer who is informed by the CAC under paragraph 117(11) must comply with the following five duties. The first duty is to co-operate generally, in connection with the ballot, with the union (or unions) and the person appointed to conduct the ballot; and the second and third duties are not to prejudice the generality of this. The second duty is to give to the union (or unions) such access to the workers constituting the bargaining unit as is reasonable to enable the union (or unions) to inform the workers of the object of the ballot and to seek their support and their opinions on the issues involved. The third duty is to do the following (so far as it is reasonable to expect the employer to do so)— The fourth duty is to refrain from making any offer to any or all of the workers constituting the bargaining unit which— The fifth duty is to refrain from taking or threatening to take any action against a worker solely or mainly on the grounds that he— A meeting is a relevant meeting in relation to a worker for the purposes of sub-paragraph (4A) and (4B) if— Without prejudice to the generality of the second duty imposed by this paragraph, an employer is to be taken to have failed to comply with that duty if— The fourth and fifth duties do not confer any rights on a worker; but that does not affect any other right which a worker may have. As soon as is reasonably practicable after the CAC receives any information under sub-paragraph (4) it must pass it on to the person appointed to conduct the ballot. If asked to do so by the union (or unions) the person appointed to conduct the ballot must send to any worker— any information supplied by the union (or unions) to the person so appointed. The duty under sub-paragraph (6) does not apply unless the union bears (or unions bear) the cost of sending the information. Each of the powers specified in sub-paragraph (9) shall be taken to include power to issue Codes of Practice— The powers are—
If the CAC is satisfied that the employer has failed to fulfil any of the duties imposed on him by paragraph 118, and the ballot has not been held, the CAC may order the employer— If— the CAC may refuse the application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . If the CAC refuses an application under sub-paragraph (2) it shall take steps to cancel the holding of the ballot; and if the ballot is held it shall have no effect.
Each of the parties informed by the CAC under paragraph 117(11) must refrain from using any unfair practice. A party uses an unfair practice if, with a view to influencing the result of the ballot, the party— For the purposes of sub-paragraph (2)(b) an “outcome-specific offer” is an offer to pay money or give money’s worth which— The duty imposed by this paragraph does not confer any rights on a worker; but that does not affect any other right which a worker may have. Each of the following powers shall be taken to include power to issue Codes of Practice about unfair practices for the purposes of this paragraph—
A party may complain to the CAC that another party has failed to comply with paragraph 119A. A complaint under sub-paragraph (1) must be made on or before the first working day after— Within the decision period the CAC must decide whether the complaint is well-founded. A complaint is well-founded if— The decision period is— If, at the beginning of the decision period, the ballot has not begun, the CAC may by notice to the parties and the qualified independent person postpone the date on which it is to begin until a date which falls after the end of the decision period.
This paragraph applies if the CAC decides that a complaint under paragraph 119B is well-founded. The CAC must, as soon as is reasonably practicable, issue a declaration to that effect. The CAC may do either or both of the following— The CAC may give an order or make arrangements under sub-paragraph (3) either at the same time as it issues the declaration under sub-paragraph (2) or at any other time before it acts under paragraph 121. The action specified in an order under sub-paragraph (3)(a) shall be such as the CAC considers reasonable in order to mitigate the effect of the failure of the party complained against to comply with the duty imposed by paragraph 119A. The CAC may give more than one order under sub-paragraph (3)(a).
This paragraph applies if the CAC issues a declaration under paragraph 119C(2) and the declaration states that the unfair practice used consisted of or included— This paragraph also applies if the CAC has made an order under paragraph 119C(3)(a) and— If the party concerned is the employer, the CAC may refuse the employer’s application under paragraph 106 or 107. If the party concerned is a union, the CAC may issue a declaration that the bargaining arrangements are to cease to have effect on a date specified by the CAC in the declaration. If a declaration is issued under sub-paragraph (4) the bargaining arrangements shall cease to have effect accordingly. The powers conferred by this paragraph are in addition to those conferred by paragraph 119C(3).
This paragraph applies if the CAC issues a declaration that a complaint under paragraph 119B is well-founded and— If the ballot in connection with which the complaint was made has not been held, the CAC shall take steps to cancel it. If that ballot is held, it shall have no effect.
This paragraph applies if the CAC makes arrangements under paragraph 119C(3)(b). Paragraphs 117(4) to (11) and 118 to 121 apply in relation to those arrangements as they apply in relation to arrangements made under paragraph 117(3) but with the modifications specified in sub-paragraphs (3) to (5). An employer’s duty under paragraph (a) of paragraph 118(4) is limited to— Any order given under paragraph 119(1) or 119C(3)(a) for the purposes of the cancelled or ineffectual ballot shall have effect (to the extent that the CAC specifies in a notice to the parties) as if it were made for the purposes of the ballot for which arrangements are made under paragraph 119C(3)(b). The gross costs of the ballot shall be borne by such of the parties and in such proportions as the CAC may determine and, accordingly, sub-paragraphs (2) and (3) of paragraph 120 shall be omitted and the reference in sub-paragraph (4) of that paragraph to the employer and the union (or each of the unions) shall be construed as a reference to the party or parties which bear the costs in accordance with the CAC’s determination.
Paragraphs 119A to 119C, 119E and 119F apply in relation to an application under paragraph 112 as they apply in relation to an application under paragraph 106 or 107 but with the modifications specified in this paragraph. References in those paragraphs (and, accordingly, in paragraph 119H(3)) to a party shall be read as including references to the applicant worker or workers; but this is subject to sub-paragraph (3). The reference in paragraph 119A(1) to a party informed under paragraph 117(11) shall be read as including a reference to the applicant worker or workers.
This paragraph applies in relation to an application under paragraph 112 in the cases specified in sub-paragraphs (2) and (3). The first case is where the CAC issues a declaration under paragraph 119C(2) and the declaration states that the unfair practice used consisted of or included— The second case is where the CAC has made an order under paragraph 119C(3)(a) and— If the party concerned is the employer, the CAC may order him to refrain from further campaigning in relation to the ballot. If the party concerned is a union, the CAC may issue a declaration that the bargaining arrangements are to cease to have effect on a date specified by the CAC in the declaration. If the party concerned is the applicant worker (or any of the applicant workers), the CAC may refuse the application under paragraph 112. If a declaration is issued under sub-paragraph (5) the bargaining arrangements shall cease to have effect accordingly. The powers conferred by this paragraph are in addition to those conferred by paragraph 119C(3).
This paragraph applies if— The applicant worker (or each of the applicant workers) and the union (or each of the unions) is entitled to enforce obedience to the order. The order may be enforced—
This paragraph applies if the holding of a ballot has been arranged under paragraph 117(3), whether or not it has been cancelled. The gross costs of the ballot shall be borne— If there is more than one union they shall bear their half of the gross costs— The person appointed to conduct the ballot may send to the employer and the union (or each of the unions) a demand stating— In such a case the recipient must pay the amount stated to the person sending the demand, and must do so within the period of 15 working days starting with the day after that on which the demand is received. In England and Wales, if the amount stated is not paid in accordance with sub-paragraph (5) it shall, if the county court so orders, be recoverable under section 85 of the County Courts Act 1984 or otherwise as if it were payable under an order of that court. Where a warrant of control is issued under section 85 of the 1984 Act to recover an amount in accordance with sub-paragraph (6), the power conferred by the warrant is exercisable , to the same extent and in the same manner as if the union were a body corporate, against any property held in trust for the union other than protected property as defined in section 23(2). References to the costs of the ballot are to—
As soon as is reasonably practicable after the CAC is informed of the result of a ballot by the person conducting it, the CAC must act under this paragraph. The duty in sub-paragraph (1) does not apply if the CAC makes arrangements under paragraph 119C(3)(b). The CAC must inform the employer and the union (or unions) of the result of the ballot. If the result is that the proposition that the bargaining arrangements should be ended is supported by— the CAC must issue a declaration that the bargaining arrangements are to cease to have effect on a date specified by the CAC in the declaration. If the result is otherwise the CAC must refuse the application under paragraph 106, 107 or 112. If a declaration is issued under sub-paragraph (3) the bargaining arrangements shall cease to have effect accordingly. The Secretary of State may by order amend sub-paragraph (3) so as to specify a different degree of support; and different provision may be made for different circumstances. An order under sub-paragraph (6) shall be made by statutory instrument. No such order shall be made unless a draft of it has been laid before Parliament and approved by a resolution of each House of Parliament.
This Part of this Schedule applies if— In such a case references in this Part of this Schedule to the bargaining arrangements are to—
This Part of this Schedule also applies if— In such a case references in this Part of this Schedule to the bargaining arrangements are to—
This Part of this Schedule also applies if the CAC has issued a declaration under paragraph 87(2) that a union is (or unions are) recognised as entitled to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of a bargaining unit. In such a case references in this Part of this Schedule to the bargaining arrangements are to —
For the purposes of this Part of this Schedule the relevant date is the date of the expiry of the period of 3 years starting with the date of the CAC’s declaration.
References in this Part of this Schedule to the parties are to the employer and the union (or unions) concerned.
The employer may after the relevant date request the union (or each of the unions) to agree to end the bargaining arrangements. The request is not valid unless it—
If before the end of the negotiation period the parties agree to end the bargaining arrangements no further steps are to be taken under this Part of this Schedule. If no such agreement is made before the end of the negotiation period, the employer may apply to the CAC for the holding of a secret ballot to decide whether the bargaining arrangements should be ended. The negotiation period is the period of 10 working days starting with the day after— or such longer period (so starting) as the parties may from time to time agree.
An application under paragraph 128 is not admissible unless— An application under paragraph 128 is not admissible unless the employer gives to the union (or each of the unions)—
An application under paragraph 128 is not admissible if— A relevant application is an application made to the CAC—
An application under paragraph 128 is not admissible unless the CAC is satisfied that fewer than half of the workers constituting the bargaining unit are members of the union (or unions). The CAC must give reasons for the decision.
The CAC must give notice to the parties of receipt of an application under paragraph 128. Within the acceptance period the CAC must decide whether— In deciding those questions the CAC must consider any evidence which it has been given by the parties. If the CAC decides that the request is not valid or the application is not admissible— If the CAC decides that the request is valid and the application is admissible it must— The acceptance period is—
Paragraphs 116A to 116E apply if the CAC accepts an application under paragraph 128 (as well as in the cases mentioned in paragraph 116A(1)), as if—
the references in paragraphs 116A(1) and (4), 116B(1)(a), 116C(1)(a), 116D(1)(b) and 116E(1)(b) and (3)(b) to paragraph 106, 107 or 112 were to paragraph 106, 107, 112 or 128;
the references in paragraphs 116A(3) and 116B(3)(a) to paragraph 111(5) or 115(5) were to paragraph 111(5), 115(5) or 132(5);
the references in paragraphs 116A(4)(a) and 116E(4)(a) to paragraph 106 or 107 were to paragraph 106, 107 or 128.
Paragraphs 116H to 116K apply if the CAC accepts an application under paragraph 128 (as well as in the cases mentioned in paragraph 116H), as if—
the references in paragraphs 116H(1) and (4)(a)(ii) and 116K(1)(b) to paragraph 106, 107 or 112 were to paragraph 106, 107, 112 or 128;
the reference in paragraph 116H(1) to paragraph 111(5) or 115(5) were to paragraph 111(5), 115(5) or 132(5);
the references in paragraphs 116I(2)(a), 116J(6)(a) and 116K(4)(a) to paragraph 106 or 107 were to paragraph 106, 107 or 128.
Paragraph 117 applies if the CAC accepts an application under paragraph 128 (as well as in the cases mentioned in paragraph 117(1) and (2)). Paragraphs 118 to 121 apply accordingly, but as if—
This Part of this Schedule applies if— In such a case references in this Part of this Schedule to the bargaining arrangements are to—
This Part of this Schedule applies if—
an employer and a union (or unions) have agreed that the union is (or unions are) recognised as entitled to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of a group or groups of workers, and
the union does not have (or none of the unions has) a certificate under section 6 that it is independent.
In such a case references in this Part of this Schedule to the bargaining arrangements are to—
the parties’ agreement mentioned in sub-paragraph (1)(a), and
any agreement between the parties as to the method by which they will conduct collective bargaining.
In this Part of this Schedule—
references to the parties are to the employer and the union (or unions);
references to the bargaining unit are to the group of workers referred to in paragraph 134(1)(a) (or the groups taken together).
The meaning of collective bargaining given by section 178(1) shall not apply in relation to this Part of this Schedule.
A worker or workers falling within the bargaining unit may apply to the CAC to have the bargaining arrangements ended. An application is not admissible unless— An application is not admissible unless the worker gives (or workers give) to the employer and to the union (or each of the unions)—
An application under paragraph 137 is not admissible if the CAC is satisfied that any of the unions has a certificate of independence.
An application under paragraph 137 is not admissible unless the CAC decides that— The CAC must give reasons for the decision.
An application under paragraph 137 is not admissible if the CAC is satisfied that—
the union (or any of the unions) has made an application to the Certification Officer under section 6 for a certificate that it is independent, and
the Certification Officer has not come to a decision on the application (or each of the applications).
The CAC must give notice to the worker (or workers), the employer and the union (or unions) of receipt of an application under paragraph 137. Within the acceptance period the CAC must decide whether the application is admissible within the terms of paragraphs 137 to 140. In deciding whether the application is admissible the CAC must consider any evidence which it has been given by the employer, the union (or unions) or any of the workers falling within the bargaining unit. If the CAC decides that the application is not admissible— If the CAC decides that the application is admissible it must— The acceptance period is—
If the CAC accepts the application, in the negotiation period the CAC must help the employer, the union (or unions) and the worker (or workers) with a view to— The negotiation period is—
This paragraph applies if— In such a case paragraph 142(1) or 145(3) shall cease to apply from the time when the CAC is satisfied as mentioned in sub-paragraph (1)(b).
This paragraph applies if the CAC is subsequently satisfied that— In such a case—
This paragraph applies if the CAC is subsequently satisfied that— The CAC must give the worker (or workers), the employer and the union (or unions) notice that it is so satisfied. In the new negotiation period the CAC must help the employer, the union (or unions) and the worker (or workers) with a view to— The new negotiation period is—
This paragraph applies if— In such a case the relevant period is the period starting with the first day of the negotiation period (as defined in paragraph 142(2)) and ending with the first of the following to occur— and a relevant ballot is a ballot held by virtue of this Part of this Schedule. This paragraph also applies if— In such a case, the relevant period is the period starting with the first day of the new negotiation period (as defined in paragraph 145(4)) and ending with the first of the following to occur— and a relevant ballot is a ballot held by virtue of this Part of this Schedule. If this paragraph applies—
Paragraphs 116A to 116F apply if the CAC accepts an application under paragraph 137 (as well as in the cases mentioned in paragraph 116A(1)), as if—
the references in paragraphs 116A(1) and (4), 116B(1)(a), 116C(1)(a), 116D(1)(b) and 116E(1)(b) and (3)(b) to paragraph 106, 107 or 112 were to paragraph 106, 107, 112 or 137;
the references in paragraphs 116A(4)(b), 116E(4)(b) and 116F(1) to paragraph 112 were to paragraph 112 or 137;
the references in paragraphs 116A(3) and 116B(3)(a) to paragraph 111(5) or 115(5) were to paragraph 111(5), 115(5) or 141(5);
the reference in paragraph 116A(4)(b) to paragraph 116(1) were to paragraph 116(1), 142(1) or 145(3).
Paragraphs 116H to 116L apply if the CAC accepts an application under paragraph 137 (as well as in the cases mentioned in paragraph 116H), as if—
the references in paragraphs 116H(1) and (4)(a)(ii) and 116K(1)(b) to paragraph 106, 107 or 112 were to paragraph 106, 107, 112 or 137;
the reference in paragraph 116H(1) to paragraph 111(5) or 115(5) were to paragraph 111(5), 115(5) or 141(5);
the references in paragraphs 116H(5), 116I(2)(b), 116J(6)(b), 116K(1)(b), (4)(b) and (6) and 116L(1) to paragraph 112 were to paragraph 112 or 137;
the references in paragraphs 116I(2)(b) and 116J(6)(b) to paragraph 116(1) were to paragraph 116(1), 142(1) or 145(3).
Paragraph 117 applies if— (as well as in the cases mentioned in paragraph 117(1) and (2)). Paragraphs 118 to 121 apply accordingly, but as if—
This paragraph applies if as a result of a declaration by the CAC another union is (or other unions are) recognised as entitled to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of a group of workers at least one of whom falls within the bargaining unit. The CAC must issue a declaration that the bargaining arrangements are to cease to have effect on a date specified by the CAC in the declaration. If a declaration is issued under sub-paragraph (2) the bargaining arrangements shall cease to have effect accordingly. It is for the CAC to decide whether sub-paragraph (1) is fulfilled, but in deciding the CAC may take account of the views of any person it believes has an interest in the matter.
This Part of this Schedule applies if the CAC has issued a declaration that a union is (or unions are) recognised as entitled to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of a bargaining unit. In such a case references in this Part of this Schedule to the bargaining arrangements are to the declaration and to the provisions relating to the collective bargaining method. For this purpose the provisions relating to the collective bargaining method are—
This Part of this Schedule also applies if— In such a case references in this Part of this Schedule to the bargaining arrangements are to—
References in this Part of this Schedule to the parties are to the employer and the union (or unions) concerned.
This paragraph applies if— This paragraph also applies if— Sub-paragraph (4) shall apply on the day after— The bargaining arrangements shall cease to have effect; and the parties shall be taken to agree that the union is (or unions are) recognised as entitled to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of the bargaining unit concerned.
This paragraph applies if— This paragraph also applies if— Sub-paragraph (4) shall apply, beginning with the day after— The bargaining arrangements shall have effect again; and paragraph 152 shall cease to apply.
Parts III to VI of this Schedule shall not apply in the case of the parties at any time when, by virtue of this Part of this Schedule, the bargaining arrangements do not have effect.
If— for the purposes of section 70B(3) that day shall be taken to be the day on which section 70B first applies in relation to the unit.
by virtue of paragraph 153 the bargaining arrangements have effect again beginning with a particular day, and
in consequence section 70B applies in relation to the bargaining unit concerned,
A worker has a right not to be subjected to any detriment by any act, or any deliberate failure to act, by his employer if the act or failure takes place on any of the grounds set out in sub-paragraph (2). The grounds are that— A ground does not fall within sub-paragraph (2) if it constitutes an unreasonable act or omission by the worker. This paragraph does not apply if the worker is an employee and the detriment amounts to dismissal within the meaning of the Employment Rights Act 1996. A worker may present a complaint to an employment tribunal on the ground that he has been subjected to a detriment in contravention of this paragraph. Apart from the remedy by way of complaint as mentioned in sub-paragraph (5), a worker has no remedy for infringement of the right conferred on him by this paragraph.
An employment tribunal shall not consider a complaint under paragraph 156 unless it is presented— For the purposes of sub-paragraph (1)— For the purposes of sub-paragraph (2), in the absence of evidence establishing the contrary an employer must be taken to decide on a failure to act— Section 292A (extension of time limits to facilitate conciliation before institution of proceedings) applies for the purposes of sub-paragraph (1)(a).
On a complaint under paragraph 156 it shall be for the employer to show the ground on which he acted or failed to act.
If the employment tribunal finds that a complaint under paragraph 156 is well-founded it shall make a declaration to that effect and may make an award of compensation to be paid by the employer to the complainant in respect of the act or failure complained of. The amount of the compensation awarded shall be such as the tribunal considers just and equitable in all the circumstances having regard to the infringement complained of and to any loss sustained by the complainant which is attributable to the act or failure which infringed his right. The loss shall be taken to include— In ascertaining the loss, the tribunal shall apply the same rule concerning the duty of a person to mitigate his loss as applies to damages recoverable under the common law of England and Wales or Scotland. If the tribunal finds that the act or failure complained of was to any extent caused or contributed to by action of the complainant, it shall reduce the amount of the compensation by such proportion as it considers just and equitable having regard to that finding.
If the employment tribunal finds that a complaint under paragraph 156 is well-founded and— any compensation awarded under paragraph 159 must not exceed the limit specified in sub-paragraph (2). The limit is the total of—
For the purposes of Part X of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (unfair dismissal) the dismissal of an employee shall be regarded as unfair if the dismissal was made— The reasons are that— A reason does not fall within sub-paragraph (2) if it constitutes an unreasonable act or omission by the employee.
For the purposes of Part X of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (unfair dismissal) the dismissal of an employee shall be regarded as unfair if the reason or principal reason for the dismissal was that he was redundant but it is shown—
that the circumstances constituting the redundancy applied equally to one or more other employees in the same undertaking who held positions similar to that held by him and who have not been dismissed by the employer, and
that the reason (or, if more than one, the principal reason) why he was selected for dismissal was one falling within paragraph 161(2).
Section 197(1) of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (fixed-term contracts) does not prevent Part X of that Act from applying to a dismissal which is regarded as unfair by virtue of paragraph 161 or 162.
Sections 108 and 109 of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (qualifying period and upper age limit for unfair dismissal protection) do not apply to a dismissal which by virtue of paragraph 161 or 162 is regarded as unfair for the purposes of Part X of that Act.
References in this Part of this Schedule to a worker’s contract are to the contract mentioned in paragraph (a) or (b) of section 296(1) or the arrangements for the employment mentioned in paragraph (c) of section 296(1).
This paragraph applies where a demand has been made under paragraph 19E(3), 28(4) or 120(4). The recipient of the demand may appeal against the demand within 4 weeks starting with the day after receipt of the demand. An appeal under this paragraph lies to an employment tribunal. On an appeal under this paragraph against a demand under paragraph 19E(3), the tribunal shall dismiss the appeal unless it is shown that— On an appeal under this paragraph against a demand under paragraph 28(4) or paragraph 120(4), the tribunal shall dismiss the appeal unless it is shown that— If an appeal is allowed, the tribunal shall rectify the demand and the demand shall have effect as if it had originally been made as so rectified. If a person has appealed under this paragraph against a demand and the appeal has not been withdrawn or finally determined, the demand—
This paragraph applies if the CAC represents to the Secretary of State that a provision of this Schedule has an unsatisfactory effect and should be amended. The Secretary of State, with a view to rectifying the effect— The Secretary of State need not proceed in a way proposed by the CAC (if it proposes one). Nothing in this paragraph prevents the Secretary of State from exercising any of the powers mentioned in sub-paragraph (2)(a) in the absence of a representation from the CAC. An order under sub-paragraph (2)(b) shall be made by statutory instrument. No such order shall be made unless a draft of it has been laid before Parliament and approved by a resolution of each House of Parliament.
This paragraph applies in relation to any provision of paragraph 19D(2), 26(4) or 118(4) which requires the employer to give to the CAC a worker’s home address. The Secretary of State may by order provide that the employer must give to the CAC (in addition to the worker’s home address) an address of a specified kind for the worker. In this paragraph “address” includes any address or number to which information may be sent by any means. An order under this paragraph may— An order under this paragraph shall be made by statutory instrument. No such order shall be made unless a draft of it has been laid before Parliament and approved by a resolution of each House of Parliament.
The Secretary of State may by order provide that, during any period beginning and ending with the occurrence of specified events, employers and unions to which the order applies are prohibited from using such practices as are specified as unfair practices in relation to an application under this Schedule of a specified description. An order under this paragraph may make provision about the consequences of a contravention of any prohibition imposed by the order (including provision modifying the effect of any provision of this Schedule in the event of such a contravention). An order under this paragraph may confer functions on the CAC. An order under this paragraph may contain provision extending for the purposes of the order either or both of the following powers to issue Codes of Practice— An order under this paragraph may— An order under this paragraph shall be made by statutory instrument. No such order shall be made unless a draft of it has been laid before and approved by a resolution of each House of Parliament. In this paragraph “specified” means specified in an order under this paragraph.
The Secretary of State may issue guidance to the CAC on the way in which it is to exercise its functions under paragraph 22 or 87. The CAC must take into account any such guidance in exercising those functions. However, no guidance is to apply with regard to an application made to the CAC before the guidance in question was issued. The Secretary of State must—
After consulting ACAS the Secretary of State may by order specify for the purposes of paragraphs 31(3) and 63(2) a method by which collective bargaining might be conducted. If such an order is made the CAC— An order under this paragraph shall be made by statutory instrument subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.
The Secretary of State may make to the CAC directions as described in sub-paragraph (2) in relation to any case where— The directions are directions as to the order in which the CAC must consider the admissibility of the applications. The directions may include— A relevant application is an application under paragraph 101, 106, 107, 112 or 128.
The Secretary of State may by order make provision for any case where— and the union amalgamates or transfers all or any of its engagements. An order under this paragraph may, in particular, make provision for cases where an amalgamated union, or union to which engagements are transferred, does not have a certificate of independence.
The Secretary of State may by order make provision for any case where— and the person who was the employer of the workers constituting that group at the time the thing was done is no longer the employer of all of the workers constituting that group (whether as a result of a transfer of the whole or part of an undertaking or business or otherwise). In this paragraph “group” includes two or more groups taken together.
An order under paragraph 169A or 169B may— An order under paragraph 169A or 169B shall be made by statutory instrument. No such order shall be made unless a draft of it has been laid before Parliament and approved by a resolution of each House of Parliament.
The Secretary of State may make to the CAC directions as described in sub-paragraph (2) in relation to any case where— The directions are directions as to the order in which the CAC must consider the admissibility of the applications. The directions may include— A relevant application is an application under paragraph 101, 106, 107, 112 or 128.
If the CAC issues a declaration under this Schedule it must notify the parties of the declaration and its contents. The reference here to the parties is to—
The CAC may, if it considers it necessary to do so to enable or assist it to exercise any of its functions under this Schedule, exercise any or all of the powers conferred in sub-paragraphs (2) to (4). The CAC may require an employer to supply the CAC case manager, within such period as the CAC may specify, with specified information concerning either or both of the following— The CAC may require a union to supply the CAC case manager, within such period as the CAC may specify, with specified information concerning either or both of the following— The CAC may require an applicant worker to supply the CAC case manager, within such period as the CAC may specify, with specified information concerning the likelihood of a majority of the workers in his bargaining unit being in favour of having bargaining arrangements ended. The recipient of a requirement under this paragraph must, within the specified period, supply the CAC case manager with such of the specified information as is in the recipient’s possession. From the information supplied to him under this paragraph, the CAC case manager must prepare a report and submit it to the CAC. If an employer, a union or a worker fails to comply with sub-paragraph (5), the report under sub-paragraph (6) must mention that failure; and the CAC may draw an inference against the party concerned. The CAC must give a copy of the report under sub-paragraph (6) to the employer, to the union (or unions) and, in the case of an application under paragraph 112 or 137, to the applicant worker (or applicant workers). In this paragraph—
In exercising functions under this Schedule in any particular case the CAC must have regard to the object of encouraging and promoting fair and efficient practices and arrangements in the workplace, so far as having regard to that object is consistent with applying other provisions of this Schedule in the case concerned.
In this Schedule “pay” does not include terms relating to a person’s membership of or rights under, or his employer’s contributions to— The Secretary of State may by order amend sub-paragraph (1). The Secretary of State may by order— An order under this paragraph may— An order under this paragraph may make provision deeming— to include matters to which a post-commencement declaration of recognition or method of collective bargaining could relate. In sub-paragraph (5)— An order under this paragraph shall be made by statutory instrument; and no such order shall be made unless a draft of it has been laid before Parliament and approved by a resolution of each House of Parliament.
In this Schedule, “the required percentage” means 10%. The Secretary of State may by regulations amend this paragraph so that the required percentage is a percentage— Regulations under sub-paragraph (2)— A statutory instrument containing regulations under sub-paragraph (2) may not be made unless a draft of the instrument has been laid before and approved by a resolution of each House of Parliament.
References in this Schedule to the CAC are to the Central Arbitration Committee. For the purposes of this Schedule in its application to a part of Great Britain a working day is a day other than—
Sections 51B, 51C, 72M, 72N, 100DA, 100DB, 230A and 230B
This Part sets out requirements that apply in relation to electronic voting and hybrid voting in relation to a particular ballot.
One or more voting access methods must be generated for each relevant person. A voting access method must— Instructions for how to submit a vote on the electronic voting platform using the voting access method (“electronic voting instructions”) must be produced. The electronic voting instructions must— In this paragraph, “voting access method” means a code, password or other method which allows a person to access the electronic voting platform.
A voting form which is accessed through the electronic voting platform using the voting access method (“electronic voting form”) must be produced. The electronic voting form must allow the person voting to spoil the form by registering a vote for none of the candidates or, as the case may be, options. The electronic voting form must— In the case of a ballot under section 226(1)(a) (industrial action), subsections (2) to (4) of section 229 (voting paper) apply to the electronic voting form as if for “voting paper” there were substituted “electronic voting form”. Where a person is— the person’s electronic voting form must include the provision which was required to be sent with the voting materials under section 51ZA(2)(c), section 72I(2)(c), section 100CA(2)(c) or section 228C(2)(c). The electronic voting form and electronic voting platform must be designed so that data transmitted by submission of an electronic voting form is encrypted before being transmitted and is decrypted only once received by the scrutineer. The electronic voting platform must, when an electronic voting form has been submitted, display to the person who submitted it a message confirming that the vote has been successfully submitted.
A unique identifier must be—
generated for each relevant person;
designed in such a way that by itself it does not enable the identification of the person with whom it is associated.
The electronic voting platform used for the ballot must be compatible with assistive technologies. In this paragraph “assistive technology” means hardware or software which enables persons with disabilities to interact with, or assists such persons with interacting with, content on the internet.
In relation to the electronic voting system, the scrutineer must— The security requirements are— The security standards are— Throughout the duration of the ballot— The scrutineer must ensure that the following requirements are satisfied in relation to the server which hosts the electronic voting platform— The scrutineer must, throughout the duration of the ballot, ensure that support in relation to the operation of the electronic voting platform is made available for persons who are entitled to vote in the ballot. In this paragraph—
The trade union must ensure that the scrutineer counts the votes cast in the ballot by—
submission of an electronic voting form, or
marking of a voting paper which was sent to the person in accordance with paragraph 14(1).
The scrutineer must store such of the information specified in sub-paragraph (2) as the scrutineer possesses— The information is— The scrutineer must maintain two separate databases as follows— The scrutineer must not store relevant personal information and voting information together in one database, except where— In this paragraph—
Logs (“audit logs”) must be maintained in relation to the ballot and must include— The audit logs must be maintained during the period beginning when the electronic voting platform is set up and ending when the scrutineer sends the scrutineer’s report to the trade union. In this paragraph—
The scrutineer must retain the audit logs and data in the databases which the scrutineer is required to maintain under paragraph 8(3)—
until the end of the period of one year beginning with the day on which the result of the ballot is announced by the trade union, and
if, within that period, any complaint or claim is made in relation to the ballot, until—
the Certification Officer or court authorises the scrutineer to dispose of the audit logs and data in those databases, or
the matter is otherwise concluded.
This Part sets out requirements that apply in relation to electronic voting in relation to a particular ballot.
The electronic voting materials must be sent to every person who is eligible to vote by electronic voting, by at least one of the following— The requirement in sub-paragraph (1), so far as it relates to the electronic voting instructions, may be satisfied by sending a link to the instructions. In the case of a ballot held under section 97(1)(b) (amalgamation) or section 97(2)(b) (transfer of engagements), nothing else is to be included with the message or email sent in accordance with sub-paragraph (1) except— The mobile telephone number or email address to which a voting access method is sent must be one which was provided to the scrutineer under whichever of the following provisions is applicable to the ballot in question— Where a person chooses to vote by electronic voting, the person votes by submitting the electronic voting form which they have accessed using the voting access method sent to them. In this paragraph, “electronic voting materials” means—
This Part sets out requirements that apply in relation to hybrid voting in relation to a particular ballot.
The hybrid voting materials must be sent, by post, to the relevant address of every person who is eligible to vote by hybrid voting. Where a person chooses to vote by hybrid voting, the person votes by one of the following— Each voting paper must— Voting papers which have been returned to the scrutineer must be stored securely. In this paragraph, “relevant address” means, in respect of a person, their home address or another address which they have requested the trade union in writing to treat as their postal address.
In the case of a ballot held under section 97(1)(b) (amalgamation) or section 97(2)(b) (transfer of engagements), the only documents which may be enclosed with the hybrid voting materials are—
the notice which, under section 99(1), is to accompany these, and
the provision required to be sent with the voting materials under section 100CA(2)(c).
This paragraph applies in relation to a ballot held under section 226(1)(a) (industrial action). The voting paper must comply with section 229(2) to (4). This sub-paragraph applies to a merchant seaman if the trade union reasonably believes that— In the case of a ballot in which merchant seamen to whom sub-paragraph (3) applies are entitled to vote, paragraph 14(3)(a) is to be read as if, for “the address to which, and the date by which, it is to be returned” there were substituted “the address to which it is to be returned or, as appropriate, the ship to which the seamen belong, and the date by which it is to be returned”. A merchant seaman to whom sub-paragraph (3) applies must, if it is reasonably practicable— In this paragraph, “merchant seaman” has the meaning given in section 232(3).
In this Part, “hybrid voting materials” means—
a voting paper which complies with the requirements of this Part,
instructions for the return of the voting paper,
a voting access method,
electronic voting instructions, and
in the case of an election held under section 46(1)(a) (elections for certain positions), a list of the candidates at the election.
In this Schedule—
Section 207A
... ... ... Section 145A of this Act (inducements relating to union membership or activities) Section 145B of this Act (inducements relating to collective bargaining) Section 146 of this Act (detriment in relation to union membership and activities) Section 189 of this Act (failure to follow consultation requirements) Paragraph 156 of Schedule A1 to this Act (detriment in relation to union recognition rights) ... Section 23 of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (c. 18) (unauthorised deductions and payments) Section 27K of that Act (complaints about tips etc) Section 27N of that Act (complaints about information) Section 48 of that Act (detriment in employment) Section 111 of that Act (unfair dismissal) Section 163 of that Act (redundancy payments) Section 24 of the National Minimum Wage Act 1998 (c. 39) (detriment in relation to national minimum wage) The Employment Tribunal Extension of Jurisdiction (England and Wales) Order 1994 (SI 1994/1623) (breach of employment contract and termination) The Employment Tribunal Extension of Jurisdiction (Scotland) Order 1994 (SI 1994/1624) (corresponding provision for Scotland) Regulation 30 of the Working Time Regulations 1998 (SI 1998/1833) (breach of regulations) Regulation 32 of the Transnational Information and Consultation of Employees Regulations 1999 (SI 1999/3323) (detriment relating to European Works Councils) ... ... Regulation 45 of the European Public Limited-Liability Company Regulations 2004 (SI 2004/2326) (detriment in employment) Regulation 33 of the Information and Consultation of Employees Regulations 2004 (SI 2004/3426) (detriment in employment) Paragraph 8 of the Schedule to the Occupational and Personal Pension Schemes (Consultation by Employers and Miscellaneous Amendment) Regulations 2006 (SI 2006/349) (detriment in employment) ... Regulation 34 of the European Cooperative Society (Involvement of Employees) Regulations 2006 (SI 2006/2059) (detriment in relation to involvement in a European Cooperative Society) Regulation 17 of the Cross-border Railway Services (Working Time) Regulations 2008 (SI 2008/1660) (breach of regulations). Regulation 9 of the Employment Relations Act 1999 (Blacklists) Regulations 2010 (SI 2010/493) (detriment connected with prohibited list). Sections 120 and 127 of the Equality Act 2010 (discrimination etc in work cases)
Section 256C
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Section 256D
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1875 Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act 1875 (c. 86). 1913 Trade Union Act 1913 (2 & 3 Geo.5 c. 30). 1919 Industrial Courts Act 1919 (c. 69). 1964 Trade Union (Amalgamations, &c.) Act 1964 (c. 24). 1971 Industrial Relations Act 1971 (c. 72). 1974 Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974 (c. 52). 1975 Employment Protection Act 1975 (c. 71). 1976 Trade Union and Labour Relations (Amendment) Act 1976 (c. 7). 1978 Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978 (c. 44). 1980 Employment Act 1980 (c. 42). 1982 Employment Act 1982 (c. 46). 1984 Trade Union Act 1984 (c. 49). 1988 Employment Act 1988 (c. 19). 1989 Employment Act 1989 (c. 38). 1990 Employment Act 1990 (c. 38). Provision Derivation Part I, Chapter I. 1 1913 s.2(1); 1964 s.9(1) “trade union"; 1974 s.28(1), Sch.3 paras.2(2), 10(8); 1975 s.126(1) “trade union"; 1978 s.153(1); 1980 s.3(9); 1982 s.18(2); 1984 ss.9(1), 10(5); 1988 ss.18(2), 32(1); 1990 ss.7(5), 8(7). 2(1) 1974 s.8(1), (2); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.III, para.1. (2), (3) 1974 s.8(9); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.III, paras.1 and 4. (4), (5), (6) 1974 s.8(10); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.III, paras.1 and 5. 3(1) 1974 s.8(3); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.III para.1. (2) 1974 s.8(4); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.III para.1. (3) 1974 s.8(3); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.III para.1. (4) 1974 s.8(5); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.III para.1. 4(1), (2) 1974 s.8(6); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.III, para.1. (3) 1974 s.8(6A); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.III, paras.1 and 2. 5 1974 s.30(1) “independent trade union"; 1975 s.126(1) “independent trade union", “independence" and “independent"; 1978 s.153(1) “independent trade union". 6(1) 1975 s.8(1), (2). (2), (3) 1975 s.8(3), (4). (4) 1975 s.8(6). (5) 1975 s.8(5)(a),(b). (6) 1975 s.8(5)(c). 7(1) 1975 s.8(7). (2) 1975 s.8(3), (8). (3) 1975 s.8(6), (8). (4) 1975 s.8(5)(a),(b), (8). (5) 1975 s.8(5)(c), (8). (6) 1975 s.8(10). 8(1) to (3) 1975 s.8(11). (4), (5) 1975 s.8(12). 9(1) 1974 s.8(7); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.III, para.3; 1978 s.136(3), Sch.16 para.18. (2) 1975 s.8(9). (3) 1974 s.8(7); 1975 s.8(9), Sch.16 Pt.III para.3. (4) 1974 s.8(7); 1975 s.8(9), Sch.16 Pt.III para.3; 1978 s.136(3), Sch.16 paras.18 and 23(3). Part I, Chapter II. 10(1), (2) 1974 s.2(1)(a), (c), (d). (3) 1974 s.2(2), (3); Interpretation Act 1978 (c.30) s.17(2)(a); Companies Consolidation (Consequential Provisions) Act 1985 (c.9) Sch.2. 11(1), (2) 1974 s.2(5). 12(1) 1974 s.2(1)(b). (2) 1974 s.2(1)(e). (3) drafting. 13(1) 1974 s.4(1), (2), (3). (2) 1974 s.4(1). (3) 1974 s.4(3). (4) 1974 s.4(1). 14(1) to (6) 1974 s.4(3) to (8) 15(1) to (4) 1988 s.8(1) to (4). (5) 1988 s.8(4), (5). (6) 1988 s.8(6). (7) 1988 s.32(1) “member". 16(1) to (4) 1988 s.9(1) to (4). (5) 1988 s.23(1), (2). (6) 1988 s.9(5). (7) 1988 s.32(1) “member". 17(1) 1974 Sch.1 para.31(1)(a). (2), (3) 1974 Sch.1 para.31(2). (4), (5) 1974 Sch.1 para.31(3). (6) 1974 s.26(2), (3). 18(1) 1974 Sch.1 para.31(1)(b); Administration of Estates (Small Payments) (Increase of Limits) Order 1984 (S.I. 1984/539). (2) 1974 Sch.1 para.31(3). (3) 1974 s.26(2), (3). (4) 1974 Sch.1 para.31(4); 1975 Sch.16, Pt.III, para.32. 19(1) Industrial Assurance and Friendly Societies Act 1948 (c.39) ss.6(1), (2), 23(1)(d); 1974 Sch.3 para.5(2), (4). (2) Industrial Assurance and Friendly Societies Act 1948 (c.39) s.16(4); Friendly Societies Act 1974 (c.46) Sch.9 para.12; 1974 Sch.3 para.5(3). (3) Friendly Societies Act 1896 (c.25) s.22(2), (3); Friendly Societies Act 1974 (c.46) Sch.9 para.1; 1974 s.9(1). 20(1) 1974 s.13(1); 1982 s.15(2); 1990 s.6(2). (2) to (4) 1982 s.15(3) to (3B); 1990 s.6(3). (5) 1982 s.15(8). (6) 1982 s.15(9); 1990 s.6(8). (7) 1982 s.15(7) “rules". 21(1) 1982 s.15(4); 1990 s.6(4). (2) 1982 s.15(5); 1990 s.6(5). (3) 1982 s.15(5A); 1990 s.6(5). (4) 1982 s.15(5B); 1990 s.6(5). (5) 1982 s.15(6). (6) 1982 s.15(6A); 1990 s.6(6). (7) 1982 s.15(7) “commercial contract"; 1990 s.6(7). 22(1) 1982 s.16(1), (2); Consumer Protection Act 1987 (c.43) Sch.4 para.8. (2) 1982 s.16(1), (3). (3) 1985 s.16(4), (5)(b). (4) 1982 s.16(5)(a). (5) 1982 s.16(2)(b), (6). 23(1) 1982 s.17(1). (2) 1982 s.17(2), (3) “political fund", “provident benefits fund". (3) 1982 s.17(3) “provident benefits". Part I, Chapter III. 24(1), (2) 1984 s.4(1), (2). (3), (4) 1984 s.4(2A); 1988 Sch.3 para. 5(3). (5) 1984 s.9(1) “proper address". (6) 1984 ss.5(10), 6(3). 25(1) 1984 s.5(1). (2) 1984 s.5(3); s.6(5). (3) 1984 s.5(4). (4), (5) 1984 s.6(1), (2). (6), (7) 1984 s.6(7), (8). 26(1) 1984 s.5(1). (2) 1984 s.6(4). (3) 1984 s.5(4). (4) 1984 s.5(5), (6), (7), (9). (5) 1984 s.5(11), (12). (6) 1988 s.23(1), (2). 27 1974 s.11(4). 28(1) 1974 s.10(1), (2). (2) 1974 s.10(3). 29(1) 1988 s.6(1), (9)(a). (2) 1988 s.6(9)(a); drafting. (3) 1988 s.6(2). 30(1) 1988 s.6(2), (10). (2), (3) 1988 s.6(3), (4). (4) 1974 Sch.2 para.6; Companies Consolidation (Consequential Provisions) Act 1985 (c.9), Sch.2; 1988 s.6(9)(c). (5), (6) 1988 s.6(5), (6). (7) 1988 s.32(1) “member". 31(1), (2) 1988 s.6(7). (3) 1988 s.23(1), (2). 32(1) 1974 s.11(1), (2); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.III para.1. (2) 1974 Sch.2 Pt.I para.1(1), (2). (3) 1974 Sch.2 Pt.I paras. 2, 3 and 4. (4) 1974 Sch.2 Pt.I para.5. (5), (6) 1974 s.11(4), (5). 33(1) 1974 s.11(3). (2) 1974 Sch.2 Pt.I para.22. 34(1) 1974 Sch.2 Pt.I paras.6, 7; Interpretation Act 1978 (c.30) s.17(2)(a); Companies Consolidation (Consequential Provisions) Act 1985 (c.9) Sch.2. (2), (3) 1974 Sch.2 Pt.I para.9(1), (2). (4) 1974 s.26(2), (3); 1974 Sch.2 Pt.I para.9(3). (5) 1974 Sch.2 Pt.I para.10(1), (2). 35(1) 1974 Sch.2 Pt.I para.11, 12, 13(1). (2) 1974 Sch.2 Pt.I para.12. (3) to (5) 1974 Sch.2 Pt.I para.13(1) to (3). (6) 1974 s.26(2), (3); 1974 Sch.2 Pt.I para.14. (7), (8) 1974 Sch.2 Pt.I para.15(1), (2). 36(1) 1974 Sch.2 Pt.I para.18. (2) 1974 Sch.2 Pt.I para.19. (3), (4) 1974 Sch.2 Pt.I para.20. 37(1) 1974 Sch.2 Pt.I para.16. (2) 1974 Sch.2 Pt.I para.21. (3) 1974 Sch.2 Pt.I para.17. 38(1) 1974 Sch.2 Pt.II para.36(a). (2) 1974 Sc.2 Pt.II paras.34, 35, 36(c). 39(1) 1974 Sch.2 Pt.II, para.27; 1975 Sch.16 Pt.III, para.1. (2) 1974 Sch.2 Pt.II, paras.25, 27. (3) 1974 Sch.2 Pt.II, para.28. 40(1), (2) 1974 Sch.2 Pt.II, para.32(1), (2). (3) 1974 Sch.2 Pt.II, paras.24, 33. (4) 1974 Sch.2 Pt.II, paras 25, 33. (5), (6) 1974 Sch.2 Pt.II, paras.26, 33; 1975 Sch.16 Pt.III, para.1. (7) 1974 Sch.2 Pt.II, paras.28, 33. 41(1) 1974 Sch.2 Pt.II, paras.30, 33A; 1975 Sch.16 Pt.III, para.1; 1980 Sch.1 para.3. (2) 1974 Sch.2 Pt.II, paras.31, 33B; 1975 Sch.16 Pt.III, para.1; 1980 Sch.1 para.3. (3) 1974 Sch.2 Pt.II, para.33B; 1980 Sch.1 para.3. (4) 1974 Sch.2 Pt.II, para.32(3); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.III, para.1. 42 1974 Sch.2 Pt.II, para.36(b); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.III, para.1. 43(1) 1974 s.11(1). (2) 1984 s.7(4) to (7). 44(1) drafting. (2) 1974 ss.10(4), 11(8). (3) 1974 s.10(4), 11(8); 1984 s.4(3). 45(1) to (4) 1974 s.12(1) to (4); 1988 s.6(8). (5) 1974 s.12(5); Criminal Justice Act 1982 (c.48) ss.38, 46; 1988 s.6(8). Part I, Chapter IV. 46(1), (2) 1984 s.1(1), (2), (6B); 1988 s.12(1), Sch.3 Pt.I para.5(1). (3) 1984 s.1(6A); 1988 s.12(1). (4) 1984 s.1(6C); 1988 s.12(1). (5) 1984 s.1(7). (6) 1984 s.1(1), (4). 47(1), (2) 1984 s.2(9), (10). (3) 1984 s.2(11), (12). 48(1) 1988 s.13(2)(a), (b). (2) 1988 s.13(2)(b), (4). (3) 1988 s.13(3). (4) to (6) 1988 s.13(2)(d) to (f). (7) 1988 s.13(2)(c). (8) 1988 s.13(5). 49(1) 1988 s.15(2)(a). (2), (3) 1988 s.15(3), (4). (4) 1988 s.15(2)(b). (5) 1988 s.15(2)(bb); 1990 s.5(5). (6), (7) 1988 s.15(2)(c), (d). 50(1), (2) 1984 s.2(1), (2). (3) 1984 ss.2(3), (4)(a), 9(1) “section". (4) 1984 s.2(4)(b). 51(1) 1984 s.2(5). (2) 1984 s.2(5)(a), (b), (c); 1988 Sch.3 Pt.I para.5(2)(a); 1990 s.5(4). (3), (4) 1984 s.2(6), (7). (5) 1984 s.2(8)(a), (c). (6) 1984 s.2(8). (7) 1984 s.9(1) “single transferable vote". 52(1) 1988 s.15(5)(a) to (d). (2) 1988 s.15(5)(e), (f), (6). (3) 1988 s.15(7). (4) 1988 s.15(7)(a). (5) 1988 s.15(7)(b), (c). 53 1984 s.2(14). 54(1) 1984 ss.5(1), (10), 6(3); 1988 Sch.3 Pt.I para.5(4)(a). (2) 1984 s.5(1)(a), (b), (12A); 1988 Sch.3 Pt.I para.5(4)(c). (3) 1984 s.5(2). 55(1) 1984 s.5(1). (2) 1984 ss.5(3), 6(5). (3) 1984 s.5(4). (4), (5) 1984 s.6(1), (2). (6), (7) 1984 s.6(7), (8). 56(1) 1984 s.5(1); 1988 Sch.3 Pt.I para.5(4)(a). (2) 1984 s.6(4). (3) 1984 s.5(4). (4) 1984 s.5(5) to (7), (9). (5) 1984 s.5(8); 1988 Sch.3 Pt.1 para.5(4)(b). (6) 1984 s.5(11) to (12A); 1988 Sch.3 Pt.I para.5(4)(c). (7) 1988 s.23(1), (2). 57(1) 1984 s.7(4) to (7). (2) 1988 s.12(2). (3) 1984 s.7(8); 1988 s.12(2). 58(1) 1984 s.8(1). (2) 1984 s.8(2); 1988 Sch.3 Pt.I para.5(5)(b) (3) Interpretation Act 1978 (c.30) s.17(2)(a); 1984 s.8(3). 59 1984 s.1(3). 60(1) 1984 s.2(13). (2) 1984 s.9(1) “overseas member". (3) 1984 s.2(13); 1988 Sch.3 Pt.I para.5(2)(b). 61(1) 1984 s.9(2). (2) 1984 s.1(6). Part I, Chapter V. 62(1) 1988 s.1(1); 1990 Sch.2 para.3(2). (2) 1988 s.1(5); 1990 Sch.2 para.3(5). (3) 1988 s.1(2); 1990 Sch.2 para.3(3). (4) 1988 s.23(1), (2). (5) 1988 s.1(3); 1990 Sch.2 para.3(4). (6) 1988 s.1(6), (7) “industrial action"; 1990 s.5(1). (7) 1988 s.30(1). (8) 1990 s.5(1). (9) 1988 s.1(8). 63(1) 1988 s.2(4). (2) 1988 s.2(1). (3) 1988 s.2(3). (4) 1988 s.2(2). (5), (6) 1988 s.2(5), (6). 64(1) 1988 s.3(1). (2) 1988 s.3(5). (3) 1988 s.3(8). (4), (5) 1988 s.3(7). 65(1) 1988 s.3(2), (3). (2) 1988 s.3(3)(a) to (d), (f), (6) “enactment". (3) 1988 s.3(3)(e). (4) 1988 s.3(3)(g). (5) 1988 s.3(3), closing words. (6) 1988 s.3(4). (7) 1988 s.3(3)(b),(d), (6) “representative". (8) 1988 s.30(1) 66(1) 1988 s.4(1). (2) 1988 s.4(2), (3). (3) 1988 s.4(4). (4) 1988 s.4(6). 67(1) to (9) 1988 s.5(1) to (9). 68(1) 1988 s.7(1). (2), (3) 1988 s.7(2)(a), (b). (4) 1988 s.7(3). 69 1974 s.7; 1976 s.3(1). 70 1988 s.32(1) “member". Part I, Chapter VI. 71(1), (2) 1913 s.3(1); 1971 Sch.8; 1974 Sch.3 para.2(3); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.IV para.2(2). 72(1) to (3) 1913 s.3(3) to (3B); 1984 s.17(1). (4) 1913 s.3(3C); Films Act 1960 (c.57) s.38(4) “film"; 1984 s.17(1). 73(1) 1913 s.3(1); 1971 Sch.8; 1974 Sch.3 para.2(3). (2) 1913 s.3(4); 1971 Sch.8; 1974 Sch.3 para.2(3). (3) 1984 s.12(2)(a). (4) 1984 s.12(2)(b), (4). 74(1) 1913 s.4(1); 1971 Sch.8; 1974 Sch.3 para.2(3); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.IV para.2(2). (2) 1984 s.13(3). (3) 1913 s.4(1); 1971 Sch.8; 1974 Sch.3 para.2(3); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.IV para.2(2); 1984 s.13(1); 1988 s.15(1)(a). 75(1) 1988 s.15(2)(a). (2), (3) 1988 s.15(3), (4). (4) 1988 s.15(2)(b). (5) 1988 s.15(2)(bb); 1990 s.5(5). (6), (7) 1988 s.15(2)(c), (d). 76 1913 s.4(1A); 1984 s.13(2). 77(1), (2) 1913 s.4(1B); 1984 s.13(2); 1988 Sch.3 para.1(1)(b); 1990 s.5(4). (3) 1913 s.4(1C); 1984 s.13(2). (4) 1913 s.4(1D); 1984 s.13(2); 1988 s.14(1). (5) 1913 s.4(1E); 1984 s.13(2). 78(1), (2) 1988 s.15(5), (6). (3) to (6) 1988 s.15(7). 79(1) 1984 ss.5(10), 6(3); 1988 s.16(4), Sch.3 para.5(4)(a). (2), (3) 1988 s.16(2), (3). 80(1) 1988 s.16(1). (2) 1984 ss.5(3), 6(5); 1988 s.16(4). (3) 1984 s.5(4); 1988 s.16(4). (4), (5) 1984 s.6(1), (2); 1988 s.16(4). (6), (7) 1984 s.6(7), (8); 1988 s.16(4). 81(1) 1988 s.16(1). (2) 1984 s.6(3), (4); 1988 s.16(4). (3) 1984 s.5(4); 1988 s.16(4). (4) 1984 s.5(5) to (7), (9); 1988 s.16(4). (5) 1984 s.5(8); 1988 s.16(4)(b), Sch.3 para.5(4)(b). (6) 1984 ss.5(11), 12; 1988 s.16(4). (7) 1988 s.23(1), (2). 82(1) 1913 s.3(1); 1971 Sch.8; 1974 Sch.3 para.2(3). (2) to (4) 1913 s.3(2); 1971 Sch.8; 1974 Sch.3 para.2(3); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.IV para.2(2). 83(1) 1984 s.14(1), (2)(a). (2) 1984 s.14(2)(b). (3) 1984 s.14(3), (4). 84(1) to (3) 1913 s.5(1), Sch.; 1971 Sch.8; 1974 Sch.3 para.2(3); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.IV para.2(2). (4), (5) 1913 s.5(2); 1971 Sch.8; 1974 Sch.3 para 2(3); 1984 ss.13(9), (10) “new resolution". 85(1), (2) 1913 s.6; 1971 Sch.8; 1974 Sch.3 para 2(3). 86(1) to (3) 1984 s.18(1) to (3). 87(1), (2) 1984 s.18(4), (6). (3) 1984 s.18(5). (4) 1984 s.18(3). 88(1) drafting. (2) Wages Act 1986 (c.48) s.1(6); 1988 Sch.3 para.6(1). (3), (4) Wages Act 1986 (c.48) s.5(3A); 1988 Sch.3 para.6(3) 89(1) 1984 s.15(10). (2) 1984 s.15(1), (2). (3) 1984 ss.14(2)(a), 15(5). (4) 1984 s.14(2)(c). (5) 1984 s.15(9). 90(1), (2) 1984 s.15(3)(a), (b). (3) 1984 s.15(4). (4) 1984 s.16(1). (5) 1984 s.16(2) to (4). (6) 1984 s.16(5). 91(1), (2) 1984 s.15(6), (7)(a), (10). (3) 1984 s.15(7)(b). (4) 1984 s.15(8). 92 1913 s.4(2); 1971 Sch.8; 1974 Sch.3 para 2(3); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.IV para.2(2). 93(1) 1964 s.5(4); 1971 Sch.8; 1974 Sch.3 para.10(2). (2) 1984 s.12(5). (3) drafting. 94(1), (2) 1984 s.13(7), (8). (3) 1984 ss.9(1) “overseas member", 13(10) “overseas member". 95 1913 s.5A; 1975 Sch.16 Pt.IV para. 2(3); 1978 s.136(2)(a), Sch.16 para.2. 96 1984 s.19(2) “date of the ballot". Part I, Chapter VII. 97(1), (2) 1964 s.1(1)(a), (b); 1971 Sch.8; 1974 Sch.3 para.10(2). (3) 1964 s.1(6); 1971 Sch.8; 1974 Sch.3 para.10(2). (4) 1964 s.2(1); 1971 Sch.8; 1974 Sch.3 para.10(2). 98(1) 1964 s.1(1)(a), (b), (4)(a); 1971 Sch.8; 1974 Sch.3 para.10(2); 1975 Sch.16, Pt.IV, para.10(2). (2) 1964 s.1(3), (4)(a); 1971 Sch.8; 1974 Sch.3 para.10(2); 1975 Sch.16, Pt.IV, para.10(2). 99(1) 1964 s.1(2)(d); 1971 Sch.8; 1974 Sch.3 para.10(2); 1975 Sch.16, Pt.IV, para.10(2). (2), (3) 1964 s.1(3)(a), (b). (4) 1964 s.1(3). (5) 1964 s.1(4)(b); 1971 Sch.8; 1974 Sch.3 para.10(2); 1975 Sch.16, Pt.IV, para.10(2). 100(1) 1964 s.1(1), (2); 1971 Sch.8; 1974 Sch.3 para.10(2); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.IV para.10(2). (2) 1964 s.2(2); 1971 Sch.8; 1974 Sch.3 para.10(2). (3), (4) 1964 s.2(3); 1971 Sch.8; 1974 Sch.3 para.10(2). 101(1), (2) 1964 s.1(5); 1975 Sch.16, Pt.IV, para.10(2). 102(1) to (3) 1964 s.3; 1971 Sch.8; 1974 Sch.3 para.10(2). 103(1) 1964 s.4(1); 1971 Sch.8; 1974 Sch.3 para.10(2); 1975 Sch.16, Pt.IV, para.10(2). (2) 1964 s.4(2), (10); 1975 Sch.16, Pt.IV, para.10(2). (3) 1964 s.4(3), (5); 1971 Sch.8; 1974 Sch.3 para.10(2); 1975 Sch.16, Pt.IV, para.10(2). (4) 1964 s.4(4); 1975 Sch.16, Pt.IV, para.10(2). (5) 1964 s.4(7); 1975 Sch.16, Pt.IV, para.10(2). 104 1964 s.4(8); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.IV para.10(3); 1978 Sch.16 para.5; 1978 s.136(2)(b). 105(1) 1964 s.5(1); 1971 Sch.8; 1974 Sch.3 para.10(2). (2), (3) 1964 s.5(3)(a), (b); 1971 Sch.8; 1974 Sch.3 para.10(2). (4) 1964 s.5(2). 106(1) 1964 s.10(2); 1971 Sch.8; 1974 Sch.3 para.10(2). (2) 1964 Sch.2 para.2(1); 1971 Sch.8; 1974 Sch.3 para.10(2); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.IV para.10(2). (3) 1964 Sch.2 para.4; 1971 Sch.8; 1974 Sch.3 para.10(2); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.IV para.10(2). (4) 1964 Sch.2 paras.2(2), 3. (5) 1964 Sch.2 para.1; 1971 Sch.8; 1974 Sch.3 para.10(2). 107(1) 1964 s.6(1). (2), (3) 1964 s.6(2); 1974 Sch.3 para.10(5); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.IV para.10(2). (4) 1964 s.6(3). 108(1) 1964 s.7(1); Secretary of State for Employment and Productivity Order 1968 (S.I. 1968/729); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.IV para.10(2). (2) 1964 s.7(2); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.IV para.10(2). (3), (4) 1964 s.7(3), (4). Part I, Chapter VIII. 109(1) 1988 s.20(7)(a) to (d). (2) 1990 s.10(1) to (3), (4)(b). (3) 1988 s.20(7(e), (8). 110(1) 1988 s.20(1). (2), (3) 1988 s.20(4), (5). (4) 1990 s.10(5). (5) 1988 s.20(2)(b). 111(1) 1988 s.20(2)(a) (2) 1988 s.20(3). (3) 1988 s.21(3). (4) 1988 s.21(2). (5), (6) 1988 s.21(4), (5). 112(1), (2) 1990 s.11(1), (2). 113(1), (2) 1988 s.21(1) 114(1) 1988 s.20(3) (2) 1988 s.20(6) (3) 1988 s.21(6) Part I, Chapter IX. 115(1) 1980 s.1(1). (2) 1980 s.1(2) to (3A); Funds for Trade Union Ballots Order 1982 (S.I. 1982/953) art.2; 1984 s.20(2), (3). (3) 1980 s.1(4). (4) 1980 s.1(5); 1984 s.20(4). (5) 1980 s.1(7). 116(1) 1980 s.2(1), (3)(a). (2) 1980 s.2(2); 1984 s.20(5). (3) 1980 s.2(1), (3)(b); 1988 Sch.3 para.3(1)(a). (4) to (6) 1980 s.2(4) to (6). (7) 1980 s.2(8). 117(1) 1974 s.30(1) “special register body"; Companies Consolidation (Consequential Provisions) Act 1985 (c.9) Sch.2. (2) drafting. (3) 1974 ss.2(1), (2), (5), 4; 1982 s.15(7) “rules". (4) 1974 s.11(9); 1989 (c.40) s.124. (5) 1984 s.1(1), (2), (6A), (6B), (7); 1988 s.12(1). 118(1), (2) drafting. (3) 1982 s.16(7). (4) 1974 ss.10(1), 11(1). (5) 1988 s.6(9)(b). (6) 1984 s.7(1) to (3). (7) 1913 s.3(5). 119 “branch or section" 1984 s.9(1) “section"; 1988 s.32(1) “branch or section". “executive" 1984 ss.1(5), 9(1), 19(1) “principal executive committee"; 1988 s.12(6) “principal executive committee". “general secretary" 1984 s.1(6B)(b); 1988 s.12(1). “officer" 1974 s.30(1) “officer"; 1975 Sch.16 Pt.III para.7(5). “official" 1974 s.30(1) “official"; 1975 s.126(1) “official"; 1978 s.153(1); 1988 s.32(1). “president" 1984 s.1(6B)(a); 1988 s.12(1). “rules" 1988 s.32(1) “rules". 120 1964 s.10(5), (6); Industrial Relations (Northern Ireland) Order 1992 (S.I. 1992/807 (N.I.5)). 121 drafting. Part II 122 1913 s.2(1A); 1964 s.9(1) “employers’ association"; 1974 s.28(1), Sch.3 paras.2(2), 10(8). 123(1) 1974 s.8(1), (2); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.III, para.1. (2), (3) 1974 s.8(9); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.III, paras.1 and 4. (4), (5), (6) 1974 s.8(10); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.III, paras.1 and 5. 124(1) 1974 s.8(3); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.III para.1. (2) 1974 s.8(4); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.III para.1. (3) 1974 s.8(3); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.III para.1. (4) 1974 s.8(5); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.III para.1. 125(1), (2) 1974 s.8(6); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.III, para.1. (3) 1974 s.8(6A); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.III, paras.1 and 2. 126(1), (2) 1974 s.8(7); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.III, para.3. (3) 1974 s.8(7); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.III para.3; 1978 s.136(3), Sch.16 para.23(3). 127(1) 1974 s.3(1). (2) 1974 s.3(2)(a),(c),(d). (3) 1974 s.3(4). 128(1), (2) 1974 s.3(5). 129(1) 1974 ss.3(2)(b), 4(1) to (8). (2) drafting (3) Friendly Societies Act 1896 (c.25) s.22(2), (3); Industrial Assurance and Friendly Societies Act 1948 (c.39) ss.6(1), (2), 16(4), 21(1)(d); Friendly Societies Act 1974 (c.46) Sch.9 paras.1, 12; 1974 s.9(1), Sch.3 para.5. 130(1) 1982 s.17(1). (2) 1982 s.17(2)(a),(b),(c). 131(1) 1974 ss.10(1) to (4), 11(1) to (8), 12(1) to (5), Sch.2; Criminal Justice Act 1982 (c.48) ss.38, 46. (2) 1974 s.11(9); 1989 (c.40) s.124. 132 1913 s.6A; 1974 Sch.3 para.2(5); 1984 s.19(4); 1988 ss.15(8), 16(5). 133 1964 s.1(1A); 1974 Sch.3 para.10(3). 134(1) 1964 ss.1(1A), 6(1); 1974 Sch.3 para.10(3). (2), (3) 1964 s.6(2); 1974 Sch.3 para.10(5); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.IV para.10(2). (4) 1964 ss.1(1A), 6(3); 1974 Sch.3 para.10(3). (5) 1964 s.7(1) to (4); Secretary of State for Employment and Productivity Order 1968 (S.I. 1968/729); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.IV para.10(2). 135(1), (2) drafting. (3) 1974 ss.10(1), 11(1). (4) 1913 s.3(5). 136 1974 s.30(1) “officer"; 1975 Sch.16 Pt.III para.7(5). Part III 137(1) to (6) 1990 s.1(1) to (6). (7) 1990 s.3(2). (8) 1990 s.1(7). 138(1) to (5) 1990 s.2(1) to (5). 139(1) to (3) 1990 Sch.1 para.3(1) to (3). 140(1) to (4) 1990 Sch.1 para.5(1) to (4). 141(1) to (3) 1990 Sch.1 para.6(1) to (3). 142(1) to (4) 1990 Sch.1 para.7(1) to (4). 143(1) 1990 s.3(1). (2), (3) 1990 s.3(3), (4). (4) 1990 Sch.1 para.2(1), (2). 144 1982 s.12(1). 145(1) 1982 s.12(2), (7); drafting. (2) 1982 s.12(2)(a), (4). (3) 1982 s.12(2)(c), (3), (6). (4) 1982 s.12(2)(b), (5). (5) 1982 s.12(7). 146(1) 1978 s.23(1); 1982 s.10(4). (2) 1978 s.23(2). (3), (4) 1978 s.23(1A), (1B); 1982 s.10(3). (5) 1978 s.24(1). 147 1978 s.24(2). 148(1), (2) 1978 s.25(1), (2). 149(1) 1978 s.24(3). (2) to (4) 1978 s.26(1) to (3). (5) 1978 ss.25(2), 26(4). (6) 1978 s.26(5). 150(1) 1978 s.26A(1); 1982 s.11. (2) 1978 ss.24(3), 26A(2); 1982 s.11. (3) 1978 s.26A(3); 1982 s.11. 151(1) 1978 s.23(7); 1988 Sch.3 para.2(1). (2) 1978 s.129. 152(1), (2) 1978 s.58(1), (2); 1982 s.3. (3), (4) 1978 s.58(13), (14); 1988 Sch.3 para.2(2)(a). 153 1978 s.59; 1982 Sch.3 para.17. 154 1978 ss.64(3), 64A(2); 1980 s.8; 1982 Sch.3 paras.19, 20. 155(1) 1978 s.72A(1), (2); 1982 s.6. (2) 1978 s.72A(2)(a), (3); 1982 s.6. (3) 1978 s.72A(2)(b), (c); 1982 s.6. 156(1) 1978 s.73(4A); 1982 s.4(1); Unfair Dismissal (Increase of Limits of Basic and Special Awards) Order 1992 (S.I. 1992/313). (2) 1978 s.73(7C); 1982 s.4(2). 157(1) 1978 s.72(c) and closing words; 1982 s.5(2). (2) 1978 s.71(2)(b); 1982 s.5(1). 158(1) to (6) 1978 s.75A(1) to (6); 1982 s.5(3); Unfair Dismissal (Increase of Limits of Basic and Special Awards) Order 1992 (S.I. 1992/313). 159(1) 1978 ss.73(4B), 75A(7), 154(1); 1982 ss.4(1), 5(3). (2) 1978 s.154(3). (3) 1978 ss.73(4B), 75A(7); 1982 ss.4(1), 5(3). 160(1) to (3) 1978 s.76A(1) to (3); 1982 s.7. 161(1) 1978 s.77(1); 1982 s.8(1). (2), (3) 1978 s.77(2); 1982 Sch.3 para.24(1). (4) to (6) 1978 s.77(10), (11). 162(1) 1978 s.77(3); 1982 Sch.3 para.24(2). (2), (3) 1978 s.77(3), (3A); 1982 s.8(2). (4) 1978 s.77(4). 163(1), (2) 1978 s.77(5); 1982 Sch.3 para.24(3). (3) to (6) 1978 s.77(6) to (9). 164(1) 1978 s.78(1). (2), (3) 1978 s.78(2) (4) to (7) 1978 s.78(3) to (6) 165(1), (2) 1978 s.79(1). 166(1), (2) 1978 s.79(2) (3) to (5) 1978 s.79(3) 167(1) to (3) drafting. 168(1) 1978 s.27(1)(a); 1989 s.14(a). (2) 1978 s.27(1)(b); 1989 s.14(b). (3) 1978 s.27(2). (4) 1978 s.27(7). 169(1) 1978 s.27(3). (2) 1978 s.27(3)(a). (3) 1978 s.27(3)(b), (4). (4) 1978 s.27(5), (6). (5) 1978 s.27(7). 170(1) 1978 s.28(1), (2). (2) to (4) 1978 s.28(2) to (4). 171 1978 s.30(1). 172(1), (2) 1978 s.30(2). (3) 1978 s.30(3). 173(1) 1978 s.32(1); 1989 Sch.6 para.19. (2) 1978 s.129. 174(1) 1980 s.4(1), (2). (2), (3) 1974 s.30(1) “union membership agreement", (5A); 1976 s.3(3), (4); 1980 s.4(10). (4) 1980 s.4(9). (5), (6) 1980 s.4(4), (5). 175 1980 s.4(6). 176(1) 1980 s.4(7). (2) 1980 s.5(1), (2). (3) 1980 s.5(3). (4) 1980 s.5(4)(a), (7). (5) 1980 s.5(4)(b), (8). (6), (7) 1980 s.5(5), (6). (8) 1980 s.5(8A); 1988 Sch.3 para.3(2). 177(1) 1980 s.4(10). (2), (3) 1980 s.4(3). Part IV. 178(1), (2) 1974 ss.29(1), 30(1) “collective agreement"; 1975 s.126(1) “collective agreement", “collective bargaining"; 1978 s.153(1). (3) 1975 s.126(1) “recognition"; 1978 s.32(2); 1980 Sch.1 para.6; 1989 Sch.6 para.19.. 179(1), (2) 1974 s.18(1), (2). (3), (4) 1974 s.18(3). 180(1), (2) 1974 s.18(4). (3) 1974 s.18(5). 181(1), (2) 1975 s.17(1), (2)(a). (3) to (5) 1975 s.17(3) to (5). 182(1), (2) 1975 s.18(1), (2). 183(1) 1975 s.19(1). (2) 1975 s.19(2), (3). (3) to (6) 1975 s.19(4) to (7). 184(1) to (4) 1975 s.20(1) to (4). 185(1), (2) 1975 s.21(1), (2). (3) 1975 s.21(3), (4). (4) 1975 s.21(5)(a). (5) to (7) 1975 s.21(6) to (8). 186 1982 s.13(1). 187(1) 1982 s.13(1) to (3). (2) 1982 ss.12(2), 13(2). (3) 1982 s.13(4). 188(1) 1975 s.99(1). (2) 1975 s.99(3); Employment Protection (Handling of Redundancies) Variation Order 1979 (S.I. 1979/958). (3) to (8) 1975 s.99(4) to (9). 189(1) 1975 s.101(1), (7). (2) to (5) 1975 s.101(3) to (6). (6) 1975 s.101(2). 190(1) to (3) 1975 s.102(1) to (3). (4) 1975 s.102(4); 1978 Sch.16 para.23(4). (5) 1975 s.106(3); 1978 Sch.16 para.23(6). (6) 1975 Sch.12 para.7. 191(1) to (7) 1975 s.102(5) to (11). 192(1) to (3) 1975 s.103(1) to (3). (4) 1975 s.108(1). 193(1), (2) 1975 s.100(1); Employment Protection (Handling of Redundancies) Variation Order 1979 (S.I. 1979/958). (3), (4) 1975 s.100(2), (3). (5) 1975 s.100(5). (6) 1975 s.100(1), (4). (7) 1975 s.100(6). 194(1) 1975 s.105(1); Criminal Justice Act 1982 (c.48) s.38. (2) 1975 s.105(2), (3). (3), (4) 1975 s.117(1), (2) 195(1) 1975 s.126(6). (2) 1975 s.126(1) “business", (7). (3) 1975 s.106(2). 196 1975 s.99(2). 197(1), (2) 1975 s.106(4), (5). 198(1), (2) 1975 s.107(1). (3) to (5) 1975 s.107(2) to (4). 199(1) 1975 s.6(1). (2), (3) 1975 s.6(2); 1978 Sch.16 para.23(2). (4) 1975 s.6(10). 200(1) 1975 s.6(3), (10). (2), (3) 1975 s.6(4), (5). (4) 1975 s.6(6) to (8). (5) 1975 s.6(5), (8), (9). 201(1) 1990 s.12(1), (2)(b). (2), (3) 1990 s.12(4), (5). (4) 1990 s.12(6), (9). 202(1) 1990 s.12(7), (9). (2) 1990 s.12(8). (3) 1990 s.12(7)(b). 203(1) 1980 s.3(1); 1988 s.18(1). (2) 1980 s.3(6). 204(1) 1980 s.3(2), (3). (2) 1980 s.3(4). (3), (4) 1980 s.3(5). 205(1) 1990 s.12(1), (2)(a). (2) 1990 s.12(3). (3) 1990 s.12(5). (4) 1990 s.12(6), (9). 206(1), (2) 1990 s.12(7), (9). 207(1) 1975 s.6(11); 1980 s.3(8). (2) 1975 s.6(11). (3) 1980 s.3(8). 208(1) 1975 s.6(10A); 1980 Sch.1 para.4. (2) 1980 s.3(7). (3) 1975 s.6(10A); 1980 s.3(7), Sch.1 para.4. 209 1975 s.1(2). 210(1) to (3) 1975 s.2(1) to (3). 211 1975 s.2(4). 212(1) 1975 s.3(1). (2), (3) 1975 s.3(2). (4) 1975 s.3(3), (4), (6). (5) 1975 s.3(5). 213(1), (2) 1975 s.4(1). (3) 1975 s.4(2). 214(1), (2) 1975 s.5(1), (2). 215(1) 1919 s.4(1). (2) 1919 ss.4(1), 5(1). (3), (4) 1919 s.5(2), (3). (5) 1919 s.5(3), proviso. (6) 1919 s.13. 216(1), (2) 1919 s.4(2), (3). (3) 1919 s.4(1). (4), (5) 1919 s.4(4), (5). (6) 1919 s.9. 217 Administration of Justice (Scotland) Act 1972 (c.59) s.3(3); 1975 s.10(2); 1982 Sch.3 para.11(a), (b). 218(1) to (5) 1919 s.8 “trade dispute"; 1975 ss.126(1) “trade dispute", 126A(1) to (4), (6); 1982 Sch.3 paras.10, 13(2), (3). Part V 219(1) 1974 s.13(1); 1976 s.3(2). (2) 1974 s.13(4). (3) 1980 s.16(2). (4) drafting. 220(1), (2) 1974 s.15(1), (2); 1980 s.16(1). (3) 1974 s.15(3); 1980 s.16(1); 1982 Sch.3 para.12. (4) 1974 s.15(4); 1980 s.16(1). 221(1), (2) 1974 s.17(1), (2); 1975 Sch.16 Pt.III para.6. 222(1), (2) 1988 s.10(1), (2). (3) 1982 s.14(1). (4) 1988 s.10(3)(a). (5) 1988 s.10(1), (2), (3)(b). 223 1990 s.9(2), (3). 224(1) to (6) 1990 s.4(1) to (6). 225(1) 1982 s.14(1). (2) 1982 s.14(2), (3). 226(1) 1984 s.10(1); 1990 Sch.2 para.2(2). (2) 1984 s.10(3), (4), (4A); 1988 Sch.3 para.5(7); 1990 Sch.2 para.2(3), (5), (6). (3) 1984 s.10(3A); 1988 s.17(2); 1990 Sch.2 para.2(4). (4) 1984 s.11(11); 1988 s.1(6), Sch.3 para.5(8)(f). 227(1) 1984 s.11(1); 1988 Sch.3 para.5(8)(a). (2) 1984 s.11(2); 1988 Sch.3 para.5(8)(b). 228(1) 1984 s.11(1A); 1988 s.17(1). (2) 1984 s.11(1B)(a); 1988 s.17(1). (3) 1984 s.11(1B)(b), (c); 1988 s.17(1). 229(1) 1984 s.11(3). (2) 1984 s.11(4); 1988 Sch.3 para.5(8)(d). (3) 1984 s.11(4A); 1990 s.7(1). (4) 1984 s.11(3); 1988 Sch.3 para.5(8)(c). 230(1) 1984 s.11(5). (2) 1984 s.11(6)(a). (3) 1984 s.11(6)(b). (4) 1984 s.11(7). 231 1984 s.11(8). 232(1), (2) 1984 s.11(9), (10). (3) 1984 ss.9(1), 11(11) “overseas member". (4), (5) 1990 s.5(2), (3). 233(1) 1990 s.7(2). (2) 1990 s.7(5) “specified person". (3), (4) 1990 s.7(3), (4). 234(1) to (6) 1990 s.8(1) to (6). 235 1990 s.5(1). 236 1974 s.16. 237(1) to (6) 1978 s.62A(1) to (6); 1990 s.9(1). 238(1) 1978 s.62(1), (5); 1982 s.9(4); 1990 Sch.2 para.1(2). (2) 1978 s.62(2); 1982 s.9(2). (3) 1978 s.62(4)(b), (5); 1982 s.9(3), Sch.3 para.18; 1990 Sch.2 para.1(2). (4) 1978 s.62(4)(c). (5) 1978 s.62(4)(a). 239(1) drafting. (2) 1978 s.67(3); 1982 s.9(5). (3) 1978 s.62(3); 1982 s.9(4). 240(1) 1875 s.5; Merchant Shipping Act 1970 (c.36) s.42(1). (2) Malicious Damage Act 1861 (c.97) s.58; 1875 s.15. (3) 1875 s.5; Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1975 (c.21) s.289C(4), (5), (8); Criminal Law Act 1977 (c.45) s.31(5), (6), (9), Sch.11 para.5.; Criminal Justice Act 1982 (c.48) ss.37, 46. (4) 1875 s.16; Merchant Shipping Act 1970 (c.36) Sch.3 para.1. 241(1) 1875 s.7(1). (2) 1875 s.7(1); Public Order Act 1986 (c.64) Sch.2 para.1(1). (3) 1875 s.7(1); Public Order Act 1986 (c.64) Sch.2 para.1(2). 242(1) Criminal Law Act 1977 (c.45) s.1(3). (2) Criminal Law Act 1977 (c.45) s.65(10). 243(1) to (4) 1875 s.3; 1974 Sch.3 para.1. (5) drafting. 244(1) 1974 s.29(1); 1982 s.18(2). (2) 1974 s.29(2); 1982 s.18(3). (3) 1974 s.29(3); 1982 s.18(4). (4) 1974 s.29(5). (5) 1974 s.29(6); 1982 s.18(6). 245 1988 s.30(1). 246 “date of the ballot" 1984 s.10(5) “date of the ballot". “place of work" 1984 s.10(5) “place of work"; 1988 s.17(3). “strike" 1984 s.11(11) “strike". “working hours" 1984 s.11(11) “working hours"; 1990 s.5(1). Part VI 247(1) 1975 s.1(1). (2) 1975 Sch.1 para.1. (3), (4) 1975 Sch.1 para.11(1), (2). (5) 1975 Sch.1 para.12. (6) 1975 Sch.1 para.9. 248(1) 1975 Sch.1 paras.1, 2(1). (2) 1975 Sch.1 para.2(2). (3) 1975 Sch.1 para.2(4). (4) 1975 Sch.1 para.2(3). (5), (6) 1975 Sch.1 para.4(1), (2). (7) 1975 Sch.1 para.5. 249(1) 1975 Sch.1 para.3(1). (2) 1975 Sch.1 paras.2(1),(3) and 3(3),(4). (3) 1975 Sch.1 para.3(2). (4) 1975 Sch.1 para.3(5),(6). (5) 1975 Sch.1 para.3(7) to (9); Bankruptcy (Scotland) Act 1985 (c.66) s.75(10). 250(1) 1975 Sch.1 para.28(a). (2) 1975 Sch.1 para.30. (3) 1975 Sch.1 para.31. (4) 1975 Sch.1 paras.28, 30, 31; Transfer of Functions (Minister for the Civil Service and Treasury) Order 1981 (S.I. 1981/1670). 251(1) 1975 Sch.1 para.6. (2) 1975 Sch.1 para.7. (3) 1975 Sch.1 paras.6, 7; Transfer of Functions (Minister for the Civil Service and Treasury) Order 1981 (S.I. 1981/1670). (4) 1975 Sch.1 para.32; Transfer of Functions (Minister for the Civil Service and Treasury) Order 1981 (S.I. 1981/1670). (5) 1975 Sch.1 para.10(1),(2). 252(1) 1975 Sch.1 para.33. (2) 1975 Sch.1 para.29; Transfer of Functions (Minister for the Civil Service and Treasury) Order 1981 (S.I. 1981/1670). 253(1) 1975 Sch.1 para.13(1), (3). (2) 1975 Sch.1 paras.34, 35(1). (3), (4) 1975 Sch.1 para.35(2). 254(1), (2) 1975 s.7(1). (3) 1975 s.7(4). (4) 1964 s.8; 1974 Sch.3 para.10(7); 1975 s.7(5), (6). (5) 1975 Sch.1 para.8. (6) 1980 s.1(6). 255(1) 1975 Sch.1 para.28(c). (2) 1975 Sch.1 para.30. (3) 1975 Sch.1 para.31. (4) 1975 Sch.1 paras.28, 30, 31; Transfer of Functions (Minister for the Civil Service and Treasury) Order 1981 (S.I. 1981/1670). 256(1), (2) 1988 s.22(1). (3) 1988 s.22(2). (4) 1975 Sch.1 para.32A; 1988 s.22(3). 257(1), (2) 1975 s.9(1), (2). 258(1) 1975 Sch.1 para.13(2), (3). (2) 1975 Sch.1 para.35(1). 259(1) 1975 s.10(1). (2) 1975 Sch.1 para.27. (3) 1975 Sch.1 para.8. 260(1) to (3) 1975 Sch.1 para.14(1) to (3). (4), (5) 1975 Sch.1 para.16(1), (2). (6) 1975 Sch.1 para.21. 261(1) to (4) 1975 Sch.1 para.15(1) to (4). (5) 1975 Sch.1 para.15(5), (6); Bankruptcy (Scotland) Act 1985 (c.66) s.75(10). (6) 1975 Sch.1 para.15(7). 262(1) 1975 Sch.1 para.28(b). (2) 1975 Sch.1 para.30. (3) 1975 Sch.1 para.31. (4) 1975 Sch.1 paras.28, 30, 31; Transfer of Functions (Minister for the Civil Service and Treasury) Order 1981 (S.I. 1981/1670). 263(1) 1975 Sch.1 para.17(1), (2). (2) 1975 Sch.1 para.17(3). (3) 1975 Sch.1 para.18. (4) 1975 Sch.1 para.19. (5) 1975 Sch.1 para.20. (6) Administration of Justice (Scotland) Act 1972 (c.59) s.3(3); 1975 s.10(2), Sch.1 para.26. 264(1) 1975 Sch.1 para.22. (2) 1975 Sch.1 para.23(1), (2). (3) 1975 Sch.1 para.24. 265(1) 1975 Sch.1 paras.13(1), 25. (2) 1975 Sch.1 para.35(1). 266(1), (2) 1988 s.19(1). (3) 1988 Sch.1 para.11. (4) 1988 Sch.1 para.4(1), (2). (5) 1988 s.19(3). 267(1) 1988 Sch.1 para.1(3). (2), (3) 1988 Sch.1 para.1(1), (2). 268 (1) to (5) 1988 Sch.1 para.2(1) to (5). 269(1) 1988 Sch.1 para.3(1), (2). (2), (3) 1988 Sch.1 para.5(1), (2). (4) 1988 Sch.1 para.6. 270(1) 1988 Sch.1 para.7(1). (2) 1988 Sch.1 para.8(1). (3) 1988 Sch.1 paras.7(2), 8(2). 271(1) 1988 Sch.1 para.10(1), (2). (2) 1988 Sch.1 para.9(1)(a), (b). (3) 1988 Sch.1 para.9(1)(c). (4) 1988 Sch.1 para.9(2). 272 1975 Sch.1 para.35(3); 1988 Sch.1 para.14. Part VII 273(1) 1919 s.10(1); 1974 Sch.1 para.33(1); 1975 s.121(1), Sch.16 Pt.IV para.3; 1978 s.138(1); 1988 s.30(3); 1990 Sch.1 para.11(1). (2) 1975 s.121(1); 1980 Sch.1 para.5; 1984 s.18(7). (3) 1919 s.10(2); 1974 Sch.1 para.33(2); 1975 s.121(2), Sch.16 Pt.III para.33, Pt.IV para.3; 1978 s.138(2); 1988 s.30(3); 1990 Sch.1 para.11(2). (4) 1974 Sch.1 para.33(3); 1975 s.121(7), Sch.16 Pt.III para.33; 1978 s.138(4), Sch.16 para.23(11). (5) 1990 Sch.1 para.13. (6) drafting. 274(1) 1919 s.10(3); 1974 Sch.1 para.33(2); 1975 s.121(3), Sch.16 Pt.IV para.3; Armed Forces Act 1981 (c.55) Sch.3 para.1(1). (2) 1919 s.10(3); 1974 Sch.1 para.33(4)(b); 1975 s.121(3), Sch.16 Pt.IV para.3; Interpretation Act 1978 (c.30) s.17(2)(a); Reserve Forces Act 1980 (c.9) Sch.9 para.15; 1990 Sch.1 para.11(3). 275(1), (2) 1919 s.10(4); 1974 Sch.1 para.33(5); 1975 s.121(4), Sch.16 Pt.IV para.3; 1978 s.138(4); 1990 Sch.1 para.11(4). 276(1) 1990 Sch.1 para.18. (2) 1988 s.30(2). 277(1), (2) 1990 Sch.1 para.12(1), (2). (3) 1990 Sch.1 para.12(4). (4) 1990 Sch.1 para.13. (5), (6) 1990 Sch.1 para.12(5), (6) 278(1), (2) 1975 ss.121(1), 122(1); 1978 ss.138(1), 139(1); 1990 Sch.1 para.12(1). (3) 1975 s.122(4); 1978 s.139(3); 1990 Sch.1 para.12(3). (4) 1975 s.122(1); 1978 s.138(1); 1990 Sch.1 para.12(3). (5) 1990 Sch.1 para.13. (6) 1975 s.122(5) to (8); House of Commons (Administration) Act 1978 (c.36) Sch.2 para.5; 1978 s.139(4) to (9); 1990 Sch.1 para.12(3). 279 1974 s.30(2); 1975 s.126(1) “worker"; National Health Service Act 1977 (c.49) Sch.15 para.62; National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1978 (c.29) Sch.16 para.39; Health Services Act 1980 (c.53) Sch.1 para.25; Family Practitioner Committees (Consequential Modifications) Order 1985 (S.I. 1985/39) art.7(3,), (9), (11), (13); National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990 (c.19) s.2(1)(b). 280(1) 1974 s.30(1) “employee", “worker"; 1975 s.126(1) “employee", “worker"; 1978 s.146(2); 1990 Sch.1 para.14. (2) 1974 s.30(1) “police service"; 1978 s.146(3); 1990 Sch.1 para.14. 281(1) to (4) 1978 s.146(4) to (7). (5) 1978 ss.146(8), 151, Sch.13; 1982 Sch.2 para.8(5). (6) 1978 s.152, Sch.14 Pt.I. 282(1), (2) 1975 s.119(7); 1982 Sch.2 para.6(1). 283(1) 1975 s.119(12) (2) 1975 s.119(14). 284 1975 s.119(4); 1978 s.144(2); 1990 Sch.1 para.16(3). 285(1) 1975 s.119(5); 1978 s.141(2); 1990 Sch.1 para.15. (2) 1975 s.119(6); 1978 s.141(5); 1990 Sch.1 para.16(1), (2). 286(1), (2) 1975 s.119(15); 1978 s.149(1), (2). (3) 1975 s.123(3); 1978 s.154(3). (4) 1975 s.119(16); 1978 s.149(4). 287(1) 1975 s.127(2); 1978 s.137(2); Employment (Continental Shelf) Act 1978 (c.46) s.1(1); drafting. (2) 1975 s.127(1)(e) to (fg); 1978 s.137(1); 1980 Sch.1 para.7; 1982 Sch.3 para.13(4); 1990 Sch.1 para.17. (3) 1975 s.127(3); 1978 s.137(3). (4) 1975 s.127(4); 1978 s.137(4). (5) 1978 s.137(5); Employment (Continental Shelf) Act 1978 (c.46) s.2; drafting. 288(1) 1974 Sch.1 para.32(1); 1975 s.118(1); 1978 s.140(1); 1980 s.4(11); 1988 s.4(7); 1990 Sch.1 para.10(1). (2) 1978 s.140(2)(d), (e), (g); 1980 s.4(11); 1990 Sch.1 para.10(2). (3) 1975 s.118(2)(a), (d). 289 1974 s.30(6); 1975 s.126(8); 1978 s.153(5). 290 1978 s.133(1); 1980 Sch.1 para.17; 1988 Sch.3 para.2(3); 1990 Sch.1 para.4. 291(1) 1980 s.4(8). (2) 1978 s.136(1)(c), (e), (g); 1980 ss.2(7), 5(9); 1988 ss.4(5), 5(10); 1990 Sch.1 para.8. (3) Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1971 (c.62) s.13(1A); 1978 s.136(5), Sch.16 para.11; 1980 Sch.1 para.19; 1988 Sch.3 para.2(4). 292(1) 1975 Sch.12 para.1; 1978 Sch.12 para.1.. (2) 1975 Sch.12 para.2; 1978 Sch.12 para.2. (3) 1975 Sch.12 para.3(1), (2); 1978 Sch.12 para.3(1), (2). (4) 1975 Sch.12 para.5; 1978 Sch.12 para.5. (5) 1975 Sch.12 para.6; 1978 Sch.12 para.6. 293(1) drafting. (2) 1975 s.123(3); 1978 s.154(3). (3) 1975 s.123(2); 1978 s.154(2). 294(1) 1975 s.128(1); 1978 s.157(1). (2) 1975 s.128(3); 1978 s.157(3). (3) 1975 s.123(3); 1978 s.154(3). (4) 1975 s.128(3); 1978 s.157(3). (5) 1975 s.128(4); 1978 s.157(4). (6) 1975 s.123(1), (2); 1978 s.154(1), (2). 295(1) “contract of employment" 1974 s.30(1); 1978 s.153(1); 1988 s.32(1). “employee" 1974 s.30(1); 1975 s.126(1); 1978 s.153(1). “employer" 1974 s.30(1) “employer" para.(a); 1975 s.126(1); 1978 s.153(1); 1988 s.32(1). (2) drafting. 296(1) 1919 s.8 “worker"; 1974 s.30(1) “worker"; 1975 s.126(1); 1982 Sch.3 para.10; 1988 s.32(1). (2) 1974 s.30(1) “employer" para.(b); 1975 s.126(1); 1988 s.32(1). 297 1974 s.30(5); 1975 s.126(1) “associated employer". 298 “act" and “action" 1974 s.30(1) “act" and “action"; 1978 s.153(1). “contravention" 1988 s.32(1) “contravention". “dismiss", &c. 1975 s.126(1); 1978 s.153(1) “effective date of termination", Sch.16 para.23(13). “post" 1913 s.4(1F); 1980 s.2(9); 1984 ss.9(1), 11(11) “post", 13(2); 1988 s.13(6). “tort" 1974 s.30(1) “tort"; 1980 s.16(3); 1982 s.19(2). 299 drafting. 300(1) to (3) drafting. 301(1) drafting (2)(a) 1974 s.31(5). (b) 1984 s.22(6); 1988 s.34(6); Industrial Relations (Northern Ireland) Order 1992 (S.I. 1992/807 (N.I.5)) art.67(2). (c), (d) 1975 s.129(6); 1978 s.160(3); 1982 s.22(5). (e), (f) drafting. (3) drafting; 1964 s.10(3). 302 drafting. 303 drafting.