Annual review of research on insecticides in OCP: 19-20 April 1985, Bouaké (Ivory Coast)

WOR.LD HEALTH ORGANISATION MONDII.LE .ORGANIZATION DE LA SANTE ONCIIOCERCIASIS CONIROL PROGPATOIE III THE VOLTA RIVER BASIN AREA Originalr French Annual review of research on insecticidee in oCP L9-20 ApriL 1985, Bouak6 (Ivory Coast) 1. The annual meeting on insecticidesr research was held in Bouak6 on 19 and 20 April 1985. Dr N. Gratz, Director of the Vector Biology and Control Division (VfC1 of IIHO was elected Chairman and Dr J. Mouchet as Rappoteur. l..t VecEor control situation since A.rril 1984 The Chief of VCU recalled the vector control tactics used in the Progranroes - in the oavanna zones where only S. damnosum and S. sirbanutr tr'ere present, treatEent has been continued with Abate ; - in the inter:oediate zones of the Ivory Coast where S. soubrense/ S. sanctipauli were involved in the transmission, Teknar had been used in the .lry season and chlorphoxim in the rainy seasone it should be stressed that the latEer product did not cause any ecological disaster ; - since the beginning of 1985, EreaErients had been suspended on the reachee wtere only S. soubrense/S. sanctipauli associated with forest onchocerciasis, i.e., Ehe very mildly blinding fom, were found ; - there had been postDonements and suspensions of treatment wherever the epideaiological and entoaological situations nade it poesible; the drought had caused nany $ratercourses to dry up ; - treatment of the Lower Bandana had been euspended, since November, to allow reconstitution of the blackfly f.auna in order to carry out resistance tesEs to make sure that the savanna species in this region lrere normatly susceptible to Abate ; - furthermore, permethrin had been tested operationally for 15 weeks on the Sas6aadra. In the Eeotern extension, treatments on the Sankarani basin and the upner Saesandra had been limited to breeding sites of high-risk in regard to the reinvasion of the Prograul're area ; this had been to avoid having to treat the extremely nunerous strall streans in the region. The area of distribution of S. soubrense/ S. sanctipauli as well as that of S.squarrroeum in the western extension zonc were nuch more in the north than in the Programoe atea. The first two spec ies coexisted with S. damnosun/S. sirbanul in very large areas where severe onchocerciasis was rife. It was imposeible as yet No. 421IVCU/AIH/3 .4 -2- to determine the parE each species played in the transrnission of the severe forus of the disease ; the sitrration r.rould be the same as long as L3 Chchoce;:ca tarvae of the vecEor could not be identified. This ooint had been considered as the first research priority of OCP since it was indispensable co know the real vector role of each species in order to direct Ereatnents against Ehe most epidemiologically dpngerous species. Treatments would be started in tire western extension only after the approval of the JPC in 1985, i.e, at besE, in the mict-dle of L987. No budget had been allocateC as yet for such EreatmenEs. 2. Develooment of chemical insecticides (see Annexes 2 ar:.d 2.2) Of the 29 forrnulaEions received about 20 in river. in Lom6, 27 were tesEed in trough and 2"L. Pyrethroids Neu formulations of permethrin (9) were tesEed in trough and in river (6) buE none of thesr showed any rnarked advantage over Ehe forouLation of TalcorC which is at presenc under operational trial. A formulaEion of alphamethrin for agriculturat use, FesEac, proved to be exEremely satisfactory at 0.002 and even at 0.001 mg/1/10 mn in trough' The river trial at 0.002 ng,/L/10 mn gave a carry of 1.2 km but it is likely to be much more in the high-water period. Fendona, a preparation of the same proCucE for public healch usee gave less satisfactory resulEs. The first product wa6 tested in the Ivory CoasE in a watercourse with a discharge of .50 m3/sec, while the second was tested in Togo in a river whose <iischarge r,ras 10 times less. Furthermore, it should be recalled that the blackflies in the lvory Coast are much more susceptibLe to pyrethroids than those in Togo and Benin. These turo products should therefore be tested under similar conditions. In any case, decision in regard to their deveLopnoent would be largely conditional upon cheir toxicity for the non target fauna. Cyhalothrin (102 EC) proved to be very promising at 0.025 in river but Eoo toxic for the crustaceans. -3- OMS 2012 and OMS 2013 gave, in trough, the same results as the preceding product but were noc river tested. They are nrobably too toxic for the inverEebrate6. The performance of tiarrrik was not as good as the otrher pyrethroids. Esfenvaterate (0MS 3023) did not give good results, even in trough. 2.2 Carbamates Por Ehe first time, carbamates having a high acti.rity against blackfly lanrae have been obtained. CarLosulfan (tdarshall (R) from FMC), OMS 3022, in a 482 or 252 EC, is active in trough (1002 mortality ac 0,A25 ,rlrelLllO mn). In river trials at O,2 dg/L/10 mn it had an effective carry of 2I kla in a low-discharge watercourse but was toxic for the non target fauna, including fish ; at 0.05 it was no longer active but for 6 kn (discharge of 4 n3/sec) and its toxicity for the non target fauna was of the same order as that of chlorphoxim ; at 0.02 it no longer killed the blackflies. It should be tested under ooerational conditions, l'tethiocarb, Mesurol (F') Bayer, Or,lS 93 yiel,ted an LD 100 of 1.5 nE,lLllC nn for che 5OZ flowables and 0.5 for the 102 ECs. Only the flowables were river tested ; they should be reviened in regard to their effect on the non target feuna, 2.3 Organophosohorus comnounds The four new formulations or azamethiohos were not better, either in trough or river, than the previously tested formulations. The two tenephos, from Phytagri and Cheminova, were river tested at 0.1 during the low-trater period. Their performance \ras not 6uperior Eo that of Abate which is utilized in OCP. In conclusion, many permethrin formulations were tested sone of which uere slightly superior to Talcord which had been tested on a large scale. Alphaaethrin is an extreDrely active product. The results of the trials on the non target fauna are awaiced in order to decide on the continuation of its developent. Carbosulfan is a very pronising carbamate wtrich should be tested on an orrerationa- scale. 42.4 Action on the non target fauna The action on the non target fauna is evaluated in troughs comParativellT to temephoa and chlorohoxim. While the tests can be carried out guickly, the analysis of the resuLts is always very long in view of the necessity of identi- fying a very great number of organisms. A11 the products tested so far have proved to be more toxic than temephos and even than chlorphoxim. Ttre group pointed out that while this evaluation was of very great i:uportance it should nervertheless be cross-checked by field observations which atone would rnake it possible to evatuate the reconstitution of the non target fauna after the cessation of treatment and hence the long-'terrl inpact of the products. 2.5 Operational trials Permethrin (Talcord) was tested on the SassanCra basin in che Ivory Coast, over 235 lcn, for 15 weeks, from 14 Augusc to 20 November 1984. The dosaP,e eoployed was 0.015 me/1/10 rm, i.e, 0.045 litre of 207. EC per m3/sec of discharge,^ The discharge varied from 60 to 600 m3/sec. The applications were uade on a number of points varying froa 27 to 35. The results on the vector were excellent; no breeding site was positive and the number of blackflies caught on man decreased, from 86 to 2 after the rhird week. The carry of the product was 15 km.. No fish or macrocrustacean mortality was observed but the invertebraEe fauna was seriously affected (reduction of the order of 302). Its reconstitution started one month after the interruPtion of permethrin treatment and was getting to its inicial level at Ehe end of two months, which is very encouraging. It is envisaged Eo test carbosulfrn in the near future. This product has an average oral toxicity for mamals (LD 50 = 42O mg/rat) and a very lotr percuraneous toxicity (2 000 mg/kg rat). Its disadvantage is its instabilit-'r above sOoC. IE can rurn into carbofuran wtrich is very roxic (SlL4 mg/kg/rat). Under the Programmets conditions, there is little risk of alteration. In view cf the delivery times, the trials could start in rnid-August and last 12 weeks. -5- 3. Bacillus thuringiensrs f{:!1 3.1 New formulations of Bacillus thuri l.ensLs " r. H-.14 ) (see Annex i)n9 In line with the wish exoressed by the Expert A.dvisory Conrmitte (EAC)" OCP has prepared a plan for the developnent of B.t. H-L4 preparations. An LC 100 of 1.6 ng/1/10 mn and LC 90 of O.S nlgll-ll0 ran have been retained as thresholds of activicy for the takinq of a rrroduct into consideration (Annex j). Abbott sent 3 new forrulations of B.t. H-14 which are oily flotra.btes. None of them causes 1002 mortaltty at 1.6 nql]-/lo ma but one of Ehen (ABG 51 77) will be river tested when the nanufacturers's formulacion chemisE cmes to visit the Prograume so that he can see the oerformance of this producE on the sDot. Vectobac ABC 61 45 which had been selected last year, was tested in river where its perforuance and constraints were similar to those of Teknar. Sandoz withdrew one of its proCucts, SC 60, which was considereC pronising. On the other hand, it continues to produce SC 93, derived from an asporogenous strain, which proved to be very promising at 0.8 mg/1/10 nn without addition of water. The trials which had given very good results on the Bagbe gave disapoointing results on the Cornoe. This uas not due to resisEance by the insect but seened to have resulted from the hydrological conditions of che river and from the physiology of the larvac. It was also thought that the oroduct could alter during storage but the loss of activity proved Eo be sLighE. OCP has ordered 20 000 litres of SC 93 for large-scale field trials. SC 99, an equally very promising product, seerned to have been withdraqm and replaced by SC 98 a sample of which has just arrived in Bouak6. Solvay proposed 32 ne'a forslulations none of which was superior to Ehe one tested laet year. Tate and Lyle proposcd a product whose results are close to those of the products used at present. Galil Advanced Techno 1es roduced only non-formulated powders. Knoll Bioproducts senE a highly concentrated aqueous suspension of viable spores, which however, does not cause any mortatity of blaekfly larvae. To surn up, there is only one promising fotmulation, Sandoz SC 93, which will be tesEed on a large scate. SC 98 which has replaced SC 99 is awaited. -6- It does not seen too utopian to think Ehat tn the near future prcpar'rticns permitting treatnents at O.4 g1gl1.ll0 nn and even less could be had, but Etre disappoint6enEs of the past few years should keep in check any too hasty opEirii snt 3"2 Operational rrials of B"t. H-14 Sandoz SC 93 will be Eested oPerationally. The selecred basin will be trcated ac 0.8 ng/1/10 mn in order to evaluate the effect of Ehis 4osage on the blackfliqs. Furthermore, the carry of the producE will be studie.l at dosages of 1.f:, 1.2 and 0.8 mg/1/10 mn. The possibility of applying the producE by aircraft is envisaged' The use of the Turbo-Thrush would be a great advantage for the rainy season treatments. 4. Insect Growth Re lators IGRs The meEhodology develo.ped in Bouak6 for Ehe screening of these ProducEs had been presented to Ehe 1984 rneeting in Lon6 r.rhich considered it acceptable' IC conbines Ehe use of troughs which make it possible to subject the t''rvae to a well deternnined Cose of a product, during a known lapse of time, and the use of mini-gutters, where they are painEained in river h'ater, up to pupatjon" A plan for the develonment of ICRs has been prepared for the EAC (Annex 5) ' AE Ip.TO, a preliminary screening is carried out at firsE, maintaining che product in contact with the IGI for 60 minutes in order to elirninate for:nulations vithout prospccts of success. Products urhich have passed this test are then subjected to a secondary screening covering the sixth and seventh instar larvae ; the contact is 10 minutes and the observation perio.l lasts up co pupation. Finally, under the sasre conditions, a tertiary screening of the third, fourth and fifth instar larvae is carried out. Trials are co be carried out on small rivers' Avermectin, from Merck, Sharp & Dohm, llas ccrtainly one of the xnost Pronising producrs since ir caused almost 1002 reducEion at haEchings at 0.0I mg/l/10 mn' But the trials have been temporarily suspended because of the toxicity of the product which is sinilar to that of rrarathion. However, 5OO g of the fornnulation will be sent to IB.TO in order to rest the meEhodology proposed for the river trials of IGP.s. -7- OHS 2C15 (Bayer) and Ol,{S 2016 (Shering) srere elirainated during the prelfuninary screen ing. Diailin and OMS 2016 (Sherine) were rejected drrring the.prinary screening. OltS 3010 (ttaag) was not retained because of its lor,r concentration which would require the spraying of 2 litres of it per m3/sec of discharge. Ol,lS 3009, a product, r'rhich is very active on nosquito larvae, has noE reached I:1TO. An IKI preparation is being evaluaEed" OMS 3007 and OHS 3019 (gumitono), both equivalent to juvenile horrnone, are Ehe only two products still under consideration. At 0.t ng/1/10 mn, they cause 1007 reducEion of emergence of latc instar tarvae. The secondary screening is in progress and the results r+ill be known very soon. In brief, it is noted that the means for the evaluation of the efficacy of the IGRS is now available; however, a methodology for evaluating their Eoxicity for the non target fauna should be developed. Two proCucts have reached secondary screening. The group hiehly reconunended the exploration of thc diflubenzurcn class of producEs qrhich are active on the larval st,ag,es. A special effort should be nade to obtain forsrulaEions of these proclucts from the manufacturers. 5. Larvicide evaluation Eethods OCP has arlopted the hybrid evaluation systen uhich cornbines the use of the closed-circuit trough for the contact of 10 minutes t'ith the producE to be Eested and the use of the open-circuit mini-gutters during the observation of 24 hours or up Eo pupation. The work must be carried out along the river which feeds the rini-gutEers. This system makes it possible to cest both conventional-insecticides and IGRs by the addition of hatching cages for the latter. IP.TO has constructed an apparatus which makes it possible to transport ti.rre Larvae, fixed on oalettes, from one site to another in case the trough and the nini-gutter are noE aE the same Dlace. The tarvae can easily survive for rnorc than 24 hours without any notable mortality. -8- The IGR evatuation methods shoutd be published so that these conpounds could be tested in other countries, especially in che United States vrhe:e thc industry produces many IGRs every year. 6. Adulticides In order to neutralize the effecEs of reinvasion an adulticidc treatment trial had been carried ouE, from the ground, on the Faya sttc in llali in 1933" The results proved disappointing and the operation seeue<i coscly ($900 per krn of river). Io May t9A4, an adulticide treatment trial by helicopter rras carried out on the lto in Togo; 21 lm o€ gallery forest of the main river and 12 km of its tributaries were treated vrith permethrin in only one application. The results were not encouraging" The blackfly density wtrich became nil after the spraying rose to its initial le'rel within 5 days. Fish and macrccr.ustaceans were se\rerely affected. The low residual activity of the treatment was attributed Co the rairr which fell the day after the spraying. But rain is a normal ohenomenon of the reinvasion periods. The cost of the operation is only $50 per km of river, r,rhich secrns low but since reinvasion is almost daily, treaEnents r,rould have to be repeaEed several Eimes per week and the cost would then become prohibiti.re in view of thc aretrs to be treateC. The group considered that this strategy was not appropriate to OCP|s needs. 7, Improvemen t of inseeticide application techniques Most of the problems related to insecticide spraying by aircraft have been solved ar present, Each helicoptcr can be utilized for all Ehe products cmployed in OCP. A modification of the Ereatment cycle will be tested in the western exEensi',-'i: eone according to an appli-cation cycle of 9 and 12 days. This cycle will be applieC in the first placc in the dry season I the pilots will be supervised an'.i the entomological monitoring r.rill be stePped uP. It is only when these modifications of cyctes have oroved their worth that they could be introduced into OCPrs operational sysEem' -9- Bupharie was alao laid on VCU| s pre6ent policy of poetponetrent and internrptlon of treatmente wtrich could poeeibly be developed furthcr when the exteaaions 8re i.oplenented. ttre officere in charge of VCU are well awere thst 8ny nodification of Greatpent cycte represents a risk uhich mrst be linited by a reliable entono- logical oonitoring. Furthetuore, OCP hae juet successfully tested e systcn for the tetetraas- nireion of hydrological data collected and coded by Argoe beacons and tranaoitted by eetellite to a tele-receiving Btation in the Programe aree. Ttria syaten nakec it poeelble to knor the ecect quantity of insccticide which oust be releaeed at each apraying point of the rlver, even t*ren its banke are inacceseible. Beaides, the rpatc aurge can be follolrcd in order to avoid ueeleee treatneats, after Bpates rhich hsve warhed the breediog eites. On the banke of srnall rivers wtrich do not have either gauge etaffe or beacons it is ptanned to copstruct coloured slabe which witl nake it poseible to evaluaEe the diacharge at a glance. . Ttrere are in fact two alter:nativeer either continuing the heavy treatnents or reductng then in order to cut down the Prograruoe'E cost. The nain features of the ttro typcs of treatment are ; Minintro dose for r 1002 urortality or even a bit lese Oaly the nain* breeding eites are treated 7 daye tiore than 7 daYe (according to the duration of lanral life) for ercanPle 9-12 daYs Voluntery iaterruPtion during high'tater Periods or whea the blackflY population is nil Heavy treatoents I Reduced treatnente Ilose of insectide Serreral tines the uininun doae which givee 1007 nortality Coverage All the lanral breeding eitee treated Cycle Continuity 52 weeke per year or throughout the period the river lows * An underdoaage could easily lead to the selection of resistance. -10- 8. Insecticide resistance It was noted with satisfacEion tlrat the Abate-resistance of the savanna species, SS. damnosun/S. sirbanum, which appeared on Ehe lower Bandama qTas no longer observed after the treatment of the bree<iing sites with n"t. H-l/r and even after ics incerruption at the beginning of 1985. It was however noEed that t.here was quite a lov susceptibility of S. damrosrrm/S. sirbanum in the fambia near to the border between this country and Senegal. It cannoE be ruled out that this was due to the utilization of agricultural inseccicides in the "new lands". Further information is necessary. Temephos resistance in the untreaEed rivers in southern Ghana has decreased. In the southern and restern extension zones, susceptibility of S.soubrense/ S. sanctipuali has decreased in conDarison with that of the savanna species. It is highly probable that temephos resistance would develop in case of utiliaaEion of this product. l.toreover, in the eastern part of the Prograrme (Togo, Benin) Ehe various sPec ies of the S. damnosunr conplex show a fall in susceotibility to all the insecticides, especiatly to the Dyrethroids and to DTT, probably a6 a result of the intensive use of these products in cotton fanns. The negative correlati.on between resistance to temephos and susceDtibilitv Eo pyrethroids has been confirmed. Org,enophospha te-resistanr S. soubrense/ S. sanctipallli populations are abouc ten times nore susceptible to pyrethroids than populations of the sane species in Togo and Benin which are not organophospiratc- resistent. 9. Ooerational implication of resistance The contingency plan to be used in case the savanna species develop resietance to organophosphates has been updated (Annex 6) and will be presented to the 1985 ueeting of the EAC. It is based on the us.3 of peroethrin about r"-hich the Ecological Group will be consulted. 9.1 Plan of operation envisaged in 1985 OCPis present strategies in the savanna zone have not been no<tified snd wiLl be applied on the Sankarani in Guinea. - 11.* As in 1964, the alternation of Teknar in the dry season with chlorohoxim in the high-water perioC will be continued in the intermediate zones of the Ivory Coast. 9.2 Meditnr and long-term strategies (1) A proposal made in the long-Eerm stragegy consists in ignoring the spec ies of the S. soubrense/S. santipauLi groun by treaEing onlY the savanna species which are non-.resistant, since they alone are responsible for severc onchocerciaeis. This simolifying soluti.on qrorrtd undoubtedly solve all OCPrs probtema related to resistance- The group raieed two objections. In the first ptace, there is no proof aB yet that S. soubrense/S. sanctipauli do not parEicipate in the transmission of severe onchocerciasis in the interoediate zones ; this Proof can onLy be h"qC when the identity of the oarasites has been known and it has been possible to idencify the L3 Onchocerca larvae of the vectors. The second objection resulted from observatione made on the Bandaoa' Is thc continuacion of temephos applications to nixed S.,laurosum/S. sirbanun and S. soubrenae S. sancti li not capable of leaSing to develop'uent of organo- phosnhace-resistance in the first pair ? The events which occurred on thc lor'rer Bandama give rise to much caution before expressinB an opinion' (2) The second strategy consists in trying to control S. soubrense s sane!Ur4g!! where these soecies are associate,l with blinding onchocercinsis' This is the case esneciallv in the southern extension areas of Togo and Benin and in Guinea where ia addition these two species are found ouch more to the north than in the initial Programne area. In view of the hete-rogeneity of ehe Pro2ramne area both in regard to thc distribution and susceptibility of the vector species and in regard to tlte polymor- phisrc of the.disease anrl the ecology, it anpears necessary to adjust the technicues to the conditions in each region. But these techniques lrould be base4 on insecticide rotation while hoping the number of availq.ble producEs r'rould increase during the coming Years B.t. H-14 srculC reoain the basic product Curi.ng Ehe lor.r-water season an<i it is of particular importance to obtain very quickly formulations which ruould be easier to handle than the present Teknar (SC 93 in rrarticular) ' -12- Dtrring th.e high-$rater season tenephos/chlorphoxim vould be alternrteri with pyrethroide initialy, and then carbanates with rGRs shourd compoundsof these grouDs becoae available. The hartful effects of sone of these products, like ocunethrin, fcr thenon-target fauna muld thee be limited both in space and in tinre an<! the fr:sir. water fauna woulc heve Ehe time to reconstitute itself during the 1erio6 oftreatment with B't' H-14 as scemed to show the operacional trials of ttrisproduct carried out ia 19S4. rn Togo and Benin for example, a B.t. E-14 fornulatioa would be usec fcr9 uonthe' Next, there woul,l be 2 months of spates and subsidences :Ln flowduring which the blackfly pooulation is low, rmaining one month during ruhicheither a cht'nicaL insecticide or an interruption of treaEment cour,l be envisa-Bed' rn the western extension zonc, the treaunent cycle and insccticide rotation shouldbe stuCied accorrling to the basins. since ocPrs eize does not oake it possible any ronger to ,Be onry oneinsecticide' treatments shoulrl be programed accordinc to cach region. Therestriction imncsed by the Ecological croup on any extension as rong as crroinsecticides equivalent to Abate are not available therefore no ron'er arisesin the 6IrEe terms eince no procluct will either be used perElanently or orrer the wtrole prograume area. l'breover" it is illusory to think thet two oroducts having the same perfrr_Bance as Abate and not prorluciag aore effects on the non-target fauna uill befouod. ldhat ehould be looked for is a group of prorlucts which would *ake rorati.a*possible throughout the year in each region, the toxicity of some of thco for the non-tergct fauna being comrtensated for by the possibilit3, of reeonstitution ofthis fauna during the periods of treafinent with B.t. lI_14. Furthennore, these alternations would make it possible to increase the nuonber of products utilizable during a short period. Finally, the al'ternati-ons shouLd decrease the risks of resistance development. rn return, this strategy uourd reguire a continuous eontror of the susceptibility of the various soecies to the insecticices used and it vrould certainly be necessary to retrein sooe of ocprs staff accordingly. -13- 10. Relat ions wi th industry The relations with industry are excelr.ent, brrt the ntnnber of new producrsto be teste'i has decrease'l much this year. rt shoul.d -ne envisaged to revivr:the interest of the manufacturers. rt ehoul.l be notcd that many of them travecreated a public health department. rt is particularly iurrortant to see to it that the effort is concentratedon the ctasses of insecticice for s,hich there is no onerational product, e.g..the -.analogues of diftubenzuron a&ong the iGRs. clear and well documented reports prepared after e.ech triar are essentie.l.for the aaintenrnce of the interest of the nanufacturers. At oresent, lDost of the produets received have been tested,B. r. H-14 SC 98 fron Sandoz., OHS 3024 frorn F{Cr OUS 3013 froa IKI, rernaining only, an IGF.. 11. Contrac t revierr The contract u,ith IEIO has been very €ruitful to CCf. The relationsbetween IRTO and OCp will be strengthened and conpletely coordinated when theLqae tean is transferred to Bouak6 ..tn 1986. ocP has signed a contract uith the London school 0f Trorical lGdicineand Hygiene for the study of the biochernistrr/ of resisEance. A contract is being prerrared with the Universit;r of three Rirrers in Canadafor the study of the diepersion and behaviour of B.t. in running B'aeer. A contract on the behaviour of insecticides in running irater is equall;.,being prepared nith rhe University of California. Ihe group however pointed out that the developnent of insecticides wasstill highly enpirical and that river trials remained the uain criterion forthe assessaent of the efficacy of a product. certain studies '^'hich cannot take inco account arl the factors invorveclin the action of a product shoulci be avoided so as not to direct the suapri.:rsonto wrong tracks' rt had been unavoidably observed in the past that so'e forn,-r-.latious having very rtifferent activities had no detectable cifferences as reg:rdstheir physical or chemical nroperties. That is why OcP enccurages the interested manufacturers to send theirforuulation chenists to the Prograurme area so that they can observe the behp.vicurof their products on the spot. -14- Conclusions Ocp has, at presente three operaEional insectici<les ', two or3;anophospho::us cmrpounds, Abate and Chlorphoxim, and a Ii.t. H-14 preparattlon, Teknar' A pyrethroid, permethrin, yieldedvervgood results durinq oPeraf ionaL .-rials Another 8.t_. tl-14 formrlation, Sandoz SC 9.1, and a carha:tate, carbos-:.!-f.an are ready for operational trials. itigh hopes have been set on other pyrethroids (alphamethrin) anC on Ehe IGRs. It should be noted Ehat a good nethod for the evaluation of this closs of corapounds is now a'railable. In order to solve the problems posed by resistance' Ehe grouo proposed that the insecticides should be rotated to meet the demands of each region. In view of the long way which OCP still has to go, the grouP consi'lereL that the effort for the de'relopent of new larvicides should be continueC ani that Banufacturers should be aoproached so that new products uould be tried under the Prograrmtets conditions. Annex I t t,c !E !4l!igtpe!!-q AKPOB0UA K.A., Chief sectore OCP 3ouak6, Ivory Ccast GRAJZ N. (Chair:uran), q.IiO, Director VBC, Geneva HOUGARD J.H., IRTO, Bouak6 KURTA( D., Vctl/OCP - Insectieides exDert MOUCHET J., (Rapporteur), consultant OCP CC?,Atl lf., VCU/OCP - Chief , neq, insecticides develofroent centree Lom6, To PHILIPPON 8., Chief, VCU QIIELET{NEC G. e, VBC, l,tHo/Geneva REI.IAID P., VCU/OCP - New insecticides development centre, Lom6, Toqo SUBRA R., Aesistant Chief, VCU/OCP io .0mcr-- 2 PYItlfiTf,0Ilxi TII"II'GII TII:]?[J TIT 84 - A.'III1. 85 -..r4.- llo of tests rc 10(), ni,/t/tot Becommentled foll-orr up fnsocttoldas 0t$ 20121 5r,' , DC Bayer olrs 201r, 5.91, nc Brycr It rt 2L.2;! EC OII$ ,0O4, Fcnrlonr 5he1l zo,i EC OI,[S 3004, Destox arc # [i3F OI.iS 2011, CyhrtothrlnIoI loii nc orjs ,021, PP 521 rcr 2.5:..i r rr 5,X trA OIJS 1821, Ierrrettrrl.n L53r/2o3/2 2€, rr UelLcourc Oi.:S L821, Iern:etlui.n L515/2o3h 2tt,1 ectellm ]t tSrr/20r/4 2C;5 DC n L5r7/203/5i26 sc Ol,fii 1821. Coonox(rper) v6uoome zo,i Dc r lt sB 610624 ttc Ol,tS 1821, Pornethrtn I:rlcord Lnd,. zjl EC 15 lnot ,rs 6/7 fu:ot.rro rlver non-t(6rrt'"ilef-ter) 4 o.0I.5 0.oI5 J'es r I r I I o]jis 1821, Peraethrln $F 6505, 26 sc I cltELtl 5 0.o15 o.oL5 o.oL5 T o.o15 o.o1 O.O1 D.04 o.04 4 0.o25 o.025 4 t,I o.o25 I 0.025 3 o.06 0.06 o.o4 o.04 1 ye8 yeo yes no ye8 ycs ycB yes yoo yeB yo8 yeB y6s no no yes , ye8 yes 6 6 yas 4 yo8 yee ye8 , 0.04 0.04 ye8 yes 4 | o.o2 o.o4 o.04, r tlO I , , I ! I I I o.o, o.06 0.0, o.o4 ye6 o.o,, '0.02 o.o2-o.0, o.or4.06 yeE a I I I : o.o2 I I I t I I I I I I t I Inseotlcldes rt tt 25fi5 c/t otls ,o2r, Dsfenvalerate Sr.ud.touro 25i,!, Ee rr rt 5ii ftou:rble OIJS 1484, l,Irr,r.r.ik 2F Zoecon; zr.Ti flor. '' ll (fOe:) 24.4iI flow. It rt ?E) af, Ec PY-.ltlIT! InOI: X; TROilCit T'.SIS l.:.1y B4 - rtltJl 85 No of tes be , o.15 o.15 o.25 o.25 2.4 | 2.0 o.u O.5 lancr z(z) Recommonded, folJ-ov un tter yes ye6 yes yos yoe? yes no ? ? I Olrl0 182L, Pcn:ethrln Poucoe FLIC 1O;? Siilt 5?/4s c/t rr n 4.a/6o c/t no 1 2 5 2 LC 1oo, wtty']:at rlver 4 ,r'5 tnst. rrs 6fi lnntars 0.02 o.o5 yes , o.02 0.o2 yes , 0.1-O.2 o.v2 o.2 o.o2 yee? ye8 - tuno*- z(l) c.^.nBtrI,.TES - InsactLcldee Oi.:S rO221 l.turehall FIIC Crrboaulfon zfr pa It 4€., DC IIOUGH !Ti:JTS I;.lY S4 - IP:'JI, 85 1.5 Recora:reniled fol}on uo er yes !es yeEil zql, t; 0LGl Gr. llesurol Ihyer (ttte ttrloc'rru) 5O,6 flmable 2 - n 14 flornble t L542/2 t6 Dc n 1542/to td, ne 2 2 2 1;5 O., O.3 yel? yeE? Jros yea? yea? ye8 l.Io of IC 1o0, n6,1\719t testa rlrrur non-(st, 1 0.o25 O.025-0.05 yo8 6 , o.0254.o50.025 o i05 o ,05 JEg yos 1.5 yrl,,.5 O.5 7.O.3 m - ingtrra lnst rrt tnncr z(+) Insootloldoa Ol'tS IS2S. rlzanethlfoeClbn4eliy L@ Ec 29s r ., 3IA rlr54 ttnSj oP - @titoull]s fnOUGH []STS I,I,IY 84 - .tPrlIL 85 o.3 0.4 Raoonmentlotl foJ.Lor up noD-t rlf,et(6rrtter) llo ? no nh no I{o of testo ',/5 lngt.rrs 6f lnstnre rtver o.22 o.t[ yeo 2 0.2 o.4 yco , 0.4 0.4 J€g 3 ye8 I IOI.iS 0!:5 OI.iS 0i:ii Ol:iS 3026 ioz6 ]- ro 33 Itrnere z(5) COI,{POUII:DS fi'Hirl,"iCTI''{l rlil t ci? ,:Bo\n TROUGH Tr:51:i i.irf 84 - r1':.|II u5 Li I?vrN (thioatc , ru) , i+,'', fl.olzcrble - Union C;r.rbide liRulti (Tnroatcirtr), Og.1 ?Ir (po:rd,cr) - un.ton C.rrblcte Flutnl.errb, 5','', f':c (fgOa) - ICI iletacrate t 3Oi1nC (UleZ) - Smitomo I)ropoxur, zoit nc (fSaa) - I:rxer l,leobaI, ,q, Ec (f:rcz) - ltrurtton,o ?,lrrolro1r 5& vp (ff,s+) - Unlo:r c,ubido ol!$ otr[.; 3017 0thors Ot.i.ei ,OII TI-78 (Bensglt,rp), 25,!, EC - fntcecla (Ilerelstoxh) or,is-Ijvleec,t , iLr', nrll;er (;oro (po,,z,rcr) - [i rndoz n 8; E{(aEE{E()d frf C{ HBre'e G-r o. o F{Id .Pp. o c, t) H& tr: 6 g r{ ot E ro E!4 1.o G c- HH le d i i R E g \o t-q) a @ 8t&C,4,O Et,2.a\r{ t\ lAE rf -r+ r\o at <t r(\ 8Hg c)Q HRtr{E{qs +, EEoots I8>fib(J EIFlv GI -o rno -o ot to !no rho (\to rho aHH f;t)x 6 trt otrl rq 3 A' A+IIl;(Dl.1.-:l an.{ .{5AttgR IBp.,3 HEenH ^@(\l Ftr F1 N (\t iritlO ltadrn!!t(a (/, coba. 8.9* a B c) EC' F\.,}lornl{oorc)<i.\ A!E! r.\ HB::Ever (\t o?lp nr xo nd ,;d) ch .-{ FtHd tri I{ @ ChFl Hg F{l EI *iUrl rl d f,il er E Htri trro Hfr Ep CN EH HEH,? s. G. oFII so oo o >lfrtt 6 E D4 rn -+FI g oG ro g q) -tn :g: i r{(!t.tri c,doBEs) t(\-HE FI @ ar rn t -rt F - orfl (tFolrnts -a-iororF(\,A Fl F{' aH e{1 CJ TI HH3g .P c E€tr r5 +' ;l-{ dE EH{v o .{ B}8\oe0A lEI tnrio lrr ro -o r(\to lntt.\t(htatoooo EH er s!f E trt HH m EtE B NlRia(D Hgd nIs E!o E $[e RrqF- t\ + Crf\ lr\ 0a\ At ==== c\, u .r{p Or xo trtr tf\ oTIp c\, Hoflg o 5 oFH .d Io C) ort o atrlO,{roAtriir{ p.6H [! HEC)(, trt or an(h frlr Iu e{ te'Br rn d T * CO F?p{ 88E\ONArln G.. EffiI iH HAL-. 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E s o .-1 esoot{,-@r-{le<H ,E (\t ad H,I lqr E;Otr I d -o rnt\Ito 8.qts El oe !n -ot rn o -oA ortoFl o -rn Fao aH E{4,<ra r-r Ct HE TH hoA6P,. c.8tst !i$Et a oFlE> g3 ot 8io ,{oao Flo -o r{oto u\NFlo -o H c)tr I s I I Ei^EE Et rn- EERE H EN* EEPS o- u, $ trl el B E o, E{C' Eg G- t\ o rlI OJ t{ o s: € $l HI a EafiH6#H HHBlt Ei6Elop1 ev(l Ei^. HB B EHeiEle{rnofivrO CV 8^. +l Ff @ r-l EBO\-, HbqEioItr^OtHE 'HfuHF{<rnoga rO rl\,E e H ET SHBa Hg; t aH E{ fi E Fr oFIpI c. o(, C' aaec, H5He{HAF4;,r Fl .9a f,!4dl orAr F{Etoo c!q{ }{ fr 6 6lfsdroAr!t EaO+r Fl F{ E.tri c,do!4mo\aHr.\AE r{ - .{ It{lrIGItrl EE {' tr(D Efoo) 3S o F{E}g3 d-o rn anrlp (\t xo [.: *q a rn(D Or ,1 !t H !t GO(,'r F{ x E I H C! Ha t q l-.1 H E fr EHE tuo >r&d =E IA Fl o o aI E. EF c)PEl rtE.AH>8 8H G) EH IHE R aHH{i-{ Eo trl lortdlty La. thrl sqoEf,cE op DrrEloEtr 0t !.:9. B-la lorEfi,lrtl(ls fin slollu DrnGutl ccnnol il sBsf r}ntc^ rt 1.6 DaA Tdiln SulFadrblUti ,DC.r .t l.{t ' O'8 Uortrll Pcrloarnco bf.rlor to ogeratlod forurl.tlGa Awrex , ty et 1.6 *lt to6 onUot 't#* o.s13A lrffur Roquort FfotarlrtlG tt tDi!.r L.a tb.a 0.6 Horloeaco arD.rl@ Co oparatloal forcrLttcr / D.t iltartr,cr of laala. aarrDtl titr antl vlroo.t tt ty uullrcG.uer Sorccnla6 ln alnl6uttGrr occ.atratlo. tta O.2 to f.6 ryA I taDllcltc. Rcport. VlIl oan.ld.r otlr.r foturlatlor! 2 ttDllo.t a IntlrDd1.t R.Do!t sulDctrblfft trt hD!4 t.t tfnroattt l. hlab Roquort rrforurhtLoaSull-male R1"!! t,rhl!(rct grr! try rcrro) lcnlad Ecport OFlltlG.l !rlal aN o a1 G.-<n: v= ct) _ l..r ..{ :trc .i- D. >,c o0 .-(u! GO: a(/)L ooi !!otr <H lllr <Fd- r^ oz A o c €N t( * (u +J {-l oA o o o lrh {J oh r{ or I F{ OliFi q,, u ^$d3 E Eta! Lt3 a!p '-d oll&> .* F{(I, .F{ lr LI k o '.{g U o +J o U U' o "o G) o o ! l{ o A o}r o F{ o U u) E P{ cI -{ r'{b E a o tro C) \o a r{ c. (\. az \o -l $ o @ ao \o a r{ o oz oz oztrtroo ..{ Ll rJ(! ..{ 3!nOl+{(!0 \o6\ oN c. nl, . ' x. o OJ a o x. o e E ftr IFIilH ;2tiH oo\o o) -l o ..{ ol+{(\ ,(d tf p x oo\o PH ooo r{ EH nr- -ld E.{H oo$ .1 b E{H o\oo r{ PH oo$ -l FH oC\o\ FH oo r-{ r{ s. EH oo@ =t I I I I PH or\o\o ,,i ook!tr 0., o .F{olr x(/) ${ ..{ ..{oE .E >,.ot{Ooo >o0 .o o o @ k o, ! o o @ >' tr o "o o o( >'tr q, ! o o o0 .o o o o0 tr o ! o @ li o o 00 Glr o 6 o o o ,00 l{ o tr o Ith OOt{!rotroaoo,(nO tr.,-{v)E !l €- .{ f{ r+{ F{ - -t '.{ .o o o0 q, oc(0 t{ o q, .o G ,o I .lJ o o o0 >'L o C) o IA r-?l oq, a u^\ <) oo @ rr\ C) o an(\$ o oa c- o c- o o o, l.f\ a or C) oo @ o C\l o o @(\ OJ C) o @ @ o o vt \o o o)g, @ o o)o \o a o\ I I .* *o o U' @ E o ,1 -l\ E U .{(! TJ k E \oo\ s ao @o\ L(\N @OJ o\F{ @o\ sra\ r-{Lr\ I o @ ao c-o\ r-{@ o\c- o\(\ r{o\ oo11 o\c- tr\@ sr@ $CO M\@ N@ oo -lV I o \o a -t oo -l o\ @o\ rn@ oo -l oo -{ @o\ o\o\ @@ tr\o\ c-o\ q)o\ oo -lV I o a 8 H F{ 5p aI (\$ -l\o J E (.-t'- -l\o t H OJ c* .{\o J rq Nq) .-{\o I H H -u e o\o\ I c)a a +Hd P.el\5 =E\.o$C{ -tb{ coFqN d c'- r-l \o rlor\ FE O e- ,-l \o -{o r./\ rc rq c'- -l \o r{orn FC t-- r{ \o -lorn m ? E{U) o -{I er cn Iod I U) J 3 It trIo ..1 tq ,t.tr0Egv zoqM/s rv/tT0s IT ,l i[ v h a )T L7l fil cl el fl El* I r-{(/)l ralrf =l'31 AI Il II I I I I I I I I I I ,Arurex 5 SCfri{El:TiG CF IIISECT GRoWtr{ RmUIA.IoR Col'f'oLq'DS 0I[ BLA.CiLmtI]s EQUIPI'IETIT AITD TVALUAIIOTI PROIMOT USE'D Tif IRTO 1 If. ef mrna.cr, screenilga In the event of a double-action product (tnmeaiate and I'JR), Iarrral mortality is eva.luated after a 24-hor:r observation. If the percentage of reductioir of emergenco cloes not reach 1OO9/. at I rng/I/6O wt, the for:sulation is eliminated. 2. Sqgon{a4gil_creenlng Protocol .'rJoses z t/o.\r/r me/I Contact tirno : 60 nn Larrral sta6es; VI antL VII Doses z o.Lf o;1/L W/r Contact tine : I0 mn Irarrral stages: Vf a;rd VfI Doses t o.Lf o.11/L W/L Contact tirne : 1O mt Larrral stap;es z ].TI/w and V Eqr,.ipmsry! 'Ifeatnent in trough then obse:rration in mlnigutters (wittrout asslr-psration of atlults ) Eguipment Treatmeirt in trouglr then obsernation in ttpianorr (recuperation of adults) EquiIg""!, 'Prougtr/"Pianott (recuperation of a.dults ) Prqleg-gl If the compor:nd presents an imnetLiate tcicity, the tarvaL mortality is eva.luatec]. a^fter a 24-horrr observation. If the reduction of ernergence is 100:'i at 0.I W/t/tO mn, the screening is repeatetl at louer doses (sear'ch for the minimal flose wtrich wotrld. give 100% reduction of emergence). 3. Tert iaqlr F-cr-ee4rrlg ProtoSp-l The irnmctLiate tcocicity for early sta6e la^:sral is eval:ated after a 24-hotr obsenration. If the reduction of emergence is lOO?5 at 0.I tW/t/tO mn, the screening is repeated at lotver closes. I, D = o.!Xl axroc!! tnaEat rlthB.t. f,-l{ arooaatp.0.9 IlllurD.o.l fu thc Cly rcrrcr P-0.5 In tlrc h16b*rtcr DcrfoA!eO.! O.9 tStl P ttlt lr4F o.o arltt 9 [rreErat rlthB.!. E-14 Rlrr! illrchr6c 100r5/rcc oD lc.t Rltra aboh.str o!i|a .L@nilr,o) P . 0.9!l 81rcGett fellun D . O.Ol Ercefuat rlth E.t. E-14'- - trorilnt rltb prrturh{ iellun p - O1O1 troatat rttU pcmcttrrta4 Cotlaernoy pla, lprllr 19O5 Brattraoc to tcuphoa oil GhlorThrrrtrl ln aotarue apcclca D = o.Vycar Annerc 6 (rt rr grobrblc tbrt toghoa rr.tltEac ruLd cotr f,trrt Bld tbot ohlo4rbctn cculd bc uecd lot r(E tLtc. Itot- orr, thc rorat poarlblo ceeo1l aca.md hrrr) tr1Ar laat Rcrtrlotdltl|ll PGO.2p O.I t hr" to mtrrr ilrlrr. trcoe trrrr.ot ardltoor rono, tf .: B:f: H-{ ronlll lcquln brrnclas ,o "o$ elroaft (r rogtn a"r.v). It t. hoDad t&rt lrFotrc$1!' E-rt folflltlft om E epprlra 6y ttrl Arrto-tuuru'ara.rr4 diiifa rrrrob rlu oa.rtoanDlrtrforr orgrblllg to tsr.t f.ati'ifrotirCpr. toffot b !.rtatotto lboC lf'D.ol{forl oranD. .a !