Rearing and colonization of Simulium damnosum complex and related investigations: July to September, 1979

,f I l Subj ect: In st itut ion: Per eonnel : Date of submission: Period covered: Signature of responsible offioer: ... /.'.l:.L;y{r,.'{. ./3 WHO ONCIIOCENCIASIS @NTROI PNCGNAUII,IE BE TANCH BTON:IING. Rearing and colonization of Simuliu4 dannosq4l tTonE. r{Ho/ocP J.N. Raybould llth October, 1979. July to Septsrber r L979. CONTENTS A. Introduction an6 Summary. B. Bearing E. daraqosum E.1. and rsllted investi gat ions. 'lo Studies on J.aboratoly mating in S. soubrdlse. 2. AttanptE to find other laboratory mating foflns. 3. Rearing adults. 4. Testing the adult oolLectlng device. 5. Rearing work at l[atitingou and Bobo-Diou1asso. c. rnvestigations with rrsimno-repeLlentn a€ainst s. dannosum E.r. Studies on tbe wing tuft oolouration of S. souamosum fnom Boti Fa}]e. Attenpted oollection of S, damnogurn Iarvae in the River Pra. Ceratopogonids at Akosombo and Boti FaIls. Vi biting research worlcers. Supply of materia} to other workers. Meetings attended. tlorlc planned for next 4rarter. Aclcnowl edggn ent s Seferences TabI ee. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. tr. A. INTROUJGIICN AI{D SI]}IMATT Progress has reoently boen impeded by shortage of resoarch material from flooded-out breeding sites. This has preventecl further work on laboratory mating by S. soubrense. Other simuliids investigated failed to mate in captivity. In spite of powel failures etc.; suocessful rearing has been acttieved at both Natitingou anil Bobo-Dioul:rssoe fo eluciclate the taxonomic status of S. Equamosum , singl e eg!, batches of the two corour forms have been reared separately tor cotnparison with their parent fsnales. This rork has been hindeled by high pupal mortarities. [he adurt correcting device recently fittetl to the rearing apparatus has been found to rork satisfactorilyr Investigations on Simtlo-repellent have made much pr,ogress. This product at its best is extrerely effective but requires standardisation as some batohes work better than others. Inseoticide susoeptibilitJ tests were carried out in this laboratorJ by a visiting 0.C.P. consultant and the supply of material to collaborating laboratories has been continued. Collaboration between myself and staff of the Akosoebo publio Hea1th Laboratory hae inoreased. B. REARING S. DAI{NOSI{ S.L. AND RELATSD INVESTIGATIO}IS 1 . Stutliee on 1 aboratory mating by S. soubrense. rt was pointed out in my previous report th3t sucoessful mating by S. soubrense in the laborstory had been confilmed. The detailed results are now prssented in TL,DIe 1. It mqy be seen that the actual spermatophore oarrying rate wag very low in Epite of numerous attenpted pairings. However,, similar resulte have bean leported for certain Iaboratory-mating ternparate simul.iid speoisg whiotr have Iater been found to mate in larger nu.mbers under certain conditions. UnfortunatelJr further investigatioas on ,../ 2.., - 2- this asPect were prevented by unusually higlr rainfalL flooding-out aII known breeding-sites of S. soubrense within reach of Akosombo. Unsuocessful attempts were made to coll.eot from the Rivel Sio at Avetonou near Palime, tire }iono at [6t6tou and numerous rivers in southern Ghana. It is hoped that S. soubrense will eoon return to the Senchi Hapids near Akosombo to enable work on Iaboratory mating to be r esum eil. 2. Attonpts to find other laboratory m ating species. rn view of the difficulty of coronizing s. damnoswn s.r. the search oontinues for other raboratory-msting species as possible Isutrogat err host s f or 0nchocerca volvulu sinth e laboratoly. However, numerous adults of S. adelui and S. unioolnutum emerging from pupae ln captivity showed no signs of mating beLraviour. 3. Rearing adults. Hitherto the rearing t ectrnique dev eloped f or use in the O. C.p. area has been ueed mainly to obtain Iate instar Iarvae for cytot axonomi c i dentifi oati on. Drring the investi6ations described in section D. of thie report, the realing of S. SgUarnO sum to th e adult stage was attempted. Altboug[ maI\y eggs f ail Ed to hat chr larva1 survival ras very good arrd full size late instars were obtained. Neveltheless marly lErvss were unable to build a proper ooooon or to pupate successfully, while others diecl in the pupal stage or fail-ed to emrrge as adurts. Onry relativerJ few hearthy adultE succe.sfullJ deveroped flom each egg batctr. Better results wele obtained during earlier work at seguela and prosent alifficulties could be associated with the uee of water from the Volta River at Akosombo where S. ssuamo sum does not breed. It is aLso possible; however, that high pupal mortalities may prove to be a fairly common problsn neoeBaitattng- further modifications to the rearing system before coronization can be 6tternpted. with singre ....f J... - 3- Beneration Iearing aD occasional bad result is unlikely to be disgstrous. In the oase of a laboratory color\y1 howsvs3r it could result in Loss of the oolony. 4. [esting the adu! t oollooting device. The adult colleoting devioe describetl in my plevious reportt has since been tested out in Practice and found to work satisfaotorily providing the collectigg tube is-Positioued. neal the base of the realing trouglt. 5. Healing work at Natitingou and Bobo-Dioulasso. A flustrating characteristic of some rearing or culture technic{uesr at least in their early staf,es of derrelopmentr is that they only appear to work wel.l in the hands of their inventor. It is partieularly pleasing, thereforel that in spite of certain alifficultiess Bood results have been obtained at both Natitingou and Bobo-Dioulasso by Messrs. T. Barro and R. Sawadogo respectively. Mr. Barrors results have already been well Presented in a separate report (Barro, 1979) which also discussas future research requiranents. Part of Ta'bI e 2 is f rom the report concerndd and Bummarises results in relation to catchi.ng points and river rystans. Identifioation of the reared. lalvae will tloubtless plovide invaluable infolmation in the interpretation of the reinvasion studies. (n few of Dr. Vajimers identifioations were given in my previous report but othus ar e not y et avail abl e) . A major problsn at Natitingou was ttrat of high mortalities resulting from power fail.ures. (Posttble r&ys of overcoming this problem guggested by Dr. J.B. Davies are under investigation). Rates of development obtained at Natitingou were not as rapid as those formerly aohieved at Seguela or recently obtsine6 "1 Bobo-Dioulasso for unknow[ r€ssorlso Mr. Barro also observed that aI thoug[ rtluwasurr soluti on ( see earl i er r eport s) i s v er] easy to preparer it is in some respects inferior to Nakamurats medium for ...f\... +- culturing aIgae. tr'irst attempts to raar lBrvae at Sobo-Dioulasso wele not suocessful. 0nce the initial difficuLties (mortly conDeotsd wlth the setting up of suitable algal cultures) wers overcomel howsvsr,, very good results were obtains6 (lutfe 2). Itrot only were large numbers of Lar.vao reared, but developrnent was aI so very rapid, most larvae being ready for fixation between 8 and 14 days after hatcLring. C. INVESTIGATIONS WITII IISIMNGNEPEILUIT'I AGAINST S. DAMNOSUM S.L. Beoause adult simuliids have recently been more readil.y obtainelle than 11rv3sr considerable attenticn has been paid to the oontinuation of work on Simno-repellent. As was pointod out in my prorious leport, rrsitrnorr is manuf aotured f rom local plants at Hohoe in Grana by Dr . l{o ajin e si . These investigations were carried out by Mr. A.K. Cpoku and his assistants (in the Public Iioalth Iaboratory, Alcosombo) in consultation with myself. [ests were done by slneating one Ieg with repellent while leaving the other unprotectedl and then oornparing catches of S. damnosum s.I. fernales on each 1eg (Schmidt, L977). [o determi.ne the quantity of repell ent cream requireds a seri es of eigltt hour catches were completod at a vi] lage nea! Senctri Rapids cLose to Akosombo. An old tube of rrsimnorr, said to have been manufactule in 1977, was used in theso trials. It m4y be seen from Table I that a quantity of repellent measuring 2.4nL was found to bo fully effective. Following r,gnewed control of the Senchi Rapids breeding-sites, investigations were continued at asukawkaw Ferry, where biting densities are hi&, and to a lesser extent at Boti FaIIs. Marked differences were found between the various batches of rtsimnotr tested (Table 4). Unfortunately the date of manufacture is not marked on tho tubes of repellont. However, tubes designctod,rsimno A"and rtsimno Bil ..../J... 5- in [able 4 are known to have been manufaotured in 1977 whilerr$imno C'r and|tsimno D" are of recent (tglg) preparation. It is not yet known whether the superiority of the two 1977 batches is due to age or differenoes in composition. It rnq) Ie seon from the tables that tbis repellent at its best ("Simno Anl is extranely effective and unlike some mole vclatile ploducts, a single applioation is sufficient for a wholo d4y. Dr. Noarnesi is now attenrptin8 to standardiso his product. Great intelest in the repellent has been shown by villagers in the Asukawkaw ?IeB. D. SrUDI@Ft cc[ouRA[Iow Unlike other lJest African mgnbers of the S. darnnosum complex, the wing tuft oolouration of S. sgua/nosum may be ttpalerrr rfdarkrr or. nmixed,rt. Ttris renders identif ication difficult ( G.o*u, 1978) and oompli oat es reinvasion studi es. Nurn erous colI eotions of S. scnralnosum from Boti FaIls have besn sent to Drs. Peterson and nang for morphological studJr. Ti'rey have commented that: trlt seems strange that both colour forms should occur together. It might be that these are reaIly two distinct but olosely related spociesr or they m4y be normal variants of one specieg or the dark form could be a hybrid of s amosum-, ahensel In additiont l{r. J.H. Adiamahr s results from Boti have indioated a possible seasonal shift in wing-tuft colouration (see earlier reports)' In an attempt to shed some liglrt on this enigmal single egg bat&es of S. squarnosum f rom Soti Falls have been reared separately so that the wing-tuft oolouration of the offspring oan be compared with that of the fsnale paront. Althouglr the number of adults thus obtained was silnall (for roascns discussed in section B 3), it is hopetl that thqy will give some indications as to whether or not the two .....f6... t -5- oolour forms oxist as separate breeding populations. The reared flies and tlreir parent fenales have been sent to Ir. Kurtak who has recently lefined the method for scori. g tire wing-tuft c:lcuration character. The results obtained wi-II be discussed in my next report. E. ATTS'{PTED COLLECTION 0F S. DAIINOSIJi'I IARVAE IN []lE RIVER PBA. Nothing i s y et known about the distributiou of S. darnnosum complcspscies in the fiiver Pra or in most rivers in southern Gtana. During a private Heekend journqy alon6 the GIana Coastr tberefore, attenpts were made to collect farvae in the rivers concetned. ft was hoped that S. soubrense required for mating experiments, would be obtained. Unfortunately all rivers in the area were flooded and no larvae or pupae of arU species could be found. A further visit to tlre area will be made when conditions are more suitable. tr" CERATOPOCONINS AT AKOSOITBO AND BOTI. Biting midges (ceratopogonids) have been colleoted biti.ng man at Akcsombo and Boti FIIIs. In the rainy season the Akosombo midges are numerous althougfr locali sed and bit e man during tlie day. [hqy appear to be a species of Lasiohelga. The Boti FaIIs oeratopogonids appear to be a G\rI i. coi des species. These biting midges are of some intorest to the Proura.mme because Culicoides species transmit Dipetalondna streptocerca; the microfilariae of which can be mistaJcen for those of Onchocerca volvulus (Prost, 7979). Specimens from ooth Akosombo and Boti FalIs have been sent off fol identification with the assistanc€ of Dr. Davies, Whether or not LaS_iqh el ea speoie6 are potential vectors of D. strsptocerca would be worthy of investigation. G. VISITING NESEANGI I{ORKERS AIID OMIEA VISITORS. Few outside visitors were received during the period undar review but a number of temporary or permanent 0.C.P. staff members spent a worlci€ period at this (AkosomUo) ]3!e13tory. ....f7... -7 - Dr. P. Reitel spent about tirree weekg at Akosombo carrying out insecticide susceptibillty tests atid improving prosent techniques. He was given as much advice .-nd assistance as possible. (ft " provision of faoilities for corlsult3nts - with tne agteernent of V.R.A. autholities - is a potentially important function of our presence at Akosombo). Dr. Reiter sucessfull.y completed several tests and on his departure borrowed sufficierrt apparatus to continus his work elsewhere. nI. D. Kurtak spent a valuable few daJs here explaining certain yecent improvements in entomological technique and photographing the rearing apparatus. For the first time an O.C.P. helicopter Ianded at Akosombo when Mr. B. Cliff made a brief but welcome visit. Mr. f. Barro also visited this laboratory to discuss his rearing work at Natitingou and to familialise himself with anj new developments. H. SUPPTY OF MATENIAL [O 01.'i{EN WOnKEns. S. sguaJnosum adults were supJ,l ied to Dr. Garms f or oornparison with flies collecte<l during his reinvs,sion studj-es. The dispatoh of matelial to Drs. Peterson and i)an6 at the Institute of Biosystematics at 0ttawa lvas continued for as long as poegible. Eggs f rom Boti FalI s were sent to Dr. M. pudnqy at the l,ondon Scttool of Hygiene and Tropical Iuiedicine in London for tissue culture work' Ih. Pudnqy has reporbeci bhat the cultures are showing slightly more rapid de'relopment tlian was the case with materi.al from the Volta Biver near Akosombo. More recent attempts to obtain eggs to send to Dr- Edman and hi- s coll €o,grrrrs, in the Er:tornorogy xepartment of the University of I[assachusetts, failed due to excessive rain flooding_out the breeding sites. Larv rI srn ear s of S. damno surn 8.1. h;:,ve been sent to Dr. M.W. Servi ce at th e Liv erpool Sohool of Tropi cal lrledi Gins. . . . . . /8. . . I oSlirles of the rearing apparatus etc. , kindly taken by Dr. !. Kurtak, hsve been presented to the Programmets slide oolI ection. I. MEEII}IGS ATTE{DED. I attended the meeting on reinvasion studies held at Lama-Kara on 5th JuIy. J. TJORK PIA}IIIEI) FO3 }IUT SUARTEB. The last two months of 19?9 will be talcen as leave and my work prograrnms will be mainly ivriting upr di scussions witit colL eagues and the aquisition of appalatus rnd equi.pmsnt. In addition, it is hoped that a vi sit 61n be arranf:,ed -bo ihe Univer sity of l{assachusetts at Amherst to visit Dr. J. Edman and his ooll+agu:s with whom 0.C.P. has a cont raot agl eern ent. Drring Ootober prior to my leave a collcerted effort will be made to: 1. Di sp at oh S. datnno sum S.1 . eggs to Amherst sc that rearing can be attempted ihere prior to my visit. 2, Obtain S. soublense for laborator;r mating, studies. 3. Irir. Opokut s team rvill conipl ete t ests on rrsimno repellsrrtrr. K 4CKN0I.tt EDCEI{ENI Do I am grateful to Messrs. T. Barro and R. Sawadogo for rearing J.arvasl to Messrs. A.K. Opoku, D. Kessie and o.bher members of the Publio Health Laboratory staff for testing Simno repellent; to Dr. J. Grunewald for checking. some resultsl to Ir. G.K. Noamesi for his co-operationl to Dr. D. Kurtak for taking photographs and for useful instruction; to Mr. F. Mordzifa for assistance througfrout, both in the laboratory and in the fieId1 and to ldl. J.K. opoku, for doing arl my typing. f am indebted to the Volta River Authoility and ths Volta Lake Research and DeveIopnrent project for laboratoly accommodation and to all those in 0. C.P. and V. R. A. whose continued support has made rny investigat ions possibl e. . . . , . /). . . 9REFERE}iCES Barro, T. (fi79). Elevege Q. damnosugr dans Ie cadre de If etud,e de Ia reinvasion 1979 d,ans Ia zone est du Prograrnme. Unpublished report to 0.C.P. Galmsr R. ( f gZa). Use of morphological chara,cters in the study of Simulium darnuosun s.1. populations in ilest lfrica. !rqp 4. _!_?Il !4. , 29 , 48 3 - 49 1. Prost, A. E[gnenis compl ernentaires sur 1a repartiti.on et 1a fr equ errco de Tetrapetalonema (asslingeria) st r eptocer ca (Macf i e et Corson , 1922) an hf riqJue de lrouest. Unpubl i sh ed do cum ent , iIHO/ONCli Of 'l9.146. Schnritltr I/i.L. (tgtl). Belative effectiveness of repellents a8a inst Simulium damnosum (Diptera: Simuliidae) and Glossina lnorsitens, (Diptera: Glossinidae) in E"thiopia. lD. Med. Eit. Honolulu, .!t 276 - 278. a F'IE c) A[qfqoFr ;c E{<E{< =FrEf-l = iEEI{- EN O{\s- a a tsI rE() p{ oAE{ }.]iI. E -C E{ F(E I-{ FIt*I B P"trra C\j o t._ rr) D-- a Fq t-lO): o! otslZ14 o\ -+\o o\ co Eo(a f'1 rpl o<: N =$ra \o =+o o\ a F4 ! ElE F-ld aEHA pq H C) Ea Otrif* a F] f-{ FT Fq(5 E) H pi oH P:i (-,) rl E{a() o frl F] rq tsl E prl oa u)l <5 H >lpi rri () fr]E C) p. O Er E rq fr.a E{o ag: r4 ccl I >iz) 'ti O\ O\tr- r- -CU c\t r OJ o\ t-- lr\ $ F-lO8AEi clFll tsf tri *ts8A<t'If''lFltq Er tr * m 4?T:6r ^r flrLU r_ LAFV1E REARED AT I'IATITI}iCOU AI\T} BOBO-DIOULASSO. Cat cliing point Dat e Riv er I ITo. of e6g bat ch es No. of larvae r ear ed. o .r{ P 'rl f d P oJ d o Frdq) M t ! I,{0 &, M0 It ll ll It il n t+6 rarnass6 oonflu ence llari Maro Gbas s 6 A1 ibo ri g6t 6rou K 6r 6rnou K or ern ou lfono t5 Km South of Tchan',ri fi/ )/1e zz/ >/ts zB/>/tg 3/5/1e l fi-i5/e hg 1o/t /te 17 /1/7e tz/ 6/19 t/e/tg 14/ 6/1e 14/ 6/1e 1e/1/1e 14/ 6/1e fi/r /Te D/6/1e I{0 il il ll tl il It T erou Sot3 I ar iboril IOueme I Itet rou ] .1Ilekrou I L[ono 6 7 3 5 1 5 5 1 eggs from fi eI d 4 + 12 5 9 11 eggs from field 60 26 25 47 132 2 116 93 102 21 17 12 5 7 3 o Lq ta d{, r{d, o6.eoGtF{I(do o.oEO Fq Pont-Rout i er Madina-ni as sa Kat o Kankel a 11/1/1e 15/Bhe 25/1 /1e 15/Bhe 10/e/1e L er aba Leraba a SaOuL e Y ar ani Kaukol abe 3 1 1O 7 4 5t+2 Atlults 12 282 32}+4 Adult s 143 te Tjri s work was at Natitingou carri,:d orit by llir. T. Barlo and l{r. R. Sal'radogo and Bo.lro-nioulasso resp,:ctive1y. \"\ co O O ,--o o.\ f-- CA tr- t-- O \o @ \o (\ o tr--\c $ $ O r\ o \o o\ t-- o\\ o c\l o r\l r- Lr- O I I I o\ N O a.) 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