@Pfl3.L ANNH( VI.2.B I I I II ONCHOCERCIAS IS CONTROL IN THE VOLTA RIVER BASIN AREA RePort prepared for the Governments of Dahomey, Chana, Ivory Coast, MaIi' Niger Togo and Upper Volta ANNEX VI.2.B: BACKGROUND DATA AND PROPOSED INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT IN NORTH EASTERN GHANA Geneva 1973 aa a United Nations Development Programme Food and Agriculture Organization of the Unlted Nations International Bank for Reconstruction and Development World Health Organization aa BACKGROUND DATA AND PROPOSED INTEORATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT IN NORTH EASTERN GHANA Contents Annex VI-2.8 page I Page BACKGROUND DATA . 1. INTRODUCTION . BACKGROIJND 2.L Situation and reasons for selection 2.2 Development history. 3. THE PROJECT AREA 4, THE PROJECT approaches .aa aa.a 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMEhIDATIONS 6 I 11 l3 L4 16 2 4 5 5 6 6 2 Posslble development Projectform... Project organization Project evaluation . Appendices List of relevant projects Climatic data Soils Popuiation and land utilization Traditional farming system . . Improved budget system . Project organization, personnel Outline terms of reference and List of sources 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 4.L 4.2 4.3 4.4 Natural resources Population, land tenure and utilization. . Infrastructure . Extension service and credit . . . Traditional farming system . . . . Other development constraints. . . . . L7 L7 18 2L 22 .24 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 needs and approximate cost feasibility study. 26 28 3I 35 37 44 45 48 51 Annex VI-2. B page 2 MCKCROUND DATA 1. Geographic and demographic (f97O) Area: 92 O8O square miles (238 SOO km2) Population: 9 OOO OOO (including urban population estimated at 3 OOO OOO) Density: 98 per square mile (3?.? per km2; Rate o.[ increase in population: 2.7% a t 2 Economic (1969) Gross national product at current market prices at 1960 prices Gross national product per capita at current market prices at 1960 prices Rate of increase in gross national product at current market prices 9.770 at constant prices L.67o Budget (1969f70 estimate) Receipts Expenses External commerce 1969 Nl million 2 285 I 158 & 266 135 Nl million 360.6 427.3 354.4 397.7 LT2% US$ mi I I iont 2 237 1 133 us$ 260 L32 us$ million 352.9 4L8.2 346.9 389. 3 Imports Exports Export,/Lmport (%) * At .h" 1969 rate (f9?2 USg o.78 = L Ny'. Ny' = ruew Cedi). , Annex VI-2.B page 3 Agricultural imports which could be produced in Ghana us$ million a Sugar Rice Vegetable oil Fibre Tobacco Lr vestock (ge ooo t<m2) 8.3 5.9 5.5 2.6 3.7 9.8 35.8 3. Agriculture (f969) Cultivated areas: cocoa - five million acres (2 million hectares) employing 5OO OOO people; other crops - malnly food crops - 3.7 million acres (1.5 million hectares) enploying I.5 million people Cattle: 6O6 ooo head Sheep and goats: 1.3 million head 4. Programme zone Area: 37 8OO square miles Population: 1.6 million Annex lV -2 .B page 4 1. INTRODUCTION l. ltle area in Ghana included within the project comprises the Upper and Northern 2 Regions covering some 98 OOO km- and representing 4l% of the total surface area in the country. Population of the two regions totals I 586 OOO - provisional results of the 1g7O census - or about 2O7o of the whole country. Rural population denslty currently averages 42 per square mite (16.3 per k.2) itt the two reglons but is much higher in the Upper Region - 81 per square mile (31.5 per krn2) to'np'red with 27 per , square mlle (1O.4 per kmo) 1n the Northern Region. However, these averages conceal wi.de variations from empty areas to zones with densitles exceeding 4oo per 2 square mile (152 Per km ). 2. Ghana,s overall Bross national product (GNP) in 1969 averagect Ny' 266 (US$ 260) per capita but there is a marked contrast in the standard of f.iving in the Upper and Northern Regions compared with the rest of the country. In the north a traditional prinarily subsistence agriculture is followed while in the south there is a market orientated ptantation agriculture combined with industrial development. Agriculture contributes some 33% of the gross national product and cocoa 55% of total exports but some Ny' 50 mitlion is still spent on imported food and 57o of irnports represents raw materials of agricultural origin such as cotton. Total imports of agricultural products which could be produced in Ghana totalled Ny' 36.6 milrion (us$ 35-8 million) in 1969 and over 75% of this - particularly rice, livestock products, veBetable oil and tobacco - could be grown in the upper and Northern Regions. FollowinB devaluation and revaluation in late 19?1 and early 19?2 there is an urgent need to exploit these opportunities for inport substitution. 3. Currently a number of maJor proiects have been developed under the aegis of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) in particular rice in the Northern Region, cotton in the Northern and Upper Regions' cocoa in thesouth and a number of tivestock ranches. In addition plans are in preparation for assistance with the development of maize and oil palms. The main gap in this development programme is the implementation of integrated rural development schemes in the densely poputated areas aimed particularly at improving the supply of basic food stuffs. Current proiects are listed in Appendix 1' 4. In selecting zones for intervention within Ghana the choice has been confined to the Upper Region since the probtem of population pressure and incidence of river blindness is nuch greater there than in the Northern Region. Initially t*o 'ont"I were identified for intervention, the first comprising the Bawku district in the north-east and the second, the Navrongo district to the west of Bolgatanga' a I Tourniet & Vo Quang Tri (19?2) a Annex VI-2.8 page 5 Subsequent work, however, indicated that all three districts should be taken together as a more realistic approach under the existing institutional structure and in the light of the proposed programme for intervention. 5. The main limiting factors to the inprovement in agriculture in the area are the poor soils outside the river valleys, the unreliable rainfall, weakly developed infrastructure and under-developed extensi.on service. Control of the Simulium vector of river blindness will initiate the liberation of much valley land of high potential in an area where there is a ready supply of labour permitting capital intensive development . 6. In deciding the form of the project particular attention has been pald to the sociologlcal aspects of the area and the sociologistl was closely involved in the forunrlatlon of the project outllne/mode of interventlon proposed. An exploratory social survey was carrled out in the zone and was a major factor in chooslng between assisted repopulation and organized settlement. 2, BACKGROIJND 2.1 Situation and reasons for selection 7. Ttre zone selected for intervention 1n Ghana lies in the north-east corner of the Upper Region and includes parts of the valleys of the White and Red Voltas, Morago, Sissili, Kulpawn, Tono and Tamne rivers. The zone lies between longitudes oooo'and 1o35'west and latitudes tools'and Ilol5'north. The eastern and northern boundaries are formed by the frontiers with rogo and upper vorta respectively, the southern boundary by the Whlte Volta and Kulpawn rivers and Gambaga scarp and the western boundary by the Sissili river. The zone comprises the whole of the three admlnistrative districts of Bawku, Bolgatanga - the administrative centre for the Upper Region - and Navrongo. 8. fite district is a priorlty for development since it contains a number of najor valley systems only little populated, namely parts of the White VoIta, Morago, the Red Volta, Sissili and the Tanme river valleys, while the surrounding area is one of the most densely poputated in West Africa. Slnce population denslty is high and the annual growth rate has averaged 1.5% during the last 1O years, cultivatable land is in short supply, fallowlng rare, and crop yields are declinlng in some areas. Radlcal lmprovement of production in the densely populated plateau areas wilI inevitably demand a reduction in population pressure so that the Onchocerci.asls Control Programme is a key factor in the further development of the district. 9. Since labour is relatively available the area offers good opportunities for developing a capital- intensive system, although considerable improvements to 1 The sociologist's full report is presented in Annex VI-I. a Annex VI-2.8 page 6 infrastructure wiIl be required to aid distribution of the necessary inputs and marketing of production. The area has been the subiect of considerable extension effort in the past and to the north-east is relativety developed in that some 10% of the farmers use bullock ploughs. This combined with recent extension efforts provides a sound base on which to set up a programme for considerable increase in extension inputs to aid the production of food so necessary for the countryrs economy. lO. WhiIst the incidence of onchocerciasis and presence of the Simulium vector are not the only reasons for depopulation of the valleys, the presence of 9lg1!g "pp. and seasonal floodlng of some valleys being also important, it is clear that control of the Simulium vector provides the key to opening up the empty areas. 2.2 Developmen t history 11. While total poputation in the area has been increasing at an annual rate of l.S% over the last 20 years, its structure and geographical distribution of the people have been changing. There has been both a steady emigration of the young men out of the area and internal novement, mainly of famities moving away from the river valleys. Evidence was found of mass abandonment of the riverine areas over the last 60 years and concentration of farmlng on less fertile uptand areas. this movement reflects a number of influences but particularly incidence of river blindness. :..2. Efforts made to develop the farming systems throu8h the extension service have fluctuated over the last 40 years. Some 40 years ago, for example, considerable efforts were made to develop bultock ptoughing particularty in the Bawku district but in the years iEnediately following independence Government intervention was cut back. However in 1966 the extension service was restored through the Crop Production Division and since then efforts have been made to rebuild extension programmes and renewed emphasis placed on introduction of bullock ploughing, use of fertilizers and cropping intensi f ication. 3. II{E PROJECT AREA 3. t Natural resources 3.I.2 Climate 13. The project area ties primarily within the guinean savanna zone merging to the sudanian savanna zone to the north. The main meteorologicat station of the area is situated at Bawku, extreme north-east, where the rainfall averages 38'34 inches (g25.5 mm) falling in about ?o days per year. Rainfall increases moving westwards and southwards, 40.85 inches (1038 mm) has been recorded at zuarango, near Bolgatanga, to the west of the Red Vo1ta, and 44.2? inches (1II4.5 mm) at Gambaga south of the scarp which forms the southern boundary. The raln falls in a single wet season a Annex Vt.2-B page 7 of seven months, the majority falling between May and September and increasing to a peak in August/September of 8-9 inches (22O mm) per month and declinlng sharply 1n October. Rainfall totals vary widely from year to year, minimum and maxlmum annual totals at Bawku between 1949 and 1960 rangtng from 23.96 to 48.40 inches (608.6 - 1229.4 mm). An important feature in the rains is the lnconslstency during the early part of the season. 14. Mean maximum temperatures lie in the range 92.?"-1OO.6'F (33.8o- 38.I'C) in the dry season and 84.2'-95.2'F (3O'- 35.1"c) ln the wet season with mean minimurns of 65'-68'F (r8.3"-20.o"c) and 66'-68oF (18.9"-2o.ooc) respectivery. The coolest months are December and January under the lnfluence of the harmattan, and August influenced by the monsoon. Annual open water evaporatlon or potential evapotrans- piratlon is about 66 inches (1675 mm) per annum and the deficit of precipitation against evapotranspiration is estlmated at more than 38 lnches (965 mm) at Bawku and 28 inches (711 mm) at Navrongo and Bolgatanga. 15. Relative humidity in the dry season is in the order of 3O-5O7o rising to over 9O% in the wet season. the area records 2600-3000 hours of sunshlne yearly. Climatic data are presented in Appendix 2. 3.I.3 Geology and topog.rgphy 16. The area is underlain primarily by a granitlc complex with areas of better morphosed blrrimien rocks to the west and north-west and sandstone and shales to the south. ltre central area comprises primarily an undulatlng plain at 600-80O ft (183-244 m) above sea level with hills rislng to 1OOO ft (3O5 m) to the north and east. To the south-east the area is bounded by the Ganbaga scarp which rises steeply to IOOO-12OO ft (305-366 m) above sea level. The valleys of the Red and White Volta, Morago, Antankwldi, Tono and Tamne rivers cut into this central area sometimes forming steep valleys. 3. I.4 Hydrology L7. Recording Bauges were first established in the proiect area in 1951 and the network extended in 1964. Records are available for flows on the Tanne, MoraSo, Red Votta and White Volta rivers dating in the main from the earLy 196Os. The Public Works Department is responsible for this work and records are now kept regularly but have not been subiect to any overall analysis. 18. The water supply conditions relate directly to the underlying rocks and wtlilst no ground water storage was found during the FAO "r"r.yt wtrich could be used for even small irrigation schemes, ground water is of considerable inportance for town and rural water supplies. The main sources of domestic water supply throughout the area are I Land and Water Survey in Rome 1967. the Upper and Northern Regrons of Ghana. UNDP/FAO Annex VI-2.8 page 8 from rivers, springs, well.s, bore holes, ponds and dams. Most rivers and springs dry up towards the end of the dry season and a number of the wells are too shallow to provide a constant supply. 19. In the late 195Os and early 196Os a total of some 2OO small dams were built in the district primarily to provide water supplies for the human population and Iivestock. It is estimated that these dams have an irrigation potential of some I18O acres (472 ha) but only some IOT. of this has been exploited so far. The largest of these dams is the Vea dam in the Bolgatanga district and the irrigation potential was only just beglnning to be realised in 1972 with the assistance of Taiwanese technical aid. 2C.. In the course of the FAO Land and Water Survey a medium scale scheme on the Tono river to the west of Navrongo was identified with a potential irrigable acreage of 6OO0 acres (2428 hectares). A design for this dam has been prepared by Doxiadis associates and a tender document has been prepared. In April 1972 the irrigation department were waiting for authorization to put the design out to tender. One third of the acreage is to be irrigated by lift, the other two thirds by gravity irrigation. Crop area totals 10 23O acres (4139 hectares) per year with 670 families to be settled - 10 acres (4 hectares) per family. A second scheme was identified on the Tamne river but designs have still to be prepared. 3.1.5 Soils 2L. ltre main avaitable source of information on soils, land use and topography, comprise aerial photographs (scale t:30 OOO) made in 1962, the reconnaissance soils survey undertaken by the Soils Research Institute at Kumasi in 1960 (scale 1:25O OOO) which was subsequently added to by the FAO Land and Water Survey, and a semi-detailed survey (t:IOO OOO) carried out in the course ofthe latter survey in the Tamne and Tono valleys. 22. The main distinction to be drawn is between the upland soils and those of the river valleys. The upland soils suitable for cultivation are generally moderately well drained, non concretionary and slightly concretionary soils developed over sandstones or granite. In the main these soils are suitable for mlllet, sorghum, maize, groundnuts, bambara beans, cowpeas and tobacco grown under a system of hand cultivation or with bullock ploughing. Erosion control, particularly contour ploughing, strip cropping and use of farmyard manure to increase water holding capacity is essentiat for long-tern maintenance of fertility. Nitrogen and phosphate levels tend to be low in these soils. In addition poorly drained, highly concre- tionary soils are extensive in the region and not suitable for cultivation except in scattered patches. These soils tend to be very shallow, eroded and only suitable for cultivation in localized areas. Annex VI-2.B page 9 25. The valley soils on the other hand are in the nain quite deep, heavy textured, compact poorly drained soils. These heavy soils are more difficult to cultivate and are primarily suitable for rice, sugar cane, pasture and dry season vegetable gardening. In addition strips of lighter levee soils occur which are seldom flooded and suitable particularly for tobacco and dry season vegetable gardening. 24. In the main the upland plateau soils have been subiect to intensive cultivation due to increasing population pressure on land so that fallow periods have been shortened, degradation set in and, due to bad farming practices such as burning, erosion is severe. The effects of this are particularly apparent to the north-east of Bawku, north of BolBatanga and in the Navrongo district. The soils of these densely populated areas vary from well drained non-concretionary soils of average depth to shallow soils with hard pan. Intensive cultivation in, for example, the Pusiga area in north-eastern Bawku has led to considerable degradation and crop vields are declining. Whllst it is possibte to arrest the dectining yields through the use of animal manure, fertilizer, better rotations and eliminating the practice of burning, a reduction in population pressure will be needed if improvenents are to be achieved in the short-term. The pressure of population is such that there is litt1e or no land available for g,razing livestock and production is not keeping pace with population growth. 25. The heavier valley soils, on the other hand, are little cultivated but capital witl be needed for water control in developing these soils. Once improved they will be suitable for mechanized farming, maize, sorghun, millet, rice, sugar cane and vegetables. A classification of major soils in the area and summary of the distribu- tion is set out in Appendix 3. 3.1.6 Vegetation 26, Natural vegetation is of the guinean savanna woodland type composed of short trees, often widely spaced, and land covered with a more or less continuous carpet of grass. The stage of degradation of the natural woodland savanna varies from final degradation to practically tree-less savanna with annual grasses caused by heavy cultivation and grazing particularly in the Bawku district to pro-climax tree savanna with predominant species being Butryospermun and Parkia, both of some economic importance. ID the main the sparsely populated areas are subject to annual flring. 3.2 Population, Iand tenure and utilization 3.2.t Population 27. Total population for the three districts of north-east Chana is provisionally estimated at 537 548 in the l97O census. Between 196O and I97O the annual increase in population in the area was below the national average with a growth rate of 1.57o per annum compared wj-th. 2.4% nationalty. Population density averages 155 per square , mile (60 per km-) but there is a marked varlatlon between enumeration areas Annex VI-2.8 page 1O reflecting particularly proxlmity to rlvers. A11 areas adjoining the Iarger river systems have densities below 5O per square mlle (19 pe. k*2) and the greater part of the rlverine enumeration areas are unoccupied. However towards the water sheds density increases very sharply reaching a peak in the Kassena/Nankani district of Navrongo and the Bolgatanga district where rural densities of 194-277 per square mile 2 2.(75-106 per km-) are common and even areas of IOOO per square mile (385 km ) are found. These figures reflect a tremendous overloading of the agrarian system. Populatlon figures are given in Appendix 4, Table VI-2.8.5, together with density maps. 28. There has been a continuing redistribution of populati-on in the three districts and some tentatlve calculations have been made of migration trends between 1960 and I9?O. These are summarized in Appendix 4 and confirm the pattern of heavy migration loss throughout the area. Areas with heavlest decline are close to the rivers. Annual net migration loss on a district level between 1960 and 1970 ranges from 2.5% in southern Navrongo to O.8% in the Bawku district. At the same time there is a dlsturbing picture in the sex ratios with ratios under various local authorities varying from 58-?6 males for every lOO females - in the economlcally active age-group L5-44 years. Thls contrasts with the overall ratio for Ghana of 93. Such low ratlos, have, of course, seri.ous repercussions on the family and community life as well as on the farming operations. The higher ratios reflect the migration of young men to the south with estimates that as many as 75% of all young men move away from the area for a period decreasing the labour effectiveness of the family and causing pressures in the urban centres of the south. 29. In the Bawku district there are seven ethnic groups with the Kusasi outnumbering the others, of which the most important are the Manprusi, Busangas and Bimobas. The Kusasi dwelt throughout the district interspersed with Busangas and concentration of Blmobas along the Togo border. The Fra Fras dominate the Bolgatanga distrlct, whllst in the Navrongo district there are four ethnic groups, that is the Kassena and Nankani and the rather different Builsas and Chuchulini. Generally the Kusasi and Kassena-Nankani appear more innovative mlnded than the traditionally, closed Builsa or Fra Fra and the Kusasi are probably the better agriculturalists. Sociological studies confirm that, as far as possible, in any settlement programme different ethnic groups should be kept separate. 3.2 2 Land tenure 30. Ttre land for the tribal ethnic group is vested either in the tendana or the village chief, who allots it to people wishing to farm. Land is held loosely within the family by the head of the clan and is farmed iointly by the whole family. Right to farm is held on a usufructuary basis, and although land is not commonly taken back from the cultivator, there is a need to revlew the present land tenure system to provide security of tenure and therefore incentive to invest. a Annex VI-2.8 page II 3.2.3 Land utilization 31. Estimates of the broad pattern of land use are given in the FAO Land and water Survey based on the 1962 aeriat photographs. T'he Bawku and Bolgatanga districts are moredenselysetttedthantheNavrongodistrictandtheareaofvirtuallyunoccupied land including forest reserves along the major river valleys varies ftom 247o Of the total area in Bawku to 52% in Navrongo district. Figures from the 19?O Agricultural census indicate that 200 000 acres (8I OOO hectares) in the Bawku distrlct and 16g OOO acres (6g OOO hectares) in the Navrongo-Botgatanga districts are cropped with food and cash crops annually, representing about 25% of the total land area' 32. The main empty areas comprise the \,alleys of the Morago, Red and white Volta, sissiri and ramne rivers of which the valleys have, in the main, been designated as forest reserves - except the Tamne valIey. Outside these valleys land is densely populated with compound farming predominating' 3.3 I nfrastructure 3. 3. 1 Roads 33. The area is poorly served with all-weather roads and in the wet season access to many places is difficult or impossible. Io the east the main access to markets outside the Bawku district is the Bolgatanga to Bawku road wtrich is tarred from Bolgatanga to the Red volta. The other maior road runs southwards from Bawku and provides access to the Northern Region. Minor roads provide access to other major towns in the area (see Fi.g. VI-2.B.5) but there is a limited number of feeder roads servln8 the maior markets within the area. Surveys of some of these markets emphasize a need to provrde some ?O miles (II3 km) of improved feeder roads ln the Bawku district and to improve major road access' 34. To the west of the area access to Navrongo from the south and west is particularly difficult. Due south there is a secondary road to Naga near the lvhite Volta, but much of the major unoccupiecl area to the south and west is inaccessible to motor vehictes in the wet season aaafor to lorry tran8port all the year round' The large number of river valleys in the area hinders communications and there is no access over the White Volta or Kulpawn to the south and the markets in the Northern ReBion. Development of the area would demand the provision for a maior all-weather road with feeder roads giving better access to Navrongo' In the long- term bridging of the Kulpawn or white volta might be considered. 3.3.2 Marketing 35. there is considerable movement of product to and from loca1 markets, the main exports from the area being groundnuts, tomatoes, onions, some cereals and livestock. The main imports from other reglons are plantains, yams and some cereals. Produce moves by lorry from the area to other major towns in the Northern and Upper Regions and further south. In Bawku there are only local home industry Annex VI-2.8 page 12 processing facilities for rice and groundnuts. The main Government mill, which i.s now being improved, is at Bolgatanga and although there i.s a rice mill at Bawku it is unlikely to be operational before 1973. The oil miIl erected at Bawku has since been dismantled and groundnuts for milling are moved to Tama1e. Cotton has been introduced on a small scale and marketing is handLed by the Cotton Board while the Bast Fibre Board is developing the growing of kenaf and provides processing facilities at Kumasi. Tobacco is purchased by the Ghana Tobacco Corporation on behalf of the Pioneer Tobacco Company. Government buying agencies operate for rice and groundnuts with fi-xed prices. 36. Market statistics are recorded by the Economic and Marketing Division of the Ministry of Agriculture but to date little processing of the data has been carried out. A summary of prices representative for the Bawku market in l9?1 and I9?2 is included in Appendix 5, Table VI-2.8.L2. 3.3.3 HeaIth services 37. The health services are centred on Bolgatanga and Bawku where there are hospitals and there are rural health centres at Binaba and Sandema. There are heatth posts at five other centres and further health posts are proposed (see Frg. VI-2.B.5). Services in the area are generally insufficient and facilitres south of the Gambaga scarp including a clinic and mission hospital are also used by people from the Bawku district. There is a need to develop a network of health posts and at the same time to take urgent steps to increase the number of people in the service. Generally the level of health services in the area has declined over the years with the abandonment of teams visiting rural areas. 38. There are considerable health problems in the area, the commonest dlseases being malaria, sleeping sickness, river blindness and schistosomiasis. However a major problem is malnutrition which affects a larBe proportion of the people, lowering resistance to disease which reduces the capacity for work. Children in particular are chronically underfed, partly because their requirements are not fully appreciated. There areserious annual fluctuations in the food supply with a hungry season in the months before harvest when malnutrition becomes acute.l 3.3.4 Education 39. tn the Upper Region there are 3O7 primary schools with 28 116 pupils, 15O intermedlate schools with some t6 OOO pupils, and 6 secondary schools with about 22 O@ pupils <L97L-72), while the school-age (6-14 years) children number 3L2 670. I FAO Land and Water Survey. Annex VI-2.8 page 13 3.3.5 Water suPPlies 40. There is a serious shortage of available water in the area and in many villages peopte have to walk long distances for drinking water. Various setf help schemes to improve the network of viltage wetls have been implemented and there are plans to dig a further ?oo welts to serve 27O of the villages in the area and to install piped facilities in conrmunities with populations of over 15OO. At the time of preparing this report loan assistance was being sought from the Canadian Government' Development of abarrdoned areas will require investment in providing adequate water supplies. 3.4 Extension service and credit 3.4.1 Extension service 41. ttre headquarters of the Ministry of Agriculture in the Upper Region are situated at Bolgatanga and in the proiect area there are district centres at Bawku and Navrongo. The Crop Production Division is responsible for extension work and is now assisted by the West German Agricultural Development Proiect. This proiect is geared primarily to developing rice production, provision of storage and processing facitities and distribution of seeds and fertilizers. In the Bawku district there are 13 agricultural extension officers, including specialists, with a ratio of 1:2OOO farmers but in Navrongo-Bolgatanga the ratio is 50% higher. 42. General extension work is undertaken by the Christian Service Committee proiect based at Oaru, in the Bawku district, with outposts at Blnaba and Sandema. Working at the "grass roots" this project has been an important element in the spread of improved seeds and fertilizers and development of animal traction. More specific extension work has been provided by the Cotton Board whose agents have, to date, advised sotely on the introduction of cotton but who, under a new proiect to be financed by the IBRD, are to extend their activities to include groundnuts and maize. The Bast Fibre Board provides a skeleton service advising on the introduction of kenaf and in addition the Irrigation Divlsion of the Minis try of Agriculture advises farmers working below the small dams in the area. 43. Other services provided by the Ministry of Agriculture include the Mechanisation Division, now, for example, reduced in the Bawku disErict to two serviceable crawler tractors for land clearing and preparation and one serviceable combine harvester. On the other hand bullock demonstration farms for training demonstrators are being revived after being disbanded under a previous regime. ltle Settlements Division has three projects in hand aimed at settling elementary school leavers but these have not been successful due to desertion as other job opportunities occur. Annex VI-2.B page 14 14. The Crop Production Division, with the help of West German aid is now concentrating on an increase in the rice acreage - particularly through group farming - improving groundnut production and extending bullock ploughing. In addition a Focus and Concentrate programme has been developed with the assistance of USAID to improve farm management and some 60 farmers in the Navrongo and Bolgatanga areas have been helped over the last three years. In general the extension services suffer from a lack of trained personnel and, in the past, overdue concentration on the development of mechanized farming in an area in which few farmers can afford to buy costly agricultural equipment. lhere is no doubt that there is a need to strengthen the extension service at rrBrass roots'r level and this lnust receive priority in the development efforts. lvhilst the Crop Production Divlsion has been partly rebuilt, its effects have been limited and there has been a failure to develop a detailed extension project aimed at specific and limited objectives, thus giving the chance of achieving positive results. In the future there must be a radical change in attitudes of the extension service, and there is a need for a complete overhaul in the approach and provision of in-service training on a greatly increased sca 1e. 3.4.2 Credit 45. Credit has, at least until recently been made available through the Agricultural Development Bank particularly for rice growing, although schemes for extending bullock farming were also being considered at the time field surveys were made. In the Bawku area credit was initially supplied primarily through the Bawku cooperative but this has since been discredited and the tendency now is for loans to be made to individual farmers. Ttre extension services have been closely involved in approving schemes for aid. In general, credit facilities are not widely available and further development of farming systems will demand the introduction of new schemes, particu- larly for intensifying cropping over a rather wider base and further development of animal traction. There is a need to revise the methods and approach to ensure that over optimistic projections of farm development are avoided and a better programme of repayment achieved. 3.5 Traditional farming system 46. Itrere are major differences between the three districts in development of farming systems reflecting varlations in ethnic groups, natural resources and exposure to agricultural innovations. The Bawku district is the most developed and farms are a litt1e larger than in the other two districts. However the traditional systems are generally similar and are described in Appendix 6 with the main features highlighted below. Annex VI-2.B Page 15 3.5.1 Farm size 47. The mean size of holdings in the Bawku district is estimated at 6.9 acres (2.8 ha) supporting a famity of 5.4 people. The ratio of 1.2 acres (O.5 ha) per person is relatively high for the eastern sector of the Upper Region since in the Navrongo-Bolgatanga area the ratio per person falls to O.5 acres (O.2 ha). In this area where pressure on land is extremety high the mean size of farms is only 3.2 acres (1.3 ha). In the main the farms are small with a maiority less than 15 acres (6 ha) in srze and only some L27o over lO acres (4 ha). The total number of holdings is estimated at 27 OOO in Bawku and 52 600 in the Navron8o and Bolgatanga districts. 3.5.2 Cropping 48. The main feature is the complex intercropping w'ith up to four to five different crops grown in the same field. Analysis of cropping for typical farms shows some 90% of the land to be in millet and sorghum mixtures, with some vegetable crop included, with the other tO% in pure stands of rice or groundnuts and beans. No systematic rotation is followed traditionally and the practice of fallowing has been reduced due to increasing pressure of population. 49. Traditionally the major cash crop has been groundnuts with surplus sorghum also marketed but recently the acreage of rice has increased and is rapidly becoming a major cash crop. Cotton and kenaf have recently been introduced and are grown on a small scale in areas where better soils exi-st. The other common cash crop is tobacco which is grown particularly on the levees of the White Volta' together w'ith production of onions and tomatoes partlcularly in the Bawku district. 3.5.3 Material inputs and methods SO. Tradltionally littleor no use is made of fertilizer or improved seed, although some manure may be used on land close to the house. In 1971 some 7OO tons of fertilizer were sold in the three districts and used primarily on millet, sorghum, groundnuts and rice. Improved rice and groundnut seed has been distributed on a small scale by the Government Extension Service as have materlals for seed dressing, treating food stocks and spraying vegetables. However the proportion of utilizatlon is extremely smatl - probably 2-37o of the potential acreage receives one or other improved input. 51. Nearly 3OOO farmers or 90% of the total in the Bawku district and 4% in the Navrongo district use oxen for ploughing. A ridge ptough is used which facilitates ploughing and seeding but does not permit mechanized weeding with tools currently available. Cultivation on ridges or mounds is comaon due to the poorness of the soil in many places. Mechanical cultivation has also been introduced on a limited scale - mainly ploughing and harrowing for rice on both large and smalL fams. A skeleton contract service is available for these operations. Annex VI-2.8 page 16 3. 5.4 Productron 52. Few reliabte data are available on crop yrelds and the dlfflculty rn recording 1s compounded by the tradition of mixed farmrng. Under tradltronal methods average yields are estimated at 3OO-5OO Ib per acre ( 340-567 Xg,fna) tor sorghum and millet, 8OO-9OO lb per acre (9O?-IO2O kgfha) for rrce and 2OO-4OO lb per acre (22?-454 kgflnil for groundnuts. 3.5.5 Livestock 53. The pattern of livestock husbandry varies from farm to farm with some farmers manaBing their own stock while others let them out to Fulanl herdsmen. On average there are I-2 cattle per farm, 5-lO.sheep and goats and perhaps 20-25 head of poultry including guinea fowl. Traditionally there is Llttle trade rn livestock which r.s mai.nly regarded as a form of conserving capital. 3. 5.6 Farm income 54. Gross output on typical holdings rs estimated at f.fy' aO-+O per acre <Xy' lS-tOOf rra) (us$ 65) and the total value of production Ny' 11o-2r5 (US$ 80-160) per farm. After costing in family labour there is a negative margin and at average yrelds the potential level of grain available for consumption is at below subsistence Ievel. 3.5.7 Deve nt constralnts 55. The main constraints to the development of the traditional system are a combination of inherently poor natural resources combined with a declining level of farm production, and family income, due to degradation of these resources. Institutional intervention in the area has been thinly spread and lack of roads and water supplies are a serious hindrance to spontaneous development. Other develoPmen t constraints3.6 56. from Ttrere are a number of constraints to development of the river valleys apart the presence of SimuIium, nameIY: (a) some infestation by Gtossina spp. and the consequent effect of trypanoso- miasis on human and animal populations. The vegetation in part of the valley bottom provides a suitable microclimate for Glosslna and i.n repopulating valleys it will be necessary to ensure that adequate control measures are taken to prevent new outbreaks of sleeping sickness. (b) A major limiting factor in cultivation of the vatleys is the susceptibility to flooding and the heavy nature of the soil requiring working at a time when food crops must be sown on the higher ground' (c) Land tenure arrangements, although not currently limiting small movements to the valleys, could become a llmiting factor under large scale migration and positive action will need to be taken to alter the present arrangements' Annex VI-2.8 page 17 (d) In the Navrongo district, the southern parts of the Srssili valley and the Kulpawn are relatively inaccessible since there is no permanent access across the Kulpawn valley to markets in the Northern Region. Materials required for farming development in the main western area of this district have to go the long way round by road through BolBatanga. The inaccessibility of much of the area partlcularly in the wet season is currently a definite constralnt to development. (e) Presence of wild gafle animals will probably be of little srgnificance if other constraints can be removed. 4. THE PROJECT 4.I Possible development approaches 57. The control of the Simulium vector and onchocerciasis in the river valleys will be of inunense potential benefit in an area as densely populated as north-east Chana. Studies have confirmed that there are many areas in all three districts where people are starving out and where there has been and continues to be a move- ment of people away from the riverine areas (see Annexes I-1 and VI-l). 58. Whilst the project should bring benefit to the largest possible part of the population, since, firstly, the zone is extensive and densely populated and, secondly, resources available for investment in development projects are limited and skilled manpower in short supply, the project should concentrate on parts of the target population. There is a need to select a project for integrated rural development and repopulation of abandoned areas promoting the development of crop and livestock production with rmprovements in rural health, hygiene, family planning, water supplies, education, disease control and improvement in transport and corununications. 59. Cur'rently there are plans to implement two medium scale irrigation projects, one in Tono and the other in the Tamne valley. Plans for the development of the Tono valley to provlde irrigation of some lO OOO crop acres (4046 hectares) per annum and extend the water and power supply of Navrongo were under consideration at the time of the field survey prior to seeking tenders for construction of a dam. In the case of the Tarnne valley scheme the appraisal was still to be completed. Both these projects were proposed inltially in the FAO Land and Water Survey but it is suggested that conditions have so changed since this survey as to warrant a post- ponement of such developments - at least until sufficlent investment has been found for improvements affecting a greater number of the population. 60. Whilst the absence of control over the irregularity of water supplies is a maior constraint to development of the farming system, investment in medium scale Annex VI -2 .B page 18 projects is not recommended at this stage. The Tono scheme is based very much on the development of rice as well as innovative irrigation of upland land and it would be advrsable to await the results of the development of the Vea dam before proceeding further. The only justification for the Tamne development scheme in the short-term would be if it were to provide the only method of achieving water control in the valley and this must be examined in the feasibility study. 61. Within the FAO Land and Water Survey preliminary consideration was also given to the opportunity of establishing a series of dams on the White Volta trlbutaries to provide for a comprehensive and large scale integrated rural development programme including provision of hydro-electric power. These schemes could lead to the flood control and drarnage of 2OO OOO acres (8O 937 hectares) of flood plains, the storaBe of water for irrigating 32O OOO acres (129 5OO hectares), the extenslon of a major waterway and an extermination of river blindness. It is understood that the desira- bility of large scale development of this nature is currently being considered. However unless outside capital can be obtained, it would appear that such a develop- ment is not iustified at this time since the absorptive capacity of the area is low and resources limited. Medium or large scale irrigation developments should be regarded as an objective for the medlum-term and in the short-term investment should be concentrated on achieving penetration with tried extension methods, providing adequate infrastructure to exploit the land which wilI be released and develop the potential of existing smalI dams. 4.2 Project form 62. General objectives for the development project have been covered in the main report and the followlng specific objectives should apply to north-eastern Ghana: (a) to relieve the population pressure of densely inhabited zones by guiding the former inhabitants of semi-abandoned riverine zones back to their homelands. (b) to promote and guide the movement of other people from dense zones to the river valley areas. (c) to ensure that the fullest possible benefit from the relief of population pressure is achieved in the densely inhabited areas. 4.2,L Bepopgl4tion versus settlement 63. Sociological studies suggest that organized settlement should not be contempla- ted in the short-tenn. Exploratory surveys showed that there was generally a negative attitude to settlement, people being strongly attached to thelr present communities and impressed by the failure of previous attempts at organized settlement. Thus it is proposed that the project should aim initially to repopulate partially or totally abandoned river blindness stricken areas. Annex VI-2.8 page 19 64. There are many zones in the area suitable for repopulation and the desirability of concentrating on repopulation includes the following reasons; (a) The reinstallation of locals on their former lands will be less problematical than settlement as thelr house plots and land ownerships are already mostly defined at least in village areas from where they migrated not too long ago. (b) There will be less problems of inter-ethnic compatibility as the groups to be transferred will betong to the same tribe and possibly clan. Also problems of fillrng vacancies in the loca1 leadership wilI occur less frequently or to a minor degree. (c) The possibility of returning to and developing @-cleared ri.ver valleys will be demonstrated in a quicker, easier and clearer way to the people through repopulatron than through rather conplicated settlement schemes. (d) Once the repopulatlon operations are going well others should be motivated to move and also to engage in improved farming. SmaII scale settlement experiments could then be considered as an extension of the repopulation proiect. (e) A final consideration is that the repopulation project will require, in view of the many vast semi-abandoned zones, such considerable inputs in manpower that the more complex, risky and costly settlement operations are simply not yet opportune. Repopulation should yield more benefits with lower costs. 4.2.2 Selection of action areas 65. In selecting areas for implementing a development proiect, zones including overpopulated plateau lands and partially abandoned riverine areas should be selected; the plateau lands to be those areas to which the people have retreated. An integrated rural development project should be carried out i.n each of the zones which will inctude both presently abandoned villages and the villages from which the people will moveo 66. A feasibility study witl be required to determine the most suitable zones, but the following are likely to be among the first selected: (a) the area south anC west of Garu towards the White Volta River - Bawku distrlct. (b) the Binaba area between the White and Red Volta - Bawku district. (c) the area of Nakong, Katiu and Chiana east of the Sissili River - Navrongo distrrct. (d) the area of Datoko, Sekoti and Nangodi west of the Red Volta - Bolgatanga district. The Garu area is close to never-inhabited land in the Morago and Tamne valleys which might, at the second stage, be selected for settlement schemes. Other empty areas exist, e.g. the southern part of the Navrongo district, but are some way from populated areas. Annex VI-2.8 page 20 4.2.3 qgflcultural developm t progranrne 6?. The main lines of action should combine an agricultural development programme with the provision of a basic infrastructure and services. The agricultural development programme should include: (a) The enlargement and intensification of existing extension servlces. The service may need to be reorganized and it wilr be of primary importance to commence training schemes to bring forward much larger numbers of suitably qualified extension workers. (b) Farm development. Improved farm systems should be developed wlth the obiective of developing farms of 15-20 acres (6-8 hectares) per family of 6-?. Improved systems to be based on: soil conservation, weed control and elimination of burning; the use of improved varieties of sorghum and groundnuts comblned with an increase in fertilizer use; crop protection; an expansion of the acreage of rice, cotton, tobacco, groundnuts and kenaf as potential cash crops; the encouragement of group farming with rice and cotton; the development of bullock traction, partrcularly through assistance in supplying suitable livestock. (c) Improvement in land tenure system. To encourage development of optimum farm systems opportunities for establishing more stable and better defined land rights and land consolidation should be sought. (d) Creation of elementarv icultural inf rastructure , particularly wells and small dams for regular provision of water for cattle and small scale irrigation (e.g. for vegetable gardens); storage facilities (silos for grain and other produce); distribution centres for farm inputs; repair shops for farming implements, animal traction equipmont, etc. multi-functional meeting rooms for extension work, training courses, etc.; (e) Provision of r credit facillties 4.2.4 Infrastructure and other servi.ces 68. A key feature of the development project must be the improvement of the basic infrastructure to permit the supply of inputs needed for improved agricultural methods, the movement of extension and other rural development personnel and the extraction and distribution of marketable crops. Annex Vl-2.8 page 2I 69. The main lrnes of actron required 1n addition to the agricultural development programme will be: (a) Provision of basic infrastructure network: primary and secondary road networks, including extending main northftouth and east/west aIl-weather surfaces, improving existing feeder roads and building new roads; wel ls ; health centres and medical Posts; schools. (b) Hea1th services - provision of adequate services with mobile teams for disease control and including treatment of onchocerciasis patients. (c) Educational development, to include the: provision of rural schools with adequate programmes not only to keep the younger men in farmrng, but to prepare capable locals to partlcipate actively in the development efforts in their own region; creation of training facilities for farmers'wives with courses in home economics, hygiene, child care, nutrition, family planning, handicrafts (to promote dry season, secondary income activities), etc.; organization of adult education courses geared to the locaI culture, interests, etc., and catatysing cooperation rn agricultural development efforts. (d) Pubticity and public relations: there will be a need to inform people (particularly the traditlonal and other leaders) of the proJect's aims and to encourage movement back to the vaIley. 4.3 Project organization 7O. Project implementation should be in the hands of a RuraL Development, Repopulation and Settlement Authority on which should be represented aIl development organizations, namely the Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Sewage, Public Works Department, HeaIth, Education, Social Welfare and Community Development. A Director should be appointed responsible to the Authority for implementation of the development project. 7L. A team of experts should be appointed to plan and advise the Authority on the action needed on the ground. This team should be composed of 8 experts covering agriculture, soils, health, sociology and infrastructure to be appointed for three to five years and should, with specialist assistance, conduct the necessary studies to identify the areas for repopulation and those which, in the future, might be suitable for settlement. In particular socrological, pedological and aEfro-economic studies will be required to define the areas for repopulation and plan the subsequent develop- ment project. These studies are likely to cover a period of 18 months arrd the outline Annex VI-2.B page 22 terms of reference are rncluded rn Append:.x 9. In conducting these studies the team will need speclalist assi-stance, in particular in land use and soil surveys, and part of thrs requlrement could be provided tocally, for example by the Soil Research Institute at Kumasi. It is reconunended that the Authority should be created and proiect request formulated for the apporntment of director and team of specialists as soon as possi.ble. This would enable the Authority to conmence the pilot action hand-in-hand with the more detailed studies required to identify the development plan for the area. 72. In view of the shortage of trained rural development workers, the Authority should, at the earliest opportunity, identify tralning needs and recommend the establishment of adequate training facilities in the Upper Region to provide for the subsequent demands for the proJect. The training scheme should lead to the provision of staff for the field teams to be responsible for re-installation of villages on the ground. Each team should comprise one agricultural extension worker per 50 families with one rural welfare worker, health officer, home economics worker and technical officer covering the administrative aspects and infrastructure needs, per 2OO. The work of these field teams should include: to prepare and gurde the transfer of'people to the previously abandoned villaBes and assist in their re-installation; to guide the layrng out of farm plots, planning of food and cash cropping and use of rmproved agricultural methods; to ensure an adequate distribution of available farm inputs and assist in subsequent marketing of production. Aid from the World Food Programme should be sought in the early stages of relocati.on but otherwise the principle of aided self-help should be followed with the people to build their own houses and clear the land. 73. In planning the repopulation of presently empty areas the Authority will need to recognize that, in the future, settlement schemes will become operable and to consider the approach needed to move from the present haphazard land tenure arrange- ments to the introduction of registered land titles. 4.4 Project evaluation 74. At this stage a realistic evaluation of the project cannot be made since there is a need for further basic studies, particularly sociological, and soil surveys. There is a need to determine more precisely the demarcation of, and soil potential in, the abandoned areas and to identify priorrty areas for repopulation. However, in view of the serious overcrowding of the upland regions in the area, considerable benefits should accrue from the repopulation of the rlver valleys and an analysis of the available data and field visits conflrms thrs view. Annex VI-2.B page 23 75. Reduction in population pressure and increase in farm size together with introduction of improved methods will be of considerable benefit at the farm level leading to: an increase in food supply from the present below-subsistence level to surplus for sale; changing the way of life from "subsistence" to one with regular cash income; yield a Positive return to labour; the possibility of establishrng farm units with sufficient land area to allow crop rotatlon and ensure maintenance of yields. At the same time the area witt be opened up, movement of food surplus stimulated and a basls laid for developing the processing industry. Furthermore, development of the considerable livestock potential of the region wilI be stimulated. 76. A tentative analysis of existing maps indicates that, outside the forest reserves, there are some 133 5OO hectares (33O OOO acres) of cultivable soils which are currentty little occupled. If 50% of this area were taken up for cultivation ultimately aiming at farms of about 15 acres in total (6 hectares) per family of six people, II OOO families could be relocated over a period of time. This relocation should lead to considerable increase in the supply of cereal crops - particularly rice, sorghum and millet - as well as groundnuts, cotton, tobacco and kenaf. Comparison of traditional farm budgets with potential at an intermediate development stage indicate that the value of increased production - before allowing for higher yields on the farms of the remaining upland farmers - should be in the order of ruy' 41O (US$ 32O) per farm and the additional margin after direct expenses Ny' ZAO (US$ 2f8) per farm (applied to 11 OOO families at full development this would represent per annum levels of US$ 3.52 million and US$ 2.40 million, respectively, at 1972 prices). 77. The short-term objective of the Authority should be to assist the repopulation of three pilot areas each comprising approximately 2OOO nuclear families or 10 OOO people per zone. The ultimate objective should be to create farms providing I hectare of land, i.ncluding fallow, per person, or 1O OOO hectares per zone, but in the short term a lower ratio is likely as families will be taking up previously abandoned land so that the land area affected will be less. During the pilot stage of five years, 30 OOO people would be expected to be relocated but the number of families to be assisted will depend upon the speed with which trained personnel can be brought forward. 78. Each area will require 12 extension workers and 12 workers covering health, social welfare and administrative aspects and including area controllers there wiIl be a total requirement of up to 75 trained people. Salaries and operating costs of Annex Vl-2.8 page 24 the field teams are likely to be in the order of US$ 6500 per team per annum or about US$ 33 per family repatriated. Total foreign exchange cost of the central team of specialists ls estimated at US$ f.5 million spread over ftve years. Infra- structure needs cannot be costed realistically at this stage but are likely to be constderable. The proposed organizatron and costs are set out in Appendix 7. 79. In addition to the empty or little-occupled lands designated above, there are areas of land withrn the forest reserves along the river valleys that could be brought into cultivation. In contrast there are seriously eroded upland areas which should advisedly be included rn a reforestation scheme and the replacement of some valley reserves with plantings in eroded up.Iand areas should be consrdered. 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 80. The north-east of Ghana contains some of the most densely populated parts of West Africa adjacent to empty or little-occupied riverine areas where retreat of the populatron due to the presence of rrver blindness Is continuing. Control of the Simulium vector and the lnterruptlon of transmrssion will release relatively good land for agriculture in an area where, in the uplands, yields are declining due to over- cropping and subsequent soil degradation. 81. In view of the low absorptive capacity of the area and history of failure wrth intensive development schemes it is recommended that, at least initrally, the develop- ment project should be based on assisting repopulation of abandoned areas. An integrated proiect of rural development with "grass roots" extension and rural develop- ment work combined with provision of basic infrastructure is required. A project authority should be created for rural development, repopulation and (ultimately) settlement, and a team of experts appointed to plan and implement a pilot project over five years. On the ground, implementation will require much larger numbers of extension and rural development workers than presently available and early considera- tion must be given to the setting up of training facillties in the Upper Region. 82. While a detailed economic and financial evaluation of the project r.s not possible at the present time due to the absence of certain key data, it is clear that con- siderable benefits wiIl be released in the form of increase in food supply, moving people from a subsistence to market economy, increase in labour productivity and development of an integrated livestock and croppinB system. While the area is relatively short of natural resources there is a sound reserve of people who are, fundamentally, good agriculturalists and who have responded to some extent to the diffusion of improved farming methods. 83. A Rural Development Repopulation and Settlement Authority should be created at the earliest opportunity and a request formulated for the appointment of a director and the recruitment of a central team of specialists to comnence a pitot development aAnnex Vl-2.8 page 25 project. In conjunction with this pilot project a feasibility study will be required to provide the necessary detailed sociological, demographic, soil and agro-econonic data and planning of the longer tem development of the area in the absence of the river blindness constraint. Outline terms of reference for this study are set out in Appendix 8. Total manpower requirement is estimated at about l3O man months. Annex VI-2.8 page 26 APPENDIX 1 RELEVANT PROJECTS FAO FIELD PROGRAMME Code No. Project title Duracion Operat. Div. Partic. Div. Date Donor a1loc. us$ AE CF WF one,faafszo 393 Gtt f6sf52s 440 GHA 5 4340 FH FRA 1 4027 GHA 2 GHA 6 250 255 255 exp. 356 Increased Farm Production through Fertilizer Use - 5 yrs Development of Cotton Production-2yrsSmths Protection of Maize in Farm Storage (Ph. I compl. - extended ) French Associate Experts: Protein Food Development - lyr Secondary Education (cont. ) Comtrunity Developmen t f Soc. Services (cont. ) Price Stabilization -(coord. w. DP ss GHAf68fo22) Poultry and Pig Supplementary Feeding Programme - Livestock Feeding - Volta River Land Clearance and Settlement - 39 mths AGL ESR,AcS,AGP AGP AGL,WHO AGP ESN ESR ESN, UTIESCO ESN UNDSD WFP WFP WFP WFP 28 Feb. 69 Feb.74 13 Oct. 70 Jan. 72(June 72) July 69 May 7I 24 May 72 1970 1960 19 Dec. 66 19 Dec. 66 23 Feb. 70 6 Nov. 68 I 190 500 375 000 68 250 17 500 106 000 ( r970) 25 000 ( 1970) 936 000 3?9 400 345 000 2 525 000 Annex VI-2.8 page 27 Appendix I rBRD/rDA PROJECTS IN OPERATION OR UNDER PREPARATION Project title Duration Agriculture - livestock (IDA) Agri.culture - sugar proiect(Bank/IDA) Agriculture - rrce project(IDA) Northern region 76 OOO acres mainly mechanized cultivation Agriculture - cotton project(IDA) Northern Ghana, duration 1973-78 49 OOO acres (2O OOO ha) cotton and tO OOO acres (4046 ha) of groundnuts Road construction - feeder road programme Report by PMWA Mission submitted June 1972 on the maintenance of existing and future feeder roads Donor al loc. US$ 5 million US$ 15.6 million US$ 4 million US$ 4 million Annex Vl -2 .B page 28 APPENDIX 2 CLIMATIC DATA t-|o d @ EF Ft(g a o)a -t(! b0 o d o tr o o P o = G (g .((J (g G (J q..t o oP(g E .d d C) E (E L o +J(u o = o ok o(h -1 -l llZEHp EO E .o .': p. Oo .o C\lE lO 14 .l ca F. .O orrz> d(aN@(?, o (7J -odH !o <6 *Eo.,E.E.Eo-v 9o os{ coFd;I o'P dR <.'N<'rg +e Uqr +d35J a iir d rO o o (o o (r) o o 2 o|r) o sl 6t (o sC')<?) o o sf(o (f) (o(o C\l (o .O AI (o tO AI ct) v @ oo ol(o @ (o @ c-o o d c-(') o (o(orJ,)(7) h d d c- F{ t'- FIv(o (o h s(?) .O @(0 rr) O)(o rJ) .O @ str sr d v e) sl F{ $ rO tO CO s(o 6l F{ d d F{ N @ d = @(o o d(o o (7)(o-l(o tt{ nrN o 6tN o c- FI o o o.l o h \trU o No o (o o-lo o tr o .d P(! +J u) (! o0(! .o E(!(, o b0 tr otr (! z a b0 t (E N x >(u trl Annex VI-2.B page 29 Appendix 2o oo O'oOo d Os oro(')o (7) O e-d(o@ o<{ dlooo d NO rO@@tO z Ot- 6t(ooo ON 6l(o o)6) srO OroF-(o Ot- d@oo d dO od(o(o o Or- O4too N No o F 6rO dqD t-@ Od ONoo o c- @ u) dt- o O@ 6l@oco oo (D@ o@ Coo Oq)t-@ o t- @ o ST oo dgt-@ ON Oso@ O@ Osro.o NO dF t-@ ON dro o@ aO Nc- F@ b Osr N@oo !r (o o o do qO d(ot-(o O(o rO t- o)@ 'oO C.t F-t-@ 'i @ @ @ rO o Od rnol6)Co (oo N(7) F@ oco dOoo F-(o F- c7) F = O6t (") rOo6) O@ NrOOo) d <fO loo)t-(o O(o @@oo o (o d c- c- oo|oo)Oo) d O@ rOo)oo (oO rO6} e-F Oe) o,doodd o co @ d Co c- E O@ roOoo Osf lOdoo dd FO @Ot- e- oo(oNoo (oO rO rO t-@ fr Oo) rt@oo rO o o !ro d dtfF(o Od C- 6)Oo)d (ao t-(o h O@ dtoOo d OF O@Oo) FO @N@(o oco rO rOoo (ao (oro@lo o a (E ch o f oqo6!o o P otro6!o o P otro6AO o P oco(!9(l)<= o P a otro6 .oo E x6 = E x G = E .d = E a e .d x G = E .d .d = ! ,(! @ a b0 ,r(, N ou c o li (! z ? ct, rilc F d 14G EF N. q 6l I FI -ld] E c.lt- o d tr G c(lh h oA oE U) frlA 14 .l) ; o & oo to(! P d(! C) ..1 60 o o o El I ok h0 o f; a6 c- to o +) o Ep lr 6a oa (! o b0 o d o E{ o o +J o =(B cql (J (E tr(E o +r o C) +) (E .d d C) (! Q) +) o o = o o oo o .l{o6z0) >1 @@@@@ EE o 6) ..rEg d j.; rJ) c.) $ lr G o a dt-@@(o(rc1 Atd(?) F-sl@t-@@ -l(o o d z F-@oC-NSrOu.) (\l|n -r ol F-6)o)O) @(\l (oF{(?)F{O(oc-t-roc- Alooo)@O) c- rn rr) (h osrr(o@D-@@(O@ s(od(o(o(o (.J (n @sFrr)o@@@@l-@ ooF-(o(o(o ol d m h O,iFl tf)sl@@@(o@ -lF- rr) (o(o o @ (?) 5 = @F-(ot-(ot'- c- c- ro c- o)o)dF-e-@ @ <f (osf(o!ilN(o(o(o$(o O) @ @ sf t- l-(o(od@(l,rr)ro(r)$ oi @ I (\t @ ov o d = rr)OOFt(,)$$sol(o @ro@c-@@ N rn ol d tq (oo(I)u)(o$coNdN 6l @ dd h (Y) N O,l tO (o(?)NNF{Ol oot(o@@@ sf F{ d -l c o .d !6 +r ch ooooooooooo)o)o)lr)dOOOdN )ob0 boctraao (!16 rANZ tr a oE bs .l el '.{ |E .d ts a o .dl Pl6l 41 oi c(l ,ob0 a0ccaao .ll ti ,i(!r6oNz o f{ o o tr .d E o a @ o ob0ocEO Olitr> .d(E vZ q o ..{ +j(t tr .dp o tr(d t< +J o o(! t4 Annex Vl-2.8 page 30 Appendix 2 J H o e FI =nz<z rOZHXts3E Eo. =agE rF s= E;1 *a 1eEraAd, =dzEffe =i U) .z -.8 ca c; I 14J cq F a Annex VI-2.8 page 31 APPENDIX 3 SOILS l. Available sources of data on soils, land use and topography comprise aerial photographs (scaIe 1:3O OOO) made rn 1962, reconnaissance soils survey undertaken by the Soils Research Institute at Kumasi rn 1960 (scale 1:25O OOO) subsequently amended by the FAO Land and Water Survey, and a semi-detailed survey (I:lOO OOO) carried out by the latter ln the Tamne and Tono valleys. 2. The parent material in the area is primarily granite with a stnall area of Voltalan sandstone to the south of Bawku and isolated patches of Birrimien to the west and north of Bawku and south of Navrongo-Bogatanga. 3. An adaptation of the FAO Soil map is set out rn Fig. VI-2.8.L and the sorl groups included are as follows:- Land capa bi li ty class (a) (b) ALLUVIAL SOILS - mixed alluvial and colluvial origin. Type 2: Grey brown three to five feet (0.9-1.5 m) deep light and medium textured imperfectly drained soils underlain by medium and heavy subsoils with iron concretions - seasonally wet. Type 4: Grey brown three to five feet (0.9-1.5 m) deep rmperfectly to poorly drai.ned Iight textured surface and medium textured subsoils w1th iron concretions. ALLUVIAL SOILS - in floodplains and terraces of Volta River and marn tributaries. Type 6: Crey brown over five feet (!..5 m) deep heavy textured and compact poorly drained silty clay soils in flat depressional areas. rvpe 8-1' :;::,:, :;":,::"::":T;.:".:';:.1::'..,._ tured moderately well drained soils on oId river terraces. Imperfectty drained. CONCRETIONARY SOILS - moderately well drained developed on Voltaian shales. Type 12-l: Shallow soils with sandstone brashes. Type 12: Brown very shallow well drained soils wrth iron pan and exposures. I I wet II stony and wet I I stony and wet II wet (c) VI VI Annex VI -2.8 page 32 Appendrx 3 (d) Land capabi I i t v class I and II NON-CONCRETIONARY SOILS - welt drained upland soils developed on Voltaian sandstones. Type 15: Brown to reddish brown light surface soil one to two feet (0.3_0.6 m) deep underlain by medium textured over five feet (1.5 m) deep non-concretionary soils - includes patches with concrettonary and shallow soils. CONCRETIONARY SOILS - stony well drained generally developed on granltes. 4 (e) Type 18 Grey brown to brown one to three feet (O.3-O.9 m) deep coarse light textured soil wrth imperfectly drained subsoil containing iron concretions. IV stony Type 19: Brown to reddr-sh brown moderately deep IV concretionary soil with a medium textured concretions subsoil matrix. Include soils with one and pan foot non-concretionary surface. I:Ipe 20: Brown to reddish brown 0-6 inches (O-O.f 5 m) IV stony light textured stony soils with patches of shallow sorls and rock exposures. Type 2O-1: Severely eroded soils over weathered granite. VI The main classes are: Class II (wet). Wet deep arable soils of low ground areas which are badly drained. These soils are heavy on the surface with average sub-structure and a natural fertility much higher than the plateau soils but becoming very wet and marshy in the wet season. They can be cultivated with or without irrigation and worked manually or mechanically. Class II (stony and wet). Wet stony heavy arable soils of the valtey. These soils are suitable for only limited cropping and difficult to work manually. Class III. Arable plateau soils six to elght inches (O.15-O.2 m) deep, generally without concretions and farmable but not suitable for irrigated cultivation. Easy to work manually but generally unsurtable for mechanization. Class IV. Soils of limited croppinB capacity being concretionary but reasonably well drained. Only really suitable for manual cultivation and marginally suitable for dry croppinB. These soils are common in the area. Anne:i VI-2.B page 33 Appendix 3 Ctass V. Non-cultivatabte land which is very concretionary and badly drained. Includes very thin soils and areas of cuirasse and only suitable for cultivatlon rn llmrted areas. class vI. shallow eroded and rocky soils unsuitable for farming. S. The soils in the mainly empty areas excluding the forest reserves, have been grouped according to land capability class as sunmarized in Table VI-2.8.1. Annex VI-2.8 page 34 Appendrx 3 q ok(! P o o oo 1r) (e (?) d th o ,r o(l o(?) F- o(\l(') ll Oo >r@ >Ot-H L@1' ,@ c(a.(?) d f{ ll OOH (ddH =+ro.!p=H.{"iFl o.cEHtr boHF-dC $F1'.{OOt Qsfoaa <Fr oofro& x b0ilfrl +{o " Olroo o..d 6l{o(B ,+.+)F{ooo(/)?F * i ,o ftl c( I o H& I caf ct) eot\ zo HF C) t\ @o .l c) F H Fl H @ r C) az F.l !n d N I H t4 ,1 cq F d(u .P o E os(o ot o F{ rO a{ @ oodss(o c-o) ot o N @ <r d ot- @ ot o tO rO @H d oo @ F-t- oo!il l-O.{ F- C'dN o(o rO o rf,(\t o(o(o d @s H ooN c- d o d \rt t- oo tr- $ N o s,r o O)N o(o d @ v o(o '{ @ rs oo d tr) d ch o rJ) (Y) (\l o 'o c-(?) o(o t- o '-t o <o F{ (o o(r, @ (e .{ or, ol .-{ rO (o c- o ,-t o tO o (o i{ o(o o t-o o rn o @ '-l o H H H oN rO o|(f) o @ @ o I oo$ o$ I o c- @ o(?) oo!rloO(o c-@ Ft <o rO (o lo o(o o In o d '{ o H sfo sftl o sfo sl $ d o) o c- ,< c- 6l o c-$ ol t @ F- @(f) o(\l t- c) sT (! o! oob0 coE(iE+rO t{ (! .'.{ Cdo Er-cE =o oau.q-c(,O OP PPE tlE '{+rPPq{+{oF{ O O>+{ o +{O >O.r4 PEcooE O,l4(0 oc+J +J tr.O 7k..ldO o "c.oP O-Ctr = o -c+rPd+Jo ooo qt.coooP P '"U +r .+Jh okcHdrd(!s(,)ii +r O O p+r 6 O,< > .CF{d O li.{ .tr.'-.r+r900po(! trrrOlr>><!q{>cldOdm Az a tr o ..{ +J(! P (h d +J i{ o o cl x C' .o +J o o E "B :( F(! o (d 60 EP(, b0 .-t !odmo t{ oEO +r .-l(l+{}oo +)d 3= = (l) EPq) tlat, +J OCd oood(l .{tBO.'r>trt{ OO(Bo.Ftt< +{ ,-{E'dooooEcttoO P O.''{00 ct trc,)O(lH+) o '-{b0O'{ Oo 6 0 h.c:{z-j(>q&+rtr ;ooodo(B>(HPPP+rO.O .d d ..{L&PETOP6(tO-Yatt{OOO.d(B2z-- =A o b0 c o ,r (! z (d E (, +J o(l tr] I Pk o2 <fsl cf)Od2J '-{t(lP+r ,o(,)Er rO Fl oo(oc-@ .1 lclPPaoq)tr Q-lz4fi5(,E{ I I Arutex VI-2.8 page 35 APPEI{DIX 4 POPULATION AND T.,AND UTILIZATION d(! o .d ttt .d o o o) (! o o a h0 .d 1.r o ..{ I(! d g oA oL(! o >1 $$ I .O -{ g o b0 t o b0(! o o F{6 E o q.{ o oo o o (! = E a zo H t< 4.J DA tr lr) ca N I H frlJo F{ .d- +J 6 tr x o @ (o(oolot- (O t- C' c- (g e) -lt-(o(O f-@ <{@(olr) -{@ f-@ lo(o q dO 6.d ,€Pco(!trtrIi .,{ E @ o I o ol I <l I 1 z sf F{ I dord boo|ac4 EEE< o(o o) '{ o sI o (f) <r{ (?) Pl +J .''{ o tr E N Ex k & F|oo$ a.aa6r:F{@rOO$@rr) c- @(o $@@ ol sr ro(o61 'o o o(o @o) dc)coo d s oo e) o(o srr (t '-{E o o k oa (eC-t-C?)@oNS 6.,1 d C'l .{ Nt- F{ <r tf(o(os d,{ (?, o F{@d(0N(\I (9 c) 6t lo r/) F{@ o .''l +JO(!t- F{6) ado o o. (e<r(oo F{Ol$t- c-c-Oto (f) st 6) .{@rfN@ (7) N o) ol o)|orOtoF-Odt-(\l C) ,{ (g$to|n o(o |o 6l str@o (ost o)e- @ @N c-(o @ <il rO t-(e 1o lo o(\l c- t.l) @ tn +J o '.{li +J o ."1 Ip a o "B o .''{t +, o ..{ o ({i AX ..{ ClPE'O '''{ kNrl Ctla? .oro(0(!tr ,cb0(! ,!ad.dq>ou,E(l55(D trl54AH !4 - f; E -4tr 6P o Ei 6 b0(!o&bo(d ItrE6ootrf{€d > C ''''{(! d.c2oa) o(, 6g z o(5 zo& e, d CIP o E- o b0 o Eit(! (5 b0>2CCt EiPl(5 b0boldtro ooca trlca (J z Ei (,Jo cq 6 +, o E{ e !(, Ea4 frlI €{E z ,t I e. zo E c( G 14a& = Annex VI -2.8 page 36 Appendix 4 BAWKU DISTRICT Land within cultivated area Cropped Other Relatively empty: Within forest reserve Outside forest reserve NAVRONOO DISTRICT Land within cultivated area Relatively empty Within forest reserve Ortside forest reserve TABLE VI-2.B.6. I,,AND UTILIZATION Bawku & Nav Dist ric ts Acres I 200 000 3?? 900 577 900 53 700 130 000 183 700 ?61 600TOTAL 464 300 190 400 304 800 d/od 500 (4e. 6 )(26.3 ) (7.1) (r7.o) ( 1e.8 ) (31. I ) 75.9 24.L 100. o 48.4 51.6 100. o 495 200 TOTAL 959 Based on l:25O OOO map prepared by Soil Research Institute, Kumasi. 1 I acre - O.4O47 ha. I ,Annex VI-2.B page 37 APPE}.IDIX 5 TRADITIONAL FARMTNG SYSTEM l. There are differences between the ethnic groups of the Bawku district and those of Navrongo and Bolgatanga whrch are reflected in some variation in the traditional farming pattern across the proposed zone of intervention. The main source of rnformation on present farming systems ls the 1970 Agricultural Census and a sub- sequent more detarled survey of systems carried out on a sub-sample in 1971. Farm organization 2. Farming in the area is primarily a subsistence system with over 7Uo of th,e farms defined as subsistence-only holdings arrd the remainder producing only Iimited quantitles of cash crops. Of the 79 600 holdings in the area only 2OO are defined as producing crops mainly for sale. Traditi.onally the unit of exploitation is the extended famrly living in a compotnd averaging 25 people. However, individualization of family is increasing so that more and more only the compound head and his wives and very young children work on the common family plot. 3. ln princrple land is laid out in three blocks, that is around the compound, village land and bush fields, but in densely populated areas tends to be all around the compound with some low ground land for rise|-growing further away. Generally the pattern of land cropping is early milIet to be grown around the house, sorghum and late millet further away and groundnuts in the bush. Farmers have abandoned the shifting policy as there is not enough land available but there may be a sequence of cereal crops between grourndnuts in the form of a rudimentary rotation. Where more land becomes available bushland may be rested for a year or so. Farm size 4. The mean size of holdings in the Bawku district is estimated at 6.9 acres (2.8 ha) supporting a family of 5.4 people; that is 1.2 acres (O.52 ha) per person. This ratio is relatively high for the eastern sector of the Upper Region for in the Navrongo-Bolgatanga area mean size of farm falls to 3.2 acres (1.3 ha) and the ratlo per person to O.74 acres (O.3 ha). Analysis of the 19?1 sub-sample (I4O farms) in the Bawku district shows mean size of farm to vary between 3.8 and 7.7 acres (1.5-3.1 ha) across the district with the majority being less than 15 acres (6 ha) in size - some L2% of the farms are over 10 acres 1a na). In the sub-sample the area cultrvated per person active (16-45 years of age) averages 1.6 acres (O.65 ha) . Cropping 5. Estimates of the cropping in the two areas are surmarized in Tables VI-2.8.8 and 9. A major characteristic of the area is a pattern of complex intercropping of 4-5 different crops planted in the same field. Realistic figures for total areas a Annex VI-2.B page 38 Appendrx 5 of each crop are, therefore, difficult to obtain and the main features in the Bawku dr.strict are: 9l% of sorghum is grown in mixed stands, generally with early and late millet, beans, occro and hibiscus; 3I% of mitlet is grown in pure stands of early and late millet; 77% of rice is grown in pure stands as is 52% of groundnuts but generally including bambara beans. TABLE VI-2.8.8. BAWKU - CROPPINO I97O* rt Thousands of acres. (lacre = O.4O47 ha) TABLE VI-2.8.9. NAVRONG€-BOLGATANGA - CROPPING 19?O* t Thousands of acres. (f acre = O.4O47 ha) The most common crops are mixtures of sorghum and millet with or without beans, occro and hibiscus and the most common cropping pattern in each district appears to be as set out in Table VI-2.B.10. Crop Pure Mixed-pred Mixed-sub Total Area q Area d Area q Area Sorghum Millet Rice Groundnuts Cowpeas and other vegetables 10 53 lo 18 3 * 9 31 77 52 6 48 79 3 6 4l 45 23 t7 -+ 58 42 II 50 50 24 31 94 116 r74 13 35 s3 loo 100 IOO 100 too Crop Pure Mixed-pred Mixed-sub TotaI Area Area o Area q Area q Sorghum MiIIet Rice Groundnuts Cowpeas and other vegetables t 2 2l 3 t <+ t I 95 5 2 5l 92 I 46 39 62 5 82 <> 80 54 11I 60 37 r3 98 r32 148 22 56 TL2 roo 100 100 loo roo ! ITABLE VI-z.B.IO. CROPPINC PATTERN - 1T)?I* Annex VI-2.8 page 39 Appendrx 5 65.8 14. I 6.1 r3.1 o.9 Area 2.06 o.44 o.19 o.41 o. 03 *Thousands of acres (l acre = O.4O47 ha). Source: Agricultural census - sub-sample of l4O farms in the Bawku distrlct and lOO farms in the Navrongo/BolgatanBa dlstrict. 6. Traditionalty groundnuts were the only cash crop with surplus sorghum berng marketed in a good year. Recently the acreage of rrce has been increasing and is rapidly becoming a major potential cash crop. In 19?1, 45 OOO acres (Ig 2fO ha) of rice were estimated to have been grown in the Upper Region of whrch 35 OOO acres (I4 164 ha) were in the area grown by 27 ooo farmers (34% of the total). There are few large growers and the majority grow one acre or less. 7. Cotton production has also been expanding in the Northern and Upper Regions but the soils of the area are relatlvely unsuitable for cotton and no more than IOOO acres (4O4 ha) for both Bawku and Navrongo are forecast for the next five years. Kenaf is being encouraged by the Bast Fibre Board but only a few hundred acres have been cultivated so far. Tobacco is grown on the levde soils of the White Volta and sold locally to the GTC and there are localized areas of vegetable production, particularly onions and tomatoes. The first food crop to be harvested is early millet and the other two major cereal crops are late millet and sorehum. The main source of vegetable protein is groundnuts and beans although a high poroortion of these tend to be sold for cash. Crop yields 8. Few data are avarlable on crop yields particularly due to the drfficulty rn measuring which is compounded by the tradltion of mixed cropping. Under traditional methods without fertirizer average yields are estimated to be: Crops Bawku Navrongo/Bo I gatanga Area lo lo Sorghum, mi1Iet, beans, etc. Pure millet or sorghum or millet and sorghum mixtures Rice Groundnuts and beans Mai ze r. s3 3. 50 o.20 o.37 27 .3 62.5 3.6 6.6 Total 5.60 roo.o 3. r3 100. o Annex VI-8.2 page 40 Appendix 5 YieId Sorghum and millet 3OO-4OO Lbfacre (340-454 Ugfna) Rl.ce 5OO-8OO Lb/acre (56?-907 t<gfna) Groundnuts 2OO-4OO Lbfacre (227-454 xg/na) Yield varies considerably according to the time of planting and with the groundnuts there may be a difference of IO@o between late and early planted crops. Yields are subject to considerable annual variation according to rainfall and in dry years cereal yields can be less than 3OO lb per acre (3 O kg/ha). Low yields are conrmon ln the Bolgatanga district where the population is particularly dense and very poor stony soils are cultrvated intensively. Cultivation methods 9. About 24OO farmers or 9% of those in the total Bawku district have oxen for ploughing so that, particularly rn the eastern sector, much of the land is cultivated on the ridge. Nearlv 5O7o of these farmers are found close to Bawku but thev are also dispersed over the whole district. Average size of a farm using bullocks for ploughing is 8.8 acres (3.6 ha) but there is a wide range from less than 2 to over 6C) acres (0.8-24 ha). Cultivation on ridges or mounds is contrtron due to the poorness of the sotl in many places. Some mechanical cultivation of land is also carried out but on a limited scaIe, and comprises mainly ploughing and harrowing for rrce cultivation. Use of casual labour is uncommon. In the Navrongo district some 4% of farmers use bullocks for ptoughinB. Some mechanical cultivation of land rs undertaken by the Ministry of Agriculture for rice growing but there are a few tractors operating effectively in the district. Material inputs 10. Traditionally no use 1s made of fertilizer or improved seed, although some manure may be used on land close to the house. Fertilizer use has been encouraged particularly with the help of West Cerman aid and in 197I a total of 711 tonnes were distributed in the three districts. This was used primarily on millet, sorghum, groundnuts and rice and represented treatment of some 3% of the total acreage input in I9?1. Seed rnputs have been limrted to C463 rice as well as Manipintar groundnut seed and improved vegetable seeds, The Cotton and Bast Frbre Boards distribute fertilizers, seeds and spray requirements for cotton and kenaf respectively. Other materials dlstributed on a trmited scale are seed dressings, material for treating food stocks etc. I aAnnex VI-2.8 page 41 Appendix 5 Llves tock 11. The pattern of livestock husbandry is mixed in the area with some farmers looklng after their own stock while others let them out to Fulani who manage the stock on behalf of the cultivators. Typically, cattle numbers one to two per farm with five to lO sheep and goats and perhaps 20-25 head of poultry including guinea- towl. Traditionally there is little trade in livestock which are regarded mainly as a method of capital retention and any spare cash acquired in a good year is used to buy livestock. ].2. Llvestock numbers estimated at the end of I9?O in the census totalled 186 OOO cattle, 228 7OO sheep, 282 OOO goats and 1.4 million head of poultry. Farm budget 13. Estimated budgets for the typical present system based on agricultural census data for Navrongo/BolBatanga and Bawku districts are set out in Table vI-2.B.11. The main features are the low food supply at average yields reflecting the near starvatr.on conditions experienced in the pre-harvest months. Cash crop sales are confined to groundnuts and, in some cases, rice and are supplemented with small sums obtained from shea butter (Karit6) r eBBs and matting etc. After costlng in family labour at casual rates there is a net deficit in each case. Prices are based on Bawku market of which a summary indicatingseasonal movement is set out in Table VI-2.8.L2. Cons traints 14. There are a number of maJor constraints within the existing farming systems on the uptand areas which must be recognized in preparing development programmes for unoccupied valleys. In particular: (a) overcropping, soil degradation and declining yields in the upland areas; (b) shortage of water for both population and livestock and lack of control ' over supplies to crops; (c) ln the densely populated areas declining farm incomes and diminishing capi tal reserlres ; (d) little developed infrastructure, particularly lack of roads and access to ma!'ket; (e) a weakly developed extension servicel (f) low availability of inputs needed to raise crop yields, that is fertilizer, improved seeds and credit; (g) Iand tenure system; (h) problems of seasonal flooding in the valley land. On the other hand, in the Bawku district there are positive factors in the extent to which anrmal traction has been developed, the ability of the Kusasi as an agriculturalist and increasing diffusion of technological innovations. Annex VI-2.B page 42 Appendrx 5 'Fl +J C) u 1J k \\z \r{ @ N\ri tO d o)ill H o @ !rd ol e- O) (o o) d oo oi o sf ot ov sf @ d .d b0 t{(s cn o o ,r(, o CI $ O) .d b0 tr(u o(n o & rO o(7J oo|oo -$- 2 e)c-6t o o)q o o d o (! oo EdooooC,)tr rO rO d too|oo\L Z drO d q o o o o 1C tr6 oo Edoooo@t4 o o) o oq x o PqI o ,i 'do ch o o tr o o. x o p C) o tr .d al 60x I <r c- 6l rn o F- I t-(o o@ e-AId d P P a o d(! +J o E- rO e- Fl .:(q) o +) o o .d d ", o o tr o L o +ro c- d dtO\- ..{ b0 o rO !'l oolr) o rO sl ooo d toooorrE(g +) d(o o d <i .{ .O d o @q o rO ol N b0& a t{ C) F 'd P o oIt A P o d Fl .d E .E b0k oo rO sr! pq) ON F{dd(! .dE E ., EO l(!bo o)L.o o cn N 1 d(o o o 'tlc @ @ o (g o .o d o P o t{o o @ (o o0 c .d oo k o 4(! +) o E rO c- (o .BBB c o d +) o ooOlil{oo.6 a&oo ,.O. q) P LJX .d0.a O+rO l6 oo6lr ..d o.E 4r O(uU)(D0dEOOa+r ..Ctiddb0oc6!!.o o o..c,tr o.O o+)Ok(!OC) ()C)C( st .d P o(! (7) rO (o i o N .d .tt d 'd d +{ N. Fl(o c- (?) (7) r-r) c- c\ F- 1 o$lr) P o +) o (, +J o E- .l( o o {J o q) .d d dE an o. o ti o t{ oE P * E(g d!(1)-\d60 osrrC' 1r) co () w Uoo toooO!E(( +) @d (o @ o e- 1 o @q U 6l o t<o ! o d .d ", E 60 & o ct) .joo aN dd .aG EE -"3 Ejto bo(gt{O ct) q (, o)I "Bq P olr C, o C) .d E b0 c ..{ ap. olr o 4(! +) oF ! c =o o o o o D d o ! o .! (! >lE(! h ooo60 cOrlrot .doo -G)_ Z+{ U !(drr oEDOE +r5qc .oEo(6 .dP+) Pr660.E aCe d.d(!.o >ot tr qF-,loo qodP to(!c Pddao.d co&oo > o.o E .-r<o oidOg ooc cOPd.d(!()00 O Otr dkd(tt odEo)co, ..{ooE ahE(!OQ)CPkd(!(!600rco .o-OOtrd@O!Ol-Ot{.>\ gJU IrOOd o op€a 6!(!6UlCp.odD O ).dEQoqtt+,O ,{ ..{(! () f -6)_ !O.dPZ 6 .ctiotiOO.t,d F. a F. 14(, aD ca =&a tq3 o ,1 cn zz tF6c0 HAF F. frl I F .Edoiz @ C,; I H Fl .lo E * 6 60 c6p(, h0 o <' b0 ol{ 6 z1 * Note TABLE VI-2.8,L2 Average levels similar to 197O. Between January and ApriI Ig72 price of marze r Ny' = US$ o. ?8. EXAIIPLE PRICES BAWKU MARKET I9?I It/ per--qlrl Annex VI -2.8 page 43 Appendrx 5 rose by 22% and rice by 4O%. Commod i t y Uni t tanfwar epy';un .lur/sep np/ke Mai ze Mi I let Sorghum Rice Groundnuts Cowpeas Tomatoes Onions 99.8 92.5 e2.5 81 .6 8r .6 to8.8 50.8 72.5 l-3.27 r3.94 r3.54 8. 04 r8.67 20.67 5. Or 14. 50 r3.70 t 4.67 r3.92 8. 8r 20.58 22.95 7.82 9.28 rr.33 r3.17 r3.57 LI.62 18. 98 3r. r4 6. OO 20.45 11.88 12.20 t2.43 ro.22 13. 87 19. l5 3. 75 22.2? r2.54 13.49 r3.36 9.67 18.03 23.48 5. 64 16.62 12.6 14 .6 14.6 11 .9 22.r 2r.6 11.O 23.o Annex \/ I -2 . B page 44 APPENDIX 6 IMPROVED SYSTH,I BUDGET At this point only a very tentative estimate of the potential returns from improved farm systems can be made since there wilt be cropping variations between pilot zones and variations in size. However the aim should be to develop proved systems including animal traction and with production of cultivated fallow for livestock production. In all some 15 acres (6 ha) should be set asidu. per family of six, with three active members, and an estimate of the potential returns with 8 acres (3.2 ha) in food and cash cropping and before full development of the livestock sector is set out below: Crop Hec -tares YieId ugfna Production kg N/ Sorghum Millet Maize etc. Groundnuts Cotton/Kenaf Rice o.60 o.60 o.20 o.40 o.60 o.80 I 120 900 I 120 900 s60 2240 672 540 224 360 336 L?82 99.OO 79.20 28.50 80. oo 44.75 I 60. oo Total cropping 3.2 495.45 ,tOther crops and livestock 80. oo TOTAL OUTPUT 575. 45 Direct expense6 Seeds & losses Fertilizer BaBs, transport, tools Anortization animal traction Tractor ploughing 25. OO 35. 20 26.40 45. OO 16. OO t47.60 GROSS MARGIN 427.85 Cereal & protein crop production per head Crop gross output per hectare: Cash sales Return to labour 661 kg r,ry' r ss N/ 2s4 +my' rrs * Shea Butter etc. and increase Iivestock valuation. prices based on data collected April 1972. Return labour is gross margin less labour input costed at Ny' O' 50 per day' aAnnex VI-2.8 page 45 APPENDIX 7 PRoJECT ORCAI.IIZATION, PERSONNEL NEEDS AND APPROXIMATE COST A. Proiect Organi zat ion Rural Development, Repopulation and Settlement AuthoritY Project Director Field Teams Central Tea.m Special ists Administ rati on and Financefor planning and ongoing studies I Area Controller (1) Area Controller (2) Area Controller (3) Reinst'ion Team (1 ) Reinst'ion Team (2) Fol I ow-up Team (I ) FoI Iow-up Team (2) t B. Personnel Requirements Central team of specialists A team of up to eight specialists will be required with a phased input over five years including: Team Director and Agricultural Economist Land and Water use Pedol ogist Agronomist Infrastructure (Engineer ) Sociologist Heal th Livestock Ministries and all Rural Development Agencies Ghanaian counterpart staff should be appointed to work with this tean. Annex VI-2.B page 46 Appendrx 7 2. Pilot action area a. Each reinstallation team should comprise 1 Technical officer to handle infrastructure needs and administratr.on I Agricultural extensionist 1 Hea1th worker I Social welfare worker I Female home management worker Each team to locate and assist the repatriation of 2OO nuclear fanilies per year. Two teams will be required for each action area to repatriate 2OOO families in five years. b. The follow-up team should comprise 5 ABricultural extension workers (1 per 2OO families) 1 Female home management worker I Social worker Two teams will be required per action area. directly by the health services. Medical follow-up would be handled c. Total personnel required by year 5 will be 25 per action area or 75 for three areas as follows: Per Action For 3 Action area areas a !. 1 Area controller Agricultural extensionists Female home management Technical officers Heal th Social Welfare I I 2 4 2 2 4 3 36 L2 6 6 r2 TOTAL 7525 This does not include follow-up action in the densely populated area. C. ProJect Costs 1. Direction and Admin is tration Satary cost including supporting staff Central Team Specialists (expatriate) Ni t9 ooo (usg 14 9oo) per annum 2 Total input over five years estimated at 30 .at/yea"s at US$ 30 OOO plus operating costs say, US$ I.5 million over five years. 3Annex VI-2.8 page 47 Appendix 7 Field teams Cost for reinstallation team of five including operating costs (subsistence and transport) estimated at 6tOO (US$ 4758) Per annum. Total cost of two teams with area controller is Ny' 16 ?OO (US$ 13 OOO) = ny' +z (us$ 33) per family repatriated. Cost of follow-up team each compnsing seven people and including operating costs(subsistence and transport) estimated at two teams my' rs 5oo (us$ 15 21O) or ny' s Ny' 9?5o (uS$ ?605) per annum. Total cost of .75 (US$ 7.61) Per familY. 4 lnvestment in Housing. Buildings and Vehicles 90 000 x 3 areas Total us$ rr3 000 88 200 36 000 28 tOO 270 000 211 000 327 300 ,g M Direction and Central Team operation Building Housing Vehicles Per action area: 36 77 ooo ooo N/, Burlding Vehic I es 18 000 72 o,o,0 4r9 ooo t These estimates represent cost of total requirements. Some existing facilities may be able to provide part of this requirement 1 Annex VI-2.8 page 48 APPH{DIX 8 OUTLINE TERMS OF REI'ERENCE FOR FEASTBILITY STUDY 4. Objectives I. The study should aim to define and describe a programme for exploiting to the advantage of local farmers the river blindness control campaign within the Bawku, Navrongo and BolgatanBa districts. In particular plans should be prepared for resettllng the currently unoccupied valley lands, reducing pressure of population in the Upland areas, increasing crop yields and the food supply and moving the majority of farmers from a subsistence to market orientated economy. The study should aim to define and describe a programme for improving the cash incomes of small farmers through the implementation of an inteBrated rural development programme in the short run with the opportunities for development of irrigated agriculture determined in the longer run. Particular attention will need to be paid to the followrng points: (a) The existing land tenure system, its effect on farming practices and opportunities for change. tb) Development constraints other than river blindness that are preventing the colonization of the river valleys, particularly flooding and the presence of other diseases such as trypanosomiasis. (c) The possibility of rapidly developing a mixed farming approach with the emphasis on extending animal traction and increasing meat supplies through raising the rate of offtake of cattle. (d) The need to provide an integrated and effective extension organization and staff for the district. B. Studies required 2. The study can be broken down into six sections as follows: (a) Carry out a land and water resource survey of the project area. (b) Undertake a demographic survey and sociological studies in the area. (c) Exa.mine the agricultural, economic and social conditions of the farmers in the area. (d) Review present marketing, crop processing, livestock marketing and credit facilities in the project area. (e) Examine the improvements needed in roads, rural water supplies, health and educational facilities. (f) Review the forestry sector and its integration within the rural develop- ment project. Annex VI-2.8 page 49 Appendrx 8 Land and water resource survey 3. The land and water resource survey should include the preparation of aerial photo-mosaics at a scale of l:5O OOO in order to verify the true situation of occupation in the river valleys and the surrounding land, to serve as a base for further soil studies and to permit the planning in a more precise manner of the areas reoccupiable. 4. Climatic and hydrological information wiII need to be completed, existing data analysed and plans made for carrying out further studies. 5. Making use of existing soil maps at a scale of 1:250 OOO as well as the aerial photographs mentioned above, a detailed reconnaissance soil map at a scale of 1:50 OOO and land suitabilrty maps for agricultural purposes should be prepared. Demoeraohic and social studies 6. Population data should be updated and detailed density naps prepared. At the sane time sociological studies should be made to identify potential numbers of "settlers" and their needs. Agriculture, economic and social study 7. A survey of traditional farming systems in the area should be carried out on a stratified sample in selected areas covering physical aspects, farming system, social conditions, credit requirements, marketing and processing needs. Marketing and credit facilities 8. Present marketing and credit facilities should be reviewed and changes made to meet farm development needs identified. lnfrastructure needs 9. A survey of the allgnment of roads in the area should be undertaken to establish needs for both inproving najor roads and improving and creating feeder roads. Construction plans should be prepared and cost estimates made. IO. A complete review of the existing situation of rural water supplies, health and education facilities should be made, with recommendations for the improvements needed to meet the requirements of the populatron. Forestl.y 11. The plans and goals of the forestry sector should be reviewed and recommenda- tr.ons made for its future development as part of the rural development project. C. Project and investment proposals 12. Project and lnvestment proposals should follow the general form set out l.n the IBRD/FAO Cooperative Programme "Outlines for ProJects to be presented for Financing". Annex VI-2.8 page 50 A ix8 The proposals should include: a semi-detailed description of the arears land and water resources, identlfying those lands which would be most suitable for agricultural and livestock production, including those which are at present under-utilized, and those which should be set aside for extensive grazing and forestry; recommendations for the ways and means most suitable for the intensificati.on of local traditional agriculture. In particular the need for irrigation development ; estlmates of the investments required and the returns which can be expected both from the extension of the present agricultural area and from intensified agriculture, and identify opportunities for both repopulation and, ultimately, settlement schemes. D. Time estimates 13. Manpower requirement is estlmated at approximately 13O man months made up as follows: Man months a Aerial photography and topographlcal work Hydrometeorology Soils survey, etc. Land and water use survey and planning Forestry review Sociological and denographic surveys Agricultural and economic surveys Infrastructure survey Planning l5 L2 30 24 6 15 15 6 7 r30 Annex Vl-2.8 paBe 5I APPEIDIX 9 LIST OF SOURCES ADU, S. V, (1969) Soils of the Navrongo - Bawku area, Upper Region, Ghana, Bulletin No. 5, SoiIs Research Institute, Kumasi. ANONYMOUS (1969) Agricultural Mechanisation in Equatori.al Africa, Michrgan State University, Report No. 6. ANONYMOUS (FAO) (1967) Ghana. Land and water survey in the Upper and Northern Regions. Final report. Vol. III. Soil surveys, mimeographed document, FAO/SF:31/GHA, FAo, Rome, r2o pp. 5 figs, 8 maps. AI.IONYMOUS (FAO) (1967) Ghana. Land and water survey in rhe Upper and Northern Regions. Final report. Vot. IV. Agronomy and socrology, mrmeographed document, FAO/SF: 31/cHA, FAO, Rome, 235 pp., 6 figs, 10 maps. ANONYMOUS (FAO) (1967) Chana. Land and water survey in the Upper and Northern Regions. Final report. VoI. VI. Economic considerations, mimeographed document, FAo/sF:31/GHA, FAo, Rome, 63 pp. ANONYMOUS (FAO) (f967-1968) Land and water survey in the Upper and Northern Regions of Ghana, FinaI report, FAo, Rome, FAo/Sr:3r/Cne. - FAO/SF/GHA-6. ANONYMOUS (FAO) (1968) Appfied Agronomic Research on Field Food Crop in Northern Ghana, TA 2596, FAO, Rome. AIIONYMOUS (FAO) (1969) Report of the conference on the establishment of an agricultural research programme on an ecologlcal basis in Africa, Sudanian Zone, mimeographed document, FAO, nU:rc,AfeAfReport, Rome, 128 pp., I map. AI,IONYMOUS (FAO) (1972) Report on the FAO conference on the establishment of cooperative agricultural research programmes between countries with similar ecological conditions in Africa, Cuinean Zone, mimeographed document, FAO, ESR:CmfZtfileport, Rome, 293 pp., I map. AI.IONYMOUS (Chana) Topographical maps at I:25O OOO and I:50 OOO, sawt<u/Bo1gatanga, published by the Survey of Ghana. ANONYMOUS (Chana) (1971) Rice Production in the Northern and Upper Region 19?1, Economics and Marketing Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Accra. ANONYI\,IOUS (Ghana) (f9?1) Country and inter-country programming. Ghana. UNDP assistance requested by the Government of Ghana for the perrod 1972-1976, mimeographed document, UNDP, New York, OIfOC/Aae,fR.l, 98 pp., I map. ANONYMOUS (Ghana) (1971) 1970 population census of Ghana. Special report "D". List of localities by local authority with population, number of houses and main source of water supply, Northern and Upper Regions, mtmeographed document, Census Office, Accra, 197 pp. Annex VI-2.ts page 52 Appendrx 9 ANONYMOUS (Ghana) (f972) Report on Ghana sample census of agriculture 1970. Vol. I, Ministry of Agriculture, Accra, 14O pp., 1 map. ANONYMOUS (Ghana) (I972) I97O population census of Ghana. VoI. II. Statistics of localities and enumeration areas, Census Office, Accra, 9?t pp., I map. ANONYMOUS (Haute-Volta) (197 ) Barrage sur la Volta Noire d Koulbi, mimeographed document, Ministdre du PIan, Ouagadougou, 16 pp., I map. ANONYMOUS (IBRD) (f97O) The current economlc position and prospects of Ghana (in ten volumes). Vo1. X. Pro;ect list, mimeographed document, IBRD/IDA, Western Africa Department, Washington, 31 pp. ANONYMOTTS (UNDP) (197I) Country programme of the Government of chana. Note by the Administrator. Programme period I972-L976, mimeographed document, UNDP, New York, op /oc /cne./R. I/RECoMMENDATToN, I pp. BOGAARDS, J. N. (1969) Report on an Inquiry into the Farms of Some Kusasi Farmers, Unpublished report, Deventer. CHAMBERS, R. (1970) The VoIta resettlement experience, Pall Mall Press, London, 286 pp. CHARLES , L. J. (1972) Onchocerciasis control project in the Volta river basin area. Existing health programmes and infrastructure in the seven countries concerned and possible future plans in the health field which would adequately take account of the imminent campaign, mrmeographed document, WHO, BrazzavLl-le, 1O pp. cIL, 8., DE GRAFT-JOHNSON, K. T. & COLECRAFT, E. A. (1970) 1960 population census of Ghana. Vo1. VI. The post enumeration survey (P.E.S.), supplementary enquiry, Census Office, Accra, 491 pp. GIL, 8., DE GRAFT-JOHNSON, K. T., ENGMAN, E. V. T., ANNAN, H. Y., QUARSHIE, G. T. , ADDO, A., ANANG, S. A., HAIZEL, K. N., JOHNSON, C.S. & ANDREWS, E. H. (1964) 1960 population census of Ghana. AtIas of population characterlstics, Survey of Ghana & Census Office, Accra, 29 pp., 26 maps 1:2 OOO OOO. GIL, B., DE GRAFT-JOHNSON, K. T., OFFEI, D. N., BOYE, T. A., ADDEY, J. K. & HUNTER, J. M. (1962) 1960 population census of Ohana. Vo1. II. Statistics of localities and enumeratron areas, Census Office, Accra, 7O7 pp,, I map. HAMIDU, B. S. (1972) An outtine of an exploratory social survey for the Mission PAG/WHO, mimeographed document, Tamale, 38 pp. HILLS, J. B. (1962) Agriculture and Land use in Ghana. Oxford University Press, Accra. JENIIESS, J. (1969) (l972) Reservoir resettlement in Africa, mimeographed document, FAo, cHclatfnnfssa, Rome, 20 pp. Annex VI-2.8 page 53 Appendix 9 HUNTER, J. M. (1972) Ceographical aspects of onchocerciasis control in Northern Chana. Report of a mission, 5 June - 4 August 19?2, mimeographed document, Geneva, 72 pp., 21 figs. MOREL, P. C. <1972) Les plans de d6veloppement de lr6levage et des productions animales dans la zone du projet P.A.C.fO.M.S. pour It6radication de 1'onchocercose en Afrique occidentale, rapport de mission F.A.O./O.M.S. du 8 au 3l aoOt 19?2, mimeographed document, IEMV-PT, Maisons-Alfort, 60 pp. NORTEY, P. A. (f973) Annex 9. Infrastructural report on the Upper Region, Ghana, mimeographed document, WHO, Geneva, 58 pp. REUSSE, E. (1968) Ghana's Food Industries 1968 - An economic analysis, Rome. SAFORA, K. A. & MARTI, F. Review of the Focus and Concentrate Program in Chana. TANDOH, J. E. (f97O) Republic of Ghana. Economic survey, 1969. Central Bureau of Statistics, Accra, 143 pp. TOURNIER, & VO QUANC TRI (1972) Etude pour le contrale de I'onchocercose dans le bassin des Voltas. Identification des zones susceptibles drinterventions 6conomiques. Tome II, mimeographed document, SEDES, Parisr 257 pp., 8 maps. ToURNIER, & VO QUAI.IG TRI (19?2) Etude pour Ie contrale de l'onchocercose dans le bassin des Voltas. Identification des zones susceptibles d'interventions 6conomiques. R6sum6 et conclusions, mimeographed document, SEDES, Paris, 75 pp., 12 maps. WALKER, H. O. (1957) Weather and Climate of Ghana. WILLINIIS, D. (1970) The probable economlc effects of the eradication of onchocerciasis in Northern and Upper Ghana, mimeographed document, WHO, Geneva, 18 pp., 3 maps, I a -o EY o sr bo o ishl I GCr-G6 !E9g €F Sf 6 E; -r 6F = e N= - o -I EE EgJJ @N :t t I ()l 1 a REI \ t-O Gtit t. -o tr)Rtit -F.I o rO o -T- bo o_' o Eo oG s "3E5E 3E €€ =aIs €€ qr; s$ G:s:l s s{ 5' ,! . -- .. o o i E€ EE iAEE Ee e5cq Zo --o9 e9 ilo;= 9= - -G= E= O=t6 e6 3; pt=l 3Er .'a't lt') i REr ..rt . I s:t Rlit Rlit \r ll=l 0z F oJo6 \ I N -g oz Rtit+ -o I( Or rul 'o o_ o g oS GOtr4 ?.s4o ,l -T- -o ooz e z fr ;l:t 2 a =: tF(9E Bo$6 8- Ez2= ;3 ue 6S >o -:Lr Er{ EEoE eE1E e= 22o!! 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World Health Organization (WHO) · Technical Documents
Onchocerciasis Control in the Volta River Basin Area: report prepared for the governments of Dahomey, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Togo and Upper Volta; annex VI-2.B background data and proposed rural development projects in North Eastern Ghana
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