Labour Migration from Armenia in 2005-2007 (hy)

²Þʲî²Üø²ÚÆÜ Øƶð²òÆ²Ü Ð²Ú²êî²ÜÆò 2005-2007 ÂÂ.

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§²ëáÕÇϦ Ññ³ï³ñ³ÏãáõÃÛáõÝ ºñ¨³Ý 2007 Ðî¸ 338 (479.25) : 31 ¶Ø¸ 65.9 (2Ð) – 1 + 60.6 ² 652

ØÇݳëÛ³Ý ²Ýݳ, äáÕáëÛ³Ý ²ÉÇݳ, гÏáμÛ³Ý Â»ñ»½³, гÝãÇÉáí³ ´É³Ýϳ

² 652 ²ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³óÇ³Ý Ð³Û³ëï³ÝÇó 2005-2007 ÃÃ.: Ľ»ï³½áïáõÃÛáõÝ: – ºñ¨³Ý, ²ëáÕÇÏ, 2007 Ã. – 84 ¿ç

лﳽáïáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¨ ·ñùÇ ïå³·ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óí»É »Ý º²ÐÎ ºñ¨³ÝÇ ·ñ³ë»ÝÛ³ÏÇ ýÇݳÝë³Ï³Ý ³ç³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ùμ:

êáõÛÝ Ññ³å³ñ³ÏÙ³Ý Ù»ç ³Ù÷á÷í³Í »Ý Ñ»ÕÇݳÏÝ»ñÇ ï»ë³Ï»ïÝ»ñÁ, Ù»Ïݳμ³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ áõ »½ñ³Ï³óáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, áñáÝù ϳñáÕ »Ý ãѳÙÁÝÏÝ»É º²ÐÎ-Ç Ï³Ù º²ÐÎ ºñ¨³ÝÇ ·ñ³ë»ÝÛ³ÏÇ ï»ë³Ï»ïÝ»ñÇÝ:

¶Ø¸ 65.9 (2Ð) – 1 + 60.6

ISBN: 978-99839-50-016-4

© º²ÐÎ, 2007 © ²é³ç³¹»Ù ëáóÇ³É³Ï³Ý ï»ËÝáÉá·Ç³Ý»ñ ÐÎ, 2007

´áÉáñ Çñ³íáõÝùÝ»ñÁ å³ßïå³Ýí³Í »Ý: êáõÛÝ Ññ³å³ñ³ÏÙ³Ý μáí³Ý¹³ÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ ϳñáÕ ¿ û·ï³·áñÍí»É ¨ ³ñï³ïåí»É ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý ¨ ³ÛÉ áã ÏáÙ»ñóÇáÝ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ»ñáí, »Ã» ÝÛáõÃÇ ó³Ýϳó³Í ÝÙ³Ý í»ñ³ñï³¹ñáõÃÛ³Ý ¹»åùáõÙ º²ÐÎ-Ý ¨ ²é³ç³¹»Ù ëáóÇ³É³Ï³Ý ï»ËÝáÉá·Ç³Ý»ñ ÐÎ-Ý ÝßíáõÙ »Ý áñå»ë ³ÕμÛáõñ:

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¶Éáμ³Éǽ³óÇ³Ý É³ÛÝ Ñݳñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ¿ ëï»ÕÍáõÙ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ, ¨ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³óÇ³Ý Ñ³í³Ý³μ³ñ ¹»é »ñϳñ ï³ñÇÝ»ñ Ïϳ½ÙÇ ÙÇçå»ï³Ï³Ý ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ Ñáëù»ñÇ ·»ñ³ÏßéáÕ Ù³ëÁ: гßíÇ ³éÝ»Éáí ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ï»ÙåÁ, áõÕ³ñÏáÕ ¨ ÁݹáõÝáÕ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ϳñ¨áñ ¿, áñ ·áñÍÁÝóóÝ Çñ³Ï³Ý³Ý³ ϳñ·³íáñí³Í ¨ ÉÇÝÇ Ã³÷³ÝóÇÏ: г۳ëï³ÝÇ ¹»åùáõÙª »ÉÝ»Éáí μݳÏãáõÃÛ³Ý ³í³Ý¹³Ï³Ý ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ ÷áñÓÇó, ϳñ·³íáñí³Í ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³óÇ³Ý Ï³ñáÕ ¿ »Éù ÉÇÝ»É åáï»ÝóÇ³É ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ, áíù»ñ ³Ûɳå»ë ϳñáÕ »Ý Ùßï³å»ë Éù»É »ñÏÇñÁª ³í»ÉÇ É³í ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ Ñݳñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ÷Ýïñ»Éáõ ѳٳñ: ì»ñçÇÝ ï³ñÇÝ»ñÇÝ Ð³Û³ëï³ÝÇó ÙÇ·ñ³óÇ³Ý ÑÇÙݳϳÝáõÙ ÷á˳ϻñåí»É ¿ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ: âÝ³Û³Í Ð³Û³ëï³ÝÇ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ³×ÇÝ, ͳé³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ áÉáñïÁ ¨ ³ñ¹Ûáõݳμ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¹»é¨ë ѳ½³ñ³íáñ ·áñͳ½áõñÏÝ»ñÇ ã»Ý ϳñáÕ³ÝáõÙ ³å³Ñáí»É ³ß˳ï³ï»Õ»ñáí: ÐÇÝ »ÝóϳéáõÛóÝ»ñÇ ¨ ³í³Ý¹³Ï³Ý ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ϳå»ñÇ ù³ù³ÛáõÙÇó ³é³í»É ïáõÅáõÙ »Ý ·ÛáõÕ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³ÛÝùÝ»ñÁ: ºñÏáõ ï³ñÇ ³é³ç, 2005 Ã.-ÇÝ, º²ÐÎ ºñ¨³ÝÇ ·ñ³ë»ÝÛ³ÏÁ ݳ˳ӻéÝ»ó ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇÝ ÝíÇñí³Í Íñ³·Çñ, áñÇ ßñç³Ý³ÏÝ»ñáõÙ §²é³ç³¹»Ù ëáóÇ³É³Ï³Ý ï»ËÝáÉá·Ç³Ý»ñ¦ ÐÎ-Ý Ñ»ï³½áïáõÃÛáõÝ ³Ýóϳóñ»ó 2002-2005 ÃÃ. г۳ëï³ÝÇó ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ í»ñ³μ»ñÛ³É: лﳽáïáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ï»Ýïñáݳó»É ¿ñ ³ÛÝåÇëÇ »ñ¨áõÛÃÝ»ñÇ íñ³, ÇÝãåÇëÇù »Ý ·áñͳ½ñÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ »Ï³ÙáõïÝ»ñÁ, í»ñçÇÝ ï³ñÇÝ»ñÇÝ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ÙÇïáõÙÝ»ñÁ, г۳ëï³ÝÇó ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ å³ï׳éÝ»ñÝ áõ ѻ勉ÝùÝ»ñÁ: гßíÇ ³éÝ»Éáí ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ í»ñ³μ»ñÛ³É Ã³ñÙ íÇ׳ϳ·ñ³Ï³Ý ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ Ï³ñÇùÁ, º²ÐÎ ºñ¨³ÝÇ ·ñ³ë»ÝÛ³ÏÁ ß³ñáõݳϻó Íñ³·ÇñÁ 2007 Ã.-ÇÝ ¨ å³Ûٳݳ·Çñ ÏÝù»ó §²é³ç³¹»Ù ëáóÇ³É³Ï³Ý ï»ËÝáÉá·Ç³Ý»ñ¦ ÐÎ-Ç Ñ»ïª 2005-2007 ÃÃ. ųٳݳϳѳïí³ÍÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ÝٳݳïÇå ѻﳽáïáõÃÛáõÝ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»Éáõ ¨ »ñÏáõ ѻﳽáïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÁ ѳٻٳï»Éáõ Ù³ëÇÝ: àõݻݳÉáí Éáõñç ÑÇÙùª ³Ûë ѳٻٳï³Ï³Ý áõëáõÙ³ëÇñáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³í»ÉÇ ×ß·ñÇï ¿ Ý»ñϳ۳óÝáõÙ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ¹ÇݳÙÇϳÝ, áõëïÇ ³ñÅ»ù³íáñ ï»Õ»Ï³ïíáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ å³ñáõݳÏáõÙ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ Ùß³ÏáÕÝ»ñÇ ¨ ɳÛÝ Ñ³ë³ñ³ÏáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ: лﳽáïáõÃÛ³Ý Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ ³ç³Ïó»É г۳ëï³ÝÇ Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛ³ÝÁ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ·áñÍÁÝóóÇ ¨ ÙÇïáõÙÝ»ñÇ í»ñ³μ»ñÛ³É

3 ѳí³ëïÇ ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ Ó»éùμ»ñÙ³Ý ·áñÍáõÙª ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ Ï³Ýáݳϳñ·Ù³Ý ³½·³ÛÇÝ Ñ³Û³ó»Ï³ñ·Ç ¨ ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ½³ñ·³óÙ³ÝÁ Ýå³ëï»Éáõ ѳٳñ: Ðáõëáí »Ýù, áñ ÙÇçå»ï³Ï³Ý ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ¨, Ù³ëݳíáñ³å»ë, ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ûñ»Ýë¹ñ³Ï³Ý ¹³ßïÇ Ù³Ýñ³ÏñÏÇï í»ñÉáõÍáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ»ï Ù»Ïï»Õ, áñÁ º²ÐÎ ºñ¨³ÝÇ ·ñ³ë»ÝÛ³ÏÁ Ññ³å³ñ³Ï»É ¨ Ý»ñϳ۳óñ»É ¿ ߳ѳ·ñ·Çé ÏáÕÙ»ñÇÝ 2007 Ã.-ÇÝ, ëáõÛÝ áõëáõÙݳëÇñáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ïû·ÝÇ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ Ùß³ÏáÕÝ»ñÇÝ, ·ÇïݳϳÝÝ»ñÇÝ, ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ, ÐÎ-Ý»ñÇÝ ¨ åáï»ÝóÇ³É ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇݪ ×Çßï ·Ý³Ñ³ï»É ÇñáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ¨ Ñݳñ³íáñ ÉáõÍáõÙÝ»ñ ·ïÝ»É ³éϳ ËݹÇñÝ»ñÇÝ: §²é³ç³¹»Ù ëáóÇ³É³Ï³Ý ï»ËÝáÉá·Ç³Ý»ñ¦ ÐÎ-Ç ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÃÇÙÁ ßÝáñѳϳÉáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ ѳÛïÝáõÙ º²ÐÎ ºñ¨³ÝÇ ·ñ³ë»ÝÛ³ÏÇ ïñ³ýÇùÇÝ·Ç ¹»Ù å³Ûù³ñÇ Ñ³ñó»ñáí ÷áñÓ³·»ï ¸³íÇà гÏáμÛ³ÝÇݪ ³Ûë ½»ÏáõÛóÇ å³ïñ³ëïÙ³Ý í»ñçÝ³Ï³Ý ÷áõÉáõÙ Çñ ³ñÅ»ù³íáñ ³ç³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ:

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4  ´àì²Ü¸²ÎàôÂÚàôÜ

ܲʲ´²Ü .......................................................................................................................... 3 ŃIJōĮĻŅŏĶłŅŏŃ .............................................................................................................. 7 ÐşŹśŠŲŹŲżţůśŰ űźŵśŰśũŰşźŰ Ųż ŰśŧśŴśŹŮŲżţůŲżŰŢ ......................................... 7 ŌíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ Ñ³í³ù³·ñÙ³Ý Ù»Ãá¹³μ³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ áõ ÁÝïñ³ÝùÁ ................................. 8 îݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÁÝïñ³Ýù³ÛÇÝ Ñ³ñóáõÙ .............................................. 8 ÊáñÇÝ Ñ³ñó³½ñáõÛóÝ»ñ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï. .......................... 9 İĹŅŏĺ 1. îܲÚÆÜ îÜîºêàôÂÚàôÜܺðÆ êàòƲÈ-ÄàÔàì𸲶ð²Î²Ü Üβð²¶ÆðÀ .................................................................................................................... 10 îŰśůťŰ ŹŰŹşŷŲżţůŲżŰŰşźť śŰŞśŮŰşźť ţťŸŢ ........................................................... 10 êşŶśŹśźťžśůťŰ ũśŠŮŢ ............................................................................................. 10 ÎźţŲżţůŲżŰŢ .................................................................................................................... 11 ŁśŷŰśŝťŹŲżţůŲżŰŢ ...................................................................................................... 13 êŲŻťśŦ-ŹŰŹşŷśũśŰ ũśźŝśŸťŭśũŢ ........................................................................ 14 îÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¨ ·áñͳ½ñÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ ............................................... 14 îÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛ³Ý íñ³ ³½¹áÕ ·áñÍáÝÝ»ñÁ ........................................... 15 ìÇ׳ϳ·ñ³Ï³Ý ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñ ·áñͳ½ñÏáõÃÛ³Ý í»ñ³μ»ñÛ³É ................................ 19 îŰśůťŰ ŹŰŹşŷŲżţůŲżŰŰşźť şũśŮŲżŹŢ ....................................................................... 20 ØÇçÇÝ ³Ùë³Ï³Ý »Ï³Ùáõï ...................................................................................... 20 îݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý Ï»Ýë³Ù³Ï³ñ¹³ÏÁ ѳñóíáÕÝ»ñÇ ·Ý³Ñ³ïÙ³Ùμ …..... 21 îݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý »Ï³ÙáõïÇ ³ÕμÛáõñÝ»ñÁ .................................................... 22 İĹŅŏĺ 2. ²Þʲî²Üø²ÚÆÜ Øƶð²òƲÚÆ òàôò²ÜÆÞܺðÀ .......................... 23 ĵŰŞŪśŰŲżź ŹŸůśŦŰşź................................................................................................... 23 őśŬśžśůťŰ ¨ ŝůŲżŬśũśŰ ŜŰśũųŲżţůśŰ ŮťŝźśŻťŲŰ śũŹťŸŲżţůŲżŰŢ …...……… 25 ²űŧśŹśŰžśůťŰ ŮťŝźśŻťśůť ŮśźŠśůťŰ śŶśŰūŰśŪśŹũŲżţůŲżŰŰşźŢ ................ 26 İÈàôÊ 3. ²Þʲî²Üø²ÚÆÜ Øƶð²ÜîܺðÆ êàòƲÈ-ÄàÔàì𸲶ð²Î²Ü Üβð²¶ÆðÀ ......................................................... 27 êşŶśŹśźťžśůťŰ ũśŠŮŢ ............................................................................................. 27 ²ŮŲżŷŰśũśŰ ũśźŝśŸťŭśũŰ Ųż ŢŰŹśŰşũśŰ ũśŴşźŢ............................................. 28 ØťŝźśŰŹŰşźť ũźţŲżţůŲżŰŰ Ųż ŮśŷŰśŝťŹŲżţůŲżŰŢ ................................................... 29 ØťŝźśŰŹŰşźť ŠŜśŬŸśŨŲżţůśŰ ŴśŹŮŲżţůŲżŰŢ ÐśůśŷŹśŰŲżŮ ............................. 30 İÈàôÊ 4. ²Þʲî²Üø²ÚÆÜ Øƶð²òƲÚÆ ¶àðÌÀܲòÀ .............................. 32 2005-2007 ţţ. śűŧśŹśŰžśůťŰ ŮťŝźśŻťśůť žśźŹşŠŢ .......................................... 32 àżŬ¨ŲźŲżţůśŰ ŰśŧśŴśŹźśŷŹŲżŮŢ ......................................................................... 34 ²űŧśŹśŰžŰ Ųż şũśŮŲżŹŢ ŢŰŞŲżŰŲŬ şźũźŲżŮ ........................................................... 35 àõÕ¨áñáõÃÛ³Ý ë»½áݳÛÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ áõ Çñ³Ï³Ý ï¨áÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ ................................ 35 ²ß˳ï³Ýù ............................................................................................................... 36 ¸ñ³Ù³Ï³Ý ÷á˳ÝóáõÙÝ»ñ ................................................................................... 39 ÎśŻśźśŰśůťŰ ŴśůŮśŰŰşźÝ ŢŰŞŲżŰŲŬ şźũźŲżŮ ....................................................... 40

5 İÈàôÊ 5. ²Þʲî²Üø²ÚÆÜ Øƶð²òƲÚÆ ä²îÖ²èܺðÜ àô кîºì²ÜøܺðÀ ............................................................................................................ 41 ²űŧśŹśŰžśůťŰ ŮťŝźśŻťśůť ŴśŹŭśŶŰşźŢ .......................................................... 41 ²źŞśźśŻśŨ ¨ ųśźŞśźśŻśŨ śũŰũśŦťžŰşź ............................................................. 43 İÈàôÊ 6. Øƶð²òÆàÜ äàîºÜòƲÈÆ ¶Ü²Ð²îàôØ............................................ 45 ÜşźžťŰ ŮťŝźśŻťŲŰ ŴŲŹşŰŻťśŦŢ ............................................................................... 45 ²źŹśžťŰ ŮťŝźśŻťŲŰ ŴŲŹşŰŻťśŦŢ ........................................................................... 46 ²ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódz ................................................................................... 46 Øßï³Ï³Ý ¿ÙÇ·ñ³ódz ............................................................................................. 47 ¶ÈàôÊ 7. Øƶð²òÆàÜ ¶àðÌÀܲòÀ ÂìºðÆò ²ÚÜ ÎàÔØ ............................ 48 àíù»ñ »Ý ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ ............................................................................................... 48 ÆÝãáõ »Ý Ù»ÏÝáõÙ............................................................................................................ 54 ÆÝãå»ë »Ý Ù»ÏÝáõÙ ........................................................................................................ 57 ÆÝãå»ë »Ý ³ß˳ïáõÙ ¨ ³åñáõÙ ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ......................................................... 61 ÆÝã ÑÇÙݳËݹÇñÝ»ñ ¨ ϳñÇùÝ»ñ »Ý áõÝ»ÝáõÙ .......................................................... 65 лﳹ³ñÓ Ñ³Û³óù ...................................................................................................... 67 ÊáñÑáõñ¹ »Ý ï³ÉÇë ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ............................................................................. 69 ¶ÈàôÊ 8. вðβ¸Æð ²Þʲî²Üø ºì Øƶð²òƲ............................................... 70 ²ð¸ÚàôÜøܺðÆ ²ØöàöàôØ..................................................................................... 76 ²űŧśŹśŰžśůťŰ ŮťŝźśŻťśůť ŪťŮŰśũśŰ ŻŲżŻśŰťűŰşźŢ ....................................... 76 ØťŝźśŰŹŰşźť ŷŲŻťśŦ-ŤŲŬŲŸźŞśŝźśũśŰ ŰũśźśŝťźŢ ........................................... 76 ØťŝźśŰŹŰşźť ŠŜśŬŸśŨŲżţůŲżŰŰ Ųż şũśŮŲżŹŢ ÐśůśŷŹśŰŲżŮ .............................. 77 àõŬ¨ŲźŲżţůśŰ ŴŦśŰśŸŲźŲżŮ........................................................................................ 78 ²űŧśŹśŰžŰ Ųż şũśŮŲżŹŢ ŲżŬ¨ŲźŲżţůśŰ şźũźŲżŮ.................................................... 78 ¸źśŮśũśŰ ŽŲŧśŰŻŲżŮŰşź ........................................................................................ 79 ²űŧśŹśŰžśůťŰ ŮťŝźśŻťśůť ŴśŹŭśŶŰşźŰ Ųż ŪşŹ¨śŰžŰşźŢ ............................ 80 ÈáõÍáõÙ å³Ñ³ÝçáÕ Ñ³ñó»ñ ......................................................................................... 81

6  ŃIJōĮĻŅŏĶłŅŏŃ

ĽIJŌĮijŅŌŅŏĶłĮŃ ńōňĮŃĮļŃIJōŃ Ņŏ ŃĮĺĮŇĮŌŁŅŏĶłŅŏŃĵ

2005 Ã.-ÇÝ º²ÐÎ ºñ¨³ÝÇ ·ñ³ë»ÝÛ³ÏÁ ݳ˳ӻéÝ»ó г۳ëï³ÝÇó ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ í»ñ³μ»ñÛ³É Ñ»ï³½áïáõÃÛáõÝ (2002-2005 ÃÃ.), áñÁ 2005 Ã.-Ç ÷»ïñí³ñ-Ù³ñï ³ÙÇëÝ»ñÇÝ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ»ó §²é³ç³¹»Ù ëáóÇ³É³Ï³Ý ï»ËÝáÉá·Ç³Ý»ñ¦ ÐÎ-Ý (²êî): г۳ëï³ÝÇó ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ í»ñ³μ»ñÛ³É ³Ûë ³é³çÇÝ Ñ³Ù³å³ñ÷³Ï ѻﳽáïáõÃÛ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÁ 2006 Ã.-ÇÝ Ññ³å³ñ³Ïí»É, Ý»ñϳ۳óí»É ¨ ùÝݳñÏí»É »Ý ï³ñμ»ñ å»ï³Ï³Ý ¨ áã å»ï³Ï³Ý ϳéáõÛóÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï: лﳽáïáõÃÛ³Ý ³é³çݳѻñà Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ ѳí³ù»É ѳí³ëïÇ ù³Ý³Ï³Ï³Ý ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñ г۳ëï³ÝÇó ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ ÑáëùÇ Í³í³ÉÝ»ñÇ, áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ¨ ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ ·áñÍÁÝóóÇ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåÙ³Ý í»ñ³μ»ñÛ³É, ÇÝãå»ë ݳ¨ ëï³Ý³É ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ëáódzÉ- ÅáÕáíñ¹³·ñ³Ï³Ý Ýϳñ³·ÇñÁ: лﳽáïáõÃÛ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÁ ѳٻٳïí»É »Ý å³ßïáÝ³Ï³Ý íÇ׳ϳ·ñ³Ï³Ý ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ ¨ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ ·áñÍÁÝóóÝ»ñÇ í»ñ³μ»ñÛ³É Ñ»ï³½áïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï: ²Ûëáõѳݹ»ñÓ, ѳٻٳï³Ï³Ý í»ñÉáõÍáõÃÛáõÝÝ áõÝ»ñ áñáß ë³Ñٳݳ÷³ÏáõÙÝ»ñ: ܳË, ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÁ ѳٻٳïí»É »Ý ÙÇ ß³ñù áõëáõÙݳëÇñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï, áñáÝù Çñ³Ï³Ý³óí»É »Ý ï³ñμ»ñ ѻﳽáï³Ï³Ý Ù»Ãá¹Ý»ñÇ ÏÇñ³éÙ³Ùμ: ºñÏñáñ¹, ÇÝãå»ë å³ñ½í»ó, ÙÇ ù³ÝÇ Ñ»ï³½áïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ³Ý¹ñ³¹³ñÓ»É ¿ÇÝ ÙǨÝáõÛÝ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³Ñ³ïí³ÍÇÝ, ÙÇÝã¹»é áñáß ï³ñÇÝ»ñÇ í»ñ³μ»ñÛ³É ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñ ÁݹѳÝñ³å»ë ãϳÛÇÝ, ÇÝãÁ ë³Ñٳݳ÷³ÏáõÙ ¿ñ ÉáÝ·ÇÃÛáõ¹³ÛÇÝ í»ñÉáõÍáõÃÛ³Ý Ñݳñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÁ: гßíÇ ³éÝ»Éáí ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ í»ñ³μ»ñÛ³É Ã³ñÙ íÇ׳ϳ·ñ³Ï³Ý ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ ¨ ß³ñųéÇóÛÇÝ í»ñÉáõÍáõÃÛ³Ý Ï³ñÇùÁ` º²ÐÎ ºñ¨³ÝÇ ·ñ³ë»ÝÛ³ÏÁ áñáß»ó ß³ñáõÝ³Ï»É Ñ»ï³½áïáõÃÛáõÝÁ 2007Ã-ÇÝ: ºñÏñáñ¹ ѻﳽáïáõÃÛáõÝÝ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ»É ¿ §²é³ç³¹»Ù ëáóÇ³É³Ï³Ý ï»ËÝáÉá·Ç³Ý»ñ¦ ÐÎ-Ý 2007 Ã.-Ç ÷»ïñí³ñ-Ù³ÛÇë ³ÙÇëÝ»ñÇÝ: лﳽáïáõÃÛ³Ý ÁÝóóùáõÙ û·ï³·áñÍí»É »Ý ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ Ñ³í³ù³·ñÙ³Ý ¨ í»ñÉáõÍáõÃÛ³Ý ù³Ý³Ï³Ï³Ý ¨ áñ³Ï³Ï³Ý Ù»Ãá¹Ý»ñª ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÁÝïñ³Ýù³ÛÇÝ Ñ³ñóáõÙ ¨ ËáñÇÝ Ñ³ñó³½ñáõÛóÝ»ñ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï: àñ³Ï³Ï³Ý ѻﳽáïáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÃáõÛÉ ¿ ïí»É μ³ó³Ñ³Ûï»É ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ í»ñ³μ»ñÙáõÝùÝ áõ ϳñÍÇùÁ ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ ·áñÍÁÝóóÇÝ ³éÝãíáÕ ï³ñμ»ñ »ñ¨áõÛÃÝ»ñÇ í»ñ³μ»ñ۳ɪ Éáõë³μ³Ý»Éáí Ýñ³Ýó Ñáõ½áÕ Ñ³ñó»ñÝ áõ ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ³ß˳ï»ÉÇë áõÝ»ó³Í ËݹÇñÝ»ñÁ:

7 ŌŋłĮĹŃIJōĸ ĽĮŋĮőĮİōŁĮŃ ŁIJĶŅıĮįĮŃŅŏĶłŅŏŃŃ Ņŏ ĵŃŌōĮŃőĵ

îݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÁÝïñ³Ýù³ÛÇÝ Ñ³ñóáõÙ

ÀÝïñ³ÝùÁ. лﳽáïáõÃÛ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÇ Ñ³í³ëïÇáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ÇÝãå»ë ݳ¨ 2005 Ã.-Ç Ñ»ï³½áïáõÃÛ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ¹ñ³Ýó ѳٻٳ- ï»ÉÇáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³å³Ñáí»Éáõ Ýå³ï³Ïáí ѻﳽáïáõÃÛ³Ý ÁÝïñ³ÝùÇ Ù»Ãá¹³μ³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ùݳó»É ¿ ³Ý÷á÷áË: гñóáõÙÝ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óí»É ¿ »ñÏáõ ÷áõÉáí. ÐÐ μáÉáñ Ù³ñ½»ñÝ Áݹ·ñÏáÕ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñóáõÙª 1500 ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï, ¨ μ³ó³éáÕ ÁÝïñ³Ýùáí Éñ³óáõóÇã ѳñóáõÙ 2005- 2007 ÃÃ. ÁÝóóùáõÙ ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ ·áñÍÁÝóóáõÙ Ý»ñ·ñ³íí³Í 223 ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï` ÁݹѳÝáõñ ³éÙ³Ùμ 450 ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù³ëÇÝ ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñ áõݻݳÉáõ ѳٳñ: ´³ó³éáÕ ÁÝïñ³Ýùáí ѳñóáõÙÁ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óí»É ¿ ÝáõÛÝ å³ï³Ñ³Ï³Ý ÁŰïñ³ÝùÇ Ù»Ãá¹áí` ÙÇ ï³ñμ»ñáõÃÛ³Ùμ. ѳñó³½ñáõó³í³ñÝ»ñÁ å»ïù ¿ μ³ó ÃáÕÝ»ÇÝ ³ÛÝ ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, áñáÝù 2005-2007 ÃÃ. ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛáõÙ Ý»ñ·ñ³íí³Í ã»Ý »Õ»É: ÀÝïñ³ÝùÇ ³é³çݳÛÇÝ ÙdzíáñÝ»ñÁ »ñÏáõ ÷áõÉ»ñáõÙ »Õ»É »Ý ÝáõÛÝÁ, ÇÝã 2005 Ã.-ÇÝ:

ÐÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñóÙ³Ý ÁÝïñ³ÝùÇ Ù»Ãá¹³μ³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ. μ³½Ù³ëïÇ×³Ý ÇÝùݳÏßéí³Í å³ï³Ñ³Ï³Ý ÁÝïñ³Ýù: ´áÉáñ ѳٳٳëÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ÑÇÙÝí³Í »Ý 2001 Ã. Ù³ñ¹³Ñ³Ù³ñÇ ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ íñ³:

ÀÝïñ³Ýù³ÛÇÝ Ñ³Ù³ËÙμáõÃÛáõÝÁ. 1500 ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝ

¶É˳íáñ ѳٳËÙμáõÃÛáõÝÁ. ÐÐ ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÁݹѳÝáõñ ÃÇíÁª 778,667, ѳٳӳÛÝ 2001 Ã. Ù³ñ¹³Ñ³Ù³ñÇ ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ

ê³ÑٳݳÛÇÝ ë˳ÉÁ. 2.6%` 95% íëï³ÑáõÃÛ³Ý Ù³Ï³ñ¹³ÏÇ ¹»åùáõÙ

гñóÙ³Ý ·áñÍÇùÁ. ÀÝïñ³ÝùáõÙ Áݹ·ñÏí³Í ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý ·É˳íáñÇ Ï³Ù Ýñ³ ³Ù»Ý³Ùáï ³½·³Ï³ÝÇ Ñ»ï ëï³Ý¹³ñï³óí³Í ѳñó³½ñáõÛó ³ÝóϳóÝ»Éáõ ѳٳñ û·ï³·áñÍí»É ¿ 2005 Ã.-Ç Ñ³ñóÙ³Ý Ñ³ñó³Ã»ñÃÇ Ï³ï³ñ»É³·áñÍí³Í ï³ñμ»ñ³ÏÁ: Ðݳñ³íáñáõÃÛ³Ý ¹»åùáõÙ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ·áñÍÁÝóóÇÝ ³éÁÝãíáÕ Ñ³ñó»ñÁ ïñí»É »Ý ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÇÝ: 2005 Ã.-ÇÝ û·ï³·áñÍí³Í ѳñó³Ã»ñÃÁ »ÝóñÏí»É ¿ áñáß ÷á÷áËáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ` »ÉÝ»Éáí Ñ»ï¨Û³É Ýϳï³éáõÙÝ»ñÇó. ³) ѳßíÇ ³éÝ»Éáí ³é³çÇÝ Ñ³ñóÙ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÁ, ѳñó³Ã»ñÃÇó ѳÝí»É »Ý ³ÛÝ Ñ³ñó»ñÁ, áñáÝù ã¿ÇÝ û·ï³·áñÍí»É ѳñóÙ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÇ í»ñÉáõÍáõÃÛ³Ý Å³Ù³Ý³Ï, áñáß Ñ³ñó»ñ í»ñ³Ó¨³Ï»ñåí»É »Ý` ³í»ÉÇ Ñ³Ù³å³ï³ë˳ݻóÝ»Éáí ¹ñ³Ýù ѻﳽáïáõÃÛ³Ý Ýå³ï³ÏÝ»ñÇÝ, ѳñóíáÕÝ»ñÇ í»ñ³μ»ñÙáõÝùÇÝ ³éÝãíáÕ

8 áñáß Ñ³ñó»ñ ѳÝí»É »Ý, ù³ÝÇ áñ »ñÏáõ ï³ñí³ ÁÝóóùáõ٠ѳë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý ϳñÍÇùÁ ¹Åí³ñ û ¿³å»ë ÷áËí»ñ, ¨ μ) ѳ۳óù ¹»åÇ ³å³·³Ýª ݳ˳Ýßí»É »Ý åáï»ÝóÇ³É Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÃÛáõÝ Ý»ñϳ۳óÝáÕ áÉáñïÝ»ñÁ, ³í»ÉÇ ß³ï ѳñó»ñ »Ý Áݹ·ñÏí»É ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ·áñÍÁÝóóÇ áñáß³ÏÇ ÏáÕÙ»ñÇ í»ñ³μ»ñÛ³É: àñáß Ýϳï³éáõÙÝ»ñ ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ í»ñÉáõÍáõÃÛ³Ý í»ñ³μ»ñÛ³É. ÆÝãå»ë ¨ 2005 Ã.-ÇÝ, ³Ûë ³Ý·³Ù ¨ë ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ï»ÙåÇ, ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ¨ ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ëáódzÉ-ÅáÕáíñ¹³·ñ³Ï³Ý Ýϳñ³·ñÇ í»ñ³μ»ñÛ³É ·Ý³Ñ³ï³Ï³ÝÝ»ñÁ, ÇÝãå»ë ݳ¨ 2007 Ã.-Ç Ñ³Ù³ñ ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ ï»Ùå»ñÇ Ï³Ý˳ï»ëáõÙÝ»ñÁ ÑÇÙÝí³Í »Ý 1500 ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇó μ³Õϳó³Í ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ý»ñϳ۳óáõóã³Ï³Ý ÁÝïñ³ÝùÇ íñ³: ì»ñÉáõÍáõÃÛ³Ý ³Ûë ³ëå»ÏïÝ»ñÁ Ý»ñϳ۳óí³Í »Ý ëáõÛÝ Ñ³ßí»ïíáõÃÛ³Ý 1-ÇÝ, 2-ñ¹, 3-ñ¹ ¨ 6-ñ¹ ·ÉáõËÝ»ñáõÙ: ì»ñÉáõÍáõÃÛ³Ý Ùݳó³Í Ù³ëÁ, áñÝ ³Ý¹ñ³¹³éÝáõÙ ¿ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ, ÑÇÙÝí³Í ¿ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³- ódzÛáõÙ Ý»ñ·ñ³íí³Í 450 ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ Áݹ·ñÏáÕ ÁÝïñ³ÝùÇ íñ³: ø³ÝÇ áñ μ³ó³éáÕ ÁÝïñ³Ýùáí ѳñóáõÙÝ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óí»É ¿ ³ÛÝ Ù³ñ½»ñáõÙ ¨ ѳٳÛÝùÝ»ñáõÙ, áñï»Õ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ï»ÙåÁ ³Ù»Ý³μ³ñÓñÝ ¿, áõëïÇ ÁÝïñ³ÝùÇ Í³í³ÉÝ ÁÝïñ³ÝùÇ ÙdzíáñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ Ñ³Ù³Ù³ëÝáñ»Ý μ³ßËí³Í ã¿ñ: ²Û¹ ÇëÏ å³ï׳éáí Ù»Ýù û·ï³·áñÍ»É »Ýù Ûáõñ³ù³ÝãÛáõñ ßñç³ÝÇ ù³Õ³ù³ÛÇÝ ¨ ·ÛáõÕ³Ï³Ý μݳÏãáõÃÛ³Ý Ãí³ù³Ý³ÏÇ í»ñ³μ»ñÛ³É å³ßïáÝ³Ï³Ý íÇ׳ϳ·ñ³Ï³Ý ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÁ` ¹ñ³Ýù Ïßé»Éáõ ¨ Çñ³Ï³Ý ѳñ³μ»ñ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ ³ñï³óáÉ»Éáõ Ýå³ï³Ïáí:

ÊáñÇÝ Ñ³ñó³½ñáõÛóÝ»ñ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï

2007 Ã. Ù³ÛÇëÇÝ Ù»Ýù ËáñÇÝ Ñ³ñó³½ñáõÛóÝ»ñ »Ýù ³Ýóϳóñ»É 100 ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï, áíù»ñ 2002-2006 ÃÃ. ÁÝÏ³Í Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³Ñ³ïí³Íáõ٠ųٳݳϳíáñ³å»ë ³ß˳ï»É »Ý ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ: гñóíáÕÝ»ñÇó áÙ³Ýó Ñ»ï ËáñÇÝ Ñ³ñó³½ñáõÛóÇ í»ñ³μ»ñÛ³É å³Ûٳݳ- íáñí³ÍáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ñ Ó»éù μ»ñí»É ¹»é¨ë ù³Ý³Ï³Ï³Ý ѳñóÙ³Ý ÁÝóóùáõÙ: ØÛáõëÝ»ñÇÝ Ñ³ñó³½ñáõó³í³ñÝ»ñÁ ͳÝáóó»É »Ý ï»ÕáõÙ, ù³ÝÇ áñ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇó ß³ï»ñÁ, áíù»ñ ݳ˳å»ë ѳٳӳÛÝ»É ¿ÇÝ Ù³ëݳÏó»É ËáñÇÝ Ñ³ñó³½ñáõÛóÇÝ, ÙÇÝã ³Û¹ ³ñ¹»Ý Ù»ÏÝ»É ¿ÇÝ ³ñﳷݳ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ: ÊáñÇÝ Ñ³ñó³½ñáõÛóÇ Ñ³ñó»ñÇ ßñç³Ý³ÏÁ Ùß³Ïí»É ¿, ÑÇÙù ÁݹáõÝ»Éáí Ñ»ï³ùñùñí³Í ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ¨ å»ï³Ï³Ý Ù³ñÙÇÝÝ»ñÇ Ý»ñϳ۳óáõóÇãÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ùÝݳñÏáõÙÝ»ñÇ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÁ: гñó³½ñáõÛóÝ»ñÝ û·Ý»óÇÝ μ³ó³Ñ³Ûï»É ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÁÝϳÉáõÙÝ»ñÁ, ½·³óÙáõÝùÝ»ñÁ ¨ áõÝ»ó³Í ÷áñÓÁ ¨ ѳñáõëï ÝÛáõà ïí»óÇÝ áñ³Ï³Ï³Ý í»ñÉáõÍáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ:

9  İĹŅŏĺ 1. ŌŃĮłĸŃ ŌŃŌIJŊŅŏĶłŅŏŃŃIJōĸ ŊŅŎĸĮĹ- ķŅĿŅŋōıĮİōĮļĮŃ ŃļĮōĮİĸōĵ

ŌŃĮłĸŃ ŌŃŌIJŊŅŏĶłŅŏŃŃIJōĸ ĮŃıĮŁŃIJōĸ Ķĸŋĵ

гñóÙ³Ý ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý ÁÝïñ³ÝùáõÙ Áݹ·ñÏ»É ¿ 1,500 ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝ, áñáÝó ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñÇ ÁݹѳÝáõñ ÃÇíÁ ϳ½Ù»É ¿ 6,927: ²ÕÛáõë³Ï 1-1 Ý»ñϳ۳óÝáõÙ ¿ ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ μ³ßËáõÙÁ` Áëï ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñÇ ÃíÇ, ÇÝãå»ë ݳ¨ ѳٻٳïáõÃÛáõÝÁ 2005 Ã. ѳñóÙ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÇ ¨ 2001 Ã. Ù³ñ¹³Ñ³Ù³ñÇ ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï:

²ÕÛáõë³Ï 0-1 îݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñÇ ÃÇíÁ

2007 Ã. ѳñóáõÙ 2005 Ã. ѳñóáõÙ 2001 Ã. Ù³ñ¹³- î/ï ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñÇ ÃÇíÁ (%) (%) ѳٳñ (%) 1 4.7 5.7 11.0 2 10.5 11.0 12.8 3-4 32.7 32.6 35.2 5-6 38.3 36.6 30.5 7 ¨ ³í»ÉÇ 13.8 14.1 10.5 Àݹ³Ù»ÝÁ 100.0 100.0 100.0 ØÇçÇÝ 4.6 4.6 4.1

ÆÝãå»ë »ñ¨áõÙ ¿ ³ÕÛáõë³ÏÇó, 2007 Ã. ¨ 2005 Ã. ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÁ ·ñ»Ã» ÝáõÛÝÝ »Ý: ä³ßïáÝ³Ï³Ý íÇ׳ϳ·ñáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ Ù»ñ ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ ÙÇçÇÝÝ»ñÇ 0.5 ï³ñμ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ϳñáÕ ¿ å³Ûٳݳíáñí³Í ÉÇÝ»É ÙÇ ù³ÝÇ å³ï׳ݻñáí, áñáÝóÇó ³Ù»Ý³Ñ³í³Ý³Ï³ÝÝ ³ÛÝ ¿, áñ Ù»Ï Ñá·áõó μ³Õϳó³Í ÁÝï³ÝÇùÝ»ñÁ μ³í³ñ³ñ Ï»ñåáí Ý»ñϳ۳óí³Í ã»Ý ÁÝïñ³ÝùáõÙ, ù³ÝÇ áñ ѳñóíáÕÇÝ ï³ÝÁ ѳݹÇå»Éáõ ѳí³Ý³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ѳٻٳï³μ³ñ ÷áùñ ¿ñ:

ŊIJʼnĮŌĮōĸőĮłĸŃ ļĮijŁĵ

ÆÝãå»ë 2005 Ã.-ÇÝ, ³Ûë ³Ý·³Ù ¨ë ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ë»é³ï³ñÇù³ÛÇÝ Ï³½ÙÇ í»ñ³μ»ñÛ³É ëï³óí³Í ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÁ ·ñ»Ã» ã»Ý ï³ñμ»ñíáõÙ 2001 Ã. Ù³ñ¹³Ñ³Ù³ñÇ ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇó (ï»°ë ä³ïÏ»ñÝ»ñ 1-1 ¨ 1-2 ѳçáñ¹ ¿çáõÙ):

10  ɣɸʖʆɼʗ 1-1. ɨ/ʖ ɸʍɻɸʋʍɼ ɼʗʂ ɣɸʖʆɼʗ 1-2. ɨ//ʖ ɸʍɻɸʋʍɼʗʂ ʔɼʓɿ ʖɸʗ ʗʂʛɿ 20% 18% 16% 14% ɧʂʊɸʆɸɺʗʏʙʀʌʏʙʍ 48.0 52.0 12% 10% 8% ə əʂʋʍɸʆɸʍ ɿʍʖʗɸʍʛ 48.0 52.0 6% 4% 2% 0% 0% 20% 40% 60% 800%100% 0 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-24 25-334 35-44 45-54 55-64 655 + ɨʉɸ ɸʋɸʗɻʂʆ ɘɸʍɸʌʛ əʂʋʍɸʆɸʍ ə ɿʍʖʗɸʍʛ ɧʂʊɸʆɸɺʗʏʙʀʌʏʙʍ ʍ

²ÕÛáõë³Ï 1--2-áõÙ Ý»ñϳ۳ ³óí³Í ¿ ѳñóóí³Í ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝ ÝÝ»ñÇ ³Ý ݹ³ÙÝ»ñÇ μ³ßßËáõÙÝ Áëï ë» »éÇ ¨ ï³ñÇùÇ:

²Õ ÕÛáõë³Ï 1-2. ê» »é³ï³ñÇù³ÛÇÝ Ý Ï³½ÙÁ

î î³ñÇù Àݹ³Ù»ÝÁ (% %) îÕ³Ù³ñ¹ (%) ÎÇÝ (%) 0 0-10 13.0 6.9 6.11 11-20 19.6 9.6 10..0 2 21-30 17.2 8.8 8.44 31-40 11.8 5.4 6.44 4 41-50 15.3 7.3 8.00 51-60 9.4 4.3 5.11 6 61-70 6.7 2.9 3.88 7 ¨ μ³ñÓñ 71 6.9 2.8 4.22 À Àݹ³Ù»ÝÁ 100.0 48.0 52..0

ļō ōĶŅŏĶłŅŏŃĵ

гñóí³Í ïݳÛÇÝ ï ïÝï»ëëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ 11 ï³ñ»Ï³ÝÇ Çó μ³ñÓñ ï³ ³ñÇùÇ ³Ýݹ³ÙÝ»ñÇ Ù» »Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõõÝÝ áõÝÇ ÙÇçݳϳñ· (388.3%) ϳ٠ÙÇçÇÝ Ù Ù³ ³ëݳ·Çï³Ï³ ³Ý ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝ (20.0%): ( 18.2% %-Ý áõÝÇ μ³ñÓñ ñ³·áõÛÝ ÏñÃáõà ÃÛáõÝ, áñ ñáÝóÇó 1.9% áõõÝÇ μ³Ï³É³íñ ñÇ, ÇëÏ 16.2%` Ù³·ÇëïñáëÇ ÏáãáõÙ: 0.2%-Ý Ý áõÝÇ Ñ» »ïμáõÑ³Ï³Ý ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝ: Ï À ÀÝï³ÝÇùÇ ³Ý ݹ³ÙÝ»ñÇ Ùáï ï Ù»Ï ù³éáñ¹ ¹Á ãÇ ³íí³ñï»É (ϳ٠¹»é ãÇ ³í³ñ ñï»É) ÙÇçݳϳ ³ñ· ¹åñáóÁ ((ï»°ë ä³ïÏ» »ñ 1-3 ѳ ³çáñ¹ ¿çáõÙ):

11  гٳӳÛÝ ëï³óí³Í ɣɸʖʆɼʗ 1-3. ɨ/ʖ ɸʍɻɸʋʍɼʗʂ ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ` Ý»ñϳÛáõÙë 16-20 ʆʗʀɸʋɸʆɸʗɻɸʆɿ ï³ñ»Ï³Ý ³ÝÓ³Ýó 27.7%-Á ɋɸʗʈʗɸ- ëáíáñáõÙ ¿ μ³ñÓñ³·áõÛÝ áõëáõÙ- ɝʂʒʂʍ ɺʏʙʌʍ ɢʏʙʍʂ Ý³Ï³Ý Ñ³ëï³ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ, ʋɸʔʍɸɺʂ- ʖɸʆɸʍ 18.2% ʖɸʗʗɸ- ÇëÏ 5.8%-Á ÙÇçÇÝ Ù³ëݳ·Çï³- 20.0% ʆɸʍ 1.0% Ï³Ý ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ ëï³ÝáõÙ: 7-16 ï³ñ»Ï³ÝÝ»ñÇ Ùáï 98%-Á ɨɸʗʗɸʆɸʍ 8.6% ëáíáñáõÙ ¿ ÙÇçݳϳñ· ¹åñá- óáõÙ: سÝϳå³ñ﻽ݻñÇ Ñ³×- ³Ë»ÉÇáõÃÛ³Ý óáõó³ÝÇßÁ ÙÝáõÙ ¿ ɕʗʂʕ ó³Íñ. 2-6 ï³ñ»Ï³Ý »ñ»Ë³- ʋʂʒʍɸʆɸʗɺ 38.3% əʂʋʍɸʆɸʍ 13.8% Ý»ñÇ ÙdzÛÝ 12%-Ý ¿ Ù³Ýϳ- å³ñ﻽ ѳ׳ËáõÙ: гñóí³Í ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹Ï³Ýó ¨ Ï³Ý³Ýó Ïñóٳϳñ¹³ÏÇ í»ñ³μ»ñÛ³É ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÝ ³ñï³óáÉáõÙ »Ý ÁݹѳÝáõñ íÇ׳ϳ·ñ³Ï³Ý ѳٳٳëÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ¨ ÏñÏÝáõÙ 2005 Ã.-Ç Ñ³ñóÙ³Ý ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÁ: ØÇçÇÝ Ù³ëݳ·Çï³Ï³Ý ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ ëï³ó»É ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹Ï³Ýó 19.0%-Á ¨ ϳݳÝó 20.9%-Ý, ¨ ·ñ»Ã» ѳí³ë³ñ Ãíáí ϳݳÛù ¨ ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹ÇÏ ëï³ó»É »Ý ÙÇçݳϳñ· (38.1% ¨ 38.4% ѳٳå³ï³ë˳ݳμ³ñ) ¨ μ³ñÓñ³·áõÛÝ ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝ (18.4% ¨ 18.1%): ØdzųٳݳÏ, ѳñóÙ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÁ óáõÛó »Ý ï³ÉÇë, áñ ºñ¨³Ý ù³Õ³ùÇ ¨ ѳÝñ³å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý ³ÛÉ μݳϳí³Ûñ»ñÇ (ѳïϳå»ëª ·ÛáõÕ»ñÇ) μݳÏãáõÃÛ³Ý Ïñóٳϳñ¹³ÏÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ ï³ñμ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ ¿É ³í»ÉÇ ½·³ÉÇ ¿ ¹³ñÓ»É, ù³Ý 2005 Ã.-ÇÝ:

²ÕÛáõë³Ï 1-3. Îñóٳϳñ¹³ÏÝ Áëï μݳϳí³ÛñÇ

²ÛÉ ù³Õ³ù³ÛÇÝ ¶ÛáõÕ³Ï³Ý Îñóٳϳñ¹³ÏÁ ºñ¨³Ý (%) μݳϳí³Ûñ»ñ μݳϳí³Ûñ»ñ (%) (%) âáõÝÇ ï³ññ³Ï³Ý 0.4 0.7 1.5 î³ññ³Ï³Ý (3 ï³ñÇ) 7.3 7.4 10.0 ÐÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý (8 ï³ñÇ) 6.7 11.1 18.6 ØÇçݳϳñ· (10 ï³ñÇ) 29.9 35.9 43.2 ØÇçÇÝ Ù³ëݳ·Çï³Ï³Ý 14.2 26.3 17.8 ´³ñÓñ³·áõÛÝ 41.5 18.7 8.9 Àݹ³Ù»ÝÁ 100.0 100.0 100.0

12 ŁĮŊŃĮİĸŌŅŏĶłŅŏŃĵ

гñóí³Í ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñÇ μ³ßËáõÙÝ Áëï Ù³ëݳ·ÇïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ μ»ñí³Í ¿ ä³ïÏ»ñ 1-4-áõÙ: îáÏáëÝ»ñÁ ÑÇÙÝí³Í »Ý ÙÇçÇÝ Ù³ëݳ·Çï³Ï³Ý ϳ٠μ³ñÓñ³·áõÛÝ ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝ ëï³ó³Í Ù³ñ¹Ï³Ýó ÁݹѳÝáõñ ÃíÇ íñ³:

ɣɸʖʆɼʗ 1-4. ɨ/ʖ ɸʍɻɸʋʍɼʗʂ ʋɸʔʍɸɺʂʖʏʙʀʌʏʙʍɿ

ɜɸʗʖɸʗɸɺʂʖʏʙʀʌʏʙʍ 19.2% ɨʍʖɼʔɸɺʂʖʏʙʀʌʏʙʍ 14.9% ɝɸʍʆɸʕɸʗʁʏʙʀʌʏʙʍ 14.4% Ɋʗʇɼʔʖʍɼʗ 11.8% ɋʁʎʆʏʙʀʌʏʙʍ 10.2% Ɍʌʏʙʉɸʖʍʖɼʔʏʙʀʌʏʙʍ 7.2% ɋʍɸʆɸʍ ɺʂʖʏʙʀʌʏʙʍʍɼʗ 6.1% ɦʏʘʂɸʃɸʆɸʍ ɺʂʖʏʙʀʌʏʙʍʍɼʗ 5.4% Ɋʗʕɼʔʖ ɼʙ ʋʎɸʆʏʙʌʀ 4.3% ɕɼɽʕɸɹɸʍʏʙʀʌʏʙʍ 3.1% Ɋʌʃ 3.5%

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18% 20% 22%

´Ý³Ï³Ý ¿, áñ Ñ»ïËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ï³ñÇÝ»ñÇÝ ÙÇçÇÝ Ù³ëݳ·Çï³Ï³Ý ϳ٠μ³ñÓñ³·áõÛÝ ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝ ëï³ó³Í Ù³ñ¹Ï³Ýó Ù³ëݳ·ÇïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ï³ñμ»ñíáõÙ »Ý ³í³· ë»ñÝ¹Ç Ý»ñϳ۳óáõóÇãÝ»ñÇ Ó»éù μ»ñ³Í Ù³ëݳ·ÇïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇó: ²ÛëåÇëáí, 20-35 ï³ñÇù³ÛÇÝ ËÙμáõÙ ³é³í»É Ù»Í ÃÇí »Ý Ï³½ÙáõÙ ï³ñμ»ñ Ù³ëݳ·Çï³óáõÙ áõÝ»óáÕ ïÝï»ë³·»ïÝ»ñÁ (19.4%) ¨ μÅÇßÏÝ»ñÁ (13.8%), ÙÇÝã¹»é ÇÝŻݻñÝ»ñÝ áõ Ù³Ýϳí³ñÅÝ»ñÁ ÙdzÛÝ »ññáñ¹ ï»ÕáõÙ »Ý (Ûáõñ³ù³ÝãÛáõñÁª 13.1%): ØdzųٳݳÏ, 35 ï³ñ»Ï³Ý ¨ μ³ñÓñ ï³ñÇù³ÛÇÝ ËÙμÇ Ý»ñϳ۳óáõóÇãÝ»ñÇ ·ñ»Ã» Ù»Ï ù³éáñ¹Ý ÇÝŻݻñ ¿ (22.7%), ÇëÏ 15.1%-Áª Ù³Ýϳí³ñÅ: î³ñμ»ñ ³ñÑ»ëïÝ»ñ ¿ ëáíáñ»É »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹Ý»ñÇ 8.2% ¨ ï³ñ»óÝ»ñÇ` 13.8%:

13 ŊŅŎĸĮĹ-ŌŃŌIJŊĮļĮŃ ļĮōİĮŋĸŀĮļĵ

îÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¨ ·áñͳ½ñÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ

гñóáõÙÁ ÃáõÛÉ ¿ ï³ÉÇë ·Ý³Ñ³ï»É, áñ г۳ëï³ÝÇ ÁݹѳÝáõñ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ é»ëáõñëÝ»ñÁ ϳ½ÙáõÙ »Ý »ñÏñÇ Ùßï³Ï³Ý μݳÏãáõÃÛ³Ý 63.0-65.4%-Á (ϳ٠2,024,000-2,101,000 ²Þʲî²Üø²ÚÆÜ èºêàôðê ³ë»Éáí å»ïù ¿ ѳëÏ³Ý³É Ù³ñ¹): ²Ûë ÃÇíÁ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ï³ñÇùÇ ³ß˳ïáõÝ³Ï ³ÝÓ³Ýó, ³ß- ÷áùñ-ÇÝã ³í»É³ó»É ¿ ˳ïáÕ Ãá߳ϳéáõÝ»ñÇÝ ¨ ³ß˳ïáÕ å³ï³ÝÇÝ»ñÇÝ: 2005 Ã.-Ç ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ ²Þʲî²Üø²ÚÆÜ î²ðÆøÆ ´Ü²ÎâàôÂÚàôÜÜ Ñ³Ù»Ù³ï (2005 Ã.-Ç Áݹ·ñÏáõÙ ¿ 16-62 ï³ñ»Ï³Ý ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹Ï³Ýó ¨ 16-58 ѳñóÙ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝù- ï³ñ»Ï³Ý ϳݳÝó: Ý»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ ³ß- îÜîºê²äºê ²ÎîÆì ¿ ѳٳñíáõÙ μݳÏãáõÃÛ³Ý ³ß- ˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ é»- ˳ïáÕ ¨ ·áñͳ½áõñÏ ½³Ý·í³ÍÁ, ÇëÏ îÜîºê²äºê àâ ëáõñëÝ»ñÁ ϳ½ÙáõÙ ²ÎîÆì »Ý ³ÛÝ ³ß˳ïáõÝ³Ï ³ÝÓÇù, áñáÝù ã»Ý ¿ÇÝ »ñÏñÇ Ùßï³Ï³Ý ³ß˳ïáõÙ ¨ ³ß˳ï³Ýù ã»Ý ÷ÝïñáõÙ: μݳÏãáõÃÛ³Ý 61.1- ¶àð̲¼àôðÎ å»ïù ¿ ѳٳñ»É ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ 63.5%-Á): àõ û¨ ï³ñÇùÇ ³ÛÝ ³ß˳ïáõÝ³Ï ³ÝÓ³Ýó, áíù»ñ ã»Ý ³ß- ˳ïáõÙ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ³ÏïÇíáñ»Ý ³ß˳ï³Ýù »Ý ÷ÝïñáõÙ ¨ ïÝï»ë³å»ë ³ÏïÇí å³ïñ³ëï »Ý ³ÝÙÇç³å»ë ·áñÍÇ ³ÝóÝ»É: μݳÏãáõÃÛ³Ý ÃÇíÁ 2005 Ã.-Ç Ñ³Ù»Ù³ï ÷áùñ-ÇÝã Ýí³½»É ¿, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ½·³ÉÇáñ»Ý μ³ñÓñ³ó»É ¿ ½μ³Õí³ÍáõÃÛ³Ý Ù³Ï³ñ¹³ÏÁ: ²ÛÅÙ ³ß˳ï³Ýù áõÝÇ ïÝï»ë³å»ë ³ÏïÇí μݳÏãáõÃÛ³Ý 75.2%-Á, ÙÇÝã¹»é 2005 Ã.-ÇÝ ½μ³Õí³Í ¿ñ Ýñ³Ýó ÙdzÛÝ 66.7%-Á (ï»°ë ²ÕÛáõë³Ï 1-4):

²ÕÛáõë³Ï 1-4. îÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛáõÝ

2007 2005 2003 îÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛáõÝ (²êî) (²êî) (²ìÌ)1 ²ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ é»ëáõñëÝ»ñ (²è) 64.2 62.3 62.5 îÝï»ë³å»ë ³ÏïÇí (î²) μݳÏãáõÃÛáõÝ (²è-Ç %) 61.6 65.0 61.4 ¼μ³Õí³Í (î²-Ç %) 75.2 66.7 89.9 ¶áñͳ½áõñÏ (î²-Ç %) 24.8 33.3 10.1 ¶ñ³Ýóí³Í ·áñͳ½áõñÏ (î²-Ç %) 2.7 5.0 10.1 â·ñ³Ýóí³Í ·áñͳ½áõñÏ (î²-Ç %) 22.1 28.3 - îÝï»ë³å»ë áã ³ÏïÇí μݳÏãáõÃÛáõÝ (²è-Ç %) 39.3 35.0 38.6

1 г۳ëï³ÝÇ íÇ׳ϳ·ñ³Ï³Ý ï³ñ»·Çñù – 2004, г۳ëï³ÝÇ ²½·³ÛÇÝ íÇ׳ϳ·ñ³Ï³Ý ͳé³ÛáõÃÛáõÝ

14  ¼μ³Õí³ÍÝ»ñÇ ËÙμÇ áõëáõÙݳëÇñáõÃÛáõÝÁ óáõÛó ¿ ï³ÉÇë, áñ 2005 Ã.-Ç Ñ³Ù»Ù³ï ½·³ÉÇáñ»Ý Ýí³½»É ¿ ÇÝùݳ½μ³Õí³ÍÝ»ñÇ ÃÇíÁ (40.7%-Çó 32.8%), ÇëÏ í³ñÓáõ ³ß˳ïáÕÝ»ñÇ ïáÏáëÁ 57.0%-Çó μ³ñÓñ³ó»É ¿ 65.7%: ØdzųٳݳÏ, Ù³ëݳíáñ ѳïí³ÍáõÙ ³ß˳ïáÕÝ»ñÇ ÃÇíÁ 20.0%-Çó ³×»É ¿ ÙÇÝ㨠25.7%: ²ÛÝáõ³Ù»Ý³ÛÝÇí, ϳݳÛù ¹»é¨ë ó³Íñ ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛáõÝ »Ý óáõó³μ»ñáõÙ Ù³ëݳíáñ ѳïí³ÍáõÙ ¨ ٻͳٳë³Ùμ ³ß˳ïáõÙ »Ý å»ï³Ï³Ý ѳëï³ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ (ï»°ë ²ÕÛáõë³Ï 1-5):

²ÕÛáõë³Ï 1-5. êáódzÉ-ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ϳñ·³íÇ׳ÏÁ

´áÉáñ ½μ³Õí³Í- ²ß˳ïáÕ ²ß˳ïáÕ Î³ñ·³íÇ×³Ï Ý»ñÁ (%) ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹ÇÏ (%) ϳݳÛù (%) ¶áñͳïáõ 1.5 2.0 0.7 ì³ñÓáõ ³ß˳ïáÕ 39.4 35.5 46.4 å»ï³Ï³Ý ѳïí³ÍáõÙ ì³ñÓáõ ³ß˳ïáÕ 25.7 29.6 18.6 Ù³ëݳíáñ ѳïí³ÍáõÙ ì³ñÓáõ ³ß˳ïáÕ Ñ³ë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý 0.6 0.6 0.5 ѳïí³ÍáõÙ ÆÝùݳ½μ³Õí³Í 25.8 23.6 29.7 (·ÛáõÕ³ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ç) ÆÝùݳ½μ³Õí³Í (³ÛÉ 7.0 8.7 4.0 áÉáñïÝ»ñáõÙ) Àݹ³Ù»ÝÁ 100.0 100.0 100.0

¼μ³Õí³ÍáõÃÛ³Ý ³Ù»Ý³ï³ñ³Íí³Í áÉáñïÝ»ñÝ »Ý ·ÛáõÕ³- ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÁ (25.8%), ßÇݳñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ (12.0%) ¨ ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝÁ (11.2%): ¼μ³Õí³ÍÝ»ñÇó Ûáõñ³ù³ÝãÛáõñ ï³ëÝ»ñáñ¹Á ³ß˳ïáõÙ ¿ ѳÝñ³ÛÇÝ Í³é³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ Ù³ïáõóáÕ ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ (¿É»Ïïñ³¿Ý»ñ·Ç³, çñ³Ù³ï³Ï³ñ³ñáõÙ ¨ ³ÛÉÝ) ¨ Ùáï 8.6%-Ý ³ß˳ïáõÙ ¿ ³é¨ïñÇ áÉáñïáõÙ:

îÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛ³Ý íñ³ ³½¹áÕ ·áñÍáÝÝ»ñÁ

»¨ »ñÏáõ ѻﳽáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ ÁÝÏ³Í Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³Ñ³ïí³ÍÁ μ³í³Ï³ÝÇÝ Ï³ñ× ¿ñ (»ñÏáõ ï³ñÇ), ³ÛÝáõ³Ù»Ý³ÛÝÇí áñáß³ÏÇ ÷á÷áËáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ »Ý ·ñ³Ýóí»É μݳÏãáõÃÛ³Ý ï³ñμ»ñ ËÙμ»ñÇ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛ³Ý óáõó³ÝÇßÝ»ñáõÙ: ܳËáñ¹ ѻﳽáïáõÃÛ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñáõÙ ³Ýѳݷëï³óÝáÕ ¿ñ ϳݳÝó ÷áùñ ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛáõÝÁ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ßáõϳÛáõÙ, áñÁ ë³Ï³ÛÝ í»ñçÇÝ »ñÏáõ ï³ñÇÝ»ñÇ ÁÝóóùáõÙ ÷áùñ-ÇÝã ³×»É ¿: γݳÝó μ³ÅÇÝÁ ïÝï»ë³å»ë ³ÏïÇí μݳÏãáõÃÛ³Ý ÃíáõÙ ³ÛÅ٠ϳ½ÙáõÙ ¿ 38%` 2005 Ã.-Ç 36%-Ç ÷á˳ñ»Ý, ÇëÏ Ýñ³Ýó ·áñͳ½ñÏáõÃÛ³Ý Ù³Ï³ñ¹³ÏÁ 40.9%-Çó Ýí³½»É ¿ ÙÇÝ㨠31.6% (ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹Ï³Ýó ¹»åùáõÙ ·áñͳ½ñÏáõÃÛ³Ý Ù³Ï³ñ¹³ÏÁ Ïñ׳ïí»É ¿ 7.7%-áí):

15 ²ÕÛáõë³Ï 1-6. ê»éÁ, ï³ñÇùÁ ¨ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛáõÝÁ (³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ï³ñÇùÇ μݳÏãáõÃÛáõÝ)

Àݹ³Ù»ÝÁ (%) îÕ³Ù³ñ¹ÇÏ (%) γݳÛù (%) î³ñÇùÁ ²ÏïÇí ¼μ³Õí³Í ²ÏïÇí ¼μ³Õí³Í ²ÏïÇí ¼μ³Õí³Í 16-20 25.4 64.0 37.8 74.8 13.5 35.2 21-25 54.5 66.5 69.7 69.6 38.2 60.3 26-30 64.4 72.1 84.8 77.9 44.4 61.2 31-35 64.3 74.1 87.8 75.8 43.7 71.3 36-40 71.3 77.6 89.4 79.4 56.8 75.4 41-45 76.5 77.2 96.0 80.7 59.8 72.3 46-50 76.7 79.7 92.0 83.8 62.1 74.0 51-55 78.0 80.7 92.0 83.9 65.8 76.9 56-60 69.8 74.7 82.9 79.4 52.2 64.6 61-65 75.0 66.7 75.0 66.7 0.0 0.0 Àݹ³Ù»ÝÁ 60.9 74.4 77.1 78.1 45.2 68.4

ÆÝãå»ë »ñ¨áõÙ ¿ ³ÕÛáõë³ÏÇó, ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛ³Ý ³Ù»Ý³ó³Íñ óáõó³ÝÇßÝ»ñÁ ·ñ³Ýóí»É »Ý 16-25 ï³ñÇù³ÛÇÝ ËÙμáõÙ: ê³ Ù³ë³Ùμ ϳñáÕ ¿ μ³ó³ïñí»É ³ÛÝ ÷³ëïáí, áñ ÙÇçݳϳñ· ¹åñáóÝ»ñÇ ßñç³Ý³í³ñïÝ»ñÇ Ùáï Ù»Ï »ññáñ¹Á ÁݹáõÝíáõÙ ¿ ÙÇçÇÝ Ù³ëݳ·Çï³Ï³Ý ϳ٠μ³ñÓñ³·áõÛÝ áõëáõÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ñ³ëï³ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ¨ áõëÙ³Ý ÁÝóóùáõÙ ãÇ ³ß˳ïáõÙ: ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó, ·áñͳ½ñÏáõÃÛ³Ý μ³ñÓñ ٳϳñ¹³ÏÁ Ýáñ³í³ñï Ù³ëݳ·»ïÝ»ñÇ, ÇÝãå»ë ݳ¨ ³ÛÝ »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹Ý»ñÇ ßñç³ÝáõÙ, áíù»ñ ݳËÁÝïñáõÙ »Ý ³ß˳ï³Ýù ·ïÝ»É áõëáõÙÁ ß³ñáõݳϻÉáõ ÷á˳ñ»Ý, ÑÇÙݳϳÝáõÙ å³Ûٳݳíáñí³Í ¿ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ßáõϳÛáõÙ ³éϳ μ³ñÓñ Ùñó³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ùμ: ²ß˳ïáõÅÇ ³í»ÉóáõÏÇ å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñáõÙ ·áñͳïáõÝ»ñÁ ݳËÁÝïñáõÙ »Ý ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ í»ñóÝ»É Ýñ³Ýó, áíù»ñ ³í»ÉÇ Ù»Í ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÷áñÓ áõÝ»Ý: 2007 Ã.-Ç Ñ³ñóÙ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÁ ¨ë Ù»Ï ³Ý·³Ù ³ñӳݳ·ñ»óÇÝ Ïñóٳϳñ¹³ÏÇ ¨ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛ³Ý ÙÇç¨ ¹ñ³Ï³Ý ϳåÁ: ²í»ÉÇÝ, μ³ñÓñ³·áżÛÝ ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ùμ ïÝï»ë³å»ë ³ÏïÇí μݳÏãáõÃÛ³Ý ßñç³ÝáõÙ ·áñͳ½áõñÏÝ»ñÇ ÃÇíÝ ³ÛÅ٠ϳ½ÙáõÙ ¿ 15.9%` 2005 Ã.-Ç 26.7%-Ç ÷á˳ñ»Ý: ØdzųٳݳÏ, ÙÇçݳϳñ· ϳ٠ÙÇçÇÝ Ù³ëݳ·Çï³Ï³Ý ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝ áõÝóáÕÝ»ñÇ 30%-Á ¹»é¨ë ãÇ Ï³ñáÕ³ÝáõÙ ³ß˳ï³Ýù ·ïÝ»É: ÀݹѳÝáõñ ³éÙ³Ùμ Ýñ³Ýù ϳ½ÙáõÙ »Ý ·áñͳ½áõñÏ μݳÏãáõÃÛ³Ý 75%-Á:

16  ɣɸ ɸʖʆɼʗ 1-5. ɘʗʀʏʙʙʀʌʏʙʍɿ ɼʙ ʖʍʖɼʔ ʔɸʆɸʍ ɸʆʖʂʕʏʙʀʌʏʙʍɿ

ɋɸʗʈʗ ʗɸɺʏʙʌʍ 69.1% 13.1% 177.8%

ɝʂʒʂ ʂʍ 50.8% 20.9% 28.3% % ʋɸʔʍɸɺʂʖɸʆɸʍ

ɕʗʂʕ ʋʂʒʍ ʍɸʆɸʗɺ 3 39.1% 15.3% % 45.6%

əʂʋ ʋʍɸʆɸʍ % 11.5% 21.4% 67.1%

0% 2 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

ɏɹɸʉʕɸ ɸʅ Ɍʏʗʅɸɽʏʙʗʆ ʆ ɡʐ ɸʆʖʂʕ

î³ñμ»ñ Ù³ ³ëݳ·ÇïáõÃÛá áõÝÝ»ñ áõÝ»óóáÕ Ù³ñ¹Ï³ ³Ýó ïÝï»ë³ ³Ï³Ý ³ÏÏïÇíáõÃÛáõÝÁ ѳٻٳï»ÉÉÇë å³ñ½í»ó ó, áñ ³ñÑ» »ëï³·áñÍÝ»ññÁ ¨ ÇÝ ÝŻݻñÝ»ñÝ ³Ù»Ý³μ³ñÓñ ³ ï ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛáõÝ ³ ÝÝ »Ý óáõó³μ» »ñáõÙ, ÇÝ ÝãÁ μÝ³Ï³Ý ¿, ù³ÝÇ áñ Ýñ³Ýó ·ñ»Ã» 3/4-Á Á 35 ï³ñ»Ï³ÝÝÇó μ³ñÓñ ï³ ³ñÇùÇ ¿: ²ÛÝáõ³Ù»Ý³ÛÝÇí, ·áñͳ½ ½áõñÏ ¿ Ûáõñ³ ³ù³ÝãÛáõñ »ñññáñ¹ ïÝï»ë³³å»ë ³ÏÏïÇí ³ñÑ»ëïï³·áñÍÁ ¨ Ûáõñ ñ³ù³ÝãÛáõñ ÑÇÝ·»ñáñ¹ ÇÝÅ»Ý Ý»ñÁ: ²ñí»ëïÇ ¨ Ùß³ÏáõÛÃÇ μݳ·³í³éÇ Ù³ëݳ·»ïÝ»ñ Ù ïÝ »Ý Á ³Ù»Ý³ß³ï ¹Å Åí³ñ³ÝáõÙ ³ß˳ï³Ýù ³ ·ï ïÝ»É. ³Ûë Ù³ ³ëݳ·»ïÝ»ñÇ Ç ·áñͳ½ñÏáõõÃÛ³Ý Ù³ ³Ï³ñ¹³ÏÁ ѳ ³ëÝáõÙ ¿ 35%-Ç:

²Õ ÕÛáõë³Ï 1-7. س ³ëݳ·ÇïáõÃÛáõõÝÁ ¨ ïÝï»ë³Ï Ï³Ý ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛáõÝÁ

Ø Ø³ëݳ·ÇïáõÃÛá áõÝÁ ²Ï ÏïÇí (%) ¼μ³Õí³Í (%) ¶áñͳ½áõñÏ Ï (%) ² ²ñÑ»ëïÝ»ñ 77.4 70.33 29.7 Ö Ö³ñï³ñ³·Çïá áõÃÛáõÝ 73.5 79.22 20.8 ´ ´Ý³Ï³Ý ·Çïáõà ÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ 67.9 77.55 22.5 سÝϳí³ñÅáõÃÛÛáõÝ Ø 65.9 87.22 12.8 ê êáóÇ³É³Ï³Ý 65.2 88.00 12.0 · ·ÇïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ² ²ñí»ëï ¨ Ùß³Ïá áõÛà 65.2 65.00 35.0 ¶ ¶ÛáõÕ³ïÝï»ëáõ õÃÛáõÝ 63.0 74.22 25.8 È È»½í³μ³ÝáõÃÛáõ õÝ 62.7 90.55 9.5 î îÝï»ë³·ÇïáõÃÛ ÛáõÝ 60.2 70.33 29.7 ´ ´ÅßÏáõÃÛáõÝ 54.1 73.77 26.3

17  ¼μ³Õí³Í, ·áñͳ½áõñÏ ¨ ïÝï»ë³å»ë áã ³ÏïÇí ë»·Ù»ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÁݹѳÝáõñ ѳٳٳëÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ù³Õ³ù³ÛÇÝ ¨ ·ÛáõÕ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³ÛÝùÝ»ñáõÙ ·ñ»Ã» ãÇ ÷áËí»É 2005 Ã.-Ç ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù»Ù³ï: îÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛáõÝÁ ß³ñáõݳÏáõÙ ¿ ³í»ÉÇ μ³ñÓñ ÙÝ³É ù³Õ³ù³ÛÇÝ μݳϳí³Ûñ»ñáõÙ, ÇëÏ ·áñͳ½ñÏáõÃÛ³Ý Ù³- ɣɸʖʆɼʗ 1-6. ɨʍʖɼʔɸʆɸʍ ɸʆʖʂʕʏʙʀʌʏʙʍɿ ɼʙ ϳñ¹³ÏÁ ¹³ñÓÛ³É ɹʍɸʆʏʙʀʌɸʍ ʕɸʌʗɿ 100% ³Ù»Ý³ó³ÍñÝ ¿ ·Ûáõ- 80% Õ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³ÛÝùÝ»- ñáõÙ: ØǨÝáõÛÝ Å³Ù³- 60%

ݳÏ, áÕç »ñÏñáõÙ 40% ³ñӳݳ·ñí³Í ·áñ- 20% ͳ½ñÏáõÃÛ³Ý Ïñ׳ï- 0% Ù³Ý Ñ³Ù³ï»ùëïáõÙ, Ɏʗɼʙɸʍ Ɋʌʃ Ɍʌʏʙʉɼʗ ʛɸʉɸʛʍɼʗ ·áñͳ½ñÏáõÃÛ³Ý Ù³- ɏɹɸʉʕɸʅ 50.2 38.2 48.6 ϳñ¹³ÏÁ ºñ¨³ÝáõÙ 30.3%-Çó Ïñ׳ïí»É ¿ Ɍʏʗʅɸɽʏʙʗʆ 16.6 22.6 9.9

ÙÇÝ㨠24.9% ¨ ɡʐ ɸʆʖʂʕ 33.2 39.2 41.5

·ÛáõÕ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³ÛÝù- Ý»ñáõÙ` 27.7%-Çó ÙÇÝ㨠16.9%: ²Ûëáõѳݹ»ñÓ, ѻﳽáïáõÃÛáõÝÁ óáõÛó ¿ ï³ÉÇë, áñ ½μ³Õí³ÍáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ñóáõÙ ³ñӳݳ·ñí³Í ¹ñ³Ï³Ý ï»Õ³ß³ñÅÁ ·ñ»Ã» ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝ ãÇ áõÝ»ó»É Ù³ñ½»ñÇ ù³Õ³ùÝ»ñÇ íñ³, áñï»Õ ïÝï»ë³å»ë ³ÏïÇí μݳÏãáõÃÛ³Ý ³í»ÉÇ ù³Ý 37%-Á ·áñͳ½áõñÏ ¿: гٻٳï»Éáí ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛ³Ý í»ñ³μ»ñÛ³É ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÁ áÕç »ñÏñÇ 60.9% ÙÇçÇÝ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ»ï, ϳñáÕ »Ýù ³ë»É, áñ μ³ñÓñ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ ·ñ³Ýóí»É ºñ¨³ÝáõÙ, ÞÇñ³ÏÇ, ²ñÙ³íÇñÇ, Èáéáõ ¨ î³íáõßÇ Ù³ñ½»ñáõÙ (65-73%), ÙÇçÇÝ` ì³Ûáó ÒáñáõÙ, ²ñ³·³ÍáïÝÇ ¨ ²ñ³ñ³ïÇ Ù³ñ½»ñáõÙ (59-62%), ¨ ó³Íñ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛáõÝ` êÛáõÝÇùáõÙ, Îáï³ÛùáõÙ ¨ ¶»Õ³ñùáõÝÇùáõÙ (42-57%): ØǨÝáõÛÝ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï, ²ñ³ñ³ïÇ, Îáï³ÛùÇ, ²ñÙ³íÇñÇ ¨ ²ñ³·³ÍáïÝÇ Ù³ñ½»ñáõÙ ·ñ³Ýóí»É ¿ ½μ³Õí³ÍáõÃÛ³Ý ³Ù»Ý³μ³ñÓñ ٳϳñ¹³ÏÁ (ïÝï»ë³å»ë ³ÏïÇí μݳÏãáõÃÛ³Ý ³í»ÉÇ ù³Ý 80%-Ý ³ß˳ï³Ýù áõÝÇ), ÙÇÝã¹»é ÈáéÇáõÙ, êÛáõÝÇùáõÙ ¨ ÞÇñ³ÏáõÙ ½μ³Õí³ÍáõÃÛ³Ý Ù³Ï³ñ¹³ÏÁ ãÇ ·»ñ³½³ÝóáõÙ 60%-Á:

18 ²ÕÛáõë³Ï 1-8. îÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¨ μݳϳí³ÛñÁ

îÝï»ë³å»ë ³ÏïÇí ¼μ³Õí³Í سñ½ ¸ÇñùÝ Áëï ¸ÇñùÝ Áëï îáÏáë îáÏáë ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛ³Ý ½μ³Õí³ÍáõÃÛ³Ý ºñ¨³Ý 66.8 3 75.1 5 ²ñ³·³ÍáïÝ 61.0 6 80.6 4 ²ñ³ñ³ï 58.9 7 84.8 1 ²ñÙ³íÇñ 67.3 2 84.0 3 ¶»Õ³ñùáõÝÇù 41.8 10 72.7 6 ÈáéÇ 65.2 4 58.5 10 Îáï³Ûù 43.7 9 84.4 2 ÞÇñ³Ï 73.4 1 60.6 9 êÛáõÝÇù 57.0 8 60.6 9 ì³Ûáó Òáñ 62.9 5 69.7 7 î³íáõß 65.2 4 63.8 8 Àݹ³Ù»ÝÁ 60.9 74.4

ìÇ׳ϳ·ñ³Ï³Ý ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñ ·áñͳ½ñÏáõÃÛ³Ý í»ñ³μ»ñÛ³É

êáõÛÝ Ñ»ï³½áïáõÃÛ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÁ óáõÛó »Ý ï³ÉÇë, áñ г۳ëï³ÝÇ` ïÝï»ë³å»ë ³ÏïÇí 291,000-336,000 μݳÏÇãÝ»ñ ·áñͳ½áõñÏ »Ý: Üñ³Ýó Ï»ëÇó ³í»ÉÇÝ ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹ÇÏ »Ý ¨ Ùáï 28%-Á 26 ï³ñ»Ï³ÝÇó »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹ ¿: ²ÕÛáõë³Ï 1-9-áõÙ Ý»ñϳ۳óí³Í ¿ ·áñͳ½áõñÏ μݳÏãáõÃÛ³Ý μ³ßËáõÙÝ Áëï ë»é³ï³ñÇù³ÛÇÝ ËÙμ»ñÇ (μáÉáñ Ãí»ñÁ ÑÇÙÝí³Í »Ý ·áñͳ½ñÏáõÃÛ³Ý ·Ý³Ñ³ïí³Í ÙÇç³Ï³ÛùÇ ëïáñÇÝ ß»ÙÇ íñ³):

²ÕÛáõë³Ï 1-9. ¶áñͳ½áõñÏ μݳÏãáõÃÛ³Ý μ³ßËáõÙÝ Áëï ë»éÇ ¨ ï³ñÇùÇ

Àݹ³Ù»ÝÁ îÕ³Ù³ñ¹ÇÏ Î³Ý³Ûù î³ñÇù ´³ó³ñ- ´³ó³ñ- ´³ó³ñ- îáÏáë îáÏáë îáÏáë Ó³Ï ÃÇí Ó³Ï ÃÇí Ó³Ï ÃÇí 16-20 10.4 30,400 5.3 15,400 5.1 15,000 21-25 17.6 51,300 10.6 30,800 7.1 20,500 26-30 13.7 39,800 7.1 20,500 6.6 19,300 31-35 9.9 28,700 5.9 17,100 4.0 11,600 36-40 9.4 27,300 4.9 14,000 4.6 13,300 41-45 12.6 36,800 6.2 18,000 6.5 18,800 46-50 12.2 35,500 5.7 16,700 6.5 18,800

19  Àݹ³Ù»ÝÁ îÕ³Ù³ñ¹ÇÏ Î³Ý³Ûù î³ñÇù ´³ó³ñ- ´³ó³ñ- ´³ó³ñ- îáÏáë îáÏáë îáÏáë Ó³Ï ÃÇí Ó³Ï ÃÇí Ó³Ï ÃÇí 51-55 7.6 22,300 3.5 10,300 4.1 12,000 56-60 5.6 16,300 3.1 9,000 2.5 7,300 61-65 0.9 2,600 0.9 2,600 0 0 Àݹ³Ù»ÝÁ 100.0 291,000 53.1 154,400 46.9 136,600

ŌŃĮłĸŃ ŌŃŌIJŊŅŏĶłŅŏŃŃIJōĸ IJļĮŁŅŏŌĵ

ØÇçÇÝ ³Ùë³Ï³Ý »Ï³Ùáõï

гñóíáÕÝ»ñÇ ·Ý³Ñ³ï³Ï³ÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ` г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ ÁÝï³ÝÇù- Ý»ñÇ Ï»ëÇó ³í»ÉÇÝ (52.3%) ëï³ÝáõÙ ¿ ³Ùë³Ï³Ý 50,000 ¹ñ³ÙÇó å³Ï³ë »Ï³Ùáõï: îݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ùáï Ù»Ï ÑÇÝ·»ñáñ¹Ç ³Ùë³Ï³Ý »Ï³ÙáõïÁ ϳ½ÙáõÙ ¿ 50,000-100,000 ¹ñ³Ù ¨ 18.5%-Ý ³Ùë³Ï³Ý í³ëï³ÏáõÙ ¿ 100,000 ¹ñ³ÙÇó ³í»ÉÇ: гñóíáÕÝ»ñÇ å³ï³ë˳ÝÝ»ñÇ ÑÇÙ³Ý íñ³ ѳßí³ñÏí³Í` ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÙÇçÇÝ ³Ùë³Ï³Ý »Ï³ÙáõïÁ ϳ½ÙáõÙ ¿ 71,000 ¹ñ³Ù, ÇëÏ Ù»Ï ßÝãÇÝ μ³ÅÇÝ ÁÝÏÝáÕ ÙÇçÇÝ ³Ùë³Ï³Ý »Ï³ÙáõïÁ ϳ½ÙáõÙ ¿ 18,000 ¹ñ³Ù:

ɣɸʖʆɼʗ 1-7. ɨ/ʖ ʋʂʒʂʍ ɸʋʔɸʆɸʍ ɼʆɸʋʏʙʖɿ 35.0% 29.1% 30.0%

25.0% 23.2% 21.2% 20.0% 14.5% 15.0%

10.0% 7.9% 4.0% 5.0%

0.0% ɝʂʍʐɼʙ 20,000 20,001-50,000 50,001-100,000 100,001- Ɋʕɼʃʂ ʛɸʍ ɣɸʖɸʔʄɸʍ ɻʗɸʋ ɻʗɸʋ ɻʗɸʋ 200,000 ɻʗɸʋ 200,000 ʐʆɸ

20 îݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý Ï»Ýë³Ù³Ï³ñ¹³ÏÁ ѳñóíáÕÝ»ñÇ ·Ý³Ñ³ïÙ³Ùμ

гßíÇ ³éÝ»Éáí ѳñóíáÕÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ïí³ÍáõÃÛáõÝÁ` óùóÝ»É ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý »Ï³ÙáõïÇ Çñ³Ï³Ý ã³÷Á, Ù»Ýù ÷áñÓ»É »Ýù å³ñ½»É ݳ¨ ѳñóíáÕÝ»ñÇ ëáõμÛ»ÏïÇí å³ïÏ»ñ³óáõÙÝ»ñÝ Çñ»Ýó Ï»Ýë³Ù³Ï³ñ¹³ÏÇ í»ñ³μ»ñÛ³É: гñóíáÕÝ»ñÇÝ Ëݹñ»É ¿ÇÝù ·Ý³Ñ³ï»É ÁÝï³ÝÇùÇ Ï»Ýë³Ù³Ï³ñ¹³ÏÁ` ѳٻٳï»Éáí ³ÛÝ Çñ»Ýó ѳٳÛÝùÇ ¨ ÁݹѳÝáõñ ³éÙ³Ùμ ÐÐ μݳÏãáõÃÛ³Ý Ï»Ýë³Ù³Ï³ñ¹³ÏÇ Ñ»ï: ä³ïÏ»ñÝ»ñ 1-8 ¨ 1-9-Á ³Ù÷á÷áõÙ »Ý ³Ûë »ñÏáõ ѳñó»ñÇÝ ïñí³Í å³ï³ë˳ÝÝ»ñÁ:

ɣɸʖʆɼʗ 1-8. ɨ/ʖ ʆɼʍʔɸʋɸʆɸʗɻɸʆɿ ɣɸʖʆɼʗ 1-9. ɨ/ʖ ʆɼʍʔɸʋɸʆɸʗɻɸʆɿ ʇɸʋɼʋɸʖɸʅ ʇɸʋɸʌʍʛʂ ɹʍɸʆʐʏʙʀʌɸʍ ʇɸʋɼʋɸʖɸʅ əə ɹʍɸʆʐʏʙʀʌɸʍ ʇɼʖ ʇɼʖ ɪɸʅʗ ɣɸʖɸʔ- ɪɸʅʗ ɝʂʒʂʍʂʘ ɣɸʖɸʔ- 13.3% ʄɸʍ ʐʆɸ 25.4% ʘɸʅʗ 0.6% ʄɸʍ ʐʆɸ 15.6% 1.9% ɋɸʗʈʗ 1.1% ɋɸʗʈʗ ɝʂʒʂʍʂʘ 0.8% ʘɸʅʗ ɝʂʒʂʍʂʘ 23.8% ɝʂʒʂʍʂʘ ɹɸʗʈʗ 6.5% ɹɸʗʈʗ 4.1%

ɝʂʒʂʍ ɝʂʒʂʍ 62.9% 44.0%

ÆÝãå»ë »ñ¨áõÙ ¿ å³ïÏ»ñÝ»ñÇó, ѳñóíáÕÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ·ïÝáõÙ ¿, áñ Çñ»Ýó Ï»Ýë³Ù³Ï³ñ¹³ÏÁ Ùáï ¿ Çñ»Ýó ѳٳÛÝùÇ μݳÏãáõÃÛ³Ý ÁݹѳÝáõñ Ï»Ýë³Ù³Ï³ñ¹³ÏÇÝ: ê³Ï³ÛÝ, ѳñóíáÕÝ»ñÇ ·ñ»Ã» Ï»ëÁ (49.2%) ѳÙá½í³Í ¿, áñ Çñ»Ýó Ï»Ýë³Ù³Ï³ñ¹³ÏÁ »ñÏñÇ ÁÝѳÝáõñ ÙÇçÇÝÇó ó³Íñ ¿: àñù³Ý ¿É ѳñóíáÕÝ»ñÁ Ýí³½»óñ³Í ÉÇÝ»Ý Çñ»Ýó Çñ³Ï³Ý »Ï³ÙáõïÁ, Ñ»ï³ùñùÇñ ¿ñ ³ÛÝ Ñ³Ù»Ù³ï»É Ï»Ýë³Ù³Ï³ñ¹³ÏÇ Ýñ³Ýó ÁÝϳÉáõÙÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï: ä³ñ½í»ó, áñ ѳñóíáÕÝ»ñÁ μ³ñÓñ Ï»Ýë³Ù³Ï³ñ¹³Ï »Ý ѳٳñáõÙ ³Ùë³Ï³Ý 266,000 ¹ñ³Ù »Ï³ÙáõïÁ, ¨, áñ »ñÏñÇ ÙÇçÇÝ Ï»Ýë³Ù³Ï³ñ¹³ÏÁ, ѳñóíáÕÝ»ñÇ ·Ý³Ñ³ïÙ³Ùμ, ³Ùë³Ï³Ý 87,000 ¹ñ³Ù »Ï³ÙáõïÝ ¿:

21 ²ÕÛáõë³Ï 1-10 λÝë³Ù³Ï³ñ¹³ÏÇ ëáõμÛ»ÏïÇí ·Ý³Ñ³ï³Ï³ÝÁ Ç Ñ³Ù»Ù³ï ѳñóíáÕÝ»ñÇ Ýß³Í ³Ùë³Ï³Ý »Ï³ÙáõïÇ

Ø»Ï ßÝãÇÝ μ³ÅÇÝ ¶Ý³Ñ³ïí³Í ÀݹѳÝáõñ ³Ùë³Ï³Ý ÁÝÏÝáÕ »Ï³Ùáõï Ï»Ýë³Ù³Ï³ñ¹³Ï »Ï³Ùáõï (ÙÇçÇÝ) (ÙÇçÇÝ) ´³ñÓñ 266,000 52,000 ØÇçÇÝÇó μ³ñÓñ 187,000 49,000 ØÇçÇÝ 87,000 21,000 ØÇçÇÝÇó ó³Íñ 60,000 15,000 ò³Íñ 34,000 9,000

îݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý »Ï³ÙáõïÇ ³ÕμÛáõñÝ»ñÁ

ÆÝãå»ë ¨ 2005 Ã.-ÇÝ, ³Ûë ³Ý·³Ù ¨ë ѳñóíáÕÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ å³ï³ëË³Ý»É ¿, áñ Çñ»Ýó ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý »Ï³ÙáõïÇ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý ³ÕμÛáõñÁ ³ß˳ï³í³ñÓÝ ¿ (48.1%) ϳ٠ϻÝë³Ãáß³ÏÁ (19.8%): îݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ 13.2%-Ç Ñ³Ù³ñ »Ï³ÙáõïÇ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý ³ÕμÛáõñ ¿ Ù³ëݳíáñ Ó»éݳñϳïÇñáõÃÛáõÝÁ (·ÛáõÕ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ϳ٠³ÛÉ): àñå»ë »Ï³ÙáõïÇ Éñ³óáõóÇã ³ÕμÛáõñ, ¹³ñÓÛ³É ³Ù»Ý³Ñ³×³ËÁ Ýßí»É »Ý Ï»Ýë³Ãáß³ÏÝ áõ Ýå³ëïÁ (35.7%): гñóíáÕÝ»ñÇ Ù»Ï »ññáñ¹Ç ѳٳñ Éñ³óáõóÇ㠻ϳÙáõïÇ ³ÕμÛáõñ ¿ ïݳٻñÓ ÑáÕ³ï³ñ³ÍùÇ Ùß³ÏáõÙÇó ëï³óí³Í μ»ñùÁ (33.2%): îݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ 6.2%-Ç Ñ³Ù³ñ »Ï³ÙáõïÇ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý ³ÕμÛáõñ ¿ ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ Ùßï³å»ë ϳ٠ųٳݳϳíáñ μݳÏíáÕ Ñ³ñ³½³ïÝ»ñÇó ëï³óíáÕ ýÇݳÝë³Ï³Ý ³ç³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ (Ýß»Ýù, áñ 2005 Ã.-ÇÝ ³ñï»ñÏñÇó ¹ñ³Ù³Ï³Ý ÷á˳ÝóáõÙÝ»ñÁ »Ï³ÙáõïÇ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý ³ÕμÛáõñ ¿ÇÝ ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ 4.5%-Ç Ñ³Ù³ñ): гñóíáÕÝ»ñÇ 7.3%-Ç Ñ³Ù³ñ ¹ñ³Ù³Ï³Ý ÷á˳ÝóáõÙÝ»ñÁ »Ï³ÙáõïÇ Éñ³óáõóÇã ³ÕμÛáõñ »Ý: ²ÛëåÇëáí, ³ñï»ñÏñÇó ýÇݳÝë³Ï³Ý ³ç³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝ ëï³óáÕ ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÁݹѳÝáõñ ÃÇíÁ ϳ½ÙáõÙ ¿ 11.8%: ºÃ» ï³ñ³Í»Ýù ë³ ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÁݹѳÝáõñ ÃíÇ íñ³, 1.7% ѳßí³ñÏí³Í ë³ÑٳݳÛÇÝ ë˳Éáí, ³å³ Ïëï³óíÇ, áñ 2007 Ã.-Ç ëϽμÇÝ 79,000-105,000 ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ¹ñ³Ù³Ï³Ý ÷á˳ÝóáõÙÝ»ñ ¿ÇÝ ëï³ÝáõÙ ³ñï»ñÏñÇó:

22  İĹŅŏĺ 2. ĮńĺĮŌĮŃőĮ Į ĮłĸŃ ŁĸİōĮ ĮŎĸĮłĸ ŎŅŏ ŏŎĮŃĸńŃIJō ōĵ

ĵŃ ŃıĽĮŃŅŏō Ōŋ ŋłĮĹŃIJō

гñóÙ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÇÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÛÝ` 2005-20007 ÃÃ. ÁÝÏ³Í Å³ ³Ù³Ý³Ï³Ñ³ï ïí³ÍáõÙ ³ßË Ë³ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ Ý ÙÇ·ñ³ódz ³ÛÇ ·áñÍÁÝó ³óáõÙ Ý» »ñ·ñ³íí³Í ¿ »Õ»É ѳñóí³ ³Í ÁÝï³ÝÇùÝ Ý»ñÇ 14.5%-Á: ºÃ» ³Ûë ïí íÛ³ÉÁ ï³³ñ³Í»Ýù ïݳ ³ÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Áݹ ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ ÃíÇ` 7778,667-Ç íñ³ (95% íë ëï³ÑáõÃÛ³Ý Ù³Ï³ñ¹³Ïáí Ù ¨ 1.8% ѳßí³ ³ñÏí³Í ë³Ñ٠ٳݳÛÇÝ ë˳ ³Éáí), ϳ ³ñáÕ »Ýù ·Ý³ ³Ñ³ï»É ¹Ç Çï³ñÏíáÕ Å³ ³Ù³Ý³- ɣɸʖʆɼʗ 2-1. 2 ɨ/ʖ ʍɼʗɸʓʕɸ ɸʅʏʙʀʌʏʙʍɿ ³Ñ³ïí³ÍáõÙ ÙÇ·- ϳ ñ³ ³óÇáÝ ·áñÍÁÝà óóáõÙ ɟɼʗɸʓʕ ʕɸʅ ɼʍ 14.5% »ñ·ñ³íí³Í ÁÝï³- Ý» ÝÇ ÇùÝ»ñÇ ÁݹÑѳÝáõñ ÃÇ ÇíÁª 99,000-1127,000 (ϳ³Ù ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»- ëá áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Áݹѳ- Á ɟɼʗɸʓʕɸʅ Ýá áõñ ÃíÇ 12.7--16.3%- ʐ 85.5% ʐɼʍ Á): ²Ûë óáõó³Ý ÝÇßÝ»ñÁ ݳ ³Ëáñ¹ Ñ»ï³ ³½áïáõ- ÃÛ³³Ý ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñ ñÇ Ñ»ï ѳ ³Ù»Ù³ï»ÉÇë, ³é³çÇÝ ³ ѳ۳ ³óùÇó ϳñ»ÉÇ ¿ ϳñÍ»É, û ÙÇ Ç·ñ³ódzÛÇ ï»ÙåÝ ³ññ³·³ó»É ¿. ݳËáñ¹ Ý Ñ³ñóÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ó³ ³ÛÝ, 2002-20044 ÃÃ.-Ç ÁÝóóùáõÙ ïÝݳÛÇÝ ïÝï» »ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ùáï 14%-Ý ¿ Ý»ñ·ñ³íí í³Í »Õ»É ³ß˳- ï³³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ·áñÍÁÝóóáõõÙ: ê³Ï³ÛÝÝ »ñÏáõ Ñ»»ï³- áïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñ ½á ñÇ ³í»ÉÇ Ù³Ý Ýñ³ÏñÏÇï ¹Ç Çï³ñÏáõÙÁ óá áõÛó ¿ ï³³ÉÇë, áñ ³×Ý Çñ³Ï³ÝáõÙ Ç ß³ ³ï ÷áùñ ¿ »Õ» »É. ³ß˳ï³Ýù ù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ó ódzÛÇ ·á áñÍÁÝóóáõÙ Ý»ñ·ñ³íí³³Í ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ïááÏáëÁ Ûáõõñ³ù³ÝãÛáõñ ï³ñÇ ï ï³ï³Ý Ýí»É ¿ 8-9% ë³ ³ÑÙ³ÝáõÙ ¨ ÙÇçÇÝ ï³ñ»Ï³Ý Ý ³×Á ãÇ ·»ñ³½³Ýó»ÉÉ 0.5%-Á: ºÃ» » ³Ûë Ãí»ñÁ Á ¹Çï³ñÏ»Ýù íÇ׳ϳ·ñáõõÃÛ³Ý ï»»ë³ÝÏÛáõÝÇó, ѳßíÇ Ñ ³éÝ»Éá áí ݳ¨ ë³ÑÙ³ ³Ý³ÛÇÝ ë˳ÉÁ,, ³å³ Ãí»ñÇ ÝÙ³Ý ÷ááùñ ÷á÷áËáõà ÃÛáõÝÁ ϳñáÕ ¿ Ýß³Ý³Ï»É Ý³³¨, áñ ³× ÁݹÑѳÝñ³å»ë ãÇ »Õ»É: ÆÝãå»ë ¨ 20005 Ã.-ÇÝ, ³Ûë ³Ý·³Ù ³ ¨ë ¹»ååù»ñÇ ×ÝßáÕ Ù» »Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛá áõÝáõÙ (800.6%) ÁÝï³ÝÇ ÇùÇ ÙdzÛÝ Ù»Ï Ï ³Ý¹³ÙÝ ¿ Ù»ÏÝ»É ³ñï³ë³ ³ÑÙ³Ý ³ß˳ï ï»Éáõ: ÀÝÝï³ÝÇùÝ»ñÇ 15.5%-Ý áõÝ» »ó»É ¿ »ñÏáõ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³Ý Ýï ¨ ÁÝ Ýï³ÝÇùÝ»ñÇ ÙdzÛÝ Ù 1.8%-Ý ¿ áõÝ»ó»É »ñ»ù ÙÇ·ñ³Ýï: Ù ÆÝã í»ñ³μ» »ñáõÙ ¿ ³ß˳³ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ Çñ³Ï³Ý ï» »ÙåÇÝ (³ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇ í³Í μݳÏãáõÃÛÛ³Ý ïáÏáëÁ), ³å³ ÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÛáõÙ Ý»ñ·ñ³íí 20007 Ã.-Ç Ñ»ï³ ³½áïáõÃÛ³Ý ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ ï ѳ ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ, ѳ³ñóÙ³Ý ÑÇÙݳ ³Ï³Ý ÁÝ Ýïñ³ÝùáõÙ ÁÝ Ý¹·ñÏí³Í ïݳ³ÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ³Ýݹ³ÙÝ»ñÇ 3.4%%-Ý ¿

23 2005-2006 ÃÃ.-ÇÝ Ý»ñ·ñ³íí³Í »Õ»É ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ·áñÍÁÝóóáõÙ: ²Ûë ïíÛ³ÉÁ ÃáõÛÉ ¿ ï³ÉÇë Ùáï³ñÏ»É ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ μ³ó³ñÓ³Ï ÃÇíÁª 96,000–122,000 Ù³ñ¹, ϳ٠г۳ëï³ÝÇ Ùßï³Ï³Ý μݳÏãáõÃÛ³Ý 3.0-3.8%-Á (ѳßí³ñÏí³Í ë³ÑٳݳÛÇÝ ë˳ÉÁ ϳ½Ù»É ¿ 0.4%): 2005 Ã.-Ç ÑáõÝí³ñ ³ÙëÇó ÙÇÝ㨠2006 Ã.-Ç ¹»Ïï»Ùμ»ñ ³ÙÇëÝ ÁÝÏ³Í Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³Ñ³ïí³ÍáõÙ, ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ (51.6%) ϳï³ñ»É ¿ »ñÏáõ ϳ٠»ñ»ù ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛáõÝ (40.1% ¨ 11.5% ѳٳå³ï³ë˳ݳμ³ñ): öá÷áËí³Í ѳñó³Ã»ñÃÁ ÃáõÛÉ ïí»ó ³í»ÉÇ ×ß·ñÇï ·Ý³Ñ³ï»É ݳ¨ ï³ñ»Ï³Ý ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ óáõó³ÝÇßÝ»ñÁ 2005-Ç ¨ 2006- Ç Ñ³Ù³ñ: êï³óí³Í ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ, ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ³ß˳ï»Éáõ Ýå³ï³Ïáí 2005 Ã.-ÇÝ Ð³Û³ëï³ÝÇó Ù»ÏÝ»É ¿ 54,000-74,000 ÙÇ·ñ³Ýï, ÇëÏ 2006 Ã.-Çݪ 60,000-81,000 ÙÇ·ñ³Ýï: Àݹ áñáõÙ, ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ßáõñç 70%-Á ÙÇÝ㨠2006 Ã.-Ç ³í³ñïÁ í»ñ³¹³ñÓ»É ¿ г۳ëï³Ý, ¨ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ μ³ó³ë³Ï³Ý ë³É¹áÝ Ï³½Ù»É ¿ 29,000-35,000: Ø»Ï ³ÛÉ μ³ó³Ñ³ÛïáõÙ ¿ñ ³ÛÝ, áñ 2005-2006 ÃÃ.-Ç ÁÝóóùáõÙ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ Ñáëùáõ٠ٻͳٳëÝáõÃÛáõÝ »Ý ϳ½Ù»É ³ÛÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ, áíù»ñ ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ³ß˳ï»É »Ý ݳ¨ ÙÇÝ㨠¹Çï³ñÏíáÕ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³Ñ³ïí³ÍÁ: ØdzųٳݳÏ, 2005 Ã.-Çó ³é³ç ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇÝ Ù³ëݳÏóáÕÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¹³¹³ñ»É ¿ ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ³ß˳ï³Ýù ÷Ýïñ»É (ï»°ë ä³ïÏ»ñÝ»ñ 2-2 ¨ 2-3):

ɣɸʖʆɼʗ 2-2. 2005 ʀ.-ʂʘ ɸʓɸʒ ɣɸʖʆɼʗ 2-3. 2005-2006 ʀʀ. ʇʏʔʛʂ ɸʗʖɼʗʆʗʏʙʋ ɸʎʄɸʖɸʅʍɼʗʂ ʆɸʓʏʙʘʕɸʅʛɿ ʋɸʔʍɸʆʘʏʙʀʌʏʙʍɿ ʍʏʗ ʇʏʔʛʂʍ 70.0% 70.0% 60.0% 67.6% 60.0% 50.0% 50.0% 59.4% 40.0% 40.0% 40.6% 30.0% 30.0% 32.4% 20.0% 20.0% 10.0% 10.0% 0.0% 0.0%

ɝɸʔʍɸʆʘɼʃ ɼʍ 2005- ɢɼʍ ʋɸʔʍɸʆʘɼʃ 2005- Ɋʎʄɸʖɼʃ ɼʍ ɸʗʖɼʗʆʗʏʙʋ ɢɼʍ ɸʎʄɸʖɼʃ 2006 ʀʀ. ʇʏʔʛʂʍ 2006 ʀʀ. ʇʏʔʛʂʍ ʋʂʍʐɼʙ 2005 ʀ. ɸʗʖɼʗʆʗʏʙʋ ʋʂʍʐɼʙ 2005 ʀ.

24 őĮĿĮőĮłĸŃ IJŋ İłŅŏĿĮļĮŃ įŃĮļņŅŏĶłĮŃ ŁĸİōĮŎĸŅŃ ĮļŌĸŋŅŏĶłŅŏŃĵ

2007 Ã.-Ç Ñ³ñóáõÙÁ »ñÏáõ ϳñ¨áñ ï³ñμ»ñáõÃÛáõÝ ·ñ³Ýó»ó 2002-2004 ÃÃ. ¨ 2005-2006 ÃÃ. ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ Ñáëù»ñÇ ÙÇç¨. ³) ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛáõÙ ·ÛáõÕ³Ï³Ý μݳÏãáõÃÛ³Ý Ý»ñ·ñ³íí³ÍáõÃÛ³Ý ³× ¨ μ) »ñ¨³Ý³μÝ³Ï ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÃíÇ ¿³Ï³Ý Ïñ׳ïáõÙ: ºÃ» 2002-2004 ÃÃ. ù³Õ³ù³ÛÇÝ μݳϳí³Ûñ»ñÇó ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ï»ÙåÁ ·ñ»Ã» ÏñÏݳÏÇ ·»ñ³½³ÝóáõÙ ¿ñ ·ÛáõÕ³Ï³Ý μݳÏãáõÃÛ³Ý ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛáõÝÁ (5.4% ¨ 2.8% ѳٳå³ï³ë˳ݳμ³ñ), ³å³ 2007 Ã.-Ç ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ, ù³Õ³ù³ÛÇÝ ¨ ·ÛáõÕ³Ï³Ý μݳÏãáõÃÛ³Ý ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ ³ÏïÇáõÃÛáõÝÁ ·ñ»Ã» ѳí³ë³ñ ¿: ²í»ÉÇÝ, ³ÛÅÙ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ·áñÍÁÝóóáõÙ ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ý»ñ·ñ³íí³ÍáõÃÛ³Ý ïáÏáëÝ ³í»ÉÇ μ³ñÓñ ¿ ·ÛáõÕ³Ï³Ý μݳϳí³Ûñ»ñáõÙ: ØdzųٳݳÏ, ù³Õ³ù³ÛÇÝ μݳÏãáõÃÛ³Ý ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ïñ׳ïí»É ¿ Ç Ñ³ßÇí ºñ¨³ÝÇó Ù»ÏÝáÕ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÃíÇ Ïñ׳ïÙ³Ý: ØÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ ·áñÍÁÝóóáõÙ Ý»ñ·ñ³íí³Í ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ïáÏáëÁ Ù³Ûñ³ù³Õ³ùáõÙ 10.5%-Çó Ýí³½»É ¿ ÙÇÝ㨠7.3%, ÇëÏ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ï»ÙåÁ Ïñ׳ïí»É ¿ ·ñ»Ã» »ñÏáõ ³Ý·³Ù (2.4%ª 2005-2006 ÃÃ.-ÇÝ ¨ 4.2%ª 2002-2004 ÃÃ.): ²ÕÛáõë³Ï 2-1-áõÙ Ý»ñϳ۳óí³Í »Ý 2005 ¨ 2007 ÃÃ. ѻﳽáïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÁ:

²ÕÛáõë³Ï 2-1. ø³Õ³ù³ÛÇÝ ¨ ·ÛáõÕ³Ï³Ý μݳÏãáõÃÛ³Ý ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛáõÝÁ

Ü»ñ·ñ³íí³Í ïݳÛÇÝ ØÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ï»ÙåÁ (%) ´Ý³Ï³í³ÛñÇ ïÇåÁ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ (%) 2005-2006 2002-2004 2005-2006 2002-2004 ºñ¨³Ý 7.3 10.5 2.4 4.2 ²ÛÉ ù³Õ³ù³ÛÇÝ 12.3 15.2 3.6 5.4 18.1 17.9 4.9 6.1 μݳϳí³Ûñ»ñ ¶ÛáõÕ³Ï³Ý 15.0 15.0 12.1 12.1 3.5 3.5 2.8 2.8 μݳϳí³Ûñ»ñ

Ø»ñ ϳñÍÇùáí í»ñáÝßÛ³É ÷á÷áËáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ϳñ»ÉÇ ¿ μ³ó³ïñ»É г۳ëï³ÝÇ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ßáõϳÛÇ ¹ÇݳÙÇϳÛáí, áñÁ Ýϳñ³·ñí³Í ¿ ¶ÉáõË 1-áõÙ: ¶áñͳ½ñÏáõÃÛ³Ý ÁݹѳÝáõñ ٳϳñ¹³ÏÁ Ïñ׳ïí»É ¿, Áݹ áñáõÙ ³Ûë Ïñ׳ïáõÙÁ ÑÇÙݳϳÝáõÙ Ýϳï»ÉÇ ¿ ºñ¨³ÝáõÙ ¨ ·ÛáõÕ³Ï³Ý μݳϳí³Ûñ»ñáõÙ: ØÇ³Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ·ÛáõÕ³Ï³Ý μݳÏãáõÃÛ³Ý ×ÝßáÕ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ½μ³Õí³Í ¿ ÷áùñ³Í³í³É ý»ñÙ»ñ³ÛÇÝ ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛ³Ùμ, ÇÝãÁ 뻽áݳÛÇÝ ³ß˳ï³Ýù ¿ ¨ ãÇ Ï³ñáÕ Ï³ÛáõÝ ¨ μ³í³Ï³Ý³ã³÷ μ³ñÓñ »Ï³Ùáõï ³å³Ñáí»É: ²ÛÉ Ï»ñå ³ë³Í, ëï³óí³Í »Ï³ÙáõïÁ μ³í³ñ³ñ ã¿ ÝáñÙ³É Ï»Ýë³å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñ ³å³Ñáí»Éáõ ѳٳñ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ μ³í³ñ³ñ»É ³ñï»ñÏÇñ Ù»ÏÝ»Éáõ ׳ݳå³ñѳͳËëÁ Ñá·³Éáõ ѳٳñª

25 ³ÛÝï»Õ ³ß˳ï³Ýù ·ïÝ»Éáõ Ýå³ï³Ïáí: ä³ïÏ»ñÁ μáÉáñáíÇÝ ³ÛÉ ¿ ºñ¨³ÝáõÙ: ²Ûëï»Õ ½μ³Õí³ÍáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÑÇÙݳϳÝáõÙ Ý߳ݳÏáõÙ ¿ ϳÛáõÝ ³ß˳ï³Ýù, áñÁ ß³ï ùã»ñÁ Ͻáѳμ»ñ»ÇÝ` ûï³ñ »ñÏñáõÙ Çñ»Ýó μ³ËïÁ ÷áñÓ»Éáõ ѳٳñ: ²ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ßáõϳÛÇ í»ñçÇÝ ½³ñ·³óáõÙÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ï»ùëïáõÙ, г۳ëï³ÝÇ Ù³ñ½»ñÇ ù³Õ³ù³ÛÇÝ μݳÏãáõÃÛáõÝÁ ß³ñáõݳÏáõÙ ¿ ÙÝ³É ³Ù»Ý³³Ý³å³ÑáíÁ` áõݻݳÉáí ·ÛáõÕ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ³ß˳ï³ÝùÝ»ñáõÙ Ý»ñ·ñ³íí»Éáõ ß³ï ë³Ñٳݳ÷³Ï Ñݳñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ ¨ ß³ï ÃáõÛÉ ½³ñ·³ó³Í Ù³ëݳíáñ ѳïí³Í: ²ß˳ï³ï»Õ»ñÇ ë³Ï³íáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¨ ÁÝÏ»ñÝ»ñÇ Ñ³çáÕ ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ ÷áñÓÁ ϳñáÕ »Ý Çëϳå»ë μ³í³ñ³ñ ÑÇÙù ѳݹÇë³Ý³É ÙÇ·ñ³ódzݪ ͳÝñ ýÇݳÝë³Ï³Ý ϳóáõÃÛáõÝÇó ¹áõñë ·³Éáõ ÙÇ³Ï »Éù ¹Çï³ñÏ»Éáõ ѳٳñ:

ĮńĺĮŌĮŃőĮłĸŃ ŁĸİōĮŎĸĮłĸ ŁĮōijĮłĸŃ ĮʼnĮŃľŃĮĽĮŌļŅŏĶłŅŏŃŃIJōĵ

ÆÝãå»ë ¨ 2002-2004 ÃÃ., 2005-2007 ÃÃ. ¨ë ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ³Ù»Ý³μ³ñÓñ ï»ÙåÁ ·ñ³Ýóí»É ¿ ÞÇñ³ÏÇ ¨ Èáéáõ Ù³ñ½»ñáõÙ: ²ÕÛáõë³Ï 2-2-áõÙ ³Ù÷á÷í³Í »Ý г۳ëï³ÝÇ μáÉáñ Ù³ñ½»ñÇó ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ï»Ùå»ñÇ í»ñ³μ»ñÛ³É ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÁ:

²ÕÛáõë³Ï 2-2. ²ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ï»ÙåÁ ¨ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ μ³ó³ñÓ³Ï ÃÇíÁ

ØÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ï»ÙåÁ (%) ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ μ³ó³ñÓ³Ï ÃÇíÁ سñ½ ¶ñ³Ýóí³Í ²é³í»É³·áõÛÝ ¶ñ³Ýóí³Í ²é³í»É³·áõÛÝ ºñ¨³Ý 2.4 3.0 26,500 33,300 ²ñ³·³ÍáïÝ 4.7 6.9 6,500 9,500 ²ñ³ñ³ï 3.3 4.6 9,000 12,600 ²ñÙ³íÇñ 2.9 4.2 8,000 11,500 ¶»Õ³ñùáõÝÇù 2.9 4.3 6,900 10,200 ÈáéÇ 5.7 7.5 16,300 21,500 Îáï³Ûù 3.0 4.3 8,200 11,600 ÞÇñ³Ï 8.8 10.9 25,000 31,000 êÛáõÝÇù 1.2 2.3 1,800 3,500 ì³Ûáó Òáñ 5.7 9.4 3,200 5,300 î³íáõß 2.1 8.3 7,700 11,100 Àݹ³Ù»ÝÁ 3.6 4.0 115,700 129,200

Ø»ñ ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ` 2005-2007 ÃÃ.-ÇÝ ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ³ß˳ïáÕ Ñ³Û ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ï»ëÇó ³í»ÉÇÝ »Õ»É »Ý ºñ¨³ÝÇó, ÞÇñ³ÏÇ ¨ Èáéáõ Ù³ñ½»ñÇó (56.4% ·áõÙ³ñ³ÛÇÝ):

26  İĹŅŏĺ 3. ĮńĺĮŌĮŃ ŃőĮłĸŃ Łĸİ İōĮŃŌŃIJōĸ ĸ ŊŅŎĸĮĹ- ķŅĿŅŋōııĮİōĮļĮŃ ŃļĮōĮİĸōĵ Ń ĵ

ŊIJ IJʼnĮŌĮōĸőĮł ĸŃ ļĮijŁĵ

гñóÙ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÇ ³ Ñ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ, ÏÇ ÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ» »ñÇ ÃÇíÁ ½·³ÉÇ Çáñ»Ý Ïñ ñ׳ïí»É ¿: 2002-2004 Ãà Ã. ϳݳÛù ϳ½ÙáõÙ Ï ¿ÇÝ ³ß˳ï³Ýù ù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ Ç·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ 14.1%-Á, ÙÇÝãã¹»é 2005-20006 ÃÃ. ÏÇÝ ÙÇ Ç·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÃÇíÁ Ïñ ñ׳ïí»É ¿ ÙÇÝ Ý㨠6.5%: ²Ûë ÷á÷áËáõÃÛáõÝ ÷ ÝÝ ³Ù»Ý³ÛÝ Ñ³ ³í³Ý³Ï³Ýáõà ÃÛ³Ùμ å³³Ûٳݳíáñí³³Í ¿ г ³Û³ëï³Ýáõ٠ϳݳÝó ɣɸʖʖʆɼʗ 3-1. Ɋʎʄɸʖʖɸʍʛɸʌʂʍ ½μ μ³Õí³ÍáõÃÛ³ÝÝ Ù³Ï³ñ- ʋʂɺʗɸʍʖʍɼʗʂ ʔɼʓɿ ɘɸʍɸʌʌʛ ¹³ ³ÏÇ ½·³ÉÇ ³×ááí: 6.5%

êï³ó³Í ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ ï³ ³ñ³ÍáõÙÁ μÝ Ý³ÏãáõÃÛ³Ý ÁÝ Ý¹Ñ³Ýáõñ ÃíÇ íñ³ í ÃáõÛÉ ¿ ï³ ³ÉÇë ·Ý³Ñ³ï ï»É ÏÇÝ ¨ ɨʉɸʋɸʗɻʂʆ ïÕ Õ³Ù³ñ¹ ÙÇ· ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ 93.5% μ³³ó³ñÓ³Ï ÃÇí íÁª 96,000- 1221,000 ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹ ¨ 6,000- 8,0000 ÏÇÝ: ê³ Ý߳ݳÏáõÙ Ý ¿, áñ ³ß˳ï³Ý Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ ³Ýï ¿ ïÝï»ë³³å»ë ³Ï ÏïÇí ïÕ³Ù³ñ ñ¹Ï³Ýó ³éÝí í³½Ý 13.1%-Á ¨ ïÝï»ë³å»ë ³ÏïÇí Ï³Ý Ý³Ýó` ³é é³í»É³·áõÛÝÁ 1.7%-Á: ø³ÝÇ Ç áñ ÏÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ μ³óó³ñÓ³Ï ÃÇíÁ ß³ï ÷á áùñ ¿, ѳñóÙ³ ³Ý ³ÛÉ ïíÛ³ÉÝ» »ñÇ Ñ³Ù»Ù³ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ Áëï Ù ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ç ë»éÇ ³Ý ÝÇÙ³ëï ¿: ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ» »ñÇ ï³ñÇùÇ Ñ»ï ϳå åí³Í ÙÇ·ñ³ ³óÇáÝ ³é³Ý ÝÓݳ- ѳ ³ïÏáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ñÁ ÑÇÙݳϳÝá áõÙ ã»Ý ÷áËí» »É: ØÇ³Ï ¿³Ï³ ³Ý ï³ñμ»ñáõà ÃÛáõÝÁ 21-25 ï³ñÇù³ÛÛÇÝ ËÙμáõÙ ·ñ³Ýóí³Í · ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ ³ÏïïÇíáõÃÛ³Ý ³×Ý ¿: ²ñ ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ, 20005-2006 ÃÃ. ÁÝ ÝóóùáõÙ ³ñïï»ñÏÇñ Ù»ÏÝ³Í ³ß˳ï³Ýù ù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ Ç·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÙáïÙ Ï»ëÁ å³ï ïϳÝáõÙ ¿ 21-40 ï³ñÇù³ÛÇÇÝ ËÙμÇÝ, ÇëÏ ÙÛáõë Ï» »ëÝ ¿É` 41-60 ï³ñÇù³ÛÇÝ ËÙ ÙμÇÝ:

²Õ ÕÛáõë³Ï 3-1. ØÇ Ç·ñ³ódzÛÇ ï»Ù ÙåÝ Áëï ÙÇ·ñ³ ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ï³ñÇù ùÇ

î î³ñÇù ØÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ï»ÙåÁ ï (%) ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ïáÏ ÏáëÁ 16-20 0.3 0.8 2 21-25 7.6 19.2 2 26-30 6.1 12.3 31-35 6.4 10.0 36-40 4.9 7.7

27 î³ñÇù ØÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ï»ÙåÁ (%) ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ïáÏáëÁ 41-45 8.5 16.5 46-50 8.1 17.2 51-55 6.9 9.6 56-60 5.2 5.7 61-65 2.0 1.1 Àݹ³Ù»ÝÁ (16-65 ï³ñ»Ï³Ý) 5.6 100.0

ĮŁŅŏŊŃĮļĮŃ ļĮōİĮŋĸŀĮļŃ Ņŏ ĵŃŌĮŃIJļĮŃ ļĮŇIJōĵ

ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³Ùáõëݳó³Í ¿ñ (76.2%), 21.1%-Ý` ³ÙáõñÇ, 1.1%-Áª ³ÙáõëݳÉáõÍí³Í, ÇëÏ 1.5%-Áª ³ÛñÇ: ºí ¹³ñÓÛ³É ¹»åù»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝáõÙ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÁ ϳ٠ÁÝï³ÝÇùÇ ·É˳íáñÝ ¿ñ (ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹), ϳ٠Ýñ³ áñ¹ÇÝ:

²ÕÛáõë³Ï 3-2. ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÇ Ï³åÁ ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý ·É˳íáñÇ Ñ»ï

γåÁ îáÏáë ¶É˳íáñÇ áñ¹ÇÝ 44.8 î/ï ·É˳íáñÁ (ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹) 42.1 ÂáéÁ 4.6 ¸áõëïñÁ 3.1 î/ï ·É˳íáñÁ (ÏÇÝ) 0.8 î/ï ·É˳íáñÇ ÏÇÝÁ 0.8 ²ÛÉ ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹ ³½·³Ï³Ý 1.9 ²ÛÉ ÏÇÝ ³½·³Ï³Ý 1.9 Àݹ³Ù»ÝÁ 100.0

28 ŁĸİōĮŃŌŃIJōĸ ļōĶŅŏĶłŅŏŃŃ Ņŏ ŁĮŊŃĮİĸŌŅŏĶłŅŏŃĵ

ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ μ³ßËáõÙÝ Áëï Ïñóٳϳñ¹³ÏÇ ·ñ»Ã» ÏñÏÝáõÙ ¿ 2005 Ã.-Ç ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÁ: 2005-2006 ÃÃ. ³ñï»ñÏÇñ Ù»ÏÝ³Í ɣɸʖʆɼʗ 3-2. Ɋʎʄɸʖɸʍʛɸʌʂʍ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ 75%-Çó ʋʂɺʗɸʍʖʍɼʗʂ ʆʗʀɸʋɸʆɸʗɻɸʆɿ ³í»ÉÇÝ áõÝ»ñ ÙÇçݳϳñ· ɋɸʗʈʗɸ- ɢʏʙʍʂ ϳ٠ÙÇçÇÝ Ù³ëݳ·Çï³- ɺʏʙʌʍ ʖɸʗʗɸ- Ï³Ý ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝ (43.3 ¨ 19.9% ʆɸʍ 0.4% 33.0% ѳٳå³ï³ë˳- ɝʂʒʂʍ ɨɸʗʗɸʆɸʍ ݳμ³ñ), ¨ Ùáï 20%-Ý ʋɸʔʍɸɺʂ- ʖɸʆɸʍ 0.4%

áõÝ»ñ μ³ñÓñ³·áõÛÝ ÏñÃáõ- 33.0% əʂʋʍɸʆɸʍ 3.1% ÃÛáõÝ: ɕʗʂʕ гñóÙ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝù- ʋʂʒʍɸʆɸʗɺ Ý»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ, 2005-2006 43.3% ÃÃ. ÁÝóóùáõÙ ÐÐ Ûáõñ³ù³ÝãÛáõñ ï³ëÝ»ñáñ¹ ïÝï»ë³å»ë ³ÏïÇí μݳÏÇã, áñÝ áõÝ»ñ ÙÇçݳϳñ· ϳ٠ÙÇçÇÝ Ù³ëݳ·Çï³Ï³Ý ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝ, ³ß˳ï»É ¿ ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ: ´³ñÓñ³·áõÛÝ ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝ áõÝ»óáÕÝ»ñÇ ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ùáï 1.7 ³Ý·³Ù ó³Íñ ¿ »Õ»É:

²ÕÛáõë³Ï 3-3. ØÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛáõÝÝ Áëï ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ïñóٳϳñ¹³ÏÇ

ØÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ÎñÃáõÃÛáõÝ ï»ÙåÁ (%) ØÇçݳϳñ· 11.0 ØÇçÇÝ Ù³ëݳ·Çï³Ï³Ý 11.4 ´³ñÓñ³·áõÛÝ 6.9

²Ûë ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÁ ϳÝ˳ï»ë»ÉÇ ¿ÇÝ, ù³ÝÇ áñ г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ ùÇã »Ý ³ß˳ï³ï»Õ»ñÁ ÙÇçÇÝ Ï³Ù ÙÇçÇÝ Ù³ëݳ·Çï³Ï³Ý ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ùμ Ù³ñ¹Ï³Ýó ѳٳñ: ÆÝãå»ë ³ñ¹»Ý Ýß»óÇÝù, Ù³ëݳ·Çï³Ï³Ý ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝ áõÝÇ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ 52.9%: Øݳó³Í 47.1%-Á ýáñÙ³É ³éáõÙáí Ù³ëݳ·ÇïáõÃÛáõÝ ãáõÝ»Ý, ë³Ï³ÛÝ Ù³ëݳ·Çï³Ï³Ý ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý ¹ÇåÉá٠ϳ٠íÏ³Û³Ï³Ý ãáõݻݳÉáí, ϳñáÕ ¿ÇÝ ÏÛ³ÝùÇ ÁÝóóùáõÙ áñ¨¿ ³ñÑ»ëï ëáíáñ³Í ÉÇÝ»É: ØÇçÇÝ Ù³ëݳ·Çï³Ï³Ý ϳ٠μ³ñÓñ³·áõÛÝ ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝ áõÝ»óáÕ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³ñÑ»ëï³·áñÍÝ»ñ ϳ٠ÇÝŻݻñÝ»ñ »Ý (30.3% ¨ 29.4% ѳٳå³ï³ë˳ݳμ³ñ): ºññáñ¹ ï»ÕáõÙ ïÝï»ë³·»ïÝ»ñÇ ËáõÙμÝ ¿ (11.8%): ²Ûë ¹³ë³Ï³ñ·áõÙÝ ³ñï³óáÉáõÙ ¿ »ñÏñÇ μݳÏãáõÃÛ³Ý ÁݹѳÝáõñ μ³ßËáõÙÝ Áëï Ù³ëݳ·ÇïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ¨ ï³ñμ»ñ

29 Ù³ëݳ·Çï³Ï³Ý ËÙμ»ñÇ ½μ³Õí³ÍáõÃÛ³Ý Ù³Ï³ñ¹³ÏÁ: ÆÝãå»ë ³ñ¹»Ý Ýᯐ »Ýù ¶ÉáõË 1-áõÙ, ³ß˳ïáõÅÇ Ñ³ÛÏ³Ï³Ý ßáõϳÛáõÙ ³éϳ ¿ ³ñÑ»ëï³·áñÍÝ»ñÇ, ÇÝŻݻñÝ»ñÇ ¨ ïÝï»ë³·»ïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í ³í»ÉóáõÏ: ºÃ» ѳßíÇ ³éÝ»Ýù ݳ¨ ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ áñ³ÏÛ³É ³ß˳ïáõÅÇ ÝϳïÙ³Ùμ Ù»Í å³Ñ³Ýç³ñÏÁ (ѳïϳå»ë èáõë³ëï³ÝáõÙ` ßÇݳñ³ñáõÃÛ³Ý áÉáñïáõÙ), ³å³ å³ñ½ Ϲ³éݳ, û ÇÝãáõ ¿ ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛáõÝÁ μ³ñÓñ Ù³ëݳ·»ïÝ»ñÇ ³Ûë ËÙμ»ñáõÙ:

ŁĸİōĮŃŌŃIJōĸ ijįĮĿŋĮĻŅŏĶłĮŃ ŇĮŌŁŅŏĶłŅŏŃĵ ĽĮłĮŊŌĮŃŅŏŁ

²ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ 41.4%-Á ÙÇÝ㨠2005 Ã. ³ß˳ï»É ¿ г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ, ÇëÏ ·áñͳ½áõñÏÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ãÇ ³ß˳ï»É ϳ٠г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ Çñ»Ýó Ù³ëݳ·ÇïáõÃÛ³ÝÁ ѳٳå³ï³ë˳ÝáÕ ³ß˳ï³Ýù ã·ïÝ»Éáõ (59.0%) ϳ٠¿É ß³ï ó³Íñ ³ß˳ï³í³ñÓÇ å³ï׳éáí (17.4%): ²ß˳ï³Ýù áõÝ»óáÕ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ï»ëÇó ³í»ÉÇÝ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý ³ß˳ï³Ýù ¿ áõÝ»ó»É, ÙÇÝã¹»é ÙÛáõëÝ»ñÝ áõÝ»ó»É »Ý ɣɸʖʆɼʗ 3-3. ɝʂɺʗɸʍʖʍɼʗʂ ɽɹɸʉʕɸʅʏʙʀʌʏʙʍɿ 뻽áݳÛÇÝ Ï³Ù å³- əɸʌɸʔʖɸʍʏʙʋ ï³Ñ³Ï³Ý (ٻϳÝ- ·³ÙÛ³) ³ß˳- ɝʎʖɸʆɸʍ ï³Ýù: ɸʎʄɸʖɸʍʛ 21.4% г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ ³ß˳ï³Ýù áõÝ»- Ɍʏʗʅɸɽʏʙʗʆ 58.6% ɏɹɸʉʕɸʅ 41.4% ó³Í ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ɦɼɽʏʍɸʌʂʍ ɸʎʄɸʖɸʍʛ ³Ù»Ý³Ù»Í ËáõÙμÁ 9.1% (Ùáï Ù»Ï »ññáñ¹Á) ɣɸʖɸʇɸʆɸʍ ɸʎʄɸʖɸʍʛ ³ß˳ï»É ¿ ßÇݳ- 10.9% ñ³ñáõÃÛ³Ý áÉáñ- ïáõÙ: ÐÇß»Ýù, áñ 2005 Ã.-Ç Ñ³ñóÙ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñáí 2002-2004 ÃÃ. ³ñï»ñÏÇñ Ù»ÏÝ³Í ¨ ÙÇÝã ³Û¹ г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ ³ß˳ï³Ýù áõÝ»ó³Í ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³ß˳ï»É ¿ñ ͳé³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ áÉáñïáõÙ, ÇëÏ ßÇݳñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ »ñÏñáñ¹ ï»ÕáõÙ ¿ñ: ê³ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ μ³ó³ïñí»É í»ñçÇÝ ï³ñÇÝ»ñÇÝ Ð³Û³ëï³ÝáõÙ ßÇݳñ³ñáõÃÛ³Ý Í³í³ÉÝ»ñÇ ¨ śůŞ áÉáñïáõÙ ³ß˳ïáõÅÇ å³Ñ³Ýç³ñÏÇ ½·³ÉÇ ³×áí: ²ÕÛáõë³Ï 3-4-áõÙ Ãí³ñÏí³Í »Ý ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý áÉáñïÝ»ñÁ, áñáÝóáõÙ ³ß˳ï»É »Ý ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ ÙÇÝ㨠2005 Ã. ¨ ÙÇÝ㨠2002 Ã. (ï»°ë ѳçáñ¹ ¿çÁ):

30 ²ÕÛáõë³Ï 3-4. г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ½μ³Õí³ÍáõÃÛ³Ý ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý áÉáñïÝ»ñÁ

àÉáñï ØÇÝ㨠2005 Ã. (%) ØÇÝ㨠2002 Ã. (%) ÞÇݳñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝ 32.1 16.3 ²ñï³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝ 15.0 9.3 ¶ÛáõÕ³ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝ 11.3 15.9 îñ³Ýëåáñï 10.3 6.6 ̳é³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ 9.1 22.9 ²é¨ïáõñ 7.7 15.4 ÎñÃáõÃÛáõÝ 4.3 4.4 ²ÛÉ 10.2 9.2 Àݹ³Ù»ÝÁ 100.0 100.0

ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ½μ³Õí³Í ¿ñ Ù³ëݳíáñ ѳïí³ÍáõÙ (59.7%), Ùáï 20%-Á` å»ï³Ï³Ý ÑÇÙݳñÏáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ, ÇëÏ 21%-Ý ¿É ÇÝùݳ½μ³Õí³Í ¿ñ (Ý»ñ³éÛ³É ý»ñÙ»ñÝ»ñÁ` 7.7%): гñóíáÕÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ (60.2%) Ýᯐ ¿, áñ г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ ³ß˳ï»Éáõ ÁÝóóùáõÙ ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ³ß˳ïáÕ Çñ»Ýó ³½·³Ï³ÝÝ»ñÇ ³Ùë³Ï³Ý »Ï³ÙáõïÁ 50,000 ¹ñ³ÙÁ ã¿ñ ·»ñ³½³ÝóáõÙ: Úáõñ³ù³ÝãÛáõñ ÑÇÝ·»ñáñ¹ ÙÇ·ñ³Ýï í³ëï³ÏáõÙ ¿ñ 50,000-100,000 ¹ñ³Ù ¨ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÙdzÛÝ 3.7%-Ý ¿ í³ëï³Ï»É 100,000 ¹ñ³ÙÇó ³í»ÉÇ: г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ñ³ßí³ñÏí³Í ÙÇçÇÝ ³ß˳ï³í³ñÓÁ ϳ½Ù»É ¿ 44,000 ¹ñ³Ù: 2005 Ã.-Ç Ñ³ñóÙ³Ý ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ, ÙÇÝ㨠2002 Ã. г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ ³ß˳ï³Í ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÙÇçÇÝ ³Ùë³Ï³Ý »Ï³ÙáõïÁ ·ñ»Ã» ÝáõÛÝÝ ¿ »Õ»É (46,000 ¹ñ³Ù):

ɣɸʖʆɼʗ 3-5. ɝʂɺʗɸʍʖʍɼʗʂ ɼʆɸʋʏʙʖɿ ɣɸʖʆɼʗ 3-4. ɝʂɺʗɸʍʖʍɼʗʂ ʋʂʒʂʍ ɸʋʔɸʆɸʍ ʆɸɽʋʏʙʋ ɾʗ ʖ/ʖ ʇɸʋɸʄɸʓɿ ɼʆɸʋʏʙʖʂ ɼʆɸʋʏʙʖɿ əɸʌɸʔʖɸʍʏʙʋ … ʖʏʆʏʔɿ 45.0% 45.0% 40.1% 39.5% 40.0% 40.0% 35.0% 35.0% 30.0% 30.0% 25.0% 22.0% 25.0% 22.6% 20.1% 20.8% 20.0% 20.0% 14.1% 15.9% 15.0% 15.0% 10.0% 10.0% 3.7% 5.0% 5.0% 1.2% 0.0% 0.0% ɝʂʍʐɼʙ 20,000 20,001-50,000 50,001-100,000 100,001-200,000 ɣɸʖɸʔʄɸʍ ɝʂʍʐɼʙ 25% 25-50% 50-75% 75-100% ɣɸʖɸʔʄɸʍ ɻʗɸʋ ɻʗɸʋ ɻʗɸʋ ɻʗɸʋ ʐʆɸ ʐʆɸ

31  ¸»åù»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝáõÙ (62.1%) г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ ³ß˳ï»Éáõ ÁÝóóùáõÙ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ í³ëï³ÏáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý ÁݹѳÝáõñ »Ï³ÙáõïÇ Ï»ëÇó å³Ï³ëÁ (ÙÇçÇÝáõÙ` 42.5%-Á): àõëïÇ Ï³ñ»ÉÇ ¿ ³ë»É, áñ ݳËù³Ý ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÇ ³ñï»ñÏÇñ Ù»ÏÝ»ÉÁ, ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý ÙÇçÇÝ ³Ùë³Ï³Ý »Ï³ÙáõïÁ ϳ½Ù»É ¿ Ùáï 104,000 ¹ñ³Ù: ²Ûë óáõó³ÝÇßÁ ÷áùñ-ÇÝã ³í»ÉÇ Ù»Í ¿ñ 2005 Ã.-ÇÝ: 2002-2005 ÃÃ. ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛáõÙ Ý»ñ·ñ³íí³Í ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÙÇçÇÝ ³Ùë³Ï³Ý »Ï³ÙáõïÁ ÙÇÝ㨠ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÇ Ù»ÏÝáõÙÁ ϳ½ÙáõÙ ¿ñ 117,000 ¹ñ³Ù: ²Ûë ÷á÷áËáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ Ù»Ýù ³í»ÉÇ É³í μ³ó³ïñáõÃÛáõÝ ã»Ýù ϳñáÕ ³é³ç³ñÏ»É, ù³Ý ³ÛÝ, áñ 2007 Ã.-Ç Ñ³ñóÙ³Ý Å³Ù³Ý³Ï Ñ³ñóíáÕÝ»ñÝ Çñ»Ýó »Ï³ÙáõïÝ»ñÇ Ù³ëÇÝ Ëáë»ÉÇëª ¹ñ³Ýù ѳí³Ý³μ³ñ ³í»ÉÇ »Ý ûñ³·Ý³Ñ³ï»É, ù³Ý 2005 Ã.-ÇÝ:

İĹŅŏĺ 4. ĮńĺĮŌĮŃőĮłĸŃ ŁĸİōĮŎĸĮłĸ İŅōĻĵŃĶĮŎĵ

2005-2007 ĶĶ. ĮńĺĮŌĮŃőĮłĸŃ ŁĸİōĮŎĸĮłĸ őĮōŌIJijĵ

²ñﳷݳ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ Ñ³Û ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ³Ù»Ý³Ñ³×³ËÝ ÁÝïñ³Í »ñÏÇñÁ ß³ñáõݳÏáõÙ ¿ ÙÝ³É èáõë³ë³ÝÇ ¸³ßÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ²í»ÉÇÝ, è¸ Ù»ÏÝáÕ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ïáÏáëÁ 2002-2004 ÃÃ.-Ç 88%-Çó 2005-2006 ÃÃ.-ÇÝ Ñ³ë»É ¿ 93%-Ç: »¨ ³ÛÉ »ñÏñÝ»ñ (áã è¸) Ù»ÏÝ³Í ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ μ³ó³ñÓ³Ï ÃÇíÁ ß³ï ÷áùñ ¿ñ ÇÙ³ëï³ÉÇó ù³Ý³Ï³Ï³Ý í»ñÉáõÍáõÃÛáõÝ Ï³ï³ñ»Éáõ ѳٳñ (32 Ù³ñ¹ »ñÏáõ ÁÝïñ³ÝùÝ»ñÇó), áñ³Ï³Ï³Ý ѻﳽáïáõÃÛ³Ý ÁÝïñ³ÝùÁ Ý»ñ³éáõÙ ¿ñ ³ÛÉ »ñÏñÝ»ñ Ù»ÏÝ³Í ÙÇ ù³ÝÇ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ, ¨ Ýñ³Ýó ÷áñÓÁ Ý»ñϳ۳óí³Í ¿ ¶ÉáõË 7-áõÙ:

²ÕÛáõë³Ï 4-1. àõÕ¨áñáõÃÛ³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ

ºñÏÇñ ¸»åù»ñÇ ÃÇíÁ îáÏáë è¸ 418 92.9 ²ØÜ 8 1.8 àõÏñ³Çݳ 7 1.6 Æëå³Ýdz 5 1.1 Ô³½³Ëëï³Ý 4 0.9 üñ³Ýëdz 3 0.7 Ðáõݳëï³Ý 2 0.4 ²íëïñdz 1 0.2 ìñ³ëï³Ý 1 0.2 êáõ¹³Ý 1 0.2 Àݹ³Ù»ÝÁ 450 100.0

32  àõÕ¨áñáõÃÛ³Ý »ñÏñÇ ÁÝïñáõÃÛ³Ý Ù³ëÇÝ Ëáë»ÉÇë ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ 3/4-Çó ³í»ÉÇÝ Ýᯐ ¿, áñ ÁÝïñ»É ¿ ³Ûë ϳ٠³ÛÝ »ñÏÇñÁ, áñáíÑ»ï¨ ÁÝÏ»ñÝ»ñÝ áõ μ³ñ»Ï³ÙÝ»ñÁ μݳÏíáõÙ »Ý ³Û¹ »ñÏñáõÙ: Ø»Ï ³ÛÉ ÑÇÙݳíáñáõÙ ¿ñ ³ÛÝ, áñ ³Û¹ »ñÏñáõÙ ³ß˳ï³Ýù ·ïÝ»ÉÝ ³ÛÉ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù»Ù³ï ³í»ÉÇ Ñ»ßï ¿ Ãí³ó»É: ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ýß³Í ³ÛÉ å³ï׳é³μ³ÝáõÙÝ»ñÇó ¿ÇÝ »ñÏÇñ Ùáõïù ·áñÍ»Éáõ ¹ÛáõñÇÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¨ »ñÏñáõÙ Ù»Í Ñ³ÛÏ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³ÛÝùÇ ³éϳÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ²Ûë μáÉáñ ѳݷ³Ù³ÝùÝ»ñÁ ѳßíÇ ³éÝ»Éáí, èáõë³ëï³ÝÝ Çëϳå»ë ³Ù»Ý³Ýå³ï³Ï³Ñ³ñÙ³ñ ÁÝïñáõÃÛáõÝÝ ¿ ÃíáõÙ:

²ÕÛáõë³Ï 4-2. àõÕ¨áñáõÃÛ³Ý »ñÏñÇ ÁÝïñáõÃÛ³Ý íñ³ ³½¹áÕ ·áñÍáÝÝ»ñÁ

¶áñÍáÝ îáÏáë îíÛ³É »ñÏñáõÙ »Ý μݳÏíáõÙ ÁÝÏ»ñÝ»ñÁ ϳ٠76.6 ³½·³Ï³ÝÝ»ñÁ ²ÛÝï»Õ Ñ»ßï ¿ ³ß˳ï³Ýù ·ïÝ»É 61.7 ÀݹáõÝáÕ »ñÏñÇ É»½íÇ ÇÙ³óáõÃÛáõÝ 29.9 лßï ¿ Ùáõïù ·áñÍ»É »ñÏÇñ (ãÇ 14.9 å³Ñ³ÝçíáõÙ ÙáõïùÇ ³ñïáݳ·Çñ) ²ÛÝï»Õ ß³ï ѳۻñ »Ý ³åñáõÙ 10.0

ø³ÝÇ áñ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ·»ñ³ÏßÇé ٻͳٳëÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³ß˳ï³Ýù ¿ ÷Ýïñ»É è¸-áõÙ, áõëïÇ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³óÇ³Ý ù³ñ﻽³·ñ»Éáõ ѳٳñ ëïÇåí³Í ¿ÇÝù §á±ñ »ñÏÇñ¦ ѳñóÁ ÷á˳ñÇÝ»É §áñï»±Õ è¸-áõÙ¦ ѳñóáí: гñóÙ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÁ ÏñÏÇÝ óáõÛó »Ý ï³ÉÇë, áñ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³ß˳ï³Ýù ¿ ÷Ýïñ»É ØáëÏí³ÛáõÙ (39.8%): ²ÕÛáõë³Ï 4-2-áõÙ Ý»ñϳ۳óí³Í ¿ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ μ³ßËáõÙÝ Áëï èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ Ûáà ¹³ßݳÛÇÝ ßñç³ÝÝ»ñÇ, ¨ Ûáõñ³ù³ÝãÛáõñ ßñç³ÝáõÙ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÏáÕÙÇó ³é³í»É Ñ³×³Ë ÁÝïñí³Í ù³Õ³ùÝ»ñÁ:

²ÕÛáõë³Ï 4-2. ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ýå³ï³Ï³Ï»ï»ñÁ è¸-áõÙ

¸³ßݳÛÇÝ ßñç³Ý îáÏáë ²Ù»Ý³Ñ³×³ËÝ ÁÝïñíáÕ ù³Õ³ùÝ»ñÁ λÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý 48.6 ØáëÏí³, äá¹ÙáëÏáíÛ» ìáÉ·³ 13.3 ê³Ù³ñ³, úñ»Ýμáõñ·, ä»ñ٠гñ³í³ÛÇÝ 10.0 èáëïáí, êáãÇ, êï³íñáåáÉ Ð»é³íáñ ³ñ¨»ÉÛ³Ý 8.8 ʳμ³ñáíëÏ, Ú³ÏáõïëÏ, ìɳ¹ÇíáëïáÏ ÐÛáõëÇë-³ñ¨ÙïÛ³Ý 6.5 ê³ÝÏï ä»ï»ñμáõñ·, êÇÏïÇíϳñ êÇμÇñ 6.5 λٻñáíá, ÜáíáëÇμÇñëÏ, Îñ³ëÝáÛ³ñëÏ àõñ³É 6.2 â»ÉÛ³μÇÝëÏ, îÛáõÙ»Ý, ºÏ³ï»ñÇÝμáõñ·

33 ŅŏĿIJŋŅōŅŏĶłĮŃ ŃĮĺĮŇĮŌōĮŊŌŅŏŁĵ

2007 Ã.-Ç Ñ³ñóÙ³Ý áõñ³Ë³ÉÇ μ³ó³Ñ³ÛïáõÙ ¿ñ ³ÛÝ, áñ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ݳËûñáù åɳݳíáñ»É ¿ Çñ áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¨ ݳ˳å»ë Ó»éù μ»ñ»É ¹ñ³ í»ñ³μ»ñÛ³É áñáß³ÏÇ å³Ûٳݳíáñí³ÍáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ: ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ (70.4%) ³ß˳ï³ÝùÁ ·ï»É ¿ñ ¹»é¨ë Ù»ÏÝáõÙÇó ³é³ç: ²Ûë ËÙμÇ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ áñáß³ÏÇ å³Ûٳݳíáñí³ÍáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ áõÝ»ó»É ݳ¨ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ Ýϳñ³·ñáõÃÛ³Ý, ³ß˳ï³í³ñÓÇ ã³÷Ç ¨ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñÇ í»ñ³μ»ñÛ³É:

ɣɸʖʆɼʗ 4-1. ɟɸʄʍɸʆɸʍ ʑɸʌʋɸʍɸʕʏʗʕɸʅʏʙʀʌʏʙʍʍɼʗ 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Ɋʎʄɸʖɸʍʛʂ Ɋʎʄɸʖɸʍʛɸʌʂʍ Ɋʎʄɸʖɸʕɸʗʈ ʍʆɸʗɸɺʗʏʙʀʌʏʙʍ ʑɸʌʋɸʍʍɼʗ

ɣɸʌʋɸʍɸʕʏʗʕɸʅʏʙʀʌʏʙʍ ʐʆɸʗ 11.1% 23.4% 19.2% ɡʗʏʎ ʑɸʌʋɸʍɸʕʏʗʕɸʅʏʙʀʌʏʙʍ 19.4% 47.0% 49.9% əʔʖɸʆ ʑɸʌʋɸʍɸʕʏʗʕɸʅʏʙʀʌʏʙʍ 69.5% 29.6% 30.9%

Æ Ñ³Ï³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝ ëñ³Ý, 2005 Ã.-Ç Ñ³ñóÙ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ, 2002-2004 ÃÃ.-ÇÝ ³ñï»ñÏÇñ Ù»ÏÝ³Í ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇó Ûáõñ³ù³ÝãÛáõñ »ñÏñáñ¹Á Ù»ÏÝáõÙÇó ³é³ç å³ïÏ»ñ³óáõÙ ãáõÝ»ñ í³ñÓ³ïñáõÃÛ³Ý í»ñ³μ»ñÛ³É, ÇëÏ Ûáõñ³ù³ÝãÛáõñ »ññáñ¹Á ã·Çï»ñ, û ÇÝã ³ß˳ï³Ýù å»ïù ¿ ϳï³ñÇ: ²ß˳ï³Ýùáí ³å³Ñáíí³Í ÉÇÝ»Éáõ ¨ å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñÁ ݳ˳å»ë ×ßï»Éáõª ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ß³Ñ³·ñ·éí³ÍáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ³Ù»Ý³ÛÝ Ñ³í³Ý³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ùμ, å³Ûٳݳíáñí³Í ¿ ݳËÏÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ ÷áñÓáí` û° ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÇ, ¨ û° Ýñ³ ͳÝáÃÝ»ñÇ: Ø»Ï ³ÛÉ Ñݳñ³íáñ μ³ó³ïñáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ ³ÛÝ, áñ ÙÇçÝáñ¹³íáñí³Í áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÃÇíÁ 55%-Çó ³×»É ¿ ÙÇÝ㨠65%: ػͳٳë³Ùμ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÇ áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ϳ½Ù³Ï»ñå»É »Ý áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛ³Ý »ñÏñáõÙ ³åñáÕ ÁÝÏ»ñÝ»ñÁ ϳ٠³½·³Ï³ÝÝ»ñÁ (28%): ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ 12%-ÇÝ ³Ûë ѳñóáõÙ ³ç³Ïó»É »Ý áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛ³Ý »ñÏñáõÙ μݳÏíáÕ Ù³ëݳíáñ ÙÇçÝáñ¹Ý»ñÁ, ÇëÏ 10%-Ý û·ïí»É ¿ ѳ۳ëï³Ý³μÝ³Ï ÙÇçÝáñ¹Ý»ñÇ Í³é³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇó: »¨ г۳ëï³Ýáõ٠ϳ٠³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ·áñÍáÕ ·áñͳϳÉáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Í³é³- ÛáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇó û·ïí»É ¿ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÷áùñ³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ, Ýñ³Ýó ïáÏáëÁ 4.6%-Çó (2002-2004 ÃÃ.) ³×»É ¿ ÙÇÝ㨠7% (2005-2006 ÃÃ.): ØÇçÝáñ¹Ý»ñÁ ٻͳٳë³Ùμ Ëáëï³ó»É »Ý û·Ý»É ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇÝ ³ß˳ï³Ýù ·ïÝ»Éáõ ѳñóáõÙ (76.4%): ØÛáõëÝ»ñÁ Ëáëï³ó»É »Ý Ñá·³É

34 ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ×³Ý³å³ñѳͳËëÁ (33.6%), í׳ñ»É μݳϳñ³ÝÇ ¨ ëÝÝ¹Ç Ñ³Ù³ñ (22.8%), û·Ý»É ϳó³ñ³Ý ·ïÝ»É (20.4%) ϳ٠å³ñïùáí ·áõÙ³ñ ïñ³Ù³¹ñ»É (12.8%): ÆÝãå»ë ¨ 2005 Ã.-ÇÝ, ѳñóíáÕÝ»ñÇ ·»ñ³ÏßÇé ٻͳٳëÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³ë»É ¿, áñ ÙÇçÝáñ¹Ý»ñÁ ϳï³ñ»É »Ý Çñ»Ýó å³ñï³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ áõ ËáëïáõÙÝ»ñÁ ³ÙμáÕçáõÃÛ³Ùμ ϳ٠·áÝ» Ù³ë³Ùμ (83% ¨ 12.6% ѳٳå³ï³ë˳ݳμ³ñ): ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ùáï 30%-Á ãÇ åɳݳíáñ»É Çñ í»ñçÇÝ áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛ³Ý ï¨áÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ (2005 Ã.-ÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ³Ûë ËáõÙμÁ 40.3% ¿ñ ϳ½ÙáõÙ): Øݳó³Í 70%-Ç Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ åɳݳíáñ»É ¿ ÙÝ³É áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛ³Ý »ñÏñáõÙ 6 ³ÙëÇó ÙÇÝ㨠1 ï³ñÇ, ¨ ÙdzÛÝ 9%-Ý ¿ ³í»ÉÇ »ñϳñ³ï¨ áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛáõÝ åɳݳíáñ»É: ÆÝãå»ë ¨ 2005 Ã.-ÇÝ, ³ÛÅÙ ¿É áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ åɳݳíáñí³Í ÙÇçÇÝ ï¨áÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ 8 ³ÙÇë ¿ñ:

ĮńĺĮŌĮŃőŃ Ņŏ IJļĮŁŅŏŌĵ ĵŃıŅŏŃŅĿ IJōļōŅŏŁ

àõÕ¨áñáõÃÛ³Ý ë»½áݳÛÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ áõ Çñ³Ï³Ý ï¨áÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ

ØÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ Ñáëù»ñÇ ë»½áݳÛÇÝ ³é³ÝÓݳѳïÏáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ³éáõÙáí 2007 Ã.-Ç Ñ³ñóÙ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÁ ѳٳÑáõÝã »Ý 2005 Ã.-Ç Ñ³ñóÙ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÇÝ: ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ 75%-Çó ³í»ÉÇÝ Ð³Û³ëï³ÝÇó Ù»ÏÝ»É ¿ ·³ñÝ³Ý ëϽμÇÝ, Áݹ áñáõÙ Ù»ÏÝáõÙÝ»ñÇ ³Ù»Ý³³ÏïÇí ³ÙÇëÁ Ù³ñïÝ ¿ñ: ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ (78%) í»ñ³¹³ñÓ»É ¿ г۳ëï³Ý ÑáÏï»Ùμ»ñ-¹»Ïï»Ùμ»ñ ³ÙÇëÝ»ñÇ ÁÝóóùáõÙ, μ³Ûó ³í»ÉÇ Ñ³×³Ë` ³Ù³ÝáñÇ ïáÝ»ñÇÝ Ùáï:

ɣɸʖʆɼʗ 4-2. Ɋʎʄɸʖɸʍʛɸʌʂʍ ʋʂɺʗɸʘʂɸʌʂ ʔɼɽʏʍɸʌʍʏʙʀʌʏʙʍɿ 35.0

30.0

25.0 ɝɼʆʍʏʙʋ 20.0 ɧɼʗɸɻɸʗʈ 15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0 əʏʙʍ ɬɼʖɝɸʗɊʑʗ ɝɸʌ əʏʙʍ əʏʙʃ ɮɺ ɦɼʑ əʏʆ ɟʏʌ ɍɼʆ

35  ÆÝã í»ñ³μ»ñáõÙ ¿ í»ñçÇÝ áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛ³Ý ï¨áÕáõÃÛ³ÝÁ, ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ³ß˳ï»É ¿ 5-10 ³ÙÇë (68.9%): àõÕ¨áñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÙÇçÇÝ ï¨áÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ ѳí³ë³ñ ¿ñ áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÙÇçÇÝ åɳݳíáñí³Í ï¨áÕáõÃÛ³ÝÁ` 8 ³ÙÇë: (2005 Ã.-Ç Ñ³ñóÙ³Ý ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ` ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÝ áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛ³Ý »ñÏñáõÙ åɳݳíáñí³ÍÇó ³í»ÉÇ »ñϳñ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ¿ÇÝ ³Ýóϳóñ»É:)

²ÕÛáõë³Ï 4-3. ì»ñçÇÝ áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛ³Ý Çñ³Ï³Ý ï¨áÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ç Ñ³Ù»Ù³ï åɳݳíáñí³ÍÇ

î¨áÕáõÃÛáõÝ Æñ³Ï³Ý (%) äɳݳíáñí³Í (%) ØÇÝ㨠6 ³ÙÇë 25.7 33.7 6 ³ÙëÇó ÙÇÝ㨠1 ï³ñÇ 68.5 57.5 1 ï³ñáõó ³í»ÉÇ 5.8 8.8

²ß˳ï³Ýù

ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ 80%-Çó ³í»ÉÇÝ ëÏë»É ¿ ³ß˳ï»É ÁݹáõÝáÕ »ñÏÇñ ųٳݻÉáõó Ñ»ïá Ù»Ï ³Ùëí³ ÁÝóóùáõÙ: ²í»ÉÇÝ, ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ 54.7%-Á ³ß˳ï³ÝùÝ ëÏë»É ¿ ³é³çÇÝ ÇëÏ ß³μ³Ãí³ ÁÝóóùáõÙ: ²Ûë ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÁ ϳÝ˳ï»ë»ÉÇ ¿ÇÝ, ѳßíÇ ³éÝ»Éáí ³ÛÝ Ñ³Ý·³Ù³ÝùÁ, áñ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ í»ñ³μ»ñÛ³É å³ÛÙ³Ýśíáñí³ÍáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ñ Ó»éù μ»ñ»É Ù»ÏÝáõÙÇó ³é³ç: àõëïÇ μÝ³Ï³Ý ¿ ݳ¨, áñ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ í»ñ³μ»ñÛ³É Ý³Ëûñáù å³Ûٳݳíáñí³ÍáõÃÛáõÝ áõÝ»ó³Í ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ 70%-Ý ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ ¿ ³Ýó»É ųٳÝáõÙÇó Áݹ³Ù»ÝÁ 1-3 ûñ ³Ýó: ²ÛÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ, áíù»ñ åɳݳíáñ»É ¿ÇÝ ³ß˳ï³Ýù ·ïÝ»É ÁݹáõÝáÕ »ñÏÇñ ųٳݻÉáõó Ñ»ïá, ϳñáÕ³ó»É »Ý ¹³ ³Ý»É »ñÏÇñ ųٳݻÉáõó ÙÇçÇÝÁ 32 ûñ ³Ýó, ÇëÏ Ùáï 8%-ÇÝ ³Û¹å»ë ¿É ãÇ Ñ³çáÕí»É ³ß˳ï³Ýù ·ïÝ»É: ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ³í»ÉÇ ù³Ý »ñÏáõ »ññáñ¹Á ϳï³ñ»É ¿ 뻽áݳÛÇÝ Ï³Ù Ù»Ï³Ý·³ÙÛ³ ³ß˳ï³Ýù, ¨ Ýñ³Ýó ·»ñ³ÏßÇé ٻͳٳëÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³ß˳ï»É ¿ ßÇݳñ³ñáõÃÛ³Ý áÉáñïáõÙ: »¨ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ³ñﳷݳ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ ïÇåÇ áõ áÉáñïÇ ÁݹѳÝáõñ ѳٳٳëÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ã»Ý ÷áËí»É 2005 Ã.-Ç ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù»Ù³ï, 2005-2006 ÃÃ.-ÇÝ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ áÉáñïÝ»ñÁ å³Ï³ë μ³½Ù³½³Ý »Ý »Õ»É: ÞÇݳñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝÇó ½³ï ³ÛÉ áÉáñïÝ»ñáõÙ ³ß˳ïáÕ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ïáÏáëÁ 38%-Çó Ïñ׳ïí»É ¿ ÙÇÝ㨠22.2%:

36 ²ÕÛáõë³Ï 4-4. ÀݹáõÝáÕ »ñÏñáõÙ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ áÉáñïÝ»ñÁ

àÉáñï 2005-2006 (%) 2002-2004 (%) ÞÇݳñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝ 77.3 62.0 ²é¨ïáõñ 5.3 11.5 سëݳ·Çï³Ï³Ý 3.4 ͳé³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ 10.6 ²ÛÉ Í³é³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ 4.3 ²ñï³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝ 4.4 7.2 îñ³Ýëåáñï 2.3 3.4 ²ÛÉ 3.0 5.3 Àݹ³Ù»ÝÁ 100.0 100.0

ÆÝã í»ñ³μ»ñáõÙ ¿ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ Ñ³ñ³μ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Çñ³í³Ï³Ý ϳñ·³íáñÙ³ÝÁ, ³å³ Çñ³íÇ׳ÏÝ ³Ý÷á÷áË ¿ Ùݳó»É: ØÇÝ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇó ùã»ñÝ »Ý ·ñ³íáñ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ å³Ûٳݳ·Çñ ÏÝù»É, ÙÇÝã¹»é Ýñ³Ýó ·»ñ³ÏßÇé ٻͳٳëÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ñ³μ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ·áñͳïáõÇ Ñ»ï ÑÇÙÝí³Í »Ý »Õ»É ëáëÏ μ³Ý³íáñ ѳٳӳÛÝáõÃÛ³Ý íñ³: »¨ ·áñͳïáõÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ å³Ûٳݳ·Çñ ÏÝù³Í ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÃÇíÁ ÷áùñ-ÇÝã ³í»É³ó»É ¿, ÇëÏ ³ÛÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÃÇíÁ, áíù»ñ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÝ ëÏë»Éáõó ³é³ç ·áñͳïáõÇ Ñ»ï ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñÇ í»ñ³μ»ñÛ³É ³éѳë³ñ³Ï áñ¨¿ å³Ûٳݳíáñí³ÍáõÃÛáõÝ ã»Ý áõÝ»ó»É, Ïñ׳ïí»É ¿, ³ÛÝáõ³Ù»Ý³ÛÝÇí, ¹ñ³Ï³Ý ß³ñÅÁ ã³÷³½³Ýó ÷áùñ ¿:

ɣɸʖʆɼʗ 4-3. Ɋʎʄɸʖɸʍʛɸʌʂʍ ʇɸʗɸɹɼʗʏʙʀʌʏʙʍʍɼʗʂ ʆɸʗɺɸʕʏʗʏʙʋɿ 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% Ɍʗɸʕʏʗ ɋɸʍɸʕʏʗ ʑɸʌʋɸ- ɣɸʌʋɸʍɸʕʏʗʕɸ- ʑɸʌʋɸʍɸɺʂʗ ʍɸʕʏʗʕɸʅʏʙʀʌʏʙʍ ʅʏʙʀʌʏʙʍ ʐʆɸʗ 2007 ʀ. ʇɸʗʘʏʙʋ 12.2% 74.1% 8.8% 2005 ʀ. ʇɸʗʘʏʙʋ 11.5% 72.3% 11.9%

37  Ødzųٳݳ ³Ï, ãÝ³Û³Í »ñ ñÏÏáÕÙ³ÝÇ éÇÇëÏÇ ³éϳÛáõÃÃÛ³ÝÁ, áñÝ ³é é³ç ¿ ·³ ³ÉÇë Çñ³í³Ï³ ³Ý ÑÇÙù»ñ ãáõõÝ»óáÕ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ Ñ³ ³ñ³μ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝÝ»ñÇ Ù» »ç ÙïÝ»ÉÇë, ϳ³ñ»ÉÇ ¿ »½ñ³Ï ϳóÝ»É, áñ Ù» »Í³Ù³ë³Ùμ à û° ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÁ ¨ û° ·á áñͳïáõÝ μ³í í³ñ³ñí³Í »Ý Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ññáí: ØÇ·ñ³ÝïïÝ»ñÇ Ùáï 84%-Ý 8 ³ëëáõÙ ¿, áñ ·áñ ñͳïáõÝ ÉÇáí íÇÝ å³Ñå³Ý» »É ¿ ݳËûñáù ù ѳٳӳÛÝ»óí³Í å³³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñÁ (û»° ·ñ³íáñ ¨ û »° μ³Ý³íáñ å³³Ûٳݳíáñí³ ³ÍáõÃÛ³Ý ¹»åù ùáõÙ), Çë ëÏ 14.4%-Ç ¹»åùáõÙ ³Û¹ ¹ å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñÁ å³Ñå³Ý Ýí»É »Ý Ù³ë ë³Ùμ: ¶ááñͳïáõÝ»ñÝ ¿É ÙÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇÇó ݳËÁÝïñáõõÙ »Ý áã ýáñÙ³ ³É ³ß˳ï³Ýù ù³ÛÇÝ Ñ³ ³ñ³μ»ñáõÃÛáõÝ ÝÝ»ñÁ, ù³ÝÇ áñ ³Û¹åÇëá áí ϳñáÕ³Ýá áõÙ »Ý Ëáõë³÷»É ѳ ³ñÏ»ñÇó: (à àã ûñÇݳϳ ³Ý ³ßË³ï³ ³Ýù³ÛÇÝ Ñ³ ³ñ³μ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝÝ»ñÇ å³³ï׳éÝ»ñÝ áõá ѻ勉ÝùÝ»ñ ñÝ ³í»ÉÇ Ù³Ýññ³Ù³ëÝ ùÝݳ ³ñÏí³Í »Ý ¶ÉááõË 7- áõÙ Ù:) ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ» »ñÇ ³ß˳ï³Ý Ýù³ÛÇÝ ûñí³ ÙÇçÇÝ ï¨áÕáõõÃÛáõÝÁ ϳ½Ù»ÉÉ ¿ 10 ų ³Ù (ÝáõÛÝ ·Ý³ ³Ñ³ï³Ï³ÝÁ ·ñ³Ýóí»É ¿ñ 2005 Ã.-Ç Ñ³ñ ñóÙ³Ý Å³Ù³Ý Ý³Ï): ØÇÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛ Ù ÛáõÝÁ (52.1%) ³ß˳ï»É ¿ ÉñÉñÇí ¹ñáõÛù³ã³ ³÷áí (8--10 ųÙ), Ûáõñ ñ³ù³ÝãÛáõñ »ñ ññáñ¹ ÙÇ·ñ³Ý ÝïÝ ûñ³Ï³Ý ³ß˳ï»É ¿ 11-12 ų ³Ù (37.3%), ¨ ÙdzÛÝ 6.4%-Ý ¿ ³ß˳ï»É áã á ÉñÇí ¹ñáõÛù³ ³ã³÷áí (1-7 ųÙ): Å ØÇÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ùݳó³Í 4.1% %-Á ³ßË³ï» »É ¿ ûñ³Ï³Ý 12 ųÙÇó ³í»ÉÇ: ³ ²ßß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇ ÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ Ý»ñÇ ÙdzÛÝ 46.4%-Ý 4 ¿ áõõÝ»ó»É ϳÝáݳíáñ ѳ ³Ý·ëïÛ³Ý ûñ» »ñ, 35.6%-Á ѳ ³½í³¹»å ¿ ѳ ³Ý·ëïÛ³Ý ûñ»ñ ñ áõÝ»ó»É, ÇëÏ 18%- Ý ³ß˳ï»É ³ ¿ ÁÝ Ý¹Ñ³Ýñ³å»ë ³é³Ýó ³ Ñ³Ý·ëïÛ³Ý ûñ»ñÇ: ÆÝã í»ñ³μ»ññáõÙ ¿ ³ß˳ïï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ· ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ »Ï³ÙáõïÝ»ñÇÝ, ³å³ ѳ³ñóáõÙÁ óáõÛó ¿ ï³ÉÇë, áñ Ýñ³Ýó ÙÇçÇÝ Ý ³Ùë³Ï³Ý »Ï ϳÙáõïÁ 20055 Ã.-Ç ïí íÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ Ñ³ÙٻٳïáõÃÛ³Ùμ μ ³×»É ¿ ³í»ÉÇÇ ù³Ý 50%-áí í (643 ²ØÜ ¹á áɳñ` 20005 Ã.-Ç 410 ²ØÜ ² ¹áɳñÇ ÷á˳ñ»Ý): 2005-2006 ÃÃ.-ÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³Ýï ïÝ»ñÇ Ï»»ëÇó ³í»ÉÇÝ, ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ³ß˳ï»Éáí, ³ ³Ùë³Ï³Ý í³ ³ëï³Ï»É ¿ 400-800 ²ØØÜ ¹áɳñ: ²ÛëåÇëáí, ² »Ã» » ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ» »ñÇ ÙÇçÇÝ ³ÙÙë³Ï³Ý »Ï³Ù ÙáõïÁ ϳ³½ÙáõÙ ¿ 643 ²ØÜ ² ¹áɳñ, Çë ëÏ áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛ³ ³Ý ÙÇçÇÝ ï¨áÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ 8 ³Ù ÙÇë ¿, ³å å³ ëï³óíáõÙ Ù ¿, áñ Ù»Ï áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛ³Ý á ÁÝóóùáõÙ ÙÇ Ç·ñ³ÝïÁ ÙÇçÇ ÇÝáõÙ í³³ëï³ÏáõÙ ¿ 51140 ²ØÜ ¹áɳñ:

ɣɸʖʆɼʗ ɣ 4-4. ɝʂɺʗ ʗɸʍʖʍɼʗʂ ʋʂʒʂʍ ʍ ɸʋʔɸʆɸʍ ɼʆɸʋʏ ʏʙʖɿ 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0%

ɝʂʍʐɼʙ 200 2001-400 401-600 6011-800 801-1000 10011-1500 Ɋʕɼʃʂ ʛɸʍ Ɋɝɟ Ɋ Ɋɝɟ Ɋɝɟ Ɋ Ɋɝɟ Ɋɝɟ Ɋɝ ɝɟ 1500 Ɋɝɟ ɻʏʃɸʗ ɻʏ ʏʃɸʗ ɻʏʃɸʗ ɻʏʏʃɸʗ ɻʏʃɸʗ ɻʏʃʃɸʗ ɻʏʃɸʗ

2007 ʀ. ʇɸ ɸʗʘʏʙʋ 4.5% 222.6% 30.1% 233.3% 11.9% 4.77% 2.8% 2005 ʀ. ʇɸ ɸʗʘʏʙʋ 20.3% 477.7% 22.6% 4..1% 3.0% 2.33% 0.0%

388  ØdzųٳݳÏ, ß³ï ϳñ¨áñ ¿ ѳßíÇ ³éÝ»É í»ñçÇÝ »ñÏáõ ï³ñÇÝ»ñÇ ÁÝóóùáõÙ ²ØÜ ¹áɳñÇ ½·³ÉÇ ³ñÅ»½ñÏáõÙÁ, áñÇ Ñ»ï¨³Ýùáí μ³ó³ñÓ³Ï Ãí»ñÇ ³×Á ¹»é¨ë ãÇ Ý߳ݳÏáõÙ, áñ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Çñ³Ï³Ý »Ï³ÙáõïÝ»ñÝ ³í»É³ó»É »Ý ÝáõÛÝ ã³÷áí: Æñ³Ï³ÝáõÙ Ýñ³Ýó ³Ùë³Ï³Ý ÙÇçÇÝ »Ï³ÙáõïÝ ³í»É³ó»É ¿ ÙdzÛÝ 16%-áí. 193,000 ¹ñ³ÙÇó (410 ²ØÜ ¹áɳñ` ѳßí³ñÏí³Í 2005 Ã.-Ç ëϽμÇÝ ßáõϳÛáõ٠ѳëï³ïí³Í 470 ¹ñ³Ù 1 ²ØÜ ¹áɳñÇ ¹ÇÙ³ó ÷á˳ñÅ»ùáí) ѳëÝ»Éáí 224,000 ¹ñ³ÙÇ (643 ²ØÜ ¹áɳñ` ѳßí³ñÏí³Í 2007 Ã.-Ç ëϽμÇÝ ßáõϳÛáõ٠ѳëï³ïí³Í 350 ¹ñ³Ù 1 ²ØÜ ¹áɳñÇ ¹ÇÙ³ó ÷á˳ñÅ»ùáí): ºÃ» ѳßíÇ ³éÝ»Ýù ݳ¨ ·Ý³×Ç ·áñÍáÝÁ, ³å³ ÝáõÛÝÇëÏ ³Ûë 16% ³×Á ¹Åí³ñ û ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÁÝï³ÝÇùÝ»ñÇ Ï»Ýë³Ù³Ï³ñ¹³ÏÇ íñ³ ¿³Ï³Ý ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝ áõݻݳ: гßíÇ ³éÝ»Éáí ³Ûë ³Ù»ÝÁ, ½³ñٳݳÉÇ ã¿, áñ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ Ýᯐ »Ý, û ³Ûɨë ã»Ý ÉùÇ Ð³Û³ëï³ÝÁª ÙÇçÇÝáõÙ 200,000 ¹ñ³Ù (ϳ٠Ùáï 570 ²ØÜ ¹áɳñ) ³Ùë³Ï³Ý »Ï³ÙáõïÇ ¹»åùáõÙ, ÙÇÝã¹»é 2005 Ã.-ÇÝ Ñ³ñóí³Í ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇÝ Ï·áѳóÝ»ñ 340 ²ØÜ ¹áɳñ ³Ùë³Ï³Ý »Ï³ÙáõïÁ:

¸ñ³Ù³Ï³Ý ÷á˳ÝóáõÙÝ»ñ

Àëï ѳñóÙ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÇ, Ûáõñ³ù³ÝãÛáõñ ÑÇÝ·»ñáñ¹ ÙÇ·ñ³Ýï í»ñçÇÝ áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛ³Ý ÁÝóóùáõÙ ãÇ Ï³ñáÕ³ó»É ·áõÙ³ñ áõÕ³ñÏ»É ÁÝï³ÝÇùÇÝ (19.5%, ϳ٠·ñ»Ã» ÝáõÝù³Ý, áñù³Ý 2005 Ã.-Ç ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³Ûݪ 18.8%): ²ÛÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ, áíù»ñ ϳñáÕ³ó»É »Ý ·áõÙ³ñ ËÝ³Û»É ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ, Çñ»Ýó ÁÝï³ÝÇùÝ»ñÇÝ ³é³çÇÝ ¹ñ³Ù³Ï³Ý ÷á˳ÝóáõÙÝ »Ý áõÕ³ñÏ»É Ù»ÏÝáõÙÇó Ñ»ïá Ù»Ï Ï³Ù »ñÏáõ ³ÙÇë ³Ýó (69.3%): лﳽáïáõÃÛ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÁ óáõÛó »Ý ï³ÉÇë, áñ áñáß³ÏÇáñ»Ý ³í»É³ó»É ¿ ³ÛÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÃÇíÁ, áíù»ñ ·»ñ³¹³ëáõÙ »Ý ¹ñ³Ù³Ï³Ý ÷á˳ÝóáõÙÝ»ñÁ ϳï³ñ»É μ³ÝϳÛÇÝ Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·Ç ¨ áã û Ù³ëݳíáñ ³ÝÓ³Ýó ÙÇçáóáí: ÀݹѳÝáõñ ³éÙ³Ùμ, ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ 86.2%-Á í»ñçÇÝ áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛ³Ý ÁÝóóùáõÙ ³éÝí³½Ý Ù»Ï ³Ý·³Ù μ³ÝÏÇ ÙÇçáóáí ¹ñ³Ù³Ï³Ý ÷á˳ÝóáõÙ ¿ ϳï³ñ»É, ÇëÏ 15.5%-Á ·áõÙ³ñ ¿ ÷á˳Ýó»É ³ÝѳïÝ»ñÇ ÙÇçáóáí (2005 Ã.-Ç ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ 84.8%-Á ѳñ³½³ïÝ»ñÇÝ ·áõÙ³ñ ¿ñ ÷á˳ÝóáõÙ μ³ÝÏÇ, 21.0%-Á` Ù³ëݳíáñ ³ÝÓ³Ýó ÙÇçáóáí): ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ï»ëÇó ³í»ÉÇÝ Çñ»Ýó ËݳÛáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÙÇ Ù³ëÁ μ»ñ»É ¿ Çñ Ñ»ï: ÀݹѳÝáõñ ³éÙ³Ùμ, í»ñçÇÝ áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛ³Ý ÁÝóóùáõÙ Ûáõñ³ù³ÝãÛáõñ ÙÇ·ñ³Ýï ÁÝï³ÝÇùÇÝ áõÕ³ñÏ»É Ï³Ù Çñ Ñ»ï μ»ñ»É ¿ ÙÇçÇÝÁ 2720 ²ØÜ ¹áɳñ, ÇÝãÁ, ¹³ñÓÛ³É μ³ó³ñÓ³Ï Ãí»ñáí, Ý߳ݳÏáõÙ ¿ 2005 Ã.-Ç 1540 ¹áɳñÇ Ñ³Ù»Ù³ï 75%-³Ýáó ³×: ê³ Ý߳ݳÏáõÙ ¿, áñ 5140 ²ØÜ ¹áɳñ ϳ½ÙáÕ ÙÇçÇÝ »Ï³ÙáõïÇ Ùáï 47%-Á ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ ͳËë»É »Ý áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛ³Ý »ñÏñáõÙ, ÇëÏ Ùݳó³Í 53%-Ý áõÕ³ñÏ»É »Ý г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ ³åñáÕ Çñ»Ýó ÁÝï³ÝÇùÝ»ñÇÝ:

39  ÆÝãå»ë ³ñ¹»Ý Ýᯐ »Ýù ¶ÉáõË 2-áõÙ, ѻﳽáïáõÃÛ³Ý ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ ï³ñ³ÍÙ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ μ³ó³ñÓ³Ï ÃÇíÁ ·Ý³Ñ³ïí»É ¿ 54,000-74,000 Ù³ñ¹ 2005 Ã.-ÇÝ ¨ 60,000-81,000` 2006 Ã.-ÇÝ, ³ÛëÇÝùÝ 2005- 2006 ÃÃ.-ÇÝ ÁÝѳÝáõñ ³éÙ³Ùμ ϳï³ñí»É ¿ 114,000-155,000 ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛáõÝ ³ñï»ñÏÇñ: гñóÙ³Ý ³ñŞÛáõÝùÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ` ³Ûë áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ 80.5%-Á (ϳ٠91,000-124,000 áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛáõÝ) §³ñ¹Ûáõݳí»ï¦ ¿ »Õ»É: л勉μ³ñ, ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇó ëï³óí³Í ¹ñ³Ù³Ï³Ý ÷á˳ÝóáõÙÝ»ñÇ ÁݹѳÝáõñ ͳí³ÉÁ ¹Çï³ñÏíáÕ áÕç ųٳݳϳѳïí³ÍÇ ÁÝóóùáõ٠ϳ½Ù»É ¿ 250-339 ÙÇÉÇáÝ ²ØÜ ¹áɳñ, ϳ٠118-162 ÙÇÉÇáÝ ¹áɳñ 2005 Ã.-Ç ¨ 131-177 ÙÇÉÇáÝ ¹áɳñª 2006 Ã.-Ç ÁÝóóùáõÙ: 2007 Ã.-Ç Ñ³ñóÙ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ 2005- 2006 ÃÃ.-ÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ¹ñ³Ù³Ï³Ý ÷á˳ÝóáõÙÝ»ñÇ Ùáï 60%-Á (ϳ٠149-202 ÙÇÉÇáÝ ²ØÜ ¹áɳñ) ϳï³ñí»É ¿ μ³ÝϳÛÇÝ Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·áí: ¶áõÙ³ñÇó μ³óÇ, ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ùáï 30%-Á г۳ëï³Ý ¿ μ»ñ»É 700 ²ØÜ ¹áɳñ ÙÇçÇÝ ³ñÅáÕáõÃÛ³Ùμ ëÝáõݹ, ѳ·áõëï, »ñϳñ³Å³ÙÏ»ï û·ï³·áñÍÙ³Ý ³åñ³ÝùÝ»ñ ¨ ³íïáÙ»ù»Ý³Ý»ñ:

ļĮŎĮōĮŃĮłĸŃ ŇĮłŁĮŃŃIJōÜ ĵŃıŅŏŃŅĿ IJōļōŅŏŁ

²ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ³ß˳ï»Éáõ ÁÝóóùáõÙ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ï»ëÇó ³í»ÉÇÝ (50.7%) í׳ñ»É ¿ ϳó³ñ³ÝÇ Ñ³Ù³ñª μݳϳñ³Ý ¿ í³ñӳϳɻɪ Ù»Ý³Ï Ï³Ù ÁÝÏ»ñÝ»ñÇ/³½·³Ï³ÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï (42.5%), ϳ٠¿É í׳ñ»É ¿ ÑÛáõñ³Ýáóáõ٠ϳ٠ѳÝñ³Ï³ó³ñ³ÝáõÙ ë»ÝÛ³ÏÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ (8.2%): Àݹ áñáõÙ, 2002-2004 ÃÃ. Ñ³Ù»Ù³ï ½·³ÉÇáñ»Ý ³í»É³ó»É ¿ ³ÛÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ïáÏáëÁ, áíù»ñ ϳó³ñ³ÝÇ Í³Ëë»ñÁ ÏÇë»É »Ý ÁÝÏ»ñÝ»ñÇ Ï³Ù ³½·³Ï³ÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï (9.6%-Çó ÙÇÝ㨠22.9%), ¨ Ïñ׳ïí»É ¿ ³ÛÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÃÇíÁ, áíù»ñ ϳñáÕ³ó»É »Ý Çñ»Ýó ÃáõÛÉ ï³É ³é³ÝÓÇÝ μݳϳñ³Ý ϳ٠ë»ÝÛ³Ï í³ñÓ»É (29.0%-Çó ÙÇÝ㨠19.6%): ê³ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ å³Ûٳݳíáñí³Í ÉÇÝ»É ÙÇ ù³ÝÇ Ñ³Ý·³Ù³ÝùÝ»ñáí. è¸ ³Ýß³ñÅ ·áõÛùÇ ßáõϳÛáõÙ ³×áÕ ·Ý»ñáí, ï³ñ³¹ñ³ÙÇ ß³ñáõÝ³Ï³Ï³Ý ³ñÅ»½ñÏÙ³Ùμ, áõëïÇ ¨ ÁÝï³ÝÇùÝ»ñÇ Ï³ñÇùÝ»ñÁ Ñá·³Éáõ ѳٳñ ³í»ÉÇ ß³ï ·áõÙ³ñ ËݳۻÉáõ ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßïáõÃÛ³Ùμ, ÇÝãå»ë ݳ¨ èáõë³ëï³ÝáõÙ ¨ ѳïϳå»ë ØáëÏí³ÛáõÙ ³åñáÕ ¨ ³ß˳ïáÕ Ñ³Û»ñÇ íï³Ý·í³ÍáõÃÛ³Ùμ (ÇÝãå»ë »ñ¨áõÙ ¿ ѻﳽáïáõÃÛ³Ý áñ³Ï³Ï³Ý Ù³ëÇ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÇó):

40 ²ÕÛáõë³Ï 4-5. γó³ñ³ÝÇ ïÇå»ñÁ

î³ñμ»ñ³Ï 2005-2006 (%) 2002-2004 (%) ê»ÝÛ³Ï, μݳϳñ³Ý ϳ٠ïáõÝ ¿ í³ñÓ»É 22.9 9.6 ÁÝÏ»ñÝ»ñÇ Ï³Ù ³½·³Ï³Ý»ñÇ Ñ»ï ²é³ÝÓÇÝ ë»ÝÛ³Ï, μݳϳñ³Ý ϳ٠ïáõÝ ¿ 19.6 29.0 í³ñÓ»É ÀÝÏ»ñÝ»ñÁ ϳ٠³½·³Ï³ÝÝ»ñÁ ï»Õ »Ý 17.3 20.5 ѳïϳóñ»É Çñ»Ýó ï³ÝÁ ²åñ»É ¿ ³ß˳ï³í³ÛñáõÙ 17.2 27.5 ²åñ»É ¿ ·áñͳïáõÇ ï³ÝÁ 11.9 3.8 ²åñ»É ¿ ѳÝñ³Ï³ó³ñ³ÝáõÙ 8.0 6.7 ¶áñͳïáõÝ μݳϳñ³Ý ¿ í³ñÓ»É 1.1 0.0 îáõÝ Ï³Ù μݳϳñ³Ý áõÝÇ ÁݹáõÝáÕ »ñÏñáõÙ 0.8 0.9 ²ÛÉ 1.2 2.0 Àݹ³Ù»ÝÁ 100.0 100.0

ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ 90%-Çó ³í»ÉÇÝ ·áÑ ¿ñ ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ Çñ μݳϳñ³Ý³ÛÇÝ å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñÇó, ·Ý³Ñ³ï»Éáí ¹ñ³Ýù áñå»ë §ß³ï É³í¦ (25.5%) ϳ٠§μ³í³ñ³ñ¦ (65.0%): ØdzųٳݳÏ, ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ßáõñç 75%-Ý ³ë»É ¿, áñ ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ Çñ»Ýó μݳϳñ³Ý³ÛÇÝ å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñÁ ÝáõÛÝÝ »Ý ϳ٠³í»ÉÇ É³íÝ »Ý, ù³Ý г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ (25.9% ¨ 45.1% ѳٳå³ï³ë˳ݳμ³ñ): ´Ý³Ï³ñ³Ý³ÛÇÝ å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñÇ í»ñ³μ»ñÛ³É ·áÑáõݳÏáõÃÛáõÝ Ñ³ÛïÝ³Í ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÃíÇ ³×Á ϳñáÕ ¿ å³Ûٳݳíáñí³Í ÉÇÝ»É Ýñ³Ýáí, áñ ½·³ÉÇáñ»Ý Ïñ׳ïí»É ¿ ³ÛÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÃÇíÁ, áíù»ñ ³åñ»É »Ý ³ß˳ï³í³ÛñáõÙ ¨ ³í»É³ó»É ¿ ³ÛÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÃÇíÁ, áíù»ñ ³åñ»É »Ý ·áñͳïáõÇ Ñ»ï (2005 Ã.-Ç ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ, Ûáõñ³ù³ÝãÛáõñ »ññáñ¹ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÇ μݳϳñ³Ý³ÛÇÝ å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñÝ ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ »Õ»É »Ý ³í»ÉÇ í³ï, ù³Ý г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ):

İĹŅŏĺ 5. ĮńĺĮŌĮŃőĮłĸŃ ŁĸİōĮŎĸĮÚÆ ŇĮŌŀĮʼnŃIJōŃ Ņŏ ĽIJŌIJŋĮŃőŃIJōĵ

ĮńĺĮŌĮŃőĮłĸŃ ŁĸİōĮŎĸĮłĸ ŇĮŌŀĮʼnŃIJōĵ

îñ³Ù³μ³Ý³Ï³Ý ÏÉÇÝ»ñ ³ÏÝϳɻÉ, áñ í»ñçÇÝ ï³ñÇÝ»ñÇÝ Ñ³ÛÏ³Ï³Ý ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ßáõϳÛÇ ÁÝѳÝáõñ ½³ñ·³óÙ³ÝÁ ½áõ·ÁÝóó, å»ïù ¿ áñáß³ÏÇáñ»Ý ÷áËí»ÇÝ Ý³¨ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ` ³ñï»ñÏÇñ Ù»ÏÝ»Éáõ å³ï׳éÝ»ñÁ: Æñáù, û¨ ¹»åù»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝáõÙ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇÝ ³ñï»ñÏÇñ »Ý ï³Ýáõ٠г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ ½μ³Õí³ÍáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ»ï ϳåí³Í

41 ËÝݹÇñÝ»ñÁ (993.5%) ¨ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù ÑÇÙݳϳÝ`` §Ð³Û³ëï³ ³ÝáõÙ ³ßß˳ï³Ýù ãϳ ³¦ ÷³ëï³ñÏ ÏÁ ¹³ñÓÛ³É ³Ù»Ý³Ñ³×³ËÝ ³ Ý ¿ ÝßíáõÙ (466.5%), ³ÛÛÝáõ³Ù»Ý³ÛÝÇÇí ³Ûë ϳñ ñÍÇùÇ Ñ»ï ³ÛÅÙ ³ñ¹»Ý ѳٳӳÛÝ Ý ã¿ ÙÇ Ç·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛ Ù áõÝÁ (2005 Ã.--ÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ Ý»ñÇ Ï»ëÇó ³í»ÉÇÝ Ýᯐ ¿ñ, áñ ³ñ ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ³ß˳ï³Ýù ³ ÷Ýïñ»Éáõ ÷ ÑÇÙÝÝ³Ï³Ý å³ï׳éÁ г ³Û³ëï³ÝáõÙ ³ß˳ï³Ýù ùÇ μ³ó³Ï³ÛÛáõÃÛáõÝÝ ¿): ²Ûëûñ ³ñ¹»Ý ³ ÙÇ Ç·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ 43.0%-Ý ¿ ÝßßáõÙ, áñ ÙÇ·ñ ñ³ódzÛÇ ÑÇÙÝ Ý³Ï³Ý å³ï׳éÁ г ³Û³ëï³ÝáõÙ μ³ñÓñ μ í³ñÓ³ ³ïñíáÕ ³ß˳ ³ï³ÝùÇ μ³ó³ ³Ï³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÝ ¿: ÆëÏ Ð³ ³Û³ëï³ÝáõÙ Ù³ëݳ·Çï³Ï Ï³Ý ³ßË³ï³ ³ÝùÇ μ³ó³Ï³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ, áñå»ë á ³ññï»ñÏñáõÙ ³ßß˳ï³Ýù áñá áÝ»Éáõ å³ï׳ ³é, 2005 Ã.-Ç Ñ³Ù»Ù³ï Ýßßí»É ¿ Ùá áï »ñÏáõ ³Ý· ·³Ù ³í»ÉÇ Ñ³×³Ë Ñ (4.8%` 2005 Ã.-Ç 22.9%-Ç ÷á˳ ³ñ»Ý): ²ÛÛëáõѳݹ»ñÓ, ÇÝãå»ë ³ñ¹ ¹»Ý Ýᯐ »Ýù ù, ѳÛÏ³Ï³Ý ³ß˳ï³Ýù ù³ÛÇÝ ßá áõϳÛÇ ½³ñ·³ó óáõÙÁ ³ëÇÙ»ï ïñÇÏ μÝáõÛà ¿ ÏñáõÙ, Ï ¨ ³Û¹ ½³ ³ñ·³óáõÙÇó ß³ ³ÑáõÙ »Ý Ý ÑÇÙݳϳÝáõõÙ ºñ¨³ÝÇ μÝ Ý³ÏÇãÝ»ñÁ: ²ñ ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ³ßß˳ï³Ýù áñá áÝ»Éáõ å³³ï׳éÝ»ñÇ ¨ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ» »ñÇ μÝ³Ï³í³ ³ÛñÇ Ñ³Ù»Ù³ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³é é³í»É å³³ïÏ»ñ³íáñ ¿ ¹³ñÓÝáõÙ Ù ³ß˳ï³Ý Ýù³ÛÇÝ ßáõϳ ³ÛÇ ³Ýѳٳ ³ã³÷ ½³ ³ñ·³óáõÙÁ:

ɣ ɣɸʖʆɼʗ 5-1. ɝʂɺ ɺʗɸʘʂɸʌʂ ʇʂʋʍɸ ɸʆɸʍ ʑɸʖʊɸʓʍ ʍ ɿʔʖ ɹʍɸʆɸʕɸʌʗʂʂ

60.00% 50.6% 49.2% Ɋʎʄ ʄɸʖɸʍʛʂ 43.2% 44.2% ɹɸʘɸ ɸʆɸʌʏʙʀʌʏʙʍ 50.00% 35.3% ɪɸʅ ʅʗ 40.00% ʕɸʗʈ ʈɸʖʗʏʙʀʌʏʙʍ 30.9% ɝɸ ɸʔʍɸɺʂʖɸʆɸʍ 30.00% ɸʎʄ ʄɸʖɸʍʛʂ 20.00% 11.88% ɹɸʘɸ ɸʆɸʌʏʙʀʌʏʙʍ 3.6% 3.0% 10.00%

0.00%

Ɏʗɼʙɸʍ Ɋʌʃ Ɋ ʛɸʉɸʛʍɼʗ Ɍʌʏ ʏʙʉɼʗ

2005 Ã.-Ç Ñ³ ³Ù»Ù³ï, ³í»ÉÉÇ ¿ Áݹ·Íí»É ϳåÁ ÙÇ·ñ³ ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ï³ñÇÇùÇ ¨ ³ññï»ñÏñáõÙ ³ß˳ï»Éáõ Ýñ ñ³Ýó ·É˳íáñ ñ å³ï׳éÝ» »ñÇ ÙÇç¨: ÆÝ Ýãå»ë »ñ ñ¨áõÙ ¿ ä³ïÏ» »ñ 5-2-Çó (ï»°°ë ѳçáñ¹ ¿çÁ)), 21-30 ï³ñ»Ï³Ý ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïïÝ»ñÇ Ùá áï 60%-Á г ³Û³ëï³ÝÇó Ù»ÏÝ»É Ù ¿ ³ßË˳ï³Ýù ã·ï ïÝ»Éáõ å³ï׳³éáí, ÙÇ ÇÝã¹»é 31-40 ï³ñÇù³ÛÇÝ ËÙμÇ Ë Ñ³Ù³ñ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý å å³ï×³é ¿ñ ó³Íñ ³ßß˳ï³í³ñÓÁÁ: 40-Çó μ³ñÓñ ñ ï³ñÇù áõÝ»ó óáÕ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ Ý»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ³Ûë ³

422 »ñ ñÏáõ å³ï׳é éÝ»ñÁ ·ñ»Ã» ѳí³ë³ñ ϳñ¨áñáõÃÛáõÝ Ï »Ý áõÝ»ó»É: ²Ûë ï³³ñμ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ Ý»ñÁ ϳñáÕ »Ý μ³ó³ïñí í»É ³ßË³ï³ ³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ßáõϳ³ÛáõÙ ï³³ñμ»ñ ï³ñÇù³ÛÇÝ ËÙμ»ñÇ ÙñóáõݳÏáõÃÛ³ ³Ùμ:

ɣɸʖʆɼʗ 5-2. ɝʂɺʗɸʘ ʘʂɸʌʂ ʇʂʋʍɸʆɸʍ ʍ ʑɸʖʊɸʓʍ ɿʔʖ ʖ ʖɸʗʂʛʂ

70.0% 58.5% 51.0% 60.0% 45.0% 44.2% 4 45.8% 44.2% % 50.0% 36.4% %

40.0% 29.5% Ɋʎʄɸʖɸʍʛʂ ɹɸʘɸʆɸʌʏʙʀʌʏʙʙʍ 30.0% ɪɸʅʗ 20.0% ʕɸʗʈɸʖʗʏʙʀʌʏ ʏʙʍ

10.0%

0.0%

21-30 31-440 41-50 51 +

àñå»ë ³ñ ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ³ß˳ï³Ýù ³ ÷Ýïñ»Éáõ ³ ³ÛÉ å³ï׳ ³éÝ»ñ ÙÇ Ç·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ ³é³í»É ѳ ³×³Ë Ýᯐ »Ý г۳ëï³ ³ÝÇ ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý ÑÝ Ý³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõõÝÝ»ñÇ μ³ó³Ï³ÛáõÃÛÛáõÝÁ ¨ Ù³ëݳíáñ Ó» »éݳñϳïÇñááõÃÛ³Ùμ ½μ³Õí»Éáõ ËáãÁݹáïÝ»ñÁ: Ë : ÆÝ㨿, ³Ûë å³³ï׳éÝ»ñÇó Ûáõñ³ù³ÝãÛáõñ ñÁ Ýᯐ ¿ ѳñóíáÕÝ»ñÇ áã ³í í»É, ù³Ý 5%-Á:

Įō ōıĮōĮŎĮĻ IJŋ ŋ ņĮōıĮōĮŎĮ Ļ ĮļŃļĮĹĸőŃ ŃIJō

ÆÝãå»ë ¨ 20005 Ã.-ÇÝ, ɣɸʖʆɼʗ 5-3. 5 ɡʗʛɸʍʏɶʕ ɼʍ ʍ ɸʗɻɸʗɸʘɼʃ ÙÇ Ç·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ×ÝßáÕ ʋʂɺʗɸʍʍʖʂ ɸʆʍʆɸʃʂʛʍɼ ɼʗɿ ʕɼʗʒʂʍ Ù» »Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõõÝÝ ³ë»É ʏʙʘɼʙʏʗʏʙʀʌʏʙʍ ʍʂʘ ¿, áñ Çñ»Ýó í»ñçÇÝ ɝɸʔɸʋɹ Õ¨áñáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³ÙμáÕ- áõÕ 25.5% çá áõÃÛ³Ùμ ϳ٠٠·áÝ» Ù³ ³ë³Ùμ ³ñ¹³ñ ñ³óñ»É ¿ Ɍʗɼʀɼ ɼ ʐɼʍ Çñ ñ»Ýó ³ÏÝϳ ³ÉÇùÝ»ñÁ ɸʗɻɸʗ ʗɸʘɼʃ 5.7% % (88.7%): ØÇ·ñ³ ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ əʂʋʍɸʆɸ- Ù» »Ï ï³ëÝ»ñá áñ¹Ý ¿ ʍʏʙʋ 42.5% ɋʏʃʏʗʏʏʕʂʍ ÙÇ Ç³ÛÝ ¹Å·áÑ áõÕ¨áñáõÃ- á 5.7% %

Û³ ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñ ñÇó: ɕʂʏʕʂʍ ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ» »ñÁ 20.8%

Ù» »Í³Ù³ë³Ùμ

43 åɳݳíáñáõÙ ¿ÇÝ û·ï³·áñÍ»É ËݳÛí³Í ·áõÙ³ñÁª г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ ³åñáÕ ÁÝï³ÝÇùÝ»ñÇ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ï³ñÇùÝ»ñÁ Ñá·³Éáõ ѳٳñ: Úáõñ³ù³ÝãÛáõñ ãáññáñ¹ ÙÇ·ñ³Ýï åɳݳíáñ»É ¿ ·áõÙ³ñ í³ëï³Ï»É ï³Ý í»ñ³Ýáñá·Ù³Ý ѳٳñ, ÇëÏ Ûáõñ³ù³ÝãÛáõñ ÑÇÝ·»ñáñ¹ ÙÇ·ñ³Ýï ËݳÛí³Í ·áõÙ³ñÁ ó³ÝϳÝáõÙ ¿ñ û·ï³·áñÍ»É »ñ»Ë³Ý»ñÇ áõëÙ³Ý Í³Ëë»ñÁ Ñá·³Éáõ Ï³Ù ï¨³Ï³Ý û·ï³·áñÍÙ³Ý Çñ»ñ Ó»éù μ»ñ»Éáõ ѳٳñ (ûñÇÝ³Ï Ï³ÑáõÛù, Ï»Ýó³Õ³ÛÇÝ ï»ËÝÇϳ ¨ ³ÛÉÝ): ²ÕÛáõë³Ï 5-1-Ý ³Ù÷á÷áõÙ ¿ ³ÛÝ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ»ñÁ, áñáÝó ѳٳñ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ åɳݳíáñáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Í³Ëë»É ËݳÛí³Í ·áõÙ³ñÝ»ñÁ, ¨ û áñù³Ýáí ¿ ¹³ Ýñ³Ýó ѳçáÕí»É:

²ÕÛáõë³Ï 5-1. ÆÝã Ýå³ï³ÏÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ »Ý ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ ݳ˳ï»ë»É ͳËë»É ËݳÛí³Í ·áõÙ³ñÁ, ¨ áñù³Ýáí ¿ ¹³ Ýñ³Ýó ѳçáÕí»É

ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ì³ËëÁ ïáÏáëÁ, áíù»ñ åɳݳíáñ³Í ÑÇÙݳϳÝáõÙ äɳݳíáñí³Í ͳËë»ñ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ï³ñáÕ³ó»É »Ý ïáÏáëÁ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»É åɳݳíáñ³ÍÁ ÀÝóóÇÏ Í³Ëë»ñ (ëÝáõݹ, ѳ·áõëï, 86.7 52.6 ÏáÙáõÝ³É Í³Ëë»ñ, ¨ ³ÛÉÝ) ´Ý³Ï³ñ³ÝÇ/ï³Ý í»ñ³Ýáñá·áõÙ 24.0 20.4 àõëÙ³Ý Ñ»ï ϳåí³Í ͳËë»ñ (áõëÙ³Ý 20.9 55.3 í³ñÓ ¨ ³ÛÉÝ) î¨³Ï³Ý û·ï³·áñÍÙ³Ý Çñ»ñÇ Ó»éùμ»ñáõÙ (ϳÑáõÛù, Ï»Ýó³Õ³ÛÇÝ 19.3 32.2 ï»ËÝÇϳ, Ù»ù»Ý³ ¨ ³ÛÉÝ) ´Ý³Ï³ñ³ÝÇ/ï³Ý Ó»éùμ»ñáõ٠ϳ٠16.0 12.5 ϳéáõóáõ٠γñ¨áñ ÁÝï³Ý»Ï³Ý ³ñ³ñáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ϳåí³Í ͳËë»ñ (ѳñë³ÝÇù, 14.9 41.8 ï³ñ»¹³ñÓ ¨ ³ÛÉÝ) ä³ñïù»ñÇ Ù³ñáõÙ 8.7 56.4 ´áõÅÙ³Ý Ñ»ï ϳåí³Í ͳËë»ñ 8.2 47.2 سëݳíáñ μǽݻëÇ ÑÇÙÝáõ٠ϳ٠5.3 4.2 ÁݹɳÛÝáõÙ ²ñï³¹ñ³Ï³Ý ÙÇçáóÝ»ñÇ Ó»éùμ»ñáõÙ 3.3 40.0 (ë³ñù³íáñáõÙÝ»ñ, ÑáÕ, ³Ý³ëáõÝ ¨ ³ÛÉÝ)

44  İĹŅŏĺ 6. ŁĸİōĮŎĸŅŃ ŇŅŌIJŃŎĸĮĹĸ İŃĮĽĮŌŅŏŁ

ŃIJōőĸŃ ŁĸİōĮŎĸŅŃ ŇŅŌIJŃŎĸĮĹĵ

лﳽáïáõÃÛ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÁ óáõÛó »Ý ï³ÉÇë, áñ Ý»ñå»ï³Ï³Ý ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ï»ÙåÁ ß³ñáõݳÏáõÙ ¿ ÙÝ³É μ³í³Ï³ÝÇÝ μ³ñÓñ: гñóÙ³Ý ³ÝóϳóÙ³Ý å³ÑÇÝ (2007 Ã. ÷»ïñí³ñ-Ù³ñï), ѳñóí³Í ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñÇ 2.9%-Ý ³åñáõÙ ¿ñ Çñ»Ýó ÁÝï³ÝÇùÝ»ñÇó ³é³ÝÓÇÝ` г۳ëï³ÝÇ áñ¨¿ ³ÛÉ μݳϳí³ÛñáõÙ: ºíë 6.7%-Á, ϳ٠Ùáï 1.5 ³Ý·³Ù ³í»ÉÇ Ù³ñ¹, ù³Ý 2005 Ã.-ÇÝ, Ïó³Ýϳݳñ ³åñ»É ¨ ³ß˳ï»É ÐÐ Ù»Ï ³ÛÉ μݳϳí³ÛñáõÙ ¨ ٻͳٳë³Ùμ` ºñ¨³ÝáõÙ (4.4%): гñóí³Í ÁÝï³ÝÇùÝ»ñÇ ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñÇ 2.2%-Ý ³ñ¹»Ý ÇëÏ Ñëï³Ï åɳݳíáñ»É ¿ñ ï»Õ³÷áËí»É 2007 Ã.-Ç ÁÝóóùáõÙ, Áݹ áñáõÙ, 1.5%-Á å³ïñ³ëïíáõÙ ¿ñ ï»Õ³÷áËí»É ºñ¨³Ý: ºÃ» ³Ûë ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÁ ï³ñ³Í»Ýù ѳÝñ³å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý áÕç μݳÏãáõÃÛ³Ý ÃíÇ íñ³, ³å³ Ïëï³Ý³Ýù, áñ 2007 Ã.-ÇÝ Ý»ñùÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÃÇíÁ ϳñáÕ ¿ ϳ½Ù»É 139,000-188,000, áñáÝóÇó 80,000-106,000-Ý ³ñ¹»Ý μݳÏíáõÙ ¿ áã Çñ ѳñ³½³ï ù³Õ³ùáõ٠ϳ٠·ÛáõÕáõÙ, ÇëÏ 59,000-82,000 Ù³ñ¹, ³Ù»Ý³ÛÝ Ñ³í³Ý³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ùμ, Ïï»Õ³÷áËíÇ 2007 Ã.-Ç ÁÝóóùáõÙ: Àݹ áñáõÙ 2007 Ã.-ÇÝ í»ñçÇÝ ºñ¨³ÝÁ ÏÑÛáõñÁÝϳÉÇ 69,000-105,000 ÙÇ·ñ³Ýï ѳÝñ³å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý ï³ñμ»ñ ßñç³ÝÝ»ñÇó, áñáÝóÇó 30,000-47,000-Ý ³ñ¹»Ý μݳÏíáõÙ ¿ ºñ¨³ÝáõÙ, ÇëÏ 39,000-58,000-Á å³ïñ³ëïíáõÙ ¿ μݳÏáõÃÛáõÝ Ñ³ëï³ï»É Ù³Ûñ³ù³Õ³ùáõÙ 2007 Ã.-Ç ÁÝóóùáõÙ: Ü»ñå»ï³Ï³Ý ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ³×áÕ ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ³Ù»Ý³ÛÝ Ñ³í³Ý³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ùμ, ¹³ñÓÛ³É å³Ûٳݳíáñí³Í ¿ ѳÛÏ³Ï³Ý ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ßáõϳÛÇ Ý»ñϳÛÇë íÇ׳Ïáí ¨ ºñ¨³Ý ù³Õ³ùÇ áõ ѳÝñ³å»ïáõ- ÃÛ³Ý ÙÛáõë ßÁñ- ɣɸʖʆɼʗ 6-1. ɟɼʗʑɼʖɸʆɸʍ ʋʂɺʗɸʘʂɸʌʂ ç³ÝÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ 3.0% ʆɸʍʄɸʖɼʔʕʏʉ ʖɼʋʑɿ 2007 ʀ. Ï»Ýë³Ù³Ï³ñ- 2.5% ¹³ÏÇ, ÇÝãå»ë 2.0% ݳ¨ ï³ñμ»ñ 1.5% ³åñ³ÝùÝ»ñÇ áõ ͳé³ÛáõÃ- 1.0%

ÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ³- 0.5%

ë³Ý»ÉÇáõÃÛ³Ý 0.0% Ɏʗɼʙɸʍʂʘ Ɋʌʃ ʛɸʉɸʛʍɼʗʂʘ Ɍʌʏʙʉɼʗʂʘ ³×áÕ ï³ñμ»- 0.0% 1.3% 1.8% ñáõÃÛ³Ùμ: ²Ñ³ Ɏʗɼʙɸʍ

û ÇÝãáõ ¿ Ɋʌʃ ɹʍɸʆɸʕɸʌʗɼʗ 0.8% 0.6% 0.9%

Ý»ñùÇÝ

45 ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ýå³ï³Ï³Ï»ïÁ ºñ¨³ÝÁ, ÇëÏ ºñ¨³ÝÇó ѳÝñ³å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý ³ÛÉ ßñç³ÝÝ»ñ ï»Õ³÷áËí»É ó³ÝϳóáÕÝ»ñÇ ÃÇíÁ ß³ï ÷áùñ ¿ (0.8%): ²ÛÉ ù³Õ³ù³ÛÇÝ μݳϳí³Ûñ»ñÇó Ý»ñùÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ³ÏÝϳÉíáÕ ï»ÙåÁ ϳ½ÙáõÙ ¿ 1.9%, ÇëÏ ·ÛáõÕ³Ï³Ý μݳϳí³Ûñ»ñÇó` 2.7%: êáõÛÝ Ñ»ï³½áïáõÃÛ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ, ¹»åÇ ºñ¨³Ý ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ ÑáëùÁ ÑÇÙݳϳÝáõÙ ÏÝ»ñ³éÇ ÞÇñ³ÏÇ, Îáï³ÛùÇ, ²ñÙ³íÇñÇ ¨ Èáéáõ Ù³ñ½»ñÁ: ºñ¨³Ý ù³Õ³ù ï»Õ³÷áËí»É ó³ÝϳóáÕÝ»ñÇ 70%-Çó ³í»ÉÇÝ ÙÇÝ㨠35 ï³ñ»Ï³Ý ¿ ¨ ³Ûë ËÙμáõ٠ϳݳÝó áõ ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹Ï³Ýó ÃÇíÁ ѳí³ë³ñ ¿: Üß»Ýù ݳ¨, áñ Ý»ñùÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ (58%) å³ïñ³ëïíáõÙ ¿ Ùßï³Ï³Ý μݳÏáõÃÛáõÝ Ñ³ëï³ï»É ºñ¨³ÝáõÙ, ÇëÏ ÙÛáõë Ù³ëÁ å³ïñ³ëïíáõÙ ¿ ųٳݳϳíáñ³å»ë ³åñ»É, ³ß˳ï»É ϳ٠ëáíáñ»É Ù³Ûñ³ù³Õ³ùáõÙ:

ĮōŌĮőĸŃ ŁĸİōĮŎĸŅŃ ŇŅŌIJŃŎĸĮĹĵ

²ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódz

гñóÙ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ, ѳñóí³Í ÁÝï³ÝÇùÝ»ñÇ ³Ý¹³Ù- Ý»ñÇ 3.2%-Á ó³ÝϳÝáõÙ ¿ ³ß˳ï»É ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ: ÆëÏ ë³ Ý߳ݳÏáõÙ ¿, áñ 2005 Ã.-Ç Ñ³Ù»Ù³ï ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ³ß˳ï»É ó³ÝϳóáÕÝ»ñÇ ÃÇíÁ Ïñ׳ïí»É ¿ ³í»ÉÇ ù³Ý »ñÏáõ ³Ý·³Ù (6.9%): êáõÛÝ Ñ»ï³½áïáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÃáõÛÉ ¿ ï³ÉÇë »Ýó¹ñ»É, áñ 2007 Ã.-ÇÝ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÃÇíÁ Ïϳ½ÙÇ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý Ùßï³Ï³Ý μݳÏãáõÃÛ³Ý ÃíÇ 2.5-3.3%-Á, ³ÛëÇÝùÝ 80,000-106,000 Ù³ñ¹: Ø»ñ ϳÝ˳ï»ëáõÙÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ, ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ ÑáëùÁ ÑÇÙݳϳÝáõ٠ϳ½Ùí³Í ÏÉÇÝÇ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇó, áíù»ñ ³ñ¹»Ý ³ß˳ï»É »Ý ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ 2005-2006 ÃÃ.-Ç ÁÝóóùáõÙ:

²ÕÛáõë³Ï 6-1. 2007 Ã.-Ç ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ ÑáëùÇ Ï³Ý˳ï»ëíáÕ Ï³éáõóí³ÍùÁ

ÊáõÙμ îáÏáë ´³ó³ñÓ³Ï ÃÇí ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñ, áíù»ñ ³ß˳ï»É »Ý ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ 2005-2006 ÃÃ.-Ç ÁÝóóùáõÙ ¨ ³ñ¹»Ý Ù»ÏÝ»É »Ý 21.5 17,000 - 23,000 2007 Ã.-Ç ëϽμÇÝ ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñ, áíù»ñ ³ß˳ï»É »Ý ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ 2005-2006 ÃÃ.-Ç ÁÝóóùáõÙ ¨ åɳݳíáñáõÙ »Ý 42.5 36,500 - 48,000 Ù»ÏÝ»É 2007 Ã.-Ç ÁÝóóùáõÙ

Üáñ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñ 33.0 26,500 - 35,000

Àݹ³Ù»ÝÁ 100.0 80,000-106,000

46  гñóÙ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ, ³ÛÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ 87%-Á, áíù»ñ åɳݳíáñáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ù»ÏÝ»É 2007 Ã.-Ç ÁÝóóùáõ٠ϳ٠ѳñóÙ³Ý ³ÝóϳóÙ³Ý å³ÑÇÝ ³ñ¹»Ý Ù»ÏÝ»É ¿ÇÝ, ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹ÇÏ »Ý, ÇëÏ 13%-Á` ϳݳÛù: Üñ³Ýó 4/5-Çó ³í»ÉÇÝ 20-50 ï³ñ»Ï³Ý »Ý (81.6%): ÆÝ㨿, ³Ûë μáÉáñ ·Ý³Ñ³ïáõÙÝ»ñÁ ÑÇÙݳϳÝáõÙ ÑÇÙÝí³Í »Ý Ù³ñ¹Ï³Ýó Ùï³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ íñ³, áñáÝù Ç í»ñçá ϳñáÕ »Ý Çñ³Ï³Ý³óí»É ϳ٠ãÇñ³Ï³Ý³óí»É: àõëïÇ Çñ³Ï³Ý ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ ÑáëùÁ ϳñáÕ ¿ ϳÝ˳ï»ëí³ÍÇó ³í»ÉÇ ÷áùñ ÉÇÝ»É, ÇëÏ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ëáódzÉ- ÅáÕáíñ¹³·ñ³Ï³Ý å³ïÏ»ñÝ ¿É ϳñáÕ ¿ ï³ñμ»ñí»É Ù»ñ ³ÏÝϳÉÇùÝ»ñÇó: ê³ ³é³çÇÝ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ í»ñ³μ»ñáõÙ ¿ ϳݳÝó ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛ³Ý ³×ÇÝ: 2005 Ã.-Ç Ñ³ñóÙ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ, ϳݳÛù å»ïù ¿ ϳ½Ù»ÇÝ ÁݹѳÝáõñ ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ ÑáëùÇ Ùáï 12.0%-Á, ë³Ï³ÛÝ Ç í»ñçá ³Û¹ ÃÇíÁ ϳ½Ù»ó ÙdzÛÝ 6.5%: ²ÛëåÇëáí, ϳñÍáõÙ »Ýù, áñ μ³í³ñ³ñ ÑÇÙù»ñ ãÏ³Ý Ï³ñÍ»Éáõ, û ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛáõÙ Ý»ñ·ñ³íí³Í ϳݳÝó ÃÇíÁ ϳñáÕ ¿ Ù»Ï ï³ñí³ ÁÝóóùáõÙ ÏñÏݳå³ïÏí»É:

Øßï³Ï³Ý ¿ÙÇ·ñ³ódz

ÆÝã í»ñ³μ»ñáõÙ ¿ Ùßï³Ï³Ý ¿ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇÝ, ³å³ ѳñóí³Í ÁÝï³ÝÇùÝ»ñÇ ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñÇ 3.3%-Á Ïó³Ýϳݳñ μݳÏáõÃÛáõÝ Ñ³ëï³ï»É ³ñï³ë³ÑÙ³ÝáõÙ: ²Ûë ÃÇíÁ ÝáõÛÝå»ë μ³í³Ï³ÝÇÝ Ïñ׳ïí»É ¿ 2005 Ã.-Ç óáõó³ÝÇßÇ Ñ³Ù»Ù³ïáõÃÛ³Ùμ (5.1%): ØÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ³Ûë ï»ë³ÏÇ Ï³Ý˳ï»ëíáÕ ï»ÙåÁ (³ÛÝ Ù³ñ¹Ï³Ýó ïáÏáëÁ, áíù»ñ åɳݳíáñáõÙ »Ý 2007 Ã.-Ç ÁÝóóùáõÙ ÁݹÙÇßï Éù»É »ñÏÇñÁ) 0.7-1.1% ¿ ¨ ùÇã ¿ ï³ñμ»ñíáõÙ 2005 Ã.-Ç óáõó³ÝÇßÇó (0.5-0.9%): ²Ûë ïíÛ³ÉÁ μݳÏãáõÃÛ³Ý ÁݹѳÝáõñ ÃíÇ íñ³ ï³ñ³Í»Éáí, Ïëï³Ý³Ýù, áñ 2007 Ã.-Ç ÁÝóóùáõÙ 22.000-36.000 ÐÐ ù³Õ³ù³óÇ å³ïñ³ëïíáõÙ ¿ Ùßï³å»ë ³ñï³·³ÕÃ»É Ð³Û³ëï³ÝÇó: Üñ³Ýó 80%-Á 50 ï³ñ»Ï³ÝÇó »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹ ¿, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ³Ûë ËÙμáõ٠ϳݳÝó ¨ ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹Ï³Ýó ÃÇíÁ ѳí³ë³ñ ¿:

47  ¶ÈàôÊ 7. Øƶð²òÆàÜ ¶àðÌÀܲòÀ ÂìºðÆò ²ÚÜ ÎàÔØ

ì»ñÉáõÍáõÃÛ³Ý ³Ûë Ù³ëÁ ϳï³ñí»É ¿ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÏáÕÙÇó ѳñóÇ Ù³Ýñ³Ù³ëÝ ¨ μ³½Ù³ÏáÕÙ³ÝÇ Ýϳñ³·ñáõÃÛ³Ý ÑÇÙ³Ý íñ³, ÇÝãÁ ÃáõÛÉ ¿ ïí»É ÁÙμéÝ»Éáõ ݳ¨ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ Ùß³ÏáõóÛÇÝ ¨ Ñá·»μ³Ý³Ï³Ý ÏáÕÙÁ, ³í»ÉÇ É³í ѳëϳݳÉáõ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ùáï»óáõÙÝ»ñÁ ¨ ³í»ÉÇ ËáñÁ ó÷³Ýó»Éáõ ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ ·áñÍÁÝóóÇ ï³ñμ»ñ ÏáÕÙ»ñÇ Ù»ç: ì»ñÉáõÍáõÃÛáõÝÁ ϳñ¹³Éáí, ÁÝûñóáÕÁ ϳñáÕ ¿ å³ïÏ»ñ³óÝ»É, û áíù»ñ »Ý ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ, ÑÇÙݳϳÝáõÙ ÇÝã ËݹÇñÝ»ñ »Ý áõÝ»ÝáõÙ, ÇÝãÝ ¿ Ýñ³Ýó ¹ñ¹áõÙ Ù»ÏÝ»É, ÇÝã ÏÛ³Ýùáí »Ý ³åñáõÙ ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ¨ ÇÝãå»ë »Ý ·Ý³Ñ³ïáõÙ Çñ»Ýó ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ ÷áñÓ³éáõÃÛáõÝÁ í»ñ³¹³éݳÉáõó Ñ»ïá: γñ»ÉÇ ¿ ³ë»É, áñ ë³ ÁݹѳÝñ³óí³Í å³ïÙáõÃÛáõÝÝ ¿ ³ÛÝ Ù³ñ¹Ï³Ýó, áõÙ ÁÝï³ÝÇùÁ ¨ ïáõÝÁ г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ ¿, μ³Ûó Çñ»Ýù ³ß˳ïáõÙ ¨ áñáß Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ³åñáõÙ »Ý ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ: ì»ñÉáõÍáõÃÛ³ÝÁ ½áõ·³Ñ»é Ý»ñϳ۳óíáõÙ »Ý ݳ¨ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ѳñó³½ñáõÛóÝ»ñÇó Ù»çμ»ñáõÙÝ»ñ, áñáÝù ѳí»ÉÛ³É ï»Õ»ÏáõÃÛáõÝ »Ý ï³ÉÇë ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ ·áñÍÁÝóóÇ Ù³ëÇÝ: Êáëù»ñÇ Ñ»ÕÇݳÏÝ»ñÇ ³ÝáõÝÝ»ñÁ Ùï³ó³ÍÇÝ »Ý, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ÙÛáõë ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÁ` ë»éÁ, ï³ñÇùÁ ¨ μݳÏáõÃÛ³Ý í³ÛñÁ, Çñ³Ï³Ý »Ý:

àìøºð ºÜ Øƶð²ÜîܺðÀ

г۳ëï³ÝÇó ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ¿ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ Ë³Ûï³μÕ»ï å³ïÏ»ñÁ É³í³·áõÛÝë Ý»ñϳ۳óÝ»Éáõ ¨ μ³ó³ïñ»Éáõ Ýå³ï³Ïáí ï³ñμ»ñ³Ï»É »Ýù ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÑÇÝ· ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý ËÙμ»ñ. §Ðá·³ï³ñ ѳÛñ»ñ¦, §Ðáí³Ý³íáñÛ³É ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñ¦, §§ÒáõÏÁ çñáõÙ¦, ÙÇ·ñ³ÝÝ»ñ¦, §êÇñáÕ³Ï³Ý ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñ¦ ¨ §ºñç³ÝÇÏ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñ¦: ÊÙμ³íáñáõÙÁ ϳï³ñí»É ¿ áã û Ù»Ï Ñ³ïϳÝÇßÇ ÑÇÙ³Ý íñ³, ³ÛÉ ÁݹѳÝáõñ å³ïÏ»ñÇ ë»·Ù»Ýï³íáñÙ³Ý ÙÇçáóáí, û¨ Ï³Ý Ñ³ïϳÝÇßÝ»ñ, áñáÝù ë»ñïáñ»Ý ϳåí³Í »Ý ÙÇÙÛ³Ýó Ñ»ï: ¸ñ³Ýù »Ý. Ù»ÏÝ»Éáõ ³é³çݳÛÇÝ ¹ñ¹³å³ï׳éÁ, Ù»ÏÝ»Éáõ ¨ ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ³ß˳ï³Ýù ·ïÝ»Éáõ Ó¨Á, Ï»óáõÃÛ³Ý Ï³ñ·³íÇ׳ÏÁ, ÁݹáõÝáÕ Ùß³ÏáõÛÃáõÙ ³¹³åï³ódzÛÇ ¨ ëáódzɳϳݳóÙ³Ý ·áñÍÁÝóóÁ, ½μ³Õí³ÍáõÃÛ³Ý áÉáñïÁ ¨ Ï»Ýë³Ï»ñåÁ, ³å³ÑáíáõÃÛ³Ý ½·³óáõÙÁ ¨ ÑÇÙݳËݹÇñÝ»ñÁ: γñ¨áñ »Ýù ѳٳñáõÙ Ýß»É Ý»ñϳ۳óíáÕ ËÙμ»ñÇ ¨ë ÙÇ ù³ÝÇ ³é³ÝÓݳѳïÏáõÃÛáõÝ, ÇÝãÁ Ïû·ÝÇ ÁÝûñóáÕÇÝ ³í»ÉÇ É³í ÁÝμéÝ»É ¹ñ³Ýó (ËÙμ»ñÇ) ¿áõÃÛáõÝÁ: x ÊÙμ»ñÇ ë³ÑÙ³ÝÝ»ñÁ ×ÏáõÝ »Ý ¨ Ñݳñ³íáñ ¿, áñ áñ¨¿ ËáõÙμ Ý»ñϳ۳óÝáÕ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÁ, ï³ñÇÝ»ñÇ ÁÝóóùáõÙ ÷áË»Éáí Çñ ³Û¹ ËÙμÇÝ å³ïϳݻÉáõ ѳïϳÝÇßÝ»ñÁ` ѳÛïÝíÇ Ù»Ï ³ÛÉ ËÙμáõÙ:

48  x ÊÙμ»ñÁ Ýßí³Í »Ý áñå»ë ǹ»³É³Ï³Ý, ÁݹѳÝñ³óí³Í ïÇå»ñ, ¨ Ñݳñ³íáñ ¿ ÉÇÝ»Ý ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñ, áñ áã μáÉáñ ѳïϳÝÇßÝ»ñáí »Ý Ñ³Ù³å³ï³ë˳ÝáõÙ ³Ûë ϳ٠³ÛÝ ËÙμÇÝ: x ÊÙμ»ñÇ ³ÝáõÝÝ»ñÁ ÑÇÙù ã»Ý ï³ÉÇë ϳñÍ»Éáõ, áñ áñå»ë ³Ýí³ÝáõÙ Ýßí³Í ѳïϳÝÇßÁ ѳïáõÏ ¿ ÙdzÛÝ ³Û¹ ËÙμÇÝ, å³ñ½³å»ë ³Û¹ ËÙμÇ å³ñ³·³ÛáõÙ ³ÛÝ áñáßÇã ¿ ¨ ¹ñ³Ýáí »Ý å³ÛٳݳíáñíáõÙ ÙÛáõë ѳïϳÝÇßÝ»ñÁ:

§Ðá·³ï³ñ ѳÛñ»ñ¦

Ðá·³ï³ñ ѳÛñ»ñÁ ÙÇçÇÝ ¨ μ³ñÓñ ï³ñÇùÇ ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹ÇÏ »Ý ÙÇçݳϳñ·, »ñμ»ÙÝ ÙÇçÇÝ Ù³ëݳ·Çï³Ï³Ý ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ùμ, áñáÝù ³åñáõÙ »Ý, áñå»ë ϳÝáÝ, г۳ëï³ÝÇ ÷áùñ ù³Õ³ùÝ»ñáõÙ ¨ ·ÛáõÕ»ñáõÙ ¨ Ù»ÏÝáõÙ »Ý èáõë³ëï³Ý ßÇݳñ³ñáõÃÛ³Ý áÉáñïáõÙ ³ß˳ï»Éáõ: Ðá·³ï³ñ ѳÛñ»ñÇ Ù»ÏÝ»Éáõ ³Ù»Ý³·É˳íáñ å³ï׳éÁ ÁÝï³ÝÇùÇ Ñá·ë»ñÁ Ñá·³ÉÝ ¿ ¨ ÁÝï³ÝÇùÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ·áõÙ³ñ í³ëï³Ï»ÉÁ: Üñ³Ýù áñå»ë ϳÝáÝ Ð³Û³ëï³ÝÇó Ù»ÏÝáõÙ »Ý μñÇ·³¹áí, ϳ٠³ñ¹»Ý èáõë³ëï³Ý ųٳݻÉÇë Áݹ·ñÏíáõÙ »Ý áñ¨¿ ßÇݳñ³ñ³Ï³Ý μñÇ·³¹Ç Ù»ç: èáõë³ëï³Ý Ù»ÏÝáÕ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»ç Ðá·³ï³ñ ѳÛñ»ñÝ »Ý, áñ ݳËù³Ý Ù»ÏÝ»ÉÁ ³é³í»É Ù³Ýñ³Ù³ëÝ »Ý ÇÙ³ÝáõÙ, û ÇÝã ¿ Çñ»Ýó ëå³ëíáõÙ èáõë³ëï³ÝáõÙ: ÈÇÝ»Éáí èáõë³ëï³Ý Ù»ÏÝáÕÝ»ñÇ Ù»ç ³Ù»Ý³ï»Õ»Ï³óí³ÍÁ, ݳËù³Ý Ù»ÏÝ»ÉÁ Ýñ³Ýù ×ßïáõÙ »Ý ϳï³ñí»ÉÇù ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ μÝáõÛÃÁ, ³ß˳ï³í³ñÓÇ ã³÷Á, ÙݳÉáõ ï»ÕÁ, ݳ¨ û áñ ÏáÕÙÁ å»ïù ¿ Ñá·³ ëÝÝ¹Ç Ñ³ñóÁ` ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ ÇÝùÁ, û ·áñͳïáõÝ: Ðá·³ï³ñ ѳÛñ»ñÇ ×ÝßáÕ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÛÃáõÝÁ ³ÝûñÇÝ³Ï³Ý ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñ »Ý (ãáõÝ»Ý ·ñ³ÝóáõÙ ¨/ϳ٠³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ ÃáõÛɳïíáõÃÛáõÝ) ¨ ëïÇåí³Í »Ý Ñݳñ³íáñÇÝë Ëáõë³÷»É ¹ñ³ Ñ»ï ϳåí³Í μ³ñ¹áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇó: Ðá·³ï³ñ ѳÛñ»ñÝ ³ß˳ïáõÙ »Ý, ϳñ»ÉÇ ¿ ³ë»É, ûñÝÇμáõÝ, μݳÏíáõÙ »Ý, áñå»ë ϳÝáÝ, ³ÝѳñÙ³ñ å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñáõÙ, μ³Ûó ã»Ý ¹Å·áÑáõÙ, ù³ÝÇ áñ ݳ˳å»ë ·Çï»Ý, áñ Çñ»Ýó μ³ñ»Ï»óÇÏ ÏÛ³Ýù ãÇ ëå³ëíáõÙ: Üñ³Ýù ѳ½í³¹»å »Ý ¹áõñë ·³ÉÇë ³ÛÝ ï³ñ³ÍùÇó, áñï»Õ ³ß˳ïáõÙ »Ý, áñáíÑ»ï¨ í³Ë»ÝáõÙ »Ý áëïÇϳÝÇ Ñ³Ý¹Çå»Éáõó ¨ Çñ»Ýó ³ÝûñÇÝ³Ï³Ý Ï»óáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ ïáõÛÅÇ »ÝóñÏí»Éáõó: ØáëÏí³ÛáõÙ ³ß˳ïáÕ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ »ñÏñáñ¹ Ù»Í íï³Ý·Á éáõë ͳÛñ³Ñ»Õ ³½·³ÛݳϳÝÝ»ñÇ ËÙμ³íáñáõÙÝ»ñÝ »Ý ϳÙ, ³ÛÉ Ï»ñå ³ë³Í, ë³÷ñ³·ÉáõËÝ»ñÁ: ²Ûë ËݹÇñÝ»ñÇÝ ãμ³Ëí»Éáõ ѳٳñ Ðá·³ï³ñ ѳÛñ»ñÁ ѳ½í³¹»å »Ý ¹áõñë ·³ÉÇë ÷áÕáó, ß÷íáõÙ »Ý ÑÇÙݳϳÝáõÙ Çñ³ñ Ñ»ï, ÇÝãÇ å³ï׳éáí ·ñ»Ã» ã»Ý ëáódzɳϳݳóíáõÙ éáõë³Ï³Ý Ùß³ÏáõÛÃáõÙ: Üñ³Ýù ï³ñμ»ñíáõÙ »Ý û ß³ñÅáõÓ¨áí, û Ëáë»É³á×áí, û å³Ñí³Íùáí, áõëïÇ ã»Ý ϳñáÕ³ÝáõÙ Ëáõë³÷»É §³ãù ͳϻÉáõó¦ ¨ Çñ³í³å³ÑÝ»ñÇó áõ ͳÛñ³Ñ»Õ³Ï³ÝÝ»ñÇó ³ÝÝϳï ÙݳÉáõó: Ðá·³ï³ñ ѳÛñ»ñÁ ѳïϳå»ë ØáëÏí³ÛáõÙ Çñ»Ýó ³Ù»Ý³³Ý³å³Ñáí ½·³óáÕ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÝ »Ý: ²Û¹áõѳݹ»ñÓ ³Ûë Ù³ñ¹ÇÏ, áñå»ë ϳÝáÝ, ·áÑ »Ý í»ñ³¹³éÝáõ٠г۳ëï³Ý ¨ ³Ù»Ý³ÛÝ Ñ³í³Ý³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ùμ ÝáñÇó »Ý ·Ý³Éáõ:

49 Üñ³Ýù ϳñÍ»ë Çñ»Ýó ÏÛ³ÝùÇó çÝçáõÙ »Ý ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ Å³Ù³Ý³- ϳѳïí³ÍÁ` ³ÛÝ Ñ³Ù³ñ»Éáí §ãÏÛ³Ýù¦, μ³Ûó ³ÛÝáõ³Ù»Ý³ÛÝÇí §ãÏÛ³ÝùáõÙ¦ ÷áÕ »Ý §ß³ÑáõÙ¦ ÏÛ³ÝùÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ:

§Ðáí³Ý³íáñÛ³É ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñ¦

²Ûë ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ³é³ÝÓݳѳïÏáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³ÛÝ ¿, áñ Ýñ³Ýù Ù»ÏÝáõÙ »Ý μ³ñ»Ï³ÙÇ Ï³Ù Ñ³ñ³½³ïÇ Ùáï: ²ÛÝ, áñ Ýñ³Ýù ѳٻٳï³μ³ñ ³å³Ñáí³·ñí³Í »Ý, ϳñáÕ »Ý ÑáõÛë ¹Ý»É ÁݹáõÝáÕ »ñÏñáõÙ ùÇã û ß³ï ѳëï³ïí³Í Ù³ñ¹áõ íñ³ ¨ áõÝ»Ý ·Çß»ñ»Éáõ ï»Õ, ¿³å»ë ³½¹áõÙ ¿ Ýñ³Ýó ½μ³ÕÙáõÝùÇ, ³åñ»É³Ï»ñåÇ, ÇÝùݳ½·³óáÕáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ Ñ»é³ÝϳñÝ»ñÇ íñ³: Ðáí³Ý³íáñÛ³É ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ ß³ï ÝÙ³Ý »Ý Ðá·³ï³ñ ѳÛñ»ñÇÝ: ²Ûë ËÙμáõÙ, ÇѳñÏ», ϳñ»ÉÇ ¿ ѳݹÇå»É ݳ¨ ϳݳÝó ¨ »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹Ý»ñÇ: Î³Ý Ý³¨ μ³ñÓñ³·áõÛÝ ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ùμ Ù³ñ¹ÇÏ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ÏáñǽÁ ÏñÏÇÝ Ï³½ÙáõÙ »Ý ÙÇçÇÝ ï³ñÇùÇ ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹ÇÏ, áíù»ñ ³ß˳ïáõÙ »Ý ÑÇÙݳϳÝáõÙ èáõë³ëï³ÝáõÙ, μ³Ûó ÷áùñ Ãíáí Ù»ÏÝáõÙ »Ý ݳ¨ ²äÐ ³ÛÉ »ñÏñÝ»ñ: Æ ï³ñμ»ñáõÃÛáõÝ Ðá·³ï³ñ ѳÛñ»ñÇ, Ðáí³Ý³íáñÛ³É ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ ÑÇÙݳϳÝáõÙ áã û г۳ëï³ÝÇ ·ÛáõÕ»ñÇ ¨ ÷áùñ ù³Õ³ùÝ»ñÇ μݳÏÇãÝ»ñ »Ý, ³ÛÉ Ù»Í ù³Õ³ùÝ»ñÇó »Ý` ºñ¨³ÝÇó ¨ ¶ÛáõÙñÇÇó: ²Ûë ËáõÙμÁ Ù»ÏÝ»Éáõ ¹ñ¹³å³ï׳éÝ»ñáí ãÇ ï³ñμ»ñíáõÙ Ðá·³ï³ñ ѳÛñ»ñÇó, μ³Ûó Ýñ³Ýó ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ μÝáõÛÃÝ ³í»ÉÇ μ³½Ù³½³Ý ¿: Üñ³Ýù, ßÇݳñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝÇó μ³óÇ, ³ß˳ïáõÙ »Ý ݳ¨ ³é¨ïñÇ ¨ ëå³ë³ñÏÙ³Ý áÉáñïÝ»ñáõÙ: γñ»ÉÇ ¿ ³ë»É, áñ èáõë³ëï³ÝáõÙ áã ßÇݳñ³ñáõÃÛ³Ùμ ½μ³ÕíáÕ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í Ù³ëÁ å³ïϳÝáõÙ ¿ ³Ûë ËÙμÇÝ: Ðáí³Ý³íáñÛ³É ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ï»óáõÃÛ³Ý Ï³ñ·³íÇ׳ÏÝ ÁݹáõÝáÕ »ñÏñáõÙ ÑÇÙݳϳÝáõÙ ûñÇÝ³Ï³Ý ã¿, ë³Ï³ÛÝ Ç Ñ³Ù»Ù³ï Ðá·³ï³ñ ѳÛñ»ñÇ, ³Ûë ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ï³ñ·³íÇ׳ÏÝ ³í»ÉÇ ¿ ѳٳå³ï³ë˳ÝáõÙ Çñ³í³Ï³Ý ÝáñÙ»ñÇÝ (ûñÇݳÏ, Ðáí³Ý³íáñÛ³É ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ ϳñáÕ »Ý áõÝ»Ý³É ·ñ³ÝóáõÙ ÙÇ ù³ÝÇ ³ÙÇë, μ³Ûó Ñ»ïá ã»ñϳñ³óÝ»É ³ÛÝ, ÇëÏ Ðá·³ï³ñ ѳÛñ»ñÝ Ç ëϽμ³Ý» ϳñáÕ »Ý ã·ñ³Ýóí»É, ϳ٠³é³çÇÝÝ»ñÁ ϳñáÕ »Ý áõÝ»Ý³É ¨° ·ñ³ÝóáõÙ, ¨° ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ ÃáõÛɳïíáõÃÛáõÝ, ÇëÏ »ñÏñáñ¹Ý»ñÁ` ÙdzÛÝ ·ñ³ÝóáõÙ): Ðáí³Ý³íáñÛ³É ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ, Ç ï³ñμ»ñáõÃÛáõÝ Ðá·³ï³ñ ѳÛñ»ñÇ, ³í»ÉÇ μ³ó »Ý Ýáñ Ùß³ÏáõÛÃÇ ÝϳïÙ³Ùμ ¨ ³í»ÉÇ Ñ»ßï áõ ³ñ³· »Ý ëáódzɳϳݳóíáõÙ: ê³ Ý³Ë¨³é³ç å³Ûٳݳíáñí³Í ¿ ³ÛÝ Ñ³Ý·³Ù³Ýùáí, áñ Ðáí³Ý³íáñÛ³É ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÝ ³í»ÉÇ ß³ï »Ý ¹áõñë ·³ÉÇë ÷áÕáó` ³í»ÉÇ ùÇã í³Ë»Ý³Éáí áëïÇϳÝáõÃÛáõÝÇó (áñáíÑ»ï¨ Ñ³Ù»Ù³ï³μ³ñ ³í»ÉÇ ûñÇÝ³Ï³Ý »Ý), »ñÏñáñ¹, ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ μÝáõÛÃÇó »ÉÝ»Éáí, ß÷íáõÙ »Ý ï³ñμ»ñ ³½·»ñÇ Ý»ñϳ۳óáõóÇãÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ¨ »ññáñ¹, Ýñ³Ýó ³Ûë ѳñóáõÙ ¨ë û·ÝáõÙ ¿ μ³ñ»Ï³ÙÁ, áñÁ ϳñÍ»ë »ñÏáõ Ùß³ÏáõÛÃÝ»ñÇ Ñ³ßï»óÙ³ÝÁ ÙÇçÝáñ¹ ¿ ѳݹÇë³ÝáõÙ: ²Ûë ³Ù»ÝÝ û·ÝáõÙ ¿ ³Ûë ËÙμÇÝ ³í»ÉÇ Ñ»ßï Ûáõñ³óÝ»É ÁݹáõÝáÕ »ñÏñÇ Ùß³ÏáõÛÃÁ, É»½áõÝ, μ³ñù»ñÁ, ëñ³Ýáí ÇÝï»·ñí»Éáí ÁݹáõÝáÕ »ñÏñÇ Ñ³ë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý ÏÛ³ÝùÇÝ ¨ ï³ñÇÝ»ñÇ ÁÝóóùáõÙ ¹³éݳÉáí Ýñ³ ÙÇ

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51  ÏÛ³ÝùÁ¦: Üñ³Ýù ýÇݳÝë³å»ë ³ÛÝù³Ý ³å³Ñáíí³Í ã»Ý, áñ ϳñáÕ³Ý³Ý áñå»ë ½μáë³ßñçÇÏ Ù»ÏÝ»É áñ¨¿ »ñÏÇñ, ÙÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó ¿É ·Çï»Ý, áñ Çñ»Ýó ѳñ³½³ïÝ»ñÁ ϳ٠ѳñ¨³ÝÝ»ñÁ ·ÝáõÙ »Ý ³ñï»ñÏÇñ ³ß˳ï»Éáõ: ¶ÛáõÕ³μÝ³Ï ¨ ýÇݳÝë³å»ë ³í»ÉÇ å³Ï³ë ³å³Ñáíí³Í »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹Ý»ñÁ, áñáÝù ͳÝáà »Ý èáõë³ëï³ÝáõÙ ³ß˳ïáÕÝ»ñÇ ûñÇݳÏÇÝ, г۳ëï³ÝÇó ¹áõñë ·³Éáõ ó³ÝÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ μ³í³ñ³ñáõÙ »Ý èáõë³ëï³Ý ·Ý³Éáí: ²Ýßáõßï, Çñ»Ýó Ù»ÏÝáõÙÁ Ýñ³Ýù Ý»ñϳ۳óÝáõÙ »Ý ݳ¨ áñå»ë ·áõÙ³ñ ³ß˳ï»Éáõ Ó·ïáõÙ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ³Ûë å³ñ³·³ÛáõÙ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³óÇ³Ý ³í»ÉÇ ßáõï ÙÇçáó ¿ Çñ»Ýó ·ÛáõÕÇó ¹áõñë ·³Éáõ, ÙÇç³í³ÛñÁ ÷áË»Éáõ ¨, í»ñç³å»ë, èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ Ù³ëÇÝ Éë³ÍÝ»ñÁ ë»÷³Ï³Ý ³ãù»ñáí ï»ëÝ»Éáõ ѳٳñ: Üñ³Ýù, áñå»ë ϳÝáÝ, Ù»ÏÝáõÙ »Ý ϳ٠Ðá·³ï³ñ ѳÛñ»ñÇ ß³ñù»ñáõÙ` μñÇ·³¹áí, ϳ٠·ÝáõÙ »Ý ³ÛÝï»Õ ³ñ¹»Ý ³ß˳ïáÕ Ñáñ ϳ٠»Õμáñ Ùáï: ²Ûë »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹Ý»ñÇ Ù»Í Ù³ëÝ ³åñáõÙ ¿ Ðá·³ï³ñ ѳÛñ»ñÇ Ï»Ýó³Õáí, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ³í»ÉÇ Ñ»ï³ùñùñ³ë»ñ ÉÇÝ»Éáí` ³í»ÉÇ ß³ï ¿ ß÷íáõÙ ï»Õ³óÇÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ¨ »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹ ÉÇÝ»Éáí` ³í»ÉÇ Ñ»ßï ¿ ѳñÙ³ñíáõÙ Ýáñ ÙÇç³í³ÛñÇÝ: Üñ³Ýù ³í»ÉÇ Ñ³Ù³ñÓ³Ï »Ý Çñ»Ýó ù³ÛÉ»ñáõÙ, ³í»ÉÇ ùÇã »Ý ½·áõÙ ÷áÕ ³ß˳ï»Éáõ å³ï³ë˳ݳïíáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ù³ÝÇ áñ, Ç ï³ñμ»ñáõÃÛáõÝ Ðá·³ï³ñ ѳÛñ»ñÇ, ÁÝï³ÝÇùÇ Ï³ñÇùÝ»ñÁ Ñá·³Éáõ ³ÝÑ»ï³Ó·»ÉÇ å³ñï³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ ã»Ý áõÝ»ÝáõÙ: ²Ù»Ý³ÛÝ Ñ³í³Ý³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ùμ ³Ûë ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÙÇ Ù³ëÁ »ñÏñáñ¹ ³Ý·³Ù ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ãÇ ¹ÇÙÇ, »Ã» ÇѳñÏ» ϳñ× Å³Ù³Ý³ÏáõÙ Ù»Í ·áõÙ³ñ ³ß˳ï»Éáõ ϳñÇù ãÉÇÝÇ: 2. êÇñáÕ³Ï³Ý ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÃíÇÝ »Ý å³ïϳÝáõ٠ݳ¨ ÙÇ·ñ³Ýï ϳݳÝóÇó ß³ï»ñÁ: Üñ³Ýù, áñå»ë ϳÝáÝ, ³ß˳ïáõÙ »Ý ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ, »ñμ ·ÝáõÙ »Ý Çñ»Ýó` ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ³ß˳ïáÕ ÁÝï³ÝÇùÇ ³Ý¹³ÙÇÝ Ï³Ù ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ³åñáÕ ³½·³Ï³ÝÇÝ ï»ë³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý: γñ»ÉÇ ¿ ³ë»É, áñ Ýñ³Ýù å³ñ½³å»ë ³ß˳ïáõÙ »Ý, áñáíÑ»ï¨ ã»Ý áõ½áõÙ ÏáñóÝ»É Éñ³óáõóÇã ·áõÙ³ñ í³ëï³Ï»Éáõ Ñݳñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ϳ٠³ß˳ïáõÙ »Ý ï»ë³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ ·Ýí³Í ïáÙëÇ ·áõÙ³ñÁ í»ñ³¹³ñÓÝ»Éáõ ѳٳñ: Æñ»Ýó ÏÛ³ÝùÇ å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñáí ¨ Ï»Ýë³Ï»ñåáí ³Ûë ϳݳÛù ÝÙ³ÝíáõÙ »Ý Ðáí³Ý³íáñÛ³É ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇÝ: 3. êÇñáÕ³Ï³Ý ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÃíáõÙ »Ý ݳ¨ ³ÛÝ áõë³ÝáÕÝ»ñÁ, áíù»ñ ³ñÓ³Ïáõñ¹Ý»ñÇÝ ÙÇçÝáñ¹ ϳ½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÙÇçáóáí Ù»ÏÝáõÙ »Ý ²ØÜ` ³ß˳ï»Éáõ: ²Ûëï»Õ ¨ë ³í»ÉÇ ßáõï ϳñ»ÉÇ ¿ Ëáë»É Ñ»ï³ùñùñ³ëÇñáõÃÛ³Ý, ù³Ý ·áõÙ³ñ í³ëï³Ï»Éáõ ËÇëï ϳñÇùÇ Ù³ëÇÝ: ²Ûë »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹Ý»ñÁ ïÇñ³å»ïáõÙ »Ý ³Ý·É»ñ»ÝÇÝ Ï³Ù ³ß˳ï»Éáõ ÁÝóóùáõÙ ß³ï ³ñ³· ½³ñ·³óÝáõÙ »Ý Çñ»Ýó É»½í³Ï³Ý ÑÙïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: ê³, ³ÛÉ Ñ³Ý·³Ù³ÝùÝ»ñÇ ß³ñùáõÙ, É³í³·áõÛÝë Ýå³ëïáõÙ ¿ Ýñ³Ý, áñ êÇñáÕ³Ï³Ý ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ³Ûë ËáõÙμÁ Ñ»ßïáõÃÛ³Ùμ ѳñÙ³ñíÇ ØdzóÇ³É Ü³Ñ³Ý·Ý»ñÇ ÏÛ³ÝùÇÝ: ÆÝï»ÝëÇíáñ»Ý ³ß˳ï»Éáõ Ñ»ï Ù»Ïï»Õ, ³Ûë »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹Ý»ñÝ ³ÏïÇíáñ»Ý ß÷íáõÙ »Ý ï³ñμ»ñ Ù³ñ¹Ï³Ýó Ñ»ï, Ñ»ï³ùñùÇñ ųٳݳÏ

52  ³ÝóϳóÝáõÙ, ½í³ñ׳ÝáõÙ: Üñ³Ýù í»ñ³¹³éÝáõÙ »Ý г۳ëï³Ý áã ÙdzÛÝ ½·³ÉÇ ·áõÙ³ñ í³ëï³Ï³Í, ³ÛÉ Ý³¨ ²ØÜ-Ç Ù³ëÇÝ É³í Ñáõß»ñáí ¨ ³ÝѳÙμ»ñ ëå³ëáõÙ »Ý ÙÛáõë ³ñÓ³Ïáõñ¹Ý»ñÇÝ` Ù»ÏÝ»Éáõ ÙÛáõë Ñݳñ³íáñáõÃÛ³ÝÁ: ²Ýßáõßï ë³ ãÇ Ý߳ݳÏáõÙ, áñ Ýñ³Ýù ³Ýå³ÛÙ³Ýáñ»Ý ÏÙ»ÏÝ»Ý Ý³¨ ÙÛáõë ï³ñÇ: ²Ûë ËáõÙμÁ ѳٳÉñáõÙ ¿ ³ÛÝ ÷áùñ³ÃÇí ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ß³ñù»ñÁ, áñáÝù ѳÛñ»ÝÇù í»ñ³¹³éݳÉÇë í»ñ³Ñ³ëï³ïí»Éáõ ¨ í»ñ³ÇÝï»·ñí»Éáõ μ³ñ¹áõÃÛáõÝ »Ý áõÝ»ÝáõÙ: Üñ³Ýù, áñå»ë ϳÝáÝ, í»ñ³¹³ñÓÇ ³é³çÇÝ ßñç³ÝáõÙ ³ÝÁݹѳï Ùï³ÍáõÙ »Ý ÏñÏÇÝ Ù»ÏÝ»Éáõ Ù³ëÇÝ, ÷ÝïñáõÙ »Ý Ù»ÏÝ»Éáõ ï³ñμ»ñ áõÕÇÝ»ñ, ¨ ¹ñ³Ýù ·ïÝ»Éáõ ¹»åùáõÙ ³Ýå³ÛÙ³Ý Ù»ÏÝáõÙ »Ý: ²Ûë »ñ¨áõÛÃÝ ¿É ³í»ÉÇ ¿ Áݹ·ÍíáõÙ Ý»ñϳ۳óí»ÉÇù ѳçáñ¹ ËÙμáõÙ:

§ºñç³ÝÇÏ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñ¦

ºñç³ÝÇÏ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹ (û° ÏÇÝ ¨ û° ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹) Ù³ëݳ·»ïÝ»ñ »Ý, áñáÝù ³ñï»ñÏñÇó Ññ³íÇñí»É »Ý Çñ»Ýó Ù³ëݳ·ÇïáõÃÛ³Ùμ ³ß˳ï»Éáõ: Üñ³Ýù Çñ»Ýó Ù³ëݳ·ÇïáõÃÛ³Ùμ ³ß˳ïáõÙ »Ý ݳ¨ г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ, ¨ Ýñ³Ýó Ù»ÏÝ»Éáõ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ýå³ï³ÏÁ ÉÇÝáõÙ ¿ Ù³ëݳ·ÇïáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ç ϳï³ñ»É³·áñÍí»ÉÁ: »¨ Ýñ³Ýù ÝßáõÙ »Ý, áñ ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ³í»ÉÇ ß³ï »Ý í³ñÓ³ïñí»É, ³Û¹áõѳݹ»ñÓ, Ýñ³Ýó Ù»ÏÝ»Éáõ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý ¹ñ¹³å³ï׳éÁ ·áõÙ³ñ í³ëï³Ï»ÉÁ ãÇ ÉÇÝáõÙ: ºñç³ÝÇÏ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ ÑÇÙݳϳÝáõÙ Ù»ÏÝáõÙ »Ý ºØ ï³ñμ»ñ »ñÏñÝ»ñ: ²ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ³ß˳ï»Éáõ ÁÝóóùáõÙ Çñ»Ýó ß³ï É³í »Ý ½·áõÙ ¨ ÙÇßï ѳ׻ÉÇ ½·³óÙáõÝùÝ»ñáí »Ý å³ïÙáõÙ ³Û¹ áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛ³Ý Ù³ëÇÝ: Üñ³Ýù áõÝ»ÝáõÙ »Ý ûñÇÝ³Ï³Ý Ï³ñ·³íÇ×³Ï ¨ ·áñͳïáõÇ Ñ»ï å³Ûٳݳ·Çñ: ºñç³ÝÇÏ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ ·áÑ »Ý ÉÇÝáõ٠û° ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ Ñ³ñ³μ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇó, û° Ù³ëݳ·Çï³Ï³Ý ³×Ç Ñݳñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇó, û° ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñÇó ¨ Ã»° Ï»Ýó³Õ³ÛÇÝ å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñÇó: ²Ûë ³Ù»ÝÁ, Ýñ³Ýó Ý»ñϳ۳óÙ³Ùμ, ³ÝÑ³Ù»Ù³ï ³í»ÉÇ É³í ¿ñ ÁݹáõÝáÕ »ñÏñáõÙ, ù³Ý г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ: àñå»ë Ù³ëݳ·»ï Çñ³óí»Éáõ Ñݳñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÇó ½³ï, ºñç³ÝÇÏ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇÝ á·¨áñáõÙ ¨ áõñ³Ë³óÝáõÙ ¿ ³ÛÝ, áñ ³ÛÝï»Õ Çñ»Ýù Çñ»Ýó ·Ý³Ñ³ïí³Í »Ý ½·³ó»É: ²ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÝ ¿³å»ë μ³ñÓñ³óÝáõÙ ¿ ³Ûë Ù³ëݳ·»ïÝ»ñÇ ÙñóáõݳÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ г۳ëï³ÝÇ (ÇÝã-áñ ã³÷áí ݳ¨ ³ñï»ñÏñÇ) ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ßáõϳÛáõÙ, ÇÝãå»ë ݳ¨ Ýñ³Ýó û·ÝáõÙ ¿ ÇÝùݳѳëï³ïí»É áñå»ë Ù³ëݳ·»ï: ²Ûë ËáõÙμÁ, í»ñ³¹³éݳÉáí г۳ëï³Ý, μáÉáñÇó ³é³í»É, í»ñ³Ñ³ëï³ïí»Éáõ ËݹÇñ ¿ áõÝ»ÝáõÙ: ²ÛÝ ¹Åí³ñáõÃÛ³Ùμ ¿ ѳñÙ³ñíáõÙ áã ÙdzÛÝ Ð³Û³ëï³ÝÇ ÏÛ³ÝùÇ éÇÃÙÇÝ ¨ íÇ׳ÏÇÝ, ³ÛÉ Ý³¨ Ù³ëݳ·Çï³Ï³Ý ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛ³Ý ë³Ñٳݳ÷³Ï ¨ Ñ³×³Ë áã ³é³ç³¹ÇÙ³Ï³Ý ï»ËÝÇÏ³Ï³Ý ¨ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñÇÝ: γñ»ÉÇ ¿ ѳÙá½í³Í ÉÇÝ»É, áñ ºñç³ÝÇÏ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ μ³ó ãÇ ÃáÕÝÇ ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ³ß˳ï»Éáõ ³éÇÃÁ, ³í»ÉÇÝ, ³Ù»Ý Ï»ñå Ï÷áñÓÇ ëï»ÕÍ»É ³ÛÝ, Ù»ÏÝ»É ³ñï»ñÏÇñ, ¨, ÇÝãáõ ã¿, ݳ¨ ѳëï³ïí»É ³ÛÝï»Õ: лÝó ºñç³ÝÇÏ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÝ »Ý ϳ½Ùáõ٠г۳ëï³ÝÇó áõÕ»ÕÝ»ñÇ ³ñï³ËáëùÇÝ Ýå³ëïáÕ ËáõÙμÁ:

53 ÆÜâàô ºÜ غÎÜàôØ

²ß˳ï³ÝùÇ Ýå³ï³Ïáí ³ñï»ñÏÇñ Ù»ÏÝ»Éáõ áñáßÙ³Ý Ù³ëÇÝ Ëáë»ÉÇë ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßï ¿ Ñëï³Ï ï³ñμ»ñ³Ï»É Ù»ÏÝ»Éáõ å³é׳éÝ»ñÁ ¨ ³ÛÝ ·áñÍáÝÝ»ñÁ, áñáÝù ¹ñ¹áõÙ »Ý Ù³ñ¹Ï³Ýó ÏáÝÏñ»ï ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ áõÕ¨áõÃÛ³Ý áñáßáõ٠ϳ۳óÝ»É:

²ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ¿ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ å³ï׳éÝ»ñÁ

гñó³½ñáõÛóÝ»ñÇ ÑÇÙ³Ý íñ³ ϳñ»ÉÇ ¿ ï³ñμ»ñ³Ï»É г۳ëï³ÝÇó ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ¿ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ »ñ»ù ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý å³ï׳éÝ»ñ. x ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ μ³ó³Ï³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ, x §Ëáå³Ý ·Ý³Éáõ¦ ³í³Ý¹áõÛÃÁ, x ·ÛáõÕÇó Ñ»é³Ý³Éáõ Ó·ïáõÙÁ:

²ß˳ï³ÝùÇ μ³ó³Ï³ÛáõÃÛáõÝ

ܳ˨³é³ç, ϳñ¨áñ »Ýù ѳٳñáõÙ Ýß»É, áñ μ³í³Ï³ÝÇÝ ¶ÛáõÕáõÙ í³ñë³íÇñ ¿Ç, μ³Ûó ¹³ ¹Åí³ñ ¿ ·Ý³Ñ³ï»É, û ÇÝã ¿ Ó»éÝïáõ ã¿ñ, ù³ÝÇ áñ ·ÛáõÕáõÙ ß³ï»ñÁ Ý߳ݳÏáõÙ §³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ μ³ñ»Ï³Ù »Ý ϳ٠Ùï»ñÇÙ, ¨ ß³ï»ñÇó ãÇ ëï³óíáõÙ ÷áÕ í»ñóÝ»É: Øï³Í»óÇ, μ³ó³Ï³ÛáõÃÛáõݦ, ù³ÝÇ áñ áñ ϷݳÙ, ÷áÕ Ï³ß˳ï»Ù, ѳñóíáÕÝ»ñÇ Ùáï»óáõÙÝ»ñÁ ³Ûë Ù³ñ½Ï»ÝïñáÝáõÙ í³ñë³íÇñ³Ýáó ѳñóÇÝ ï³ñμ»ñ »Ý: Üñ³Ýó ÙÇ Ïμ³ó»Ù: Ù³ëÁ, ³ë»Éáí, û ³ß˳ï³Ýù ²ñë»Ý, 28ï., ·. ²ñ÷Ç ãϳ, ÝϳïÇ ¿ áõÝ»ÝáõÙ ó³Ýϳó³Í ïÇåÇ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ μ³ó³Ï³ÛáõÃÛáõÝ, ÇëÏ ÙÇ Ù³ëÁ` ϳÛáõÝ ¨ μ³í³ñ³ñ í³ñÓ³ïñíáÕ: ²ÛëåÇëáí, û¨ Ï³Ý Ù»Í Ãíáí ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñ, áñáÝù Ù³ëݳíáñ»óÝáõÙ ¨ ÝßáõÙ »Ý, áñ Çñ»Ýó Ù»ÏÝ»Éáõ å³ï׳éÁ μ³í³ñ³ñ í³ñÓ³ïñíáÕ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ μ³ó³- Ø»ÏÝ»Éáõó ³é³ç ³Ûëï»Õ ³ß˳ï»É »Ù ¨ ÑÇÙ³ ¿É ϳÛáõÃÛáõÝÝ ¿, ³Û- ³ß˳ïáõÙ »Ù: Ø»ñ ï³Ý ÏáÕùÇÝ áõݻ٠Ýáõ³Ù»Ý³ÛÝÇí ùÇã ³íïáï»Ëëå³ë³ñÏÙ³Ý Ï»ï: ä³ñ½³å»ë Çñ»Ýó ã»Ý ݳ¨ Ýñ³Ýù, Ñ»ï »ñμ Ëáë»óÇ, ³ë³óÇÝ, áñ É³í ³ß˳ï»Éáõ áíù»ñ, áñå»ë ¹»åùáõÙ ³Ùë³Ï³Ý 3000 ¹áɳñ ϳñáÕ »Ù ¿ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ í³ëï³Ï»É: ºë ¿É ï³Ý ËݹÇñ áõݻ٠ÉáõÍ»Éáõ ¨ å³ï׳é, ÝßáõÙ »Ý Ùï³Í»óÇ` ÇëÏ ÇÝãáõ ã·Ý³É: ²Ûëï»ÕÇ ·áñÍÇó ã»Ù ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ μ³ó³- μáÕáùáõÙ, μ³Ûó ³Û¹ ϳñ·Ç ·áõÙ³ñ ã»Ù í³ëï³ÏáõÙ: ϳÛáõÃÛáõÝÝ ÁݹѳÝ- ²ñ³ñ³ï, 33ï., ù. ºñ¨³Ý ñ³å»ë: ²ÛÝ ÙÇ·- ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ, áíù»ñ

54 ³é³çÇÝ ³Ý·³Ù Ù»Ï-Ý»É »Ý 1990-³Ï³Ý Ãí³Ï³ÝÝ»ñÇÝ, ³ëáõÙ »Ý, áñ Ù»ÏÝ»É »Ý, áñáíÑ»ï¨ ã»Ý ϳñáÕ³ó»É г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ ³ß˳ï³Ýù ·ïÝ»É, ÇëÏ 2000- Çó Ñ»ïá Ù»ÏݳÍÝ»ñÝ ³í»ÉÇ ß³ï ¹Å·áÑáõÙ »Ý μ³ñÓñ í³ñÓ³ïñíáÕ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ μ³ó³Ï³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÇó: Þ³ï»ñÁ áã ÙdzÛÝ ã»Ý ¹Å·áÑáõÙ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ μ³ó³Ï³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÇó, Ýñ³Ýù áã ÙdzÛÝ ·ïÝáõÙ »Ý, áñ ³Ûëûñ г۳ëï³Ýáõ٠ϳñáÕ »Ý ³ß˳ï³Ýù ·ïÝ»É (ÇѳñÏ» áã ³ÛÝ í³ñÓ³ïñáõÃÛ³Ùμ, áñÝ Çñ»Ýù ÝáõÛÝ ·áñÍÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ϳñáÕ »Ý ëï³Ý³É ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ), ³ÛÉ Ý³¨ ³ß˳ïáõÙ »Ý г۳ëï³Ýáõ٠ϳ٠³ß˳ï»É »Ý ÙÇÝ㨠ٻÏÝ»ÉÁ: лï³ùñùÇñ ¿, áñ Ï³Ý ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñ, áñáÝù г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ áõÝ»Ý Ùßï³Ï³Ý ³ß˳ï³Ýù ¨ ³Ù»Ý ï³ñÇ, ³ñﳷݳ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÝ»ñÇ Ù»ÏÝ»Éáõ Ýå³ï³Ïáí, г۳ëï³ÝÇ Çñ»Ýó ³ß˳ï³í³ÛñáõÙ ³ñÓ³Ïáõñ¹ »Ý Ó¨³Ï»ñåáõÙ, Ù»ÏÝáõÙ »Ý ³ß˳ï»Éáõ ÙÇ ù³ÝÇ ³Ùëáí, ³ÛÝáõÑ»ï¨ ÏñÏÇÝ í»ñ³¹³éÝáõÙ »Ý:

§Êáå³Ý ·Ý³Éáõ¦ ³í³Ý¹áõÛÃ

г۳ëï³ÝÇ ·ÛáõÕ³Ï³Ý μݳÏãáõÃÛ³Ý ßñç³ÝáõÙ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ѳñóáõÙÝ»ñÁ ÙÇ Ñ»ï³ùñùÇñ ÷³ëïÇ Ù³ëÇÝ »Ý íϳÛáõÙ: ²ÛÝ ¶³í³éÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ·ÝáõÙ ¿ ·ÛáõÕ»ñáõÙ, áñï»Õ »ñϳñ ï³ñÇ- èáõë³ëï³Ý ³ß˳ï»Éáõ: ÆÙ ÁÝÏ»ñÝ ¿É Ý»ñ μ³½Ù³ÃÇí ÁÝï³ÝÇùÝ»ñÇó ¿ñ ·ÝáõÙ: ºë ¿É áñáß»óÇ ·Ý³É: ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹ÇÏ ·ÝáõÙ »Ý ³ñﳷݳ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÝ»ñÇ, ¨ §Ëáå³Ý ì³ã», 25ï., ù. ¶³í³é ·Ý³ÉÁ¦ ϳñÍ»ë ¹³ñÓ»É ¿ ÁÝï³ÝÇù å³Ñ»Éáõ ³í³Ý¹³Ï³Ý Ó¨, »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹ ïճݻñÝ Çñ»Ýó ÏÛ³ÝùÇ áñáß³ÏÇ ÷áõÉáõÙ ·ÝáõÙ »Ý ³Û¹ ÁݹáõÝí³Í áõÕÇáí: ²Û¹ ÷áõÉÁ, áñå»ë ϳÝáÝ, ÉÇÝáõÙ ¿ μ³Ý³Ïáõ٠ͳé³Û»Éáõó Ñ»ï, »ñμ ïÕ³Ý ³ñ¹»Ý å»ïù ¿ Ùï³ÍÇ ·áõÙ³ñ í³ëï³Ï»Éáõ ¨ ÁÝï³ÝÇù ϳ½Ù»Éáõ Ù³ëÇÝ: ²Ñ³ ³Ûë »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹Ý»ñÁ, ϳñ»ÉÇ ¿ ³ë»É, ³é³ÝÓݳå»ë §¹»ëáõ¹»Ý¦ ã»Ý ÁÝÏÝáõ٠г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ ³ß˳ï³Ýù ·ïÝ»Éáõ ѳٳñ, ³ÛÉ å³ñ½³å»ë Ù»ÏÝáõÙ »Ý ³ñï»ñÏÇñ, ÇÝãå»ë ¹³ ³ñ»É ¿ Çñ ѳÛñÁ ϳ٠Ñáñ»Õμ³ÛñÁ: ²Ûë å³ñ³·³ÛáõÙ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ³é³çݳÛÇÝ å³ï׳é, ϳñ»ÉÇ ¿ ³ë»É, Ó¨³íáñí³Í ³í³Ý¹áõÛÃÝ ¿, ³Û¹ ³í³Ý¹áõÛÃÇ ÇÝ»ñóÇáÝ áõÅÁ:

¶ÛáõÕÇó Ñ»é³Ý³Éáõ Ó·ïáõÙ

²Ûë å³ï׳éÁ ѳٻٳï³μ³ñ ùÇã ¿ ï³ñ³Íí³Í ¨ ¹ñ³Ý ³é³í»É ѳÏí³Í »Ý »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹Ý»ñÁ: Î³Ý »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹Ý»ñ, áíù»ñ ó³ÝϳÝáõÙ »Ý Ùß³ÏáõóÛÇÝ ¨ ѳë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý ³í»ÉÇ ³ÏïÇí ÙÇç³í³ÛñáõÙ ³åñ»É, ù³Ý Çñ»Ýó ·ÛáõÕÝ ¿: Üñ³Ýù Ñ³×³Ë ÷áñÓáõÙ »Ý ѳëï³ïí»É Ù³ñ½Ï»ÝïñáÝÝ»ñáõÙ ¶ÛáõÕáõÙ ã»Ù ëÇñáõÙ ³åñ»É, ϳ٠ºñ¨³ÝáõÙ: ²Ûë »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹Ý»ñÇ »Ã» ·áñÍ ¿É ÉÇÝ»ñ, ã¿Ç Ùݳ: Ù»ç Ñ³×³Ë ÉÇÝáõÙ »Ý ß³ï åñåïáõÝÝ»ñÁ, áíù»ñ ï³ñμ»ñ Ü»ñë»ë, 28ï., ·. àõéáõï

55 ³ß˳ï³ÝùÝ»ñ »Ý ÷áñÓáõ٠ϳï³ñ»É û° Ù³ñ½Ï»ÝïñáÝÝ»ñáõÙ, û° ºñ¨³ÝáõÙ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ áñáß Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ³Ýó ѳëϳÝáõÙ »Ý, áñ ã»Ý ϳñáÕ ºñ¨³ÝáõÙ, ³Û¹ Ãíáõ٠ݳ¨ Ù³ñ½Ï»ÝïñáÝáõÙ, í³ëï³Ï»É ³ÛÝù³Ý, áñ μ³í³Ï³Ý³óÝÇ μݳϳñ³Ý í³ñÓ»ÉáõÝ, Ï»Ýó³Õ³ÛÇÝ Ï³ñÇùÝ»ñÁ Ñá·³ÉáõÝ: ²Ûë å³ñ³·³ÛáõÙ ¿, áñ ·ÛáõÕÇó ¹áõñë ·³Éáõ ³ÛÉÁÝïñ³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ¨ ³í»ÉÇ Çñ³·áñÍ»ÉÇ ÙÇçáó ¿ ¹³éÝáõÙ èáõë³ëï³Ý Ù»ÏÝ»ÉÁ: ø³ÝÇ áñ ݳË, ³ÛÝï»Õ ³åñ»Éáõ ï»Õ ¨ ëÝáõݹ ³å³Ñáí»Éáõ Ñݳñ³íáñ Ó¨»ñÁ Ùß³Ïí³Í »Ý ï³ñÇÝ»ñáí ¨ »ñÏñáñ¹, ³ÛÝï»Õ ³ß˳ï»Éáí Ñݳñ³íáñ ÏÉÇÝÇ Ý³¨ ·áõÙ³ñ Ïáõï³Ï»É:

²ñï»ñÏÇñ Ù»ÏÝ»Éáõ áñáßáõÙÁ ËóÝáÕ ·áñÍáÝÝ»ñ

²ß˳ï»Éáõ Ýå³ï³Ïáí ³ñï»ñÏÇñ Ù»ÏÝ»Éáõ áñáßÙ³Ý íñ³ ³½¹áõÙ »Ý Ñ»ï¨Û³É »ñ»ù ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý ·áñÍáÝÝ»ñÁ. x Ù»Í Í³Ëë Ñá·³Éáõ ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßïáõÃÛáõÝ x Éñ³óáõóÇã ·áõÙ³ñ í³ëï³Ï»Éáõ Ñݳñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ x ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ ³é³ç³ñÏ

Ø»Í Í³Ëë Ñá·³Éáõ ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßïáõÃÛáõÝ

Ð³×³Ë Ù³ñ¹ÇÏ ³ñï»ñÏÇñ Ù»ÏÝ»Éáõ áñáßáõÙ »Ý ϳ۳óÝáõÙ ³ÛÝ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï, »ñμ ÁÝï³Ý»Ï³Ý μÛáõç»áõÙ Éñ³óáõóÇã Ù»Í Í³Ëë Ñá·³Éáõ ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßïáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ ³é³ç³ÝáõÙ: Î³Ý Ù³ñ¹ÇÏ, áíù»ñ ³ß˳ïáõÙ »Ý г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ ¨ ϳñáÕ³ÝáõÙ »Ý г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ Ñá·³É Çñ»Ýó ÁÝóóÇÏ Í³Ëë»ñÁ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ »ñμ ¹ñ³Ýó ³í»É³ÝáõÙ »Ý Ýáñ ¨ Ù»Í Í³Ëë»ñ, Ù³ñ¹ÇÏ ³ÛÉ »Éù ã»Ý ï»ëÝáõÙ, ù³Ý ³ñï»ñÏÇñ Ù»ÏÝ»ÉÁ: ÜÙ³Ý Ù»Í Í³Ëë»ñÁ ëáíáñ³μ³ñ ϳåí³Í »Ý ÉÇÝáõÙ »ñ»Ë³Ý»ñÇ` μáõÑ ÁݹáõÝí»Éáõ Ñ»ï: ÊݹÇñ ¿ ³é³ç³ÝáõÙ áã ÙdzÛÝ áõëÙ³Ý í³ñÓÁ í׳ñ»Éáõ, ³ÛÉ Ý³¨ ÁݹáõÝíáÕ »ñ»Ë³Ý»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ áõëáõóÇã í³ñÓ»Éáõ ¨ Ñá·³Éáõ ³ÛÝ áõë³ÝáÕÝ»ñÇ Ï»Ýó³ÕÁ, áíù»ñ ëáíáñ»Éáõ »Ý Ù»ÏÝ»É ³ÛÉ ù³Õ³ù: Èñ³óáõóÇã ͳËë ¿ ³é³ç³Ýáõ٠ݳ¨, »ñμ ÁÝï³ÝÇùÇ ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñÇó Ù»ÏÁ Ùï³¹ñíáõÙ ¿ ³ÙáõëݳݳÉ, μݳϳñ³Ý ·Ý»É ϳ٠Ýáñá·»É, ë»÷³Ï³Ý ·áñÍÁ ÑÇÙÝ»É ¨ ³ÛÉÝ:

Èñ³óáõóÇã ·áõÙ³ñ í³ëï³Ï»Éáõ Ñݳñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ

ê³ í»ñ³μ»ñáõÙ ¿ ÑÇÙݳϳÝáõÙ ëÇñáÕ³Ï³Ý ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ËÙμ»ñÇó Ù»ÏÇÝ` ³ÛÝ Ï³Ý³Ýó, áíù»ñ ѳñ³½³ïÇÝ ï»ë³Ïó»Éáõ Ýå³ï³Ïáí Ù»ÏÝ»É »Ý ³ñï»ñÏÇñ ¨ û·ïí»Éáí ÁÝÓ»éí³Í Ñݳñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÇó` áñáᯐ »Ý ³ß˳ï»É: ²Ýßáõßï ë³ ãÇ ¹ñ¹áõÙ ³ÝÓÇÝ Ð³Û³ëï³ÝÇó ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ Ýå³ï³Ïáí ³ñï»ñÏÇñ Ù»ÏÝ»Éáõ áñáßáõ٠ϳ۳óÝ»É, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ËóÝáõÙ ¿ Ýñ³Ý ³ß˳ï»É` ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ·ïÝí»Éáõ ÁÝóóùáõÙ:

56 ²ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ ³é³ç³ñÏ

Þ³ï ϳñ¨áñ ¨ Ñ»ï³ùñùÇñ ѳݷ³Ù³Ýù ¿ ³ÛÝ, áñ ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ³ß˳ï»Éáõ ³é³ç³ñÏÝ ÇÝùÝÇÝ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ ëï»ÕÍ»É Ù»ÏÝ»Éáõ Ùï³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝ ¨ ¹ñ¹»É Ù³ñ¹áõÝ` Ù»ÏÝ»É ³ß˳ï»Éáõ: ê³ ëáíáñ³μ³ñ ï»ÕÇ ¿ áõÝ»ÝáõÙ ³ÛÝ ¹»åù»ñáõÙ, »ñμ ·ÛáõÕ»ñáõÙ μñÇ·³¹ ¿ ϳ½ÙíáõÙ` èáõë³ëï³ÝáõÙ ßÇݳñ³ñ³Ï³Ý ³ß˳ï³ÝùÝ»ñ ϳï³ñ»Éáõ ѳٳñ: سñ¹ÇÏ, áíù»ñ ÝáõÛÝÇëÏ Ð³Û³ëï³ÝáõÙ ³ß˳ï³Ýù áõÝ»Ý, μ³Ûó ÉëáõÙ »Ý, áñ ϳñáÕ »Ý ϳñ× Å³Ù³Ý³ÏáõÙ èáõë³ëï³Ýáõ٠ѳٻٳï³μ³ñ Ù»Í ·áõÙ³ñ í³ëï³Ï»É, Ùï³ÍáõÙ »Ý. §ÆëÏ ÇÝãá±õ áã¦: ²ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ ëï³óíáõÙ ¿, áñ ÉÇÝáõÙ »Ý ¹»åù»ñ, »ñμ ³é³ç³ñÏÝ ÇÝùÝÇÝ å³Ñ³Ýç³ñÏ ¨ Ùï³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ ëï»ÕÍáõÙ:

´³óÇ Ýßí³Í ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý ·áñÍáÝÝ»ñÇó, áñáÝù, áñå»ë ϳÝáÝ, ·áñÍáõÙ »Ý èáõë³ëï³Ý Ù»ÏÝáÕÝ»ñÇ å³ñ³·³ÛáõÙ, Ï³Ý Ý³¨ ³í»ÉÇ å³Ï³ë ï³ñ³Íí³ÍÝ»ñÁ: ¸ñ³ÝóÇó »Ý, ûñÇݳÏ, ѳëïÇùÝ»ñÇ Ïñ׳ïÙ³Ý å³ï׳éáí ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇó ½ñÏí»ÉÁ, ϳ٠ûï³ñ Ùß³ÏáõÛÃÇ ÝϳïÙ³Ùμ Ñ»ï³ùñùñ³ëÇñáõÃÛáõÝÁ èáõë³ëï³Ý ¨ ²ØÜ Ù»ÏÝáÕ »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹ êÇñáÕ³Ï³Ý ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ å³ñ³·³ÛáõÙ, ÇÝãå»ë ݳ¨ Ù³ëݳ·Çï³Ï³Ý ½³ñ·³óáõÙÁ` ºØ »ñÏñÝ»ñ Ù»ÏÝáÕ ºñç³ÝÇÏ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ¨ ³ÛÉÝ: ²ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ¿ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý å³ï׳éÝ»ñÇó áõ áñáßáõ٠ϳ۳óÝ»Éáõ íñ³ ³½¹áÕ Ýßí³Í ·áñÍáÝÝ»ñÇó μ³óÇ, áñå»ë ϳÝáÝ, Ç û·áõï Ù»ÏÝ»Éáõ »Ý ÙÇßï ËáëáõÙ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï¨Û³É ûμÛ»ÏïÇí ѳÙá½ÙáõÝùÝ»ñÁ. x ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³óÇ³Ý Ñݳñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ ï³ÉÇë ѳٻٳï³μ³ñ ϳñ× Å³Ù³Ý³Ïáõ٠ѳٻٳï³μ³ñ Ù»Í ·áõÙ³ñ í³ëï³Ï»É, x û¨ Ûáõñ³ù³ÝãÛáõñ åáï»ÝóÇ³É ÙÇ·ñ³Ýï Çñ ³ãùÇ ³éç¨ áõÝÇ ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ³ß˳ï»Éáõ áã ÷áùñ³ÃÇí ³ÝѳçáÕ å³ïÙáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, ³ÛÝáõ³Ù»Ý³ÛÝÇí Ýñ³ ßñç³å³ïáõÙ ³í»ÉÇ ß³ï »Ý §Ñ³çáճϦ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ:

ÆÜâäºê ºÜ غÎÜàôØ

²ñﳷݳ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÝ»ñÇ Ù»ÏÝáõÙÁ ¨ ¹ñ³ Ñ»ï ϳåí³Í ѳñó»ñÝ áõ Ù³Ýñ³Ù³ëÝ»ñÁ Ýϳñ³·ñ»ÉÇë ϳñ»ÉÇ ¿ ³é³ÝÓݳóÝ»É 3 ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý ¹»åù. x Ù»ÏÝáõ٠ͳÝáÃÇ Ùáï, x Ù»ÏÝáõÙ μñÇ·³¹áí, x Ù»ÏÝáõÙ Ññ³í»ñáí:

57 Ø»ÏÝáõ٠ͳÝáÃÇ Ùáï

г۳ëï³ÝÇó ³ñï»ñÏÇñ Ù»ÏÝ³Í ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÙÇ Ù³ëÁ ·ÝáõÙ ¿ ³ÛÝï»Õ ·ïÝíáÕ Ì³ÝáÃÇ2 Ùáï: ì»ñçÇÝÝ»ñÁ ÉÇÝáõÙ »Ý ϳ٠1. ³½·³Ï³ÝÝ»ñ, ÁÝÏ»ñÝ»ñ ϳ٠Ùï»ñÇÙÝ»ñ, áñáÝù ѳëï³ïí»É »Ý ÁݹáõÝáÕ »ñÏñáõÙ ¨ ³ÛÝï»Õ »Ý ³åñáõ٠ϳ٠2. ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñ, áñáÝù ³ñ¹»Ý áõÝ»Ý ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ÷áñÓ ¨ ³Û¹ å³ÑÇÝ ³ß˳ïáõÙ »Ý ÁݹáõÝáÕ »ñÏñáõÙ: ¼³Ý·»óÇ éáõë ÁÝÏ»ñáçë, ³ë³óÇ, áñ áõ½áõÙ »Ù ̳ÝáÃÇ Ùáï Ù»Ï- ·Ý³É: ܳ ³ë³ó, áñ »Ã» ·Ý³Ù, ÙÇ μ³Ý ϳݻÝ: лÝó Ý»Éáõ å³ñ³·³ÛáõÙ, ѳë³, ѳçáñ¹ ûñÁ ·Ý³óÇÝù Çñ»Ýó ß»ÝùÇ ÏáÕùÇ Ð³Û³ëï³ÝáõÙ ÁÝ- §Å»Ï¦-Á: ²ÛÝï»Õ ³ë³óÇÝ, áñ ˳é³ïÇ ·áñÍ Ï³: ¹áõÝí³Í ¿ ³ë»É. §ÆÝÓ êÏë»óÇ ·áñÍ ³Ý»É, Ñ»ïá ¹³ñÓ³ μñÇ·³¹Çñ. ÑÇÙ³ ϳÝã»É »Ý¦: ê³ ÙÇ ù³ÝÇ Ñá·áõ ï³ÝáõÙ »Ù èáõë³ëï³Ý, μ³Ûó ÇÝùë Ý߳ݳÏáõÙ ¿, áñ ¿É »Ù ³ß˳ïáõÙ, ³Ûɳå»ë ÷áÕÁ ùÇã ÏÉÇÝÇ: ̳ÝáÃÁ å³ïñ³ë- ï³Ï³ÙáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ ²ñÙ»Ý, 59ï., ù. ºÕ»·Ý³Óáñ ѳÛïÝ»É û·Ý»Éáõ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÇÝ, ÙÇÝ㨠ݳ Ïϳñáճݳ ѳëï³ïí»É: ÆëÏ ³í»ÉÇ Ñ³×³Ë ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÁ, áñáß»Éáí Ù»ÏÝ»É ³ñï»ñÏÇñ ³ß˳ï»Éáõ, ¹ÇÙáõÙ ¿ Çñ ̳ÝáÃÇÝ, áñå»ë½Ç í»ñçÇÝÝ û·ÝÇ Çñ»Ý: Þ³ï Ñ»ï³ùñùÇñ ¿ ݳ¨, áñ »ñμ»ÙÝ, ³ñï»ñÏñáõ٠ѳëï³ïí³Í ̳ÝáÃÇ ·áÛáõÃÛáõÝÝ ÇÝùÝÇÝ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ Ùï³¹ñáõÃÛ³Ý ³é³ç³óÙ³Ý ËÃ³Ý ¹³éݳÉ: ̳ÝáÃÝ»ñÇ ³é³çÇÝ ËáõÙμÁ (³½·³Ï³ÝÝ»ñ, ÁÝÏ»ñÝ»ñ ϳ٠Ùï»ñÇÙÝ»ñ, áñáÝù ѳëï³ïí»É »Ý ÁݹáõÝáÕ »ñÏñáõÙ ¨ ³ÛÝï»Õ »Ý ³åñáõÙ) ëáíáñ³μ³ñ Ëáëï³ÝáõÙ »Ý û·Ý»É ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÇÝ ³ß˳ï³Ýù ·ïÝ»Éáõ ѳñóáõÙ, ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÁ ݳËÝ³Ï³Ý ßñç³ÝáõÙ ³åñáõÙ ¿ Ýñ³Ýó ï³ÝÁ (³ÛëÇÝùÝ` ̳ÝáÃÁ Ñá·áõÙ ¿ ϳó³ñ³ÝÇ ¨ ëÝÝ¹Ç Ñ³ñó»ñÁ): Üñ³Ýù, áíù»ñ Ù»ÏÝáõÙ »Ý ³Ûë ͳÝáÃÝ»ñÇ Ùáï ݳ˳å»ë, ϳñ»ÉÇ ¿ ³ë»É, ï»ÕÛ³Ï ã»Ý, ³ÛÝ Ù³ëÇÝ, û ÇÝã ¿ Çñ»Ýó ëå³ëíáõÙ: Üñ³Ýù å³ñ½³å»ë ·Çï»Ý, áñ ÁݹáõÝáÕ »ñÏñáõÙ §Ù³ñ¹ áõݻݦ: ²Ûë ̳ÝáÃÝ»ñÇ Ùáï ·Ý³óáÕ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»ç Ï³Ý ³ÛÝåÇëÇù, áíù»ñ ·Ý³ó»É »Ý` áñå»ë »ñ³ßËÇù áõݻݳÉáí ÙdzÛÝ ³ÛÝ, áñ ̳ÝáÃÝ ³ë»É ¿. §²ñÇ, ɳí ÏÉÇÝǦ: Üß»Ýù ݳ¨, áñ ̳ÝáÃÝ»ñÇ ³Ûë ËáõÙμÁ ϳñáÕ ¿ ÉÇÝ»É ³ß˳ñÑÇ áñ¨¿ »ñÏñáõÙ: ̳ÝáÃÝ»ñÇ »ñÏñáñ¹ ËáõÙμÁ (³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñ, áíù»ñ ³ñ¹»Ý áõÝ»Ý ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ÷áñÓ ¨ ³Û¹ å³ÑÇÝ ³ß˳ïáõÙ »Ý ÁݹáõÝáÕ »ñÏñáõÙ) áñå»ë ϳÝáÝ, ϳ½ÙáõÙ »Ý Ðá·³ï³ñ ѳÛñ»ñÁ, áíù»ñ, ÇÝãå»ë Ýßí»ó, ÑÇÙݳϳÝáõÙ ³ß˳ïáõÙ »Ý èáõë³ëï³ÝáõÙ, ßÇݳñ³ñáõÃÛ³Ý áÉáñïáõÙ, ³åñáõÙ »Ý ³ÛÝï»Õ, áñï»Õ ³ß˳ïáõÙ »Ý, áõëïÇ

2 ̳ÝáÃÁ ·ñí³Í ¿ ٻͳï³éáí, å³ÛٳݳϳÝáñ»Ý Ýß»Éáõ ѳٳñ ³ÛÝ Ù³ñ¹áõÝ, áñÁ ÙÇçÝáñ¹Ç áõñáõÛÝ ¹»ñ ¿ ëï³ÝÓÝáõÙ ¨ û·ÝáõÙ ¿ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÇÝ ·ïÝ»É ³ß˳ï³Ýù ¨ ѳëï³ïí»É ÁݹáõÝáÕ »ñÏñáõÙ: ²ÛëáõÑ»ï, ï»ùëïáõ٠ٻͳï³éáí ·ñí³Í §Ì³Ýáæ ѳëϳóáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ù³ïݳÝßáõÙ ¿ Ñ»Ýó ³Ûë Ù³ñ¹Ï³Ýó:

58 Ýñ³Ýó û·ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÇÝ, å³ñ½³å»ë ÉÇÝáõÙ ¿ ³ÛÝ, áñ Ýñ³Ýù ³ß˳ï³Ýù ÷Ýïñáõ٠û° Çñ»Ýó ¨ Ã»° ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ: Üñ³Ýù »ñÏáõëáí ³ß˳ïáõÙ ¨ ³åñáõÙ »Ý ÝáõÛÝ å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñáõÙ: ²Ûë ËÙμÇ Ì³ÝáÃÝ»ñÇ Ùáï Ù»ÏÝáÕÝ»ñÝ ³í»ÉÇ Ù³Ýñ³Ù³ëÝ »Ý ï»Õ»Ï³ÝáõÙ Çñ»Ýó ëå³ëáÕ å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñÇ Ù³ëÇÝ, ·ñ»Ã» ³ÛÝå»ë, ÇÝãå»ë, Ýñ³Ýù áíù»ñ Ù»ÏÝáõÙ »Ý μñÇ·³¹áí: »¨ ̳ÝáÃÇ Ùáï Ù»ÏÝáÕÝ»ñÇ Ù»ÏÝ»Éáõ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý ³é³ÝÓݳѳïÏáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ÝáõÛÝÝ »Ý, ³ÛÝáõ³Ù»Ý³ÛÝÇí Çñ»Ýó ѻﳷ³ Ï»óáõÃÛ³Ùμ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ ï³ñμ»ñíáõÙ »Ý, ϳËí³Í ³ÛÝ μ³ÝÇó, û ̳ÝáÃÝ»ñÇ áñ ËÙμÇ Ùáï »Ý Ù»ÏÝ»É: ̳ÝáÃÝ»ñÇ ³é³çÇÝ ËÙμÇ Ùáï Ù»ÏÝáÕÝ»ñÁ ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ Çñ»Ýó Ï»óáõÃÛ³Ùμ ÑÇÙݳϳÝáõÙ ÉÇÝáõÙ »Ý Ðáí³Ý³íáñÛ³É ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñ, ÇëÏ »ñÏñáñ¹ ËÙμÇ Ùáï Ù»ÏݳÍÝ»ñÁ` Ðá·³ï³ñ ѳÛñ»ñ:

Ø»ÏÝáõÙ μñÇ·³¹áí

Ø»ÏÝ»Éáõ »ñÏñáñ¹ ëó»Ý³ñÁ ÷áùñ-ÇÝã ³í»ÉÇ Ï³Ýáݳϳñ·í³Í μÝáõÛà ¿ ÏñáõÙ ¨ í»ñ³μ»ñáõÙ ¿ èáõë³ëï³Ý Ù»ÏÝáÕÝ»ñÇó ß³ï»ñÇÝ: гۻñÁ, áñáÝù èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ßáõϳÛáõÙ ³í»ÉÇ Ñ³ëï³ïí³Í »Ý ÉÇÝáõÙ ¨, áñå»ë μñÇ·³¹Çñ ϳ½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÙ ¨ ѳٳϳñ·áõÙ »Ý ßÇݳñ³ñ³Ï³Ý ³ß˳ï³ÝùÝ»ñÁ, ѳÏí³Í »Ý ßÇݳñ³ñ³Ï³Ý μñÇ·³¹Ý»ñÁ Ó¨³íáñ»Éáõ Çñ»Ýó ѳۻݳÏÇóÝ»ñÇó, ÇëÏ ³í»ÉÇ Ñ³×³Ë` ѳٳ·ÛáõÕ³óÇÝ»ñÇó: ²ÛÝ ¹»åùáõÙ, »Ã» ݳ˳ï»ëíáÕ μñÇ·³¹Á å»ïù ¿ Ù»Í ÉÇÝÇ, ³ÛÝ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ Áݹ·ñÏ»É Ý³¨ ѳñ¨³Ý ·ÛáõÕÇ μݳÏÇãÝ»ñÇÝ: êáíáñ³μ³ñ μñÇ·³¹Á ϳ½Ù- ²ÛÝï»Õ ³ß˳ï³Ýù ·ïÝ»ÉÁ ß³ï íáõÙ ¿ Ñ»ï¨Û³É Ï»ñå. μñÇ- Ñ»ßï ¿: лÝó г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ Ù³ñ¹ÇÏ ·³¹ÇñÁ áñ¨¿ áã ýáñÙ³É, μ³Ûó Çñ»Ýù »Ý ù»½ ·ïÝáõÙ: ÆÝã-áñ ˳ÝáõÃáõÙ ÷áñÓí³Í ׳ݳå³ñÑáí ·Ûáõ- ϳ٠˳ãÙ»ñáõÏáõ٠ѳí³ùí³ÍÝ»ñÇ Ù»ç ÕáõÙ ï³ñ³ÍáõÙ ¿ ÉáõñÁ, áñ Çñ»Ý ³ëáõÙ »Ý, ¨ ¹³ ï³ñ³ÍíáõÙ ¿: í³ñå»ïÝ»ñ ¨/ϳ٠μ³ÝíáñÝ»ñ »Ý å»ïù: лï³ùñùñíáÕÝ»ñÁ Ø»Ýáõ³, 41ï., ù.ºÕ»·Ý³Óáñ ·ïÝáõÙ »Ý μñÇ·³¹ÇñÇÝ, ×ßïáõÙ »Ý å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñÁ ¨ Ýñ³Ýù, áíù»ñ ѳٳӳÛÝáõÙ »Ý å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñÇÝ, ϳ½ÙáõÙ »Ý μñÇ·³¹Á ¨ Ù»ÏÝáõÙ μñÇ·³¹Ç ϳ½ÙáõÙ: ²ß˳ï³ÝùÇ Ù»ÏÝ»Éáõ ³Ûë »Õ³Ý³ÏÁ ÑÇÙݳϳÝáõÙ ·áñÍáõÙ ¿ »ñÏñáñ¹ áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛáõÝÇó ëÏë³Í, ù³ÝÇ áñ Éáõñ»ñÁ ÑÇÙݳϳÝáõÙ ï³ñ³ÍíáõÙ »Ý ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ÷áñÓ áõÝ»óáÕ ³ÝÓ³Ýó ßñç³ÝáõÙ: гí³Ý³μ³ñ μñÇ·³¹Ç Ó¨³íáñÙ³Ý ¨ ï»Õ»Ï³ïíáõÃÛ³Ý ï³ñ³ÍÙ³Ý ³Ûë Ó¨áí å³Ûٳݳíáñí³Í, μñÇ·³¹áí Ù»ÏÝáÕÝ»ñÁ ÑÇÙݳϳÝáõÙ ÉÇÝáõÙ »Ý ·ÛáõÕ³Ï³Ý μݳÏãáõÃÛáõÝÇó, ϳ٠г۳ëï³ÝÇ ÷áùñ ù³Õ³ùÝ»ñÇó: ê³ μ³ó³-ïñíáõÙ ¿ ³ÛÝ ëáóÇ³É³Ï³Ý ûñÇݳã³÷áõÃÛ³Ùμ, áñ ÷áùñ ѳٳÛÝùÝ»ñáõÙ` ·ÛáõÕ»ñáõÙ, áã ýáñÙ³É »Õ³Ý³Ïáí ï³ñ³ÍíáÕ ÉáõñÝ ³í»ÉÇ

59 ³ñ³· ¨ ³í»ÉÇ ß³ï Ù³ñ¹Ï³Ýó ßñç³ÝáõÙ ¿ ï³ñ³ÍíáõÙ, ù³Ý Ù»Í ù³Õ³ùÝ»ñáõÙ: Þ³ï Ñ»ï³ùñùÇñ ѳñó ¿ Ý³¨ μñÇ·³¹ÇñÇ ¹»ñÇ ·Ý³Ñ³ïáõÙÁ: ܳ, áñå»ë ϳÝáÝ, ÙÇçÝáñ¹ ¿ ³ß˳ï³Ýù ·ïÝ»Éáõ ѳñóáõÙ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÁ Ýñ³Ý »ñμ»ÙÝ ¹ÇïáõÙ ¿ áñå»ë ·áñͳïáõ, ù³ÝÇ áñ Ñ³×³Ë Çñ»Ýù í³ñÓ³ïñíáõÙ »Ý Ñ»Ýó Ýñ³ ÏáÕÙÇó ¨ ï»ÕÛ³Ï ²ÛÝï»Õ ³ß˳ï³Ýù ·ïÝ»ÉÁ ß³ï Ñ»ßï ¿: ã»Ý, û áí ¿ Çñ³Ï³Ý ¸áõ ϳñáÕ ¿ ÙÇ ·áñÍ ³Ý»ë, ÇÝã-áñ Ù»ÏÁ, áñÁ ·áñͳïáõÝ: ØÇçÝáñ¹Ç ¨ Ùáï³Ï³ÛùáõÙ ÇÝã-áñ μ³Ý ¿ ϳéáõóáõÙ, ·³ áõ ·áñͳïáõÇ ¹»ñ»ñÇ ³Ûë ³ëÇ` ¹³ áñ í»ñç³óÝ»ù, Ï·³±ù ë³ ¿É ³ÝÑëï³ÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ ѳïϳ- ³í³ñï»ù: å»ë ½·³ÉÇ ¿ ³ÛÝ ¹»åùáõÙ, ܳñ»Ï, 24ï., ·. ²ñ÷Ç »ñμ ³Û¹ ³ÝÓÝ ³ÝͳÝáà ¿ (Ñ³×³Ë ³Ûëå»ë ¿ ÉÇÝáõÙ, »ñμ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÁ ·ïÝáõÙ ¿ èáõë³ëï³ÝáõÙ ¨ ³ÝÓ³Ùμ ãÇ ×³Ý³ãáõÙ ÙÇçÝáñ¹ÇÝ, áñÁ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÇ ÝϳïÙ³Ùμ, ϳñ»ÉÇ ¿ ³ë»É, ·áñͳïáõÇ ¹»ñ ¿ ϳï³ñáõÙ): Üϳï»Ýù, áñ ÉÇÝáõÙ »Ý ¹»åù»ñ, »ñμ μñÇ·³¹ÇñÁ Ñá·áõÙ ¿ ݳ¨ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÇ Ù»ÏÝ»Éáõ ͳËë»ñÁ: Àݹ áñáõÙ, å³Ûٳݳíáñí³ÍáõÃÛáõÝÁ ϳñáÕ ¿ ï³ñμ»ñ ÉÇÝ»É. ÙÇ ¹»åùáõÙ μñÇ·³¹ÇñÁ ϳñáÕ ¿ ïáÙëÇ íñ³ ͳËëí³Í ·áõÙ³ñÁ å³Ñ»É ³ß˳ï³í³ñÓÇó, ÇëÏ Ù»Ï ³ÛÉ ¹»åùáõÙ` áã: êñ³Ýù, ë³Ï³ÛÝ »½³ÏÇ ¹»åù»ñ »Ý: àñå»ë ϳÝáÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ å³Ûٳݳíáñí³ÍáõÃÛáõÝ »Ý áõÝ»ÝáõÙ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ μÝáõÛÃÇ, ³ß˳ï³í³ñÓÇ, ÙݳÉáõ ï»ÕÇ ¨ ëÝÝ¹Ç Ù³ëÇÝ: ºÃ» μñÇ·³¹áí Ù»ÏÝ³Í ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ, ųٳݻÉáõó Ñ»ïá ã»Ý Ññ³Å³ñíáõÙ å³Ûٳݳíáñí³Í ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇó, Ýñ³Ýù ѳٳÉñáõÙ »Ý Ðá·³ï³ñ ѳÛñ»ñÇ ß³ñù»ñÁ: γñ¨áñ ¿ Ýß»É Ý³¨, áñ, û¨ Ù»ÏÝ»Éáõ Ýϳñ³·ñí³Í »ñÏáõ »Õ³Ý³ÏÝ ¿É (Ù»ÏÝáõ٠̳ÝáÃÇ Ùáï ¨ Ù»ÏÝáõÙ μñÇ·³¹áí) Ù»ÏÝáÕÇÝ ã»Ý ³å³Ñáí³·ñáõÙ ³ÝѳçáÕáõÃÛáõÝÇó ¨ Ë³μí³Í ÉÇÝ»Éáõó, ë³Ï³ÛÝ éÇëÏ»ñÝ ³Ù»Ý³Ù»ÍÝ »Ý ̳ÝáÃÝ»ñÇ »ñÏñáñ¹ ËÙμÇ Ùáï Ù»ÏÝáÕÝ»ñÇ (³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñ, áñáÝù ³ñ¹»Ý áõÝ»Ý ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ÷áñÓ ¨ ³Û¹ å³ÑÇÝ ³ß˳ïáõÙ »Ý ÁݹáõÝáÕ »ñÏñáõÙ) ¨ μñÇ·³¹áí Ù»ÏÝáÕÝ»ñÇ å³ñ³·³ÛáõÙ: ê³ Ý³Ë¨³é³ç å³Ûٳݳíáñí³Í ¿ Ýñ³Ýáí, áñ, û¨ ³Ûë ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÝ ³í»ÉÇ Ù³Ýñ³Ù³ëÝ »Ý ×ßïáõÙ Çñ»Ýó ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñÁ, Ýñ³Ýù ³ÛÝáõ³Ù»Ý³ÛÝÇí ã»Ý ÏÝùáõÙ ·ñ³íáñ å³Ûٳݳ·ñ»ñ ¨ ëïÇåí³Í »Ý ÉÇÝáõÙ å³ñ½³å»ë íëï³Ñ»É, Ñ³×³Ë ·ñ»Ã» ³ÝͳÝáà ٳñ¹Ï³Ýó:

60 Ø»ÏÝáõÙ Ññ³í»ñáí

ê³ ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ³ß˳ï»Éáõ ³Ù»Ý³³å³Ñáí Ó¨Ý ¿, áñÇ ¹»åùáõÙ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÁ ÁݹáõÝáÕ »ñÏñÇ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÇó ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ Ññ³í»ñ ¿ ëï³ÝáõÙ, ϳ٠ÙÇçÝáñ¹ ϳ½³Ï»ñåáõÃÛ³Ý ÙÇçáóáí, ݳËù³Ý Ù»ÏÝ»ÉÁ, ³ß˳ï³Ýù ¿ ·ï³Í ÉÇÝáõÙ: ²Ûëï»Õ ËáëùÁ ºñç³ÝÇÏ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù³ëÇÝ ¿, áíù»ñ Çñ»Ýó Ù³ëݳ·ÇïáõÃÛ³Ùμ ³ß˳ï»Éáõ »Ý Ù»ÏÝáõÙ, ÑÇÙݳϳÝáõÙ ºØ »ñÏñÝ»ñ, ¨ ³ÛÝ êÇñáÕ³Ï³Ý ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ, áñáÝù ÙÇçÝáñ¹ ϳ½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛ³Ý ÙÇçáóáí Ù»ÏÝáõÙ »Ý ²ØÜ (³í»ÉÇ Ñ³½í³¹»å ݳ¨ ºØ »ñÏñÝ»ñ)` ³ß˳ï»Éáõ: Ø»ÏÝ»Éáõ ³Ûë »Õ³Ý³ÏÝ …лñÃ³Ï³Ý Ý³Ù³ÏÝ ëï³ó³, áñáõÙ ³Ù»Ý³ýáñÙ³É ¨, áõëïÇ, ³é³ç³ñÏáõÃÛáõÝ Ï³ñ Ù»ÏÝ»É ìÇ»Ýݳ éÇëÏ»ñÇó ¨ Ó³ËáÕáõÙ- ³ß˳ï»Éáõ: ¸³ ÇÙ »ñç³ÝÇÏ ûñ»ñÇó Ù»ÏÝ ¿ñ: Ý»ñÇó ³Ù»Ý³³å³Ñá- …´³í³Ï³ÝÇÝ ß³ï ÷³ëï³ÃÕûñ ¿Ç ѳí³ù»É í³·ñí³Í »Õ³Ý³ÏÝ ¿: ÙÇÝ㨠¹»ëå³Ý³ïáõÝ ÙïÝ»ÉÁ. ÍÝáÕÝ»ñÇë ²Ûë ¹»åùáõÙ Ù»ÏÝáÕÝ»ñÝ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝáõÃÛáõÝ, ³ß˳ï³í³ÛñÇó áõÝ»ÝáõÙ »Ý ·ñ³íáñ »ñ³ß˳íáñ³·Çñ, ³ÙμáÕç Ññ³í»ñÇ ÷³Ã»ÃÁ, å³Ûٳݳ·ñ»ñ, áñáÝóáí áñÝ ëï³ó»É ¿Ç ²íëïñdzÛÇó: ѳٳӳÛÝáõÃÛáõÝ »Ý ²Ý³ÑÇï 28ï, ºñ¨³Ý ÏÝùáõÙ áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ ÁݹáõÝáÕ »ñÏñáõÙ Çñ»Ýó ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ áõ Ï»óáõÃÛ³Ý å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñÇ í»ñ³μ»ñÛ³É ¨ μ³í³Ï³ÝÇÝ ï»Õ»Ï³óí³Í »Ý ÉÇÝáõÙ Çñ»Ýó Çñ³íáõÝùÝ»ñÇÝ ¨ å³ñï³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ: ²Ûë »Õ³Ý³Ïáí Ù»ÏÝáõÙ ¿ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÷áùñ³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ:

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ÆÝãå»ë ϳñ»ÉÇ ¿ñ ѳÙá½í»É ù³Ý³Ï³Ï³Ý ѻﳽáïáõÃÛ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÇó, ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³ß˳ïáõÙ ¿ ßÇݳñ³ñáõÃÛ³Ý áÉáñïáõÙ` èáõë³ëï³ÝáõÙ: Üñ³Ýù ϳéáõóáõÙ »Ý û° μݳϻÉÇ ïÝ»ñ ϳ٠³é³ÝÓݳïÝ»ñ, ¨ û° Ù³ëݳíáñ áõ ѳÝñ³ÛÇÝ, μݳϻÉÇ áõ áã μݳϻÉÇ ß»Ýù»ñ: Ð³Û ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ßÇݳñ³ñáõÃÛ³Ý áÉáñïáõÙ å³Ñ³Ýçí³Í »Ý û° ßÇÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ϳéáõó»Éáõ ¨ û° ¹ñ³Ýó Ý»ñùÇÝ Ñ³ñ¹³ñ³ÝùÇ ¨ Ýáñá·Ù³Ý ·áñÍáõÙ: ÆÝãå»ë ¨ å»ïù ¿ñ ³ÏÝϳɻÉ, Ýñ³Ýù, áíù»ñ Ù»ÏÝ»É »Ý μ³ñ»Ï³ÙÇ Ùáï` Ðáí³Ý³íáñÛ³É ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ, ³í»ÉÇ μ³½Ù³½³Ý ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛ³Ùμ »Ý ½μ³ÕíáõÙ: ê³ ß³ï ûñÇݳã³÷ ¿, ù³ÝÇ áñ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ Ù³ëÇÝ ï»Õ»Ï³ïíáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÷ÝïñáõÙ ¨ ·ïÝáõÙ »Ý Çñ»Ýó μ³ñ»Ï³ÙÝ»ñÇ ¨ Ùï»ñÇÙÝ»ñÇ, ÇÝãå»ë ݳ¨ Ýñ³Ýó ͳÝáÃÝ»ñÇ ßñç³ÝáõÙ, ϳ٠³ß˳ïáõÙ »Ý Ñ»Ýó Ýñ³Ýó ÑÇÙÝ³Í Ó»éݳñÏáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ: Ðáí³Ý³íáñÛ³É ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ ½μ³ÕíáõÙ »Ý ³é¨ïñáí, ³ß˳ïáõÙ »Ý ѳÝñ³ÛÇÝ ëÝÝ¹Ç ûμÛ»ÏïÝ»ñáõÙ áñå»ë Ëáѳñ³ñÝ»ñ, ѳïϳå»ë å³Ñ³Ýçí³Í »Ý ³ñ¨»ÉÛ³Ý áõï»ëïÝ»ñ 61 å³ïñ³ëïáÕÝ»ñÁ ÎÛ³ÝùÁ, ÁÝï³ÝÇù¹, »ñ»Ë³Ý»ñ¹ ëïÇåáõÙ »Ý, (Ëá-ñáí³Í, ùÛ³μ³μ ¨ áñ ó³Ýϳó³Í ÙÇçáóÇ ¿É ¹ÇÙ»ë: ØáëÏí³ÛáõÙ »Õ»É ¿ ³ÛÉÝ): γݳÛù Ý»ñ- ÙÇ å³Ñ, áñ μ³ÝíáñáõÃÛáõÝ »Ù ³ñ»É: ´³Ûó ¹ñ³ ·ñ³ííáõÙ »Ý ëÝÝ¹Ç ³ñ- Ù³ëÇÝ áã áù ã·ÇïÇ: ÆѳñÏ» ³Ûëï»Õ ã»ë ϳñáÕ ï³¹ñáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ç` ³ß- ÝÙ³Ý μ³Ý ³Ý»É, áñáíÑ»ï¨ ³Ûëï»Õ áõÝ»ë ÍÝáÕ, ˳ïáõÙ »Ý áñå»ë »Õμ³ÛñÝ»ñ, áñáÝù Ï·»ñ³¹³ë»Ý, áñ ï³ÝÁ Ýëï»ë, ѳóÃáõËÝ»ñ ¨ Ññáõß³- ù³Ý ³Û¹åÇëÇ ·áñÍ ³ëÝ»ë: ϳ·áñÍÝ»ñ: êÇñáÕ³- ì³Ñ³Ý, 35ï., ù. ¶³í³é Ï³Ý ÏÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³Ýï- Ý»ñÇó áÙ³Ýù ïݳÛÇÝ å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñáõÙ å³ïñ³ëïáõÙ »Ý ËÙáñ»Õ»Ý (ѳ½í³¹»å ݳ¨ ³ÛÉ áõï»ëïÝ»ñ) ¨ ѳÝÓÝáõ٠˳ÝáõÃÝ»ñÇÝ ¨ ëñ׳ñ³ÝÝ»ñÇÝ: ê³ ÑÇÙݳϳÝáõÙ ÉÇÝáõÙ ¿ èáõë³ëï³ÝáõÙ: èáõë³ëï³ÝÇó ¹áõñë ÏÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ ÑÇÙݳϳÝáõÙ ³ß˳ïáõÙ »Ý áñå»ë ¹³Û³ÏÝ»ñ, Í»ñ»ñ ϳ٠ÑÇí³Ý¹Ý»ñ ËݳÙáÕÝ»ñ ¨ ѳí³ù³ñ³ñÝ»ñ: öáùñ³ÃÇí ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñ ³ß˳ïáõÙ »Ý ݳ¨ áñå»ë ¿É»ÏïñÇÏÝ»ñ, ³íïáٻ˳ÝÇÏÝ»ñ, ϳÑáõÛù³·áñÍÝ»ñ, ÏáßϳϳñÝ»ñ, í³ñáñ¹Ý»ñ, ϳ٠½μ³Õí³Í »Ý ·ÛáõÕ³ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý áÉáñïáõÙ: Æñ»Ýó Ù³ëݳ·ÇïáõÃÛ³Ùμ ³ß˳ïáõÙ »Ý áñå»ë ϳÝáÝ ºñç³ÝÇÏ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ:

²ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ å³Ûٳݳ·Çñ

´³ó³éáõÃÛ³Ùμ ºñç³ÝÇÏ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ, ÙÛáõë ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ×ÝßáÕ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ãÇ áõÝ»ÝáõÙ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ å³Ûٳݳ·Çñ: Æñ³í³Ï³Ý ï»ë³ÝÏÛáõÝÇó, Ýñ³Ýù ã»Ý ÏÝùáõÙ å³Û³Ù³Ý·Çñ, áñáíÑ»ï¨, áñå»ë ϳÝáÝ, ã»Ý áõÝ»ÝáõÙ ³ß˳- ¶ñ³íáñ å³Ûٳݳ·Çñ ãϳñ, áñáíÑ»ï¨ ï»Éáõ Çñ³íáõÝù: ê³- ׳ݳãáõÙ ¿Ç ³Û¹ Ù³ñ¹áõÝ: ÐÇÙ³ á±í ¿ ·ñ³íáñ ϳÛÝ í»ñÉáõÍáõÃÛ³Ý ³Ûë å³Ûٳݳ·Çñ ÏÝùáõÙ: ØdzÛÝ ÙÇ ³Ý·³Ù »Ù ѳïí³Íáõ٠ϳݷ ·ñ³íáñ å³Ûٳݳ·Çñ ÏÝù»É, ù³ÝÇ áñ ã¿Ç ϳéÝ»Ýù ѳñóÇ áã û íëï³ÑáõÙ, μ³Ûó Ñ»Ýó ݳ ¿É ÷áÕÇ ÙÇ Ù³ëÁ ãÇ ïí»É: Çñ³í³μ³Ý³Ï³Ý ³ÛÉ Ùß³ÏáõóÛÇÝ ¨ Ñá·»μ³- ܳñ»Ï, 24ï., ·. ²ñ÷Ç Ý³Ï³Ý ÏáÕÙÇ íñ³: ÆÙ »Õμáñ ÁÝÏ»ñÁ ·ï³í Ù»½ ѳٳñ ³Û¹ ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»- ³ß˳ï³ÝùÁ: ¶Ý³óÇÝù, Ëáë»óÇÝù, ͳٳëÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³ëáõÙ å³Ûٳݳíáñí»óÇÝù, Ù»ñ ÙÇç¨ μ³ñǹñ³óÇ³Ï³Ý ¿, áñ ϳñÇù ãÇ »Õ»É ѳñ³μ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ëï»ÕÍí»óÇÝ: ¸ñ³ÝÇó Ñ»ïá å³Ûٳݳ·Çñ ÏÝù»Éáõ, ³Ùáà ¿É ¿ñ å³Ûٳݳ·ñÇ Ù³ëÇÝ Ëáë»É: ù³ÝÇ áñ ÏáÕÙ»ñÁ ÙÇÙÛ³Ýó íëï³Ñ»É »Ý: ¶áõñ·»Ý, 48ï., ù. ¶³í³é Î³Ý Ý³¨ Ù³ñ¹ÇÏ, áíù»ñ ÝßáõÙ »Ý, û μ³Ý³íáñ å³Ûٳݳíáñí³ÍáõÃÛáõÝÝ Çñ»Ýó ѳٳñ ß³ï ³í»ÉÇ Ù»Í áõÅ áõÝÇ, ù³Ý ·ñ³íáñÁ: Üñ³Ýù ϳñÍ»ë ³é³í»É íëï³ÑáõÙ »Ý ³ëí³Í, ù³Ý ·ñí³Í

62 ËáëùÇÝ: Î³Ý Ý³¨ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñ, áíù»ñ ï³ñ³Ïáõë³Ýùáí ÝßáõÙ, û å³Ûٳݳ·Çñ ÏÝù»ÉÝ ÁݹáõÝí³Í ã¿, ÇÝãÇ å³ï׳éáí Çñ»Ýù ã»Ý ¿É Ùï³Í»É ³Û¹ Ù³ëÇÝ: ÆѳñÏ», Ï³Ý Ý³¨ ³ÛÝåÇëÇù, áñ ³ÛÝ ï»ë³Ï»ïÝ áõÝ»Ý, û å³ÛٳݷÇñ ãÏÝù»ÉÁ ýÇݳÝë³Ï³Ý ï»ë³Ï»ïÇó Ó»éÝïáõ ¿ û° ·áñͳïáõÇÝ ¨ û° ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÇÝ:

²ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñÁ

Î³Ý áñáß³ÏÇ ¹ñáõÛÃÝ»ñ, áñáÝù, áñå»ë ϳÝáÝ, μ³Ý³íáñ å³Ûٳݳíáñí³ÍáõÃÛ³Ý ÁÝóóùáõÙ ×ßïíáõÙ »Ý: ²Ûëï»Õ ϳݷ ³éÝ»Ýù ßÇݳñ³ñáõÃÛ³Ý áÉáñïáõÙ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ å³Ûٳݳíáñí³ÍáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ íñ³, áñáíÑ»ï¨ ë³ ¿ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ×ÝßáÕ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛ³Ý ½μ³Õí³ÍáõÃÛ³Ý áÉáñïÁ: ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÇÝ Ñ»ï³ùñùñáÕ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñÝ »Ý ³ß˳ï³í³ñÓÁ, ÙݳÉáõ ï»ÕÁ ¨ ëÝáõݹÁ:

²ß˳ï³í³ñÓ

´Ý³Ï³Ý³μ³ñ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛ³ÝÝ ³Ù»ÝÇó Ñ³×³Ë Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÙ ¿ ³ßËï³í³ñÓÁ: ÞÇݳñ³ñáõÃÛ³Ý áÉáñïáõÙ Ñ³×³Ë ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÁ í³ñÓ³ïñíáõÙ ¿ áã û ³Ùë³í׳ñáí, ³ÛÉ ·áñͳñù³ÛÇÝ ëϽμáõÝùáí` ϳï³ñí³Í ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ Í³í³Éáí: ²Ûë ¿ å³ï׳éÁ, áñ ßÇݳñ³ñ ÙÇ·ñ³Ýï- Ý»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛ³- ä³Ûٳݳíáñí»É ¿ÇÝù ·áõÙ³ñÇ Ñ³ñóáí, Ñ»ïá, ÝÁ ãÇ Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÙ ²ëïí³Í áã ³ÝÇ, »Ã» ÑÇí³Ý¹³ó³ñ, ùá ѳݷëïÛ³Ý ûñ»ñÇ ³é- ÑÇí³Ý¹áõÃÛ³Ý Í³Ëë»ñÝ ³ÙμáÕçáõÃÛ³Ùμ ýÇñÙ³Ý Ï³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¨ ³ß˳- ¿ ³ÝáõÙ: ºÃ» ¹áõ ùñ»³Ï³Ý áã ÙÇ Ë³ËïáõÙ ã»ë ï³Å³Ù»ñÇ ù³Ý³ÏÁ: ³ñ»É, μ³Ûó áëïÇϳÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ï³ñ³í, ³Û¹ Üñ³Ýù ߳ѳ- ͳËë»ñÝ ¿ÉÇ ýÇñÙ³Ý ¿ ³ÝáõÙ: ·ñ·éí³Í »Ý ûñí³ Ù»ç »ñϳñ ³ß˳ï»É, áñ- ê»ñáμ, 52ï., ·. ö³ñ³ù³ñ å»ë½Ç ß³ï ·áñÍ ³Ý»Ý ¨ ï³ÝÇó Ñݳ- ܳËûñáù ·Çï»Ç, áñï»Õ ³åñ»Éáõ »Ù, ß³ï ñ³íáñÇÝë ùÇã μ³ó³- í³ï å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñ »Ý, ·áÙ ¿ñ, μ³Ûó, ù³ÝÇ áñ É³í ¿ÇÝ í³ñÓ³ïñáõÙ, ѳٳӳÛÝ»óÇ: ϳۻÉáí, Ñݳñ³íá- ñÇÝë ß³ï ·áõÙ³ñ ì³ñ¹³Ý, 56ï., ·. ²Û·»ëï³Ý í³ëï³Ï»Ý: ØÇ·- ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ å³Ûٳݳíáñí³ÍáõÃÛáõÝ »Ý Ó»éù μ»ñáõ٠ݳ¨ ³ÛÝ Ù³ëÇÝ, û »ñμ »Ý ëï³Ý³Éáõ ³ß˳ï³í³ñÓÁ ¨ ÇÝã å³ñμ»ñ³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ùμ:

63 ØݳÉáõ ï»Õ ¨ ëÝáõݹ

ê³ ÑÇÙÝϳÝáõÙ Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÙ ¿ Ðá·³ï³ñ ѳÛñ»ñÇÝ, áíù»ñ èáõë³ëï³ÝáõÙ, áñå»ë ϳÝáÝ, ϳó³ñ³Ý ã»Ý áõÝ»ÝáõÙ: Àݹ áñáõÙ, ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ Ñ³×³Ë áñáßÇã ¿ ÉÇÝáõÙ ÙdzÛÝ ³ÛÝ, û ³ñ¹Ûáù ·áñͳïáõÝ ¹³ ïñ³Ù³¹ñáõÙ ¿, û` áã: ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ Ñ³×³Ë ã»Ý å³ñ½áõÙ, á°ã ϳó³ñ³Ý³ÛÇÝ å³ÛٳݳݻñÁ, á°ã ¿É ëÝÝ¹Ç áñ³ÏÁ, ù³ÝÇ áñ ³é³ÝÓݳå»ë ɳí å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñ ã»Ý ³ÏÝϳÉáõÙ: ÐÇÙݳϳÝáõÙ ³ÛÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ, áíù»ñ ½μ³Õ- ºñμ ³Ûëï»ÕÇó ·ÝáõÙ »ë, ïñ³Ù³¹ñíáõÙ íáõÙ »Ý ïÝ»ñÇ Ý»ñùÇÝ »ë ³Ù»Ý³í³ïÇÝ: ºñμ»ÙÝ ëïÇåí³Í »ë 10 ѳñ¹³ñ³Ýùáí ¨ Ýáñá·Ù³Ùμ ûñ ãÉáճݳÉ: ·Çß»ñáõÙ »Ý ³ÛÝï»Õ, áñï»Õ ¨ ³ß˳ïáõÙ »Ý, ÇëÏ ³ÛÝ ê³Ñ³Ï, 35ï., ·. Øáõë³É»é ¹»åùáõÙ, »Ã» ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÁ ½μ³Õí³Í ¿ ßÇÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ï³- éáõóÙ³Ý ·áñÍáõÙ, ·áñͳïáõÝ áñ¨¿ ϳó³ñ³Ý ¿ ïñ³Ù³¹ñáõÙ: γËí³Í ßÇݳñ³ñáõÃÛ³Ý Í³í³ÉÝ»ñÇó ¨ Ý»ñ·ñ³íí³Í ÇÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÃíÇó, ·áñͳïáõÇ ³é³ç³ñÏ³Í Ï³ó³ñ³Ý³ÛÇÝ å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñÁ ϳñáÕ »Ý ï³ñμ»ñ ÉÇÝ»É, ëÏë³Í ÙÇ ù³ÝÇ Ñá·áõ ѳٳñ ïñ³Ù³¹ñí³Í ÷áùñ ë»ÝÛ³ÏÇó ÙÇÝ㨠ѳÝñ³Ï³ó³ñ³ÝÁ: ´Ý³Ï³Ý³μ³ñ, ϳËí³Í ³ÛÝ μ³ÝÇó, û áí ¿ Ñá·áõ٠ϳó³ñ³ÝÇ ¨ ëÝÝ¹Ç ËݹÇñÁ, ³ß˳ï³í³ñÓÇ ã³÷Á ï³ñμ»ñ ¿ ÉÇÝáõÙ:

²ÛÉ å³Ûٳݳíáñí³ÍáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ سëݳíáñ ¹»åù»ñáõÙ, ·áñͳïáõÝ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ »ñ³ß˳íáñ»É, û ÏÉáõÍÇ ·ñ³ÝóÙ³Ý ¨ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÇ Ï»óáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ»ï ϳåí³Í ѳñó»ñÁ, áñÁ, áñå»ë ϳÝáÝ, ³ñíáõÙ ¿ ³ÝûñÇÝ³Ï³Ý ×³Ý³å³ñÑáí: ºñμ»ÙÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÝ áõ ·áñͳïáõÝ Ñ³ïáõÏ å³ÛٳݳíáñíáõÙ »Ý ݳ¨ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ áñ³ÏÇ Ù³ëÇÝ, ¨ û ÇÝãå»ë, ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ áñ³ÏÇó ϳËí³Í, ϳñáÕ ¿ ÷á÷áËí»É ³ß˳ï³í³ñÓÇ ã³÷Á:

ä³Ûٳݳíáñí³ÍáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ å³Ñå³ÝáõÙ

ÆÝã í»ñ³μ»ñáõÙ ¿ ·áñͳïáõÇ ÏáÕÙÇó å³Ûٳݳíáñí³ÍáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ å³Ñå³ÝÙ³ÝÁ, å»ïù ¿ ÏñÏÇÝ Ýϳï»É, áñ Ù»Ï áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛ³Ý ÁÝóóùáõÙ, Ñ³×³Ë ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ ÙÇ ù³ÝÇ ·áñͳñù »Ý áõÝ»ÝáõÙ: àõÕ¨áñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛ³Ý ÁÝóóùáõÙ, Áëï Ù»½ Ý»ñϳ۳óí³Í ï»Õ»ÏáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ, å³Ûٳݳíáñí³ÍáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ å³Ñå³ÝíáõÙ »Ý, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ÉÇÝáõÙ »Ý ¹»åù»ñ, »ñμ ·áñͳïáõÝ ÉdzñÅ»ù ãÇ Ï³ï³ñáõÙ Çñ ÏáÕÙÇó ëï³ÝÓÝ³Í å³ñï³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: ÐÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ë³ËïáõÙÝ»ñÁ í»ñ³μ»ñáõÙ »Ý ³ß˳ï³í³ñÓÁ ųٳݳÏÇÝ í׳ñ»ÉáõÝ: ºñμ»ÙÝ å³ï³ÑáõÙ ¿, áñ ·áñͳïáõÝ å³Ûٳݳíáñí³Í ųٳݳÏÇó áõß ¿ í׳ñáõÙ ³ß˳ï³í³ñÓÁ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ³Ûë ¹»åù»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÝ ³ñ¹³ñ³óÝáõÙ »Ý:

64  ºñÏñáñ¹ ³Ù»- Ý³Ñ³×³Ë ÝßíáÕ ºÕ»É ¿, áñ ³ß˳ï³í³ñÓÝ áõß³óñ»É »Ý, μ³Ûó ³Ûë í»ñçÇÝ áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛ³Ý Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ³ß˳ï³í³ñÓÁ ïí»É ˳ËïáõÙÁ í»ñ³- »Ý: ²ÝóÛ³É ï³ñÇ ì³Ûáó ÒáñÇó 30 Ñá·áõ ï³ñ»É ¿ÇÝ ¨ μ»ñáõÙ ¿ ³ß˳- áã Ù»ÏÇ ³ß˳ï³í³ñÓÁ ã»Ý ïí»É: â»Ý ïí»É, áñáíÑ»ï¨ ï³í³ñÓÇ áã ³Ù- ÙÇçÝáñ¹Ç Ñ»ï ÏáÝýÉÇÏï »Ý áõÝ»ó»É: ºë ³Ûë ï³ñÇ μáÕçáõÃÛ³Ùμ ·Ý³óÇ, ³Û¹ ÙÇçÝáñ¹Çó ³ÝÏ³Ë å³Ûٳݳíáñí»óÇ ¨ í׳ñÙ³ÝÁ: ê³, ÇÝÓ í׳ñ»óÇÝ ¨° ³Ûë ï³ñí³ Ñ³Ù³ñ, ¨° ݳËáñ¹: ³Ýßáõßï, áã ÙÇ ÙÇ·ñ³Ýï ãÇ ³ñ- ȨáÝ, 47ï., ·. ²ñ÷Ç ¹³ñ³óÝáõÙ, ë³- ϳÛÝ áñáß³ÏÇ μ³- ó³ïñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ï³ÉÇë ¿: ä³ï³ÑáõÙ ¿, áñ ·áñͳïáõÝ ãÇ Ññ³Å³ñíáõÙ ³ß˳ï³í³ñÓÁ í׳ñ»Éáõó, å³ñ½³å»ë ³ÙÇëÝ»ñ ß³ñáõÝ³Ï Ñ»ï³Ó·áõÙ ¿, μ³Ûó ãÇ ï³ÉÇë: ÈÇÝáõÙ »Ý ¹»åù»ñ, »ñμ ³ß˳ï³í³ñÓÇ ÙÇ Ù³ëÁ ·áñͳïáõÝ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝáõÙ ¿ áõß ï³É, ÇëÏ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ ³Û¹ ÁÝóóùáõÙ ³ÛÉ ù³Õ³ùáõÙ ¿ ³ß˳ïáõÙ ¨ ÝáñÇó í»ñ³¹³éݳÉáõ ׳ݳå³ñѳͳËëÝ ³í»ÉÇ Ù»Í ¿ ÉÇÝáõÙ, ù³Ý ³ß˳ï³í³ñÓÇ ëï³Ý³ÉÇù Ù³ëÁ, ÇÝãÇ å³ï׳éáí ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÁ ãÇ ·ÝáõÙ ³ÛÝ í»ñóÝ»Éáõ: ÆÝãå»ë ¨ å»ïù ¿ñ ³ÏÝϳɻÉ, å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñÇ Ë³ËïáõÙÝ»ñÇ ¹»åùáõÙ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ áãÇÝã ã»Ý ³ÝáõÙ, ù³ÝÇ áñ ù³ÛÉ»ñ Ó»éݳñÏ»Éáõ Ýñ³Ýó Ñݳñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ËÇëï ë³Ñٳݳ÷³Ï »Ý: Üñ³Ýù ³Ù»Ý³ß³ïÁ ϳñáÕ »Ý Ññ³Å³ñí»É ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇó, ϳ٠å³ñμ»ñ³μ³ñ ÑÇß»óÝ»É å³ÛÙ³- ݳíáñí³ÍáõÃÛ³Ý Ù³ëÇÝ: г½í³¹»å ÉÇÝáõÙ »Ý ݳ¨ ѳ׻ÉÇ μ³ó³éáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, »ñμ ·áñͳïáõÝ ³ÝáõÙ ¿ ³í»ÉÇÝ, ù³Ý å³Ûٳݳíáñí»É »Ý:

ÆÜâ ÐÆØܲÊܸÆðܺð ºì βðÆøܺð ºÜ àôܺÜàôØ

²Ûëï»Õ ¨ë ÑÇÙݳϳÝáõ٠ϳݷ ϳéÝ»Ýù èáõë³ëï³ÝáõÙ ³ß˳ï³Í ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÑÇÙݳËݹÇñÝ»ñÇ íñ³, ù³ÝÇ áñ (μ³óÇ ³ÛÝ, áñ ³ÛÝï»Õ Ù»ÏÝáÕÝ»ñÇ ÃÇíÝ ³Ýѳٻٳï Ù»Í ¿) èáõë³ëï³ÝáõÙ ³ß˳ïáÕÝ»ñÇ ÑÇÙݳËݹÇñÝ»ñÝ ³í»ÉÇ ß³ï »Ý:

àëïÇϳÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ»ï ËݹÇñÝ»ñ

èáõë³ëï³ÝáõÙ ³ß˳ïáÕ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛ³ÝÝ ³Ù»ÝÇó ß³ï ³Ýѳݷëï³óÝáõÙ ¿ áëïÇϳÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ, áñÁ Ñ³×³Ë ëïáõ·áõÙ ¿ ÷³ëï³ÃÕûñÁ, ¨, ù³ÝÇ áñ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í Ù³ëÝ ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßï ÷³ëï³ÃÕûñ ãáõÝÇ, É³í³·áõÛÝ ¹»åùáõÙ ïáõ·³ÝùÇ Ï³Ù Ï³ß³éùÇ ¹ÇÙ³ó μ³ó ¿ ÃáÕÝáõÙ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÇÝ, í³ï³·áõÛÝ ¹»åùáõÙ ï³ÝáõÙ ¿ áëïÇϳÝáõÃÛáõÝ, áñï»ÕÇó ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ ÏñÏÇÝ Ï³ß³éùáí »Ý ¹áõñë ·³ÉÇë:

65  àëïÇϳÝÝ»ñÁ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇÝ ë³ñë³÷»óÝáõÙ »Ý (Ñ»Ýó ³Ûë μ³éÝ »Ý Ñ³×³Ë û·ï³·áñÍáõÙ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ) áã ÙdzÛÝ ³ÛÝ å³ï׳éáí, áñ Éñ³óáõóÇã ͳËëÇ ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßïáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ ³é³ç³ÝáõÙ, ³ÛÉ ³é³çÇÝ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ ³ÛÝ å³ï׳éáí, áñ áã ÙÇ ÙÇ·ñ³Ýï Çñ»Ý ³å³Ñáí³·ñí³Í ãÇ ½·áõÙ í³ï í»ñ³μ»ñÙáõÝùÇó ¨ ÙÇÝ㨠³Ý·³Ù ýǽÇÏ³Ï³Ý μéÝáõÃÛáõÝÇó: гïϳå»ë ³ñﳷݳ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ Ñ³×³Ë³ÏÇ Ù»ÏÝáÕ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ¿³Ï³Ý ¿ ³ñï³ùëÙ³Ý ËݹÇñÁ, áñÇ ¹»åùáõÙ Ýñ³Ýù ϳñáÕ »Ý ½ñÏí»É ·áõÙ³ñ í³ëï³Ï»Éáõ Çñ»Ýó ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý ÙÇçáóÇó: ê³Ï³ÛÝ, ÷áñÓÁ óáõÛó ¿, ï³ÉÇë, áñ, áñå»ë ϳÝáÝ, ѳñóÝ ³ñï³ùëÙ³ÝÁ ãÇ Ñ³ëÝáõÙ:

̳Ûñ³Ñ»Õ ³½·³ÛÝ³Ï³Ý ËÙμ³íáñáõÙÝ»ñ

гïϳå»ë ØáëÏí³ÛáõÙ ³ß˳ïáÕ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇÝ ß³ï ѳïáõÏ ¿ ³Ý³å³ÑáíáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ í³ËÇ ½·³óáõÙÁ: ÆÝãå»ë ³ñ¹»Ý ³ëí»É ¿ í»ñÁ, ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ Ëáõë³÷áõÙ »Ý ï»Õ³óÇÝ»ñÇó ÁݹѳÝñ³å»ë, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ³é³í»É Ù»Í ¿ ½·áõ- ß³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÝ áõ ØáëÏí³ÛáõÙ »Ý ³åñáõ٠ݳ¨ ³ÕçÇÏë ¨ í³ËÁ ͳÛñ³Ñ»Õ ³½- ÃáéÝÇÏÝ»ñë: ºë Ýñ³Ýó ѳٳñ ¿É »Ù ·³ÛÝ³Ï³Ý ËÙμ³íá- ³Ýѳݷëï³ÝáõÙ: Üñ³Ýó Ù»Ý³Ï ã»Ýù ÃáÕÝáõÙ ñáõÙÝ»ñÇó ϳÙ, ÇÝã- ¹åñáó ·Ý³É, Ù»ù»Ý³Ûáí »Ýù ï³ÝáõÙ, áñ μ³Ý å»ë ÁݹáõÝí³Í ¿ ãå³ï³ÑÇ: ³ë»É, ë³÷ñ³·ÉáõË- ²ñÙ»ÝáõÑÇ, 56ï., ù. ºñ¨³Ý Ý»ñÇó: »¨ ѳñóí³Í ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇó ùã»ñÝ ºñμ ¹áõñë »ë ·³ÉÇë, ã»ë ½·áõÙ, áñ Ù»çùǹ »Ý, áñ áõÕÕ³ÏÇáñ»Ý å»ïáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ ϳݷݳÍ: àñ ·ÝáõÙ »ë, ã·Çï»ë »ï μ³Ëí»É »Ý Ýñ³Ýó Ï·³ë, û ã¿: γñáÕ »Ý ·ÉËǹ ÇÝã ÷áñÓ³Ýù ³ë»ë μ»ñ»É: ÜáõÛÝÇëÏ ëáíáñ³Ï³Ý ù³Õ³ù³óÇÝ, ϳñáÕ ¿ Ñ»ï, ØáëÏí³ÛáõÙ ³ß- ³ëÇ` ¹áõ áí »ë, ÇÝã »ë ³ÝáõÙ ³Ûëï»Õ: ê¨ »ë, ¹³ ˳ïáÕÝ»ñÇó ß³ï»- ³ñ¹»Ý í³ï ¿: ñÁ ѳÙá½í³Í »Ý, áñ ì³Ñ» 41ï., ù. ºÕ»·Ý³Óáñ Ýñ³Ýó Ñ»ï ѳݹÇ- åáõÙÁ ϳñáÕ ¿ Çñ»Ýó Ù³Ñáí ³í³ñïí»É: Üñ³Ýù, áñå»ë ϳÝáÝ, ·Çß»ñÁ ¹áõñë ã»Ý ·³ÉÇë, Ëáõë³÷áõÙ »Ý áõß Å³Ù»ñÇÝ Ù»ïñá ÙïÝ»É: Î³Ý Ù³ñ¹ÇÏ, áíù»ñ ½·áõß³ÝáõÙ »Ý ÙdzÛÝ áñáß³ÏÇ ûñ»ñÇ (áñáß ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ßñç³ÝáõÙ ï³ñ³Íí³Í ¿ñ ³ÛÝ Ï³ñÍÇùÁ, áñ ë³÷ñ³·ÉáõËÝ»ñÁ ï³ñí³ Ù»ç áñáß³ÏÇ ûñ»ñÇ Ñ³ñÓ³ÏíáõÙ »Ý ÏáíϳëóÇÝ»ñÇ íñ³): гñóí³Í ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ßñç³Ýáõ٠ϳñ»ÉÇ ¿ ѳݹÇå»É ݳ¨ §Ëǽ³ËÝ»ñǦ, áñáÝù ³ëáõÙ »Ý, áñ ÝáõÛÝÇëÏ ·Çß»ñáí ã»Ý í³Ë»ÝáõÙ ï³ÝÇó ¹áõñë ·³É, û¨ ³Ûë Ó¨³Ï»ñåáõÙÁ` §ÝáõÛÝÇëÏ ·Çß»ñÝ»ñÁ¦, ³ñ¹»Ý ÇëÏ óáõÛó ¿ ï³ÉÇë, áñ Ù³ñ¹Ï³Ýó Ù»ç áñáß³ÏÇ íï³Ý·Ç ÁÝϳÉáõ٠ϳ:

66 γñáï

²ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ ß³ï Ñ³×³Ë »Ý ÝßáõÙ, áñ Çñ»Ýó ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý ËݹÇñÁ »Õ»É ¿ ÁÝï³ÝÇùÇó Ñ»éáõ ÉÇÝ»ÉÁ ¨ ϳñáïÇ ½·³óáõÙÁ: »¨ Ýñ³Ýó ٻͳٳëÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ËݹÇñ ãÇ áõÝ»ó»É ÁÝï³- ÆÙ ·áñÍÁ »ë ã»Ù ¹Åí³ñ³ÝáõÙ ³Ý»É: ÝÇùÇ Ñ»ï ѳÕáñ¹³Ïó- ´³ñ¹áõÃÛáõÝÁ ÙdzÛÝ ³ÛÝ ¿ñ, áñ Ù³ñ¹Ï³ÛÇÝ í»Éáõ, ³ÛÝáõ³Ù»Ý³ÛÝÇí ß÷Ù³Ý Ï³ñÇù »ë ½·áõÙ, ѳñ³½³ïÝ»ñÇÝ »ë Ýñ³Ýù ÝßáõÙ »Ý, áñ Çñ»Ýó ϳñáïáõÙ, ù»½ ³ÛÝï»Õ ß³ï ûï³ñ »ë ½·áõÙ: å³Ï³ë»É ¿ ÁÝï³Ý»Ï³Ý гÛÏ, 44, ù. ºñ¨³Ý ÙÃÝáÉáñïÁ, Çñ»Ýó ѳñ³- ½³ï Ï»Ýó³ÕÁ, μ³ñù»ñÁ ¨ ëáíáñáõÛÃÝ»ñÁ: γñáïÇ ½·³óáõÙÁ ѳïϳå»ë ½·³ÉÇ ¿ Ðá·³ï³ñ ѳÛñ»ñÇ ¨ Ðáí³Ý³íáñÛ³É ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»ç:

²ÛÉ ÑÇÙݳËݹÇñÝ»ñ

Üßí³Í ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý ËݹÇñÝ»ñÇó ½³ï, ³é³ÝÓÇÝ Ù³ñ¹ÇÏ ËݹÇñÝ»ñ »Ý áõÝ»ó»É ÁݹáõÝáÕ »ñÏñÇ É»½íÇ ãÇÙ³óáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ μ³ó³ïñí»Éáõ ¹Åí³ñáõÃÛ³Ý ³éáõÙáí: ê³ ÇѳñÏ» ³í»ÉÇ Ñ³ïáõÏ ¿ ²ØÜ ¨ ºØ »ñÏñÝ»ñ Ù»ÏÝáÕÝ»ñÇÝ: àñáß ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñ ³éáÕç³Ï³Ý ÑÇÙݳËݹÇñÝ»ñ »Ý áõÝ»ó»É: èáõë³ëï³ÝáõÙ ³é¨ïñáí ½μ³ÕíáÕÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ËݹÇñ ¿ »Õ»É é»Ï»ïÁ: ØÇ ËáõÙμ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñ ¹Å·áÑáõÙ »Ý ͳÝñ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇó ¨ Ï»Ýó³Õ³ÛÇÝ í³ï å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñÇó: ²Ûë ÑÇÙݳËݹÇñÝ»ñÝ ÇѳñÏ» ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ μáõÝ ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛ³ÝÁ ã»Ý ³éÝãíáõÙ, ù³ÝÇ áñ ϳñáÕ »Ý ѳݹÇå»É ݳ¨ ѳÛñ»ÝÇùáõÙ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ ÁÝóóùáõÙ ¹ñ³Ýù ³í»ÉÇ ëñí³Í »Ý ÉÇÝáõÙ ¨ ³í»ÉÇ Ñ³×³Ë »Ý ѳݹÇåáõÙ:

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67 Ý»ñÙáõÍíáõÙ, ù³Ý г۳ëï³Ý, áõëïÇ ³ñﳷݳ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÁ, ³Ûë ³éáõÙáí, ³í»ÉÇ ¿ Ýå³ëïáõÙ Ù³ëݳ·Çï³Ï³Ý ½³ñ·³óÙ³ÝÁ: ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó ÁݹáõÝáÕ »ñÏñáõÙ ³í»ÉÇ μ³ñÓñ »Ý áñ³ÏÇ ã³÷³ÝÇßÝ»ñÁ, ÇÝãÁ ¨ë Ýå³ëïáõÙ ¿ Ù³ëݳ·Çï³Ï³Ý ÑÙïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ½³ñ·³óÙ³ÝÁ: ²Ñ³ ëñ³Ýù »Ý ³ÛÝ ÑÇÙù»ñÁ, áñ ÃáõÛÉ »Ý ï³ÉÇë ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇÝ Ï³ñÍ»É, û ³ñﳷݳ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÝ ³é³í»ÉáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ ï³ÉÇë ¨ г۳ëï³ÝÇ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ßáõϳÛáõÙ μ³ñÓñ³óÝáõÙ ¿ Çñ»Ýó ÙñóáõݳÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÙÇ Ù³ëÁ` ѳïϳå»ë §ÒáõÏÁ çñáõÙ¦, Ðáí³Ý³íáñÛ³É ¨ ºñç³ÝÇÏ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³ëáõÙ ¿, áñ Ïó³Ýϳݳñ ݳ¨ ÁÝï³ÝÇùáí Ù»ÏÝ»É ÁݹáõÝáÕ »ñÏÇñ, áñáíÑ»ï¨ ³ÛÝï»Õ ³í»ÉÇ ß³ï å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñ »Ý ëï»ÕÍí³Í Ù³ñ¹Ï³Ýó μ³ñ»Ï»óÇÏ ÏÛ³ÝùÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ: Ðá·³ï³ñ ѳÛñ»ñÁ, »Ã» ó³ÝϳÝáõÙ »Ý ÁÝï³ÝÇùÁ ï³Ý»É, ³å³ ¹³ ÑÇÙݳϳÝáõÙ áõ½áõÙ »Ý ³Ý»É ³ÝÁݹѳï Ù»ÏÝ»Éáõ ¨ í»ñ³¹³éݳÉáõ ׳ݳå³ñѳͳËë»ñÁ Ïñ׳ï»Éáõ ѳٳñ: ÐÇÙݳϳÝáõÙ, ÁÝï³ÝÇùáí Ù»Ï- ºë ã»Ù ó³Ýϳݳ ÁÝï³ÝÇùÇë Ñ»ï Ù»ÏÝ»É, Ý»Éáõ ó³ÝÏáõÃÛáõÝ áñáíÑ»ï¨, ãÝ³Û³Í »ñ»Ë»ùë éáõë»ñ»Ý ·Çï»Ý, ÏÇÝë ¿É ãÇ áõÝ»ÝáõÙ êÇñá- ÏÇëáí ã³÷ éáõë ¿, μ³Ûó ÇÝùÝ ¿É ¿ ѳٳñáõÙ, áñ г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ ³í»ÉÇ ³å³Ñáí ¿: ºñ»Ë³Ý»ñë ïÕ³ »Ý, Õ³Ï³Ý ÙÇ·ñ³Ýï- ï³ù³ñÛáõÝ. ·³Ý ØáëÏí³, ³ÝÏ³Ë Çñ»ÝóÇó, ϳñáÕ »Ý Ý»ñÇ ³é³çÇÝ ÏéíÇ Ù»ç ÁÝÏÝ»É: ËáõÙμÁ` èáõë³ë- سëÇë, 40ï. ù. ¶ÛáõÙñÇ ï³Ý Ù»ÏÝ³Í »ñÇ- ï³ë³ñ¹Ý»ñÁ, ÇÝã- â»Ù áõ½Ç ÁÝï³ÝÇùÇë Ñ»ï Ù»ÏÝ»É: ¾Ýï»Õ å»ë ݳ¨ ÙÇ Ù³ëÁ ÁÝï³ÝÇùÇ ï»Õ ãÇ: ÀÝï³ÝÇùë Ï÷ã³Ý³: Ýñ³Ýó, áíù»ñ ³ß- ˳ïáõÙ »Ý ØáëÏ- Ðñ³Ûñ, 35ï., ·. Øáõë³É»é í³ÛáõÙ ¨ Çñ»Ýó ÁÝï³ÝÇùÇ ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛáõÝÁ »ñ³ß˳íáñí³Í ã»Ý ѳٳñáõÙ: ÀÝï³ÝÇùÁ ãï³Ý»Éáõ ³ÛÉ å³ï׳éÝ»ñ »Ý ûï³ñáõÃÛ³Ý ½·³óáõÙÁ ¨ ѳÛñ³Ï³Ý ïáõÝÁ ãÃáÕÝ»Éáõ ó³ÝÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ:

68 ÊàðÐàôð¸ ºÜ î²ÈÆê Øƶð²ÜîܺðÀ

èáõë³ëï³Ý Ù»ÏÝáÕÝ»ñÇÝ x ºÕ»ù μ³ñÇ, ѳٻëï, ˻ɳóÇ ¨ ѳñ·³ÉÇó ûï³ñÇ ÝϳïÙ³Ùμ: x лéáõ Ùݳó»ù ³½·³ÛݳϳÝÝ»ñÇó, ß³ï ÙÇ ù³ÛÉ»ù ù³Õ³ùáõÙ, Ó»ñ ·áñÍÝ ³ñ»ù áõ ·Ý³ó»ù ïáõÝ: x ²ß˳ï³ë»ñ »Õ»ù, ׳ñåÇÏ: ²ÛÝï»Õ ³Ù»Ý ÇÝã ³ñ³· ¿, å»ïù ¿ ѳëóÝ»É: ¸Åí³ñ ÏÉÇÝÇ, μ³Ûó »Ã» ˻ɳóÇ ÉÇÝ»ù, ÏѳñÙ³ñí»ù: x ¼·áõÛß »Õ»ù, ѻ層ù Ó»ñ ³éáÕçáõÃÛ³ÝÁ: ²½·³Ï³ÝÝ»ñÇÝ ãÙáé³Ý³ù, ÑÇß»ù, áñ ³Ù»Ý ų٠ӻñ Ù³ëÇÝ »Ý Ùï³ÍáõÙ: x ¶áñÍÇ Ù³ëÇÝ Ùï³Í»ù, áõñÇß μ³Ý»ñÇ (ËÙ»É, ³ÕçÇÏÝ»ñ) Ñ»ï¨Çó ãÁÝÏÝ»ù, ÝáñÙ³É ëÝí»ù, ÝáñÙ³É ùÝ»ù, áñ ϳñáճݳù É³í ³ß˳ï»É: x ²í»ÉÇ É³í ¿ ãÙ»ÏÝ»É, »Ã» ɳí μ³ñ»Ï³ÙÝ»ñ ãáõÝ»ù, û ã¿ ·Ý³Éáõ »ù áõ ߳ѳ·áñÍí»ù: x ìëï³Ñ»ÉÇ Ù³ñ¹áõ Ùáï ·Ý³ó»ù, ݳ˳å»ë ÇٳݳÉáí` áõñ »ù ·ÝáõÙ: ²ÛÉ »ñÏñÝ»ñ Ù»ÏÝáÕÝ»ñÇÝ x гñÙ³ñí»ù ³ñï»ñÏñÇ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñÇÝ. ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇó ÙÇ áõß³ó»ù, »Ã» ²ØÜ »ù ·ÝáõÙ, ß³ï Ååï³ó»ù ¨, »Ã» Ñݳñ³íáñ ¿, ß³ï ׳Ù÷áñ¹»ù: x ²é³çÇÝ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ É»½áõÝ ëáíáñ»ù, ß³ï ß÷í»ù ï»Õ³óÇÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï, áã û ÙdzÛÝ Ñ³Û»ñÇ: x سÝñ³ÏñÏÇï ×ßï»ù Ù»ÏÝ»Éáõ å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñÁ, ͳÝáóó»ù ïíÛ³É »ñÏñÇ ûñ»Ýë¹ñáõÃÛ³ÝÁ, μ³ñù»ñÇÝ: x ºÃ» Ñݳñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ ëï»ÕÍíáõ٠ϳï³ñ»É³·áñÍí»Éáõ ¨ ÝáñÙ³É í³ëï³Ï»Éáõ, »ñμ»ù ãÑñ³Å³ñí»ù. Ñݳñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ã³ñÅ» Ó»éùÇó μ³ó ÃáÕÝ»É: x ¶³Éáõ ¿ ųٳݳÏÁ, áñ áã áù ãÇ Ù»ÏÝ»Éáõ г۳ëï³ÝÇó, ÝáõÛÝÇëÏ ¹ñëáõÙ »Õ³ÍÝ»ñÝ »Ý í»ñ³¹³éݳÉáõ: гÛñ»Ý³ÏÇóÝ»°ñ, »ñμ»ù ÙÇ Ïáñóñ»ù Ó»ñ ÑáõÛëÁ: x ºÃ» ÇÝã-áñ Ù»ÏÁ ó³ÝϳÝáõÙ ¿ Ù»ÏÝ»É ³ñï³ë³ÑÙ³ÝáõÙ ³ß˳ï»Éáõ, í³ï ·³Õ³÷³ñ ã¿: ¶Ý³ó»ù, ³ß˳ï»ù, μ³Ûó í»ñ³¹³ñÓ»ù, ù³ÝÇ áñ Ù»Ýù ÇÝã-áñ Ù»ÏÇÝ ÇÝã-áñ μ³Ýáí å»ïù »Ýù ÙdzÛÝ Ù»ñ ÑáÕáõÙ:

69  ¶ÈàôÊ 8. вðβ¸Æð ²Þʲî²Üø ºì Øƶð²òƲ

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70 ¿ »Õ»É, áñ ϳñÇù ãÇ ½·³óí»É í³ïÝ»É Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ¨ ÷áÕ ûñÇÝ³Ï³Ý ·áñÍÁÝóóÇ íñ³, ù³ÝÇ áñ ³ÛÝ Çñ»ÝÇó Ý»ñϳ۳óÝáõÙ ¿ ÙdzÛÝ μÛáõñáÏñ³ï³Ï³Ý ù³ßùßáõÏ ¨ Çñ³íáõÝùÝ»ñÇ å³ßïå³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Çñ³Ï³Ý »ñ³ßËÇù ãÇ Ñ³Ý¹Çë³ÝáõÙ: ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ ϳñÍáõÙ »Ý, áñ ûï³ñ »ñÏñáõÙ ãϳ Ù»ÏÁ, áí å³ïñ³ëï ¿ ½μ³Õí»É Çñ»Ýó å³ßïå³ÝáõÃÛ³Ùμ: Üñ³Ýù ÝßáõÙ »Ý, áñ Çñ³íáõÝùÝ»ñÁ, ûñ»ÝùÁ ¨ å³ßïå³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ϳåí³Í »Ý ÙdzÛÝ ÷áÕÇ Ñ»ï, ¨ áñ ϳ߳éùÁ ϳñáÕ ¿ ÉáõÍ»É μáÉáñ ËݹÇñÝ»ñÁ: ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇó ëï³óí³Í ÇÝýáñÙ³óÇ³Ý å³ñ½áñáß óáõÛó ¿ ï³ÉÇë, áñ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ß³Ñ³·áñÍáõÙÁ ¨ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ Ï³Ýáݳϳñ·»ñÇ Ë³ËïáõÙÁ Ýå³ï³ÏÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõ٠ɳÛÝ ï³ñ³Íí³Í ¿, ãÝ³Û³Í áñ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ, áñå»ë ϳÝáÝ ¹ñ³ÝÇó ã»Ý μáÕáùáõÙ: Ø»Ýù ³ñӳݳ·ñ»É »Ýù μ³½Ù³ÃÇí ¹»åù»ñ, »ñμ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ ùÇã »Ý í׳ñí»É ϳ٠ÁݹѳÝñ³å»ë ã»Ý í׳ñí»É, ëïÇåí³Í »Ý »Õ»É ³åñ»É ¨ ³ß˳ï»É ³ÝÁݹáõÝ»ÉÇ å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñáõ٠ϳ٠íï³Ý·»É Çñ»Ýó ÏÛ³ÝùÁ, ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ »Ý Ññ³íÇñí»É Ï»ÕÍ ËáëïáõÙÝ»ñáí, ³ß˳ï³í³ñÓÇó å³ÑáõÙÝ»ñ »Ý áõÝ»ó»É ë»÷³Ï³Ý ѳٳӳÛÝáõÃÛ³Ùμ ϳ٠³é³Ýó ¹ñ³, ϳï³ñ»É »Ý ³ñï³Å³ÙÛ³ ³ß˳ï³Ýù, ã»Ý áõÝ»ó»É ѳݷëïÛ³Ý ûñ»ñ: 3 àñáß ¹»åù»ñáõ٠߳ѳ·áñÍáõÙÁ ѳݷ»óñ»É ¿ ѳñϳ¹Çñ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ ï³ñμ»ñ ¹ñë¨áñáõÙÝ»ñÇ: ²Ûë ³éáõÙáí ѻﳽáïáõÃÛ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÁ ϳñ»ÉÇ ¿ ³Ù÷á÷»É Ñ»ï¨Û³É Ï»ñå: ܳË, áñáß μ³ó³éáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáí, ѳñϳ¹Çñ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ ï³ññ»ñ å³ñáõݳÏáÕ Çñ³íÇ׳ÏÝ»ñÁ ëáíáñ³μ³ñ áõÕÕ³ÏÇ ýǽÇÏ³Ï³Ý μéÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ»ï¨³Ýù ã»Ý: ºñÏñáñ¹, ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ Ñ³×³Ë Ùáõïù »Ý ·áñÍ»É Ýå³ï³ÏÇ »ñÏÇñª ÁÝÏ»ñÝ»ñÇ, ͳÝáÃÝ»ñÇ Ï³Ù ÁÝï³ÝÇùÇ ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñÇ ³ç³ÏóáõÃÛáÙμ, áñáÝù ·ïÝíáõÙ »Ý ³Û¹ »ñÏñáõÙ: ²Ûë å³ñ³·³ÛáõÙ Ýñ³Ýó ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ß³Ñ³·áñÍÙ³Ý Ëáó»ÉÇáõÃÛáõÝÁ ß³ï μ³ñÓñ ¿, ѳïϳå»ë ³ÛÝ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï, »ñμ Ýñ³Ýù áõÝ»ó»É »Ý ³ÝûñÇÝ³Ï³Ý Ï³ñ·³íÇ×³Ï ¨ Ùßï³å»ë ·ïÝí»É »Ý ѳí³Ý³Ï³Ý ¹»åáñï³ódzÛÇ í³ËÇ Ý»ñùá: ºññáñ¹, ½áÑ»ñÁ ѳÏí³Í ã»Ý ѳÛï³ñ³ñ»Éáõ ѳñϳ¹Çñ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ ÷áñÓÇ Ù³ëÇÝ: Üñ³Ýù Çñ³í³å³Ñ Ù³ñÙÇÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ѳٳ·áñͳÏó»Éáõ ß³ï ùÇã ß³ñųéÇÃÝ»ñ áõÝ»Ý ¨ ß³ï ùÇã »Ý ï»Õ»Ï³óí³Í Çñ»Ýó Çñ³íáõÝùÝ»ñÇ Ù³ëÇÝ:

3 гٳå³ï³ëË³Ý ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ëï³Ý¹³ñïÝ»ñÁ ÑÇÙݳϳÝáõÙ ³Ùñ³·ñí»É »Ý ²ß˳ï³ÝùÇ ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ»ï¨Û³É ÏáÝí»ÝódzݻñáõÙª C14 Weekly Rest (Industry) Convention, 1921, C47 Forty-Hour Week Convention, 1935, C52 Holidays with Pay Convention, 1936, C95 Protection of Wages Convention, 1949, C105 Abolition of Forced Labor Convention, 1957 ¨ C106 Weekly Rest (Commerce and Offices) Convention, 1957: ´áÉáñ ³Ûë ÏáÝí»ÝódzݻñÁ í³í»ñ³óí»É ¨ áõÅÇ Ù»ç »Ý Ùï»É è¸- áõÙ:

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ĮńĺĮŌĮŃőĮłĸŃ ŁĸİōĮŎĸĮłĸ ĽĸŁŃĮļĮŃ ŎŅŏŎĮŃĸńŃIJōĵ

o лﳽáïáõÃÛ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÁ ÃáõÛÉ »Ý ï³ÉÇë ·Ý³Ñ³ï»É ¹Çï³ñÏíáÕ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³Ñ³ïí³ÍáõÙ ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ ·áñÍÁÝóóáõÙ Ý»ñ·ñ³íí³Í ÁÝï³ÝÇùÝ»ñÇ ÁݹѳÝáõñ ÃÇíÁ` 99,000-127,000 (ϳ٠ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÁݹѳÝáõñ ÃíÇ 12.7-16.3%-Á): ¸»åù»ñÇ ×ÝßáÕ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝáõÙ (80.6%) ÁÝï³ÝÇùÇ ÙdzÛÝ Ù»Ï ³Ý¹³ÙÝ ¿ Ù»ÏÝ»É ³ñï³ë³ÑÙ³Ý ³ß˳ï»Éáõ: ÀÝï³ÝÇùÝ»ñÇ 15.5%-Ý áõÝ»ó»É ¿ »ñÏáõ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³Ýï ¨ ÁÝï³ÝÇùÝ»ñÇ ÙdzÛÝ 1.8%-Ý ¿ áõÝ»ó»É »ñ»ù ÙÇ·ñ³Ýï: o ÆÝã í»ñ³μ»ñáõÙ ¿ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ Çñ³Ï³Ý ï»ÙåÇÝ (³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛáõÙ Ý»ñ·ñ³íí³Í μݳÏãáõÃÛ³Ý ïáÏáëÁ), ³å³ 2007 Ã.-Ç Ñ»ï³½áïáõÃÛ³Ý ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ, ѳñóÙ³Ý ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý ÁÝïñ³ÝùáõÙ Áݹ·ñÏí³Í ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñÇ 3.4%-Ý ¿ 2005-2006 ÃÃ.-ÇÝ Ý»ñ·ñ³íí³Í »Õ»É ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ·áñÍÁÝóóáõÙ: ²Ûë ïíÛ³ÉÁ ÃáõÛÉ ¿ ï³ÉÇë Ùáï³ñÏ»É ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ μ³ó³ñÓ³Ï ÃÇíÁª 96,000–122,000 Ù³ñ¹, ϳ٠г۳ëï³ÝÇ Ùßï³Ï³Ý μݳÏãáõÃÛ³Ý 3.0-3.8%-Á: o 2005 Ã. ÑáõÝí³ñ ³ÙëÇó ÙÇÝ㨠2006 Ã. ¹»Ïï»Ùμ»ñ ³ÙÇëÝ ÁÝÏ³Í Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³Ñ³ïí³ÍáõÙ, ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ (51.6%) ϳï³ñ»É ¿ »ñÏáõ ϳ٠»ñ»ù ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛáõÝ (40.1% ¨ 11.5% ѳٳå³ï³ë˳ݳμ³ñ): êï³óí³Í ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ, ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ³ß˳ï»Éáõ Ýå³ï³Ïáí 2005 Ã.-ÇÝ Ð³Û³ëï³ÝÇó Ù»ÏÝ»É ¿ 54,000-74,000 ÙÇ·ñ³Ýï, ÇëÏ 2006 Ã.-Çݪ 60,000-81,000 ÙÇ·ñ³Ýï: Àݹ áñáõÙ, ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ßáõñç 70%-Á ÙÇÝ㨠2006 Ã. ³í³ñïÁ í»ñ³¹³ñÓ»É ¿ г۳ëï³Ý, ¨ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ μ³ó³ë³Ï³Ý ë³É¹áÝ Ï³½Ù»É ¿ 29,000-35,000 o 2007 Ã. ѳñóáõÙÁ »ñÏáõ ϳñ¨áñ ï³ñμ»ñáõÃÛáõÝ ·ñ³Ýó»ó 2002-2004 ÃÃ. ¨ 2005-2006 ÃÃ. ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ Ñáëù»ñÇ ÙÇç¨. ³) ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛáõÙ ·ÛáõÕ³Ï³Ý μݳÏãáõÃÛ³Ý Ý»ñ·ñ³íí³ÍáõÃÛ³Ý ³× ¨ μ) »ñ¨³Ý³μÝ³Ï ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÃíÇ ¿³Ï³Ý Ïñ׳ïáõÙ: ²Ù»Ý³μ³ñÓñ ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ ï»Ùå»ñÁ ·ñ³Ýóí»É »Ý ÞÇñ³ÏÇ ¨ Èáéáõ Ù³ñ½»ñáõÙ:

ŁĸİōĮŃŌŃIJōĸ ŊŅŎĸĮĹ-ķŅĿŅŋōıĮİōĮļĮŃ ŃļĮōĮİĸōĵ

o гñóÙ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ, ÏÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÃÇíÁ ½·³ÉÇáñ»Ý Ïñ׳ïí»É ¿: 2002-2004 ÃÃ. ϳݳÛù ϳ½ÙáõÙ ¿ÇÝ

76  ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ 14.1%-Á, ÙÇÝã¹»é 2005-2006 ÃÃ. ÏÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÃÇíÁ Ïñ׳ïí»É ¿ ÙÇÝ㨠6.5%: ²Ûë ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ ï³ñ³ÍáõÙÁ μݳÏãáõÃÛ³Ý ÁݹѳÝáõñ ÃíÇ íñ³ ÃáõÛÉ ¿ ï³ÉÇë ·Ý³Ñ³ï»É ÏÇÝ ¨ ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ μ³ó³ñÓ³Ï ÃÇíÁª 96,000- 121,000 ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹ ¨ 6,000-8,000 ÏÇÝ: ê³ Ý߳ݳÏáõÙ ¿, áñ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³Ýï ¿ ïÝï»ë³å»ë ³ÏïÇí ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹Ï³Ýó ³éÝí³½Ý 13.1%-Á ¨ ïÝï»ë³å»ë ³ÏïÇí ϳݳÝó` ³é³í»É³·áõÛÝÁ 1.7%-Á: o ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ï³ñÇùÇ Ñ»ï ϳåí³Í ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ ³é³ÝÓݳѳïÏáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ÑÇÙݳϳÝáõÙ ã»Ý ÷áËí»É: ØÇ³Ï ¿³Ï³Ý ï³ñμ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ 21-25 ï³ñÇù³ÛÇÝ ËÙμáõÙ ·ñ³Ýóí³Í ÙÇ·ñ³óÇáÝ ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛ³Ý ³×Ý ¿: ²ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ, 2005-2006 ÃÃ. ÁÝóóùáõÙ ³ñï»ñÏÇñ Ù»ÏÝ³Í ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ùáï Ï»ëÁ å³ïϳÝáõÙ ¿ 21-40 ï³ñÇù³ÛÇÝ ËÙμÇÝ, ÇëÏ ÙÛáõë Ï»ëÝ ¿É` 41-60 ï³ñÇù³ÛÇÝ ËÙμÇÝ: o ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³Ùáõëݳó³Í ¿ (76.2%), ¹»åù»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝáõÙ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÁ ϳ٠ÁÝï³ÝÇùÇ ·É˳íáñÝ ¿ (ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹), ϳ٠Ýñ³ áñ¹ÇÝ (42% ¨ 45% ѳٳå³ï³ë˳ݳμ³ñ): o ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ μ³ßËáõÙÝ Áëï Ïñóٳϳñ¹³ÏÇ ·ñ»Ã» ÏñÏÝáõÙ ¿ 2005 Ã. ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÁ: 2005-2006 ÃÃ. ³ñï»ñÏÇñ Ù»ÏÝ³Í ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ 75%-Çó ³í»ÉÇÝ áõÝ»ñ ÙÇçݳϳñ· ϳ٠ÙÇçÇÝ Ù³ëݳ·Çï³Ï³Ý ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝ (43.3 ¨ 33.0% ѳٳå³ï³ë˳ݳμ³ñ), ¨ Ùáï 20%-Ý áõÝ»ñ μ³ñÓñ³·áõÛÝ ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝ:

ŁĸİōĮŃŌŃIJōĸ ijįĮĿŋĮĻŅŏĶłŅŏŃŃ Ņŏ IJļĮŁŅŏŌĵ ĽĮłĮŊŌĮŃŅŏŁ

o ²ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ 41.4%-Á ÙÇÝ㨠2005 Ã. ³ß˳ï»É ¿ г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ: Üñ³Ýó Ï»ëÇó ³í»ÉÇÝ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý ³ß˳ï³Ýù ¿ áõÝ»ó»É, ÙÇÝã¹»é ÙÛáõëÝ»ñÝ áõÝ»ó»É »Ý 뻽áݳÛÇÝ Ï³Ù å³ï³Ñ³Ï³Ý/ٻϳݷ³ÙÛ³ ³ß˳ï³Ýù: г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ ³ß˳ï³Ýù áõÝ»ó³Í ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ³Ù»Ý³Ù»Í ËáõÙμÁ (Ùáï Ù»Ï »ññáñ¹Á) ³ß˳ï»É ¿ ßÇݳñ³ñáõÃÛ³Ý áÉáñïáõÙ: o гñóíáÕÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ (60.2%) Ýᯐ ¿, áñ г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ ³ß˳ï»Éáõ ÁÝóóùáõÙ ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ³ß˳ïáÕ Çñ»Ýó ³½·³Ï³ÝÝ»ñÇ ³Ùë³Ï³Ý »Ï³ÙáõïÁ 50,000 ¹ñ³ÙÁ ã¿ñ ·»ñ³½³ÝóáõÙ: г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ñ³ßí³ñÏí³Í ÙÇçÇÝ ³ß˳ï³í³ñÓÁ ϳ½Ù»É ¿ 44,000 ¹ñ³Ù: ¸»åù»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝáõÙ (62.1%) г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ ³ß˳ï»Éáõ ÁÝóóùáõÙ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ í³ëï³ÏáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ïݳÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý ÁݹѳÝáõñ »Ï³ÙáõïÇ Ï»ëÇó å³Ï³ëÁ (ÙÇçÇÝáõÙ` 42.5%-Á):

77 ŅŏĿIJŋŅōŅŏĶłĮŃ ŇĹĮŃĮŋŅōŅŏŁ

o ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ (70.4%) ³ß˳ï³ÝùÁ ·ï»É ¿ñ ¹»é¨ë Ù»ÏÝáõÙÇó ³é³ç: ²Ûë ËÙμÇ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ áñáß³ÏÇ å³Ûٳݳíáñí³ÍáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ áõÝ»ó»É ݳ¨ ³ß˳ï³ÝùÇ Ýϳñ³·ñáõÃÛ³Ý, ³ß˳ï³í³ñÓÇ ã³÷Ç ¨ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñÇ í»ñ³μ»ñÛ³É: o ØÇçÝáñ¹³íáñí³Í áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÃÇíÁ 55%-Çó ³×»É ¿ ÙÇÝ㨠65%: ػͳٳë³Ùμ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÇ áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ϳ½Ù³Ï»ñå»É »Ý áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛ³Ý »ñÏñáõÙ ³åñáÕ ÁÝÏ»ñÝ»ñÁ ϳ٠³½·³Ï³ÝÝ»ñÁ (28%): ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ 12%-ÇÝ ³Ûë ѳñóáõÙ ³ç³Ïó»É »Ý áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛ³Ý »ñÏñáõÙ μݳÏíáÕ Ù³ëݳíáñ ÙÇçÝáñ¹Ý»ñÁ, ÇëÏ 10%-Ý û·ïí»É ¿ ѳ۳ëï³Ý³μÝ³Ï ÙÇçÝáñ¹Ý»ñÇ Í³é³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇó: »¨ г۳ëï³Ýáõ٠ϳ٠³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ·áñÍáÕ ·áñͳϳÉáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Í³é³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇó û·ïí»É ¿ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÷áùñ³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ, Ýñ³Ýó ïáÏáëÁ 4.6%-Çó (2002-2004 ÃÃ.) ³×»É ¿ ÙÇÝ㨠7%: o ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ³ß˳ï»É ¿ 5-10 ³ÙÇë (68.9%) ¨ áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÙÇçÇÝ ï¨áÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ ϳ½Ù»É ¿ 8 ³ÙÇë: ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ 75%-Çó ³í»ÉÇÝ Ð³Û³ëï³ÝÇó Ù»ÏÝ»É ¿ ·³ñÝ³Ý ëϽμÇÝ, Áݹ áñáõÙ Ù»ÏÝáõÙÝ»ñÇ ³Ù»Ý³³ÏïÇí ³ÙÇëÁ Ù³ñïÝ ¿ñ: ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ (78%) í»ñ³¹³ñÓ»É ¿ г۳ëï³Ý ÑáÏï»Ùμ»ñ-¹»Ïï»Ùμ»ñ ³ÙÇëÝ»ñÇ ÁÝóóùáõÙ, μ³Ûó ³í»ÉÇ Ñ³×³Ë` ³Ù³ÝáñÇ ïáÝ»ñÇÝ Ùáï:

ĮńĺĮŌĮŃőŃ Ņŏ IJļĮŁŅŏŌĵ ŅŏĿIJŋŅōŅŏĶłĮŃ IJōļōŅŏŁ

o ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ 80%-Çó ³í»ÉÇÝ ëÏë»É ¿ ³ß˳ï»É ÁݹáõÝáÕ »ñÏÇñ ųٳݻÉáõó Ñ»ïá Ù»Ï ³Ùëí³ ÁÝóóùáõÙ: ²í»ÉÇÝ, ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ 54.7%-Á ³ß˳ï³ÝùÝ ëÏë»É ¿ ³é³çÇÝ ÇëÏ ß³μ³Ãí³ ÁÝóóùáõÙ: ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ³í»ÉÇ ù³Ý »ñÏáõ »ññáñ¹Á ϳï³ñ»É ¿ 뻽áݳÛÇÝ Ï³Ù Ù»Ï³Ý·³ÙÛ³ ³ß˳ï³Ýù, ¨ Ýñ³Ýó ·»ñ³ÏßÇé ٻͳٳëÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³ß˳ï»É ¿ ßÇݳñ³ñáõÃÛ³Ý áÉáñïáõÙ: o ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ûñí³ ÙÇçÇÝ ï¨áÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ ϳ½Ù»É ¿ 10 ųÙ: ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ (52.1%) ³ß˳ï»É ¿ ÉñÇí ¹ñáõÛù³ã³÷áí (8-10 ųÙ), Ûáõñ³ù³ÝãÛáõñ »ññáñ¹ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ ûñ³Ï³Ý ³ß˳ï»É ¿ 11-12 ų٠(37.3%), ¨ ÙdzÛÝ 6.4%-Ý ¿ ³ß˳ï»É áã ÉñÇí ¹ñáõÛù³ã³÷áí (1-7 ųÙ): ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ùݳó³Í 4.1%-Á ³ß˳ï»É ¿ ûñ³Ï³Ý 12 ųÙÇó ³í»ÉÇ: ²ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÙdzÛÝ 46.4%-Ý ¿ áõÝ»ó»É ϳÝáݳíáñ ѳݷëïÛ³Ý ûñ»ñ, 35.6%-Á ѳ½í³¹»å ¿ ѳݷëïÛ³Ý ûñ»ñ áõÝ»ó»É, ÇëÏ 18%-Ý ³ß˳ï»É ¿ ÁݹѳÝñ³å»ë ³é³Ýó ѳݷëïÛ³Ý ûñ»ñÇ:

78  o ØÇÝ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÙdzÛÝ 12%-Ý ¿ ·ñ³íáñ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ å³Ûٳݳ·Çñ ÏÝù»É ·áñͳïáõÇ Ñ»ï: ¸»åù»ñÇ ×ÝßáÕ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝáõ٠ѳñ³μ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ·áñͳïáõÇ Ñ»ï ÑÇÙÝí³Í »Ý »Õ»É ëáëÏ μ³Ý³íáñ ѳٳӳÛÝáõÃÛ³Ý íñ³, ÇëÏ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ 9%-Ý ¿É Ýᯐ ¿, áñ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ Ñ³ñ³μ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ áñ¨¿ Ï»ñå ã»Ý ϳñ·³íáñí»É: o гñóáõÙÁ óáõÛó ¿ ï³ÉÇë, áñ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÙÇçÇÝ ³Ùë³Ï³Ý »Ï³ÙáõïÝ ÁݹáõÝáÕ »ñÏñáõÙ 2005 Ã.-Ç ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù»Ù³ïáõÃÛ³Ùμ ³×»É ¿ ³í»ÉÇ ù³Ý 50%-áí (643 ²ØÜ ¹áɳñ` 2005 Ã.-Ç 410 ²ØÜ ¹áɳñÇ ÷á˳ñ»Ý): 2005-2006 ÃÃ.-ÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ï»ëÇó ³í»ÉÇÝ, ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ³ß˳ï»Éáí, ³Ùë³Ï³Ý í³ëï³Ï»É ¿ 400-800 ²ØÜ ¹áɳñ: ²ÛëåÇëáí, »Ã» ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÙÇçÇÝ ³Ùë³Ï³Ý »Ï³ÙáõïÁ ϳ½ÙáõÙ ¿ 643 ²ØÜ ¹áɳñ, ÇëÏ áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛ³Ý ÙÇçÇÝ ï¨áÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ 8 ³ÙÇë ¿, ³å³ ëï³óíáõÙ ¿, áñ Ù»Ï áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛ³Ý ÁÝóóùáõÙ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÁ ÙÇçÇÝáõÙ í³ëï³ÏáõÙ ¿ 5140 ²ØÜ ¹áɳñ: ØdzųٳݳÏ, ß³ï ϳñ¨áñ ¿ ѳßíÇ ³éÝ»É í»ñçÇÝ »ñÏáõ ï³ñÇÝ»ñÇ ÁÝóóùáõÙ ²ØÜ ¹áɳñÇ ½·³ÉÇ ³ñÅ»½ñÏáõÙÁ, áñÇ Ñ»ï¨³Ýùáí μ³ó³ñÓ³Ï Ãí»ñÇ ³×Á ¹»é¨ë ãÇ Ý߳ݳÏáõÙ, áñ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Çñ³Ï³Ý »Ï³ÙáõïÝ»ñÝ ³í»É³ó»É »Ý ÝáõÛÝ ã³÷áí:

ıōĮŁĮļĮŃ ŐŅĺĮŃŎŅŏŁŃIJō

o Àëï ѳñóÙ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÇ, Ûáõñ³ù³ÝãÛáõñ ÑÇÝ·»ñáñ¹ ÙÇ·ñ³Ýï í»ñçÇÝ áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛ³Ý ÁÝóóùáõÙ ãÇ Ï³ñáÕ³ó»É ·áõÙ³ñ áõÕ³ñÏ»É ÁÝï³ÝÇùÇÝ (19.5%, ϳ٠·ñ»Ã» ÝáõÛÝù³Ý, áñù³Ý 2005 Ã.-Ç ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³Ûݪ 18.8%): ²ÛÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ, áíù»ñ ϳñáÕ³ó»É »Ý ·áõÙ³ñ ËÝ³Û»É ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ, Çñ»Ýó ÁÝï³ÝÇùÝ»ñÇÝ ³é³çÇÝ ¹ñ³Ù³Ï³Ý ÷á˳ÝóáõÙÝ »Ý áõÕ³ñÏ»É Ù»ÏÝáõÙÇó Ñ»ïá Ù»Ï Ï³Ù »ñÏáõ ³ÙÇë ³Ýó (69.3%): ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ 86.2%-Á í»ñçÇÝ áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛ³Ý ÁÝóóùáõÙ ³éÝí³½Ý Ù»Ï ³Ý·³Ù ¹ñ³Ù³Ï³Ý ÷á˳ÝóáõÙ ¿ ϳï³ñ»É μ³ÝÏÇ ÙÇçáóáí, ÇëÏ 15.5%-Á` ·áõÙ³ñÁ ¿ ÷á˳Ýó»É ³ÝѳïÝ»ñÇ ÙÇçáóáí: o ÀݹѳÝáõñ ³éÙ³Ùμ, í»ñçÇÝ áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛ³Ý ÁÝóóùáõÙ Ûáõñ³ù³ÝãÛáõñ ÙÇ·ñ³Ýï ÁÝï³ÝÇùÇÝ áõÕ³ñÏ»É Ï³Ù Çñ Ñ»ï μ»ñ»É ¿ ÙÇçÇÝÁ 2720 ²ØÜ ¹áɳñ, ÇÝãÁ, ¹³ñÓÛ³É μ³ó³ñÓ³Ï Ãí»ñáí, Ý߳ݳÏáõÙ ¿ 2005 Ã.- Ç 1540 ¹áɳñÇ Ñ³Ù»Ù³ï 75%-áí ³×: o 5140 ²ØÜ ¹áɳñ ϳ½ÙáÕ ÙÇçÇÝ »Ï³ÙáõïÇ Ùáï 47%-Á ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ ͳËë»É »Ý áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛ³Ý »ñÏñáõÙ, ÇëÏ Ùݳó³Í 53%-Ý áõÕ³ñÏ»É »Ý г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ ³åñáÕ Çñ»Ýó ÁÝï³ÝÇùÝ»ñÇÝ: o лﳽáïáõÃÛ³Ý ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ ï³ñ³ÍÙ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ 2005-2006 ÃÃ.- ÇÝ ÁÝѳÝáõñ ³éÙ³Ùμ ³ñï»ñÏÇñ ϳï³ñí³Í ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÃÇíÁ ·Ý³Ñ³ïí»É ¿ 114,000-155,000: гñóÙ³Ý

79  ³ñŞÛáõÝùÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ` ³Ûë áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ 80.5%-Á (ϳ٠91,000-124,000 áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛáõÝ) §³ñ¹Ûáõݳí»ï¦ ¿ »Õ»É: л勉μ³ñ, ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇó ëï³óí³Í ¹ñ³Ù³Ï³Ý ÷á˳ÝóáõÙÝ»ñÇ ÁݹѳÝáõñ ͳí³ÉÁ ¹Çï³ñÏíáÕ áÕç ųٳݳϳѳïí³ÍÇ ÁÝóóùáõ٠ϳ½Ù»É ¿ 250-339 ÙÇÉÇáÝ ²ØÜ ¹áɳñ, ϳ٠118-162 ÙÇÉÇáÝ ¹áɳñ 2005 Ã.-Ç ¨ 131-177 ÙÇÉÇáÝ ¹áɳñª 2006 Ã.-Ç ÁÝóóùáõÙ: 2007 Ã.-Ç Ñ³ñóÙ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ 2005-2006 ÃÃ.-ÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ¹ñ³Ù³Ï³Ý ÷á˳ÝóáõÙÝ»ñÇ Ùáï 60%-Á (ϳ٠149-202 ÙÇÉÇáÝ ²ØÜ ¹áɳñ) ϳï³ñí»É ¿ μ³ÝϳÛÇÝ Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·áí:

ĮńĺĮŌĮŃőĮłĸŃ ŁĸİōĮŎĸĮłĸ ŇĮŌŀĮʼnŃIJōŃ Ņŏ ĽIJŌIJŋĮŃőŃIJōĵ

o ì»ñçÇÝ ï³ñÇÝ»ñÇÝ Ñ³ÛÏ³Ï³Ý ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ßáõϳÛÇ ÁÝѳÝáõñ ½³ñ·³óÙ³ÝÁ ½áõ·ÁÝóó, áñáß³ÏÇáñ»Ý ÷áËí»É »Ý ݳ¨ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ` ³ñï»ñÏÇñ Ù»ÏÝ»Éáõ å³ï׳éÝ»ñÁ: »¨ ¹»åù»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝáõÙ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇÝ ³ñï»ñÏÇñ »Ý ï³Ýáõ٠г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ ½μ³Õí³ÍáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ»ï ϳåí³Í ËݹÇñÝ»ñÁ (93.5%) ¨ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÑÇÙݳϳÝ` §Ð³Û³ëï³ÝáõÙ ³ß˳ï³Ýù ãϳ¦ ÷³ëï³ñÏÁ ¹³ñÓÛ³É ³Ù»Ý³Ñ³×³ËÝ ¿ ÝßíáõÙ (46.5%), ³ÛÝáõ³Ù»Ý³ÛÝÇí, ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÙÇ ÝáõÛÝù³Ý Ù»Í ËáõÙμ ¿É (43.0%) ÝßáõÙ ¿, áñ Ù»ÏÝ»Éáõ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý å³ï׳éÁ ó³Íñ ³ß˳ï³í³ñÓÝ ¿: o àñå»ë ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ³ß˳ï³Ýù ÷Ýïñ»Éáõ ³ÛÉ å³ï׳éÝ»ñ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ ³é³í»É Ñ³×³Ë Ýᯐ »Ý г۳ëï³ÝÇ ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý Ñݳñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ μ³ó³Ï³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¨ Ù³ëݳíáñ Ó»éݳñϳïÇñáõÃÛ³Ùμ ½μ³Õí»Éáõ ËáãÁݹáïÝ»ñÁ: ÆÝ㨿, ³Ûë å³ï׳éÝ»ñÇó Ûáõñ³ù³ÝãÛáõñÁ Ýᯐ ¿ ѳñóíáÕÝ»ñÇ áã ³í»É, ù³Ý 5%-Á: o ÆÝãå»ë ¨ 2005 Ã.-ÇÝ, ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ×ÝßáÕ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³ë»É ¿, áñ í»ñçÇÝ áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³ÙμáÕçáõÃÛ³Ùμ ϳ٠·áÝ» Ù³ë³Ùμ ³ñ¹³ñ³óñ»É ¿ Çñ»Ýó ³ÏÝϳÉÇùÝ»ñÁ (88.7%): ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Ï ï³ëÝ»ñáñ¹Ý ¿ ÙdzÛÝ ¹Å·áÑ áõÕ¨áñáõÃÛ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÇó: o ØÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÁ ٻͳٳë³Ùμ åɳݳíáñáõÙ ¿ÇÝ û·ï³·áñÍ»É ËݳÛí³Í ·áõÙ³ñÁª г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ ³åñáÕ ÁÝï³ÝÇùÝ»ñÇ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ï³ñÇùÝ»ñÁ Ñá·³Éáõ ѳٳñ: Úáõñ³ù³ÝãÛáõñ ãáññáñ¹ ÙÇ·ñ³Ýï åɳݳíáñ»É ¿ ·áõÙ³ñ í³ëï³Ï»É ï³Ý í»ñ³Ýáñá·Ù³Ý ѳٳñ, ÇëÏ Ûáõñ³ù³ÝãÛáõñ ÑÇÝ·»ñáñ¹ ÙÇ·ñ³Ýï ËݳÛí³Í ·áõÙ³ñÁ ó³ÝϳÝáõÙ ¿ñ û·ï³·áñÍ»É »ñ»Ë³Ý»ñÇ áõëÙ³Ý Í³Ëë»ñÁ Ñá·³Éáõ Ï³Ù ï¨³Ï³Ý û·ï³·áñÍÙ³Ý Çñ»ñ Ó»éù μ»ñ»Éáõ ѳٳñ (ûñÇÝ³Ï Ï³ÑáõÛù, Ï»Ýó³Õ³ÛÇÝ ï»ËÝÇϳ ¨ ³ÛÉÝ):

80 ÈàôÌàôØ ä²Ð²ÜæàÔ Ð²ðòºð

»¨ г۳ëï³ÝÇ ³ß˳ï³ßáõϳÛáõÙ í»ñç»ñë ÝϳïíáÕ ½³ñ·³óáõÙÝ»ñÁ áñáß ã³÷áí ½ëåáõÙ »Ý ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ï»ÙåÁ, ³ÛÝáõ³Ù»Ý³ÛÝÇí ³Ù»Ý ï³ñÇ ³í»ÉÇ ù³Ý 60,000 ѳۻñ ÉùáõÙ »Ý ѳÝñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÁª ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ, ³é³í»É³å»ëª èáõë³ëï³ÝáõÙ, ³ß˳ï»Éáõ ϳ٠³ß˳ï³Ýù ÷Ýïñ»Éáõ Ýå³ï³Ïáí: ø³ÝÇ áñ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ýå³ï³ÏÁ г۳ëï³ÝáõÙ ³åñáÕ ÁÝï³ÝÇùÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ³åñáõëïÇ ÙÇçáóÝ»ñÇ Ñ³ÛóÛÃáõÙÝ ¿, ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ѳٳӳÛÝáõÙ ¿ ³ß˳ï»Éáõ ¨ ³åñ»Éáõ ͳÝñ å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñÇÝ ¨, ÁݹáõÝáÕ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ ³åñ»Éáõ ¨ ³ß˳ï»Éáõ ûñÇÝ³Ï³Ý ·áñÍÁÝóóÝ»ñÇó Ëáõë³÷»Éáí, íï³Ý·áõÙ ¿ Çñ Çñ³íáõÝùÝ»ñÁ: ê³Ï³ÛÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ §é³óÇáÝ³É ÁÝïñáõÃÛáõÝÁ¦ ¨ ѳٳӳÛÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¹»é ãÇ Ý߳ݳÏáõÙ, áñ Ýñ³Ýó å³ßïå³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ñóÁ å»ïù ¿ ѳÝíÇ Ñ³ë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý ùÝݳñÏáõÙÝ»ñÇ ûñ³Ï³ñ·Çó: àõÕ³ñÏáÕ ¨ ÁݹáõÝáÕ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ûñ»Ýë¹ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ÏÇñ³ñÏ»Éáõ ÙÇçáóáí ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³óÇ³Ý Ï³Ýáݳϳñ·»ÉÁ å»ï³Ï³Ý ϳéáõÛóÝ»ñÇ ³é³çݳÛÇÝ ËݹÇñÝ ¿ ÙÝáõÙ: ì»ñçÇÝÇë ѳçáÕ ÉáõÍáõÙÁ ÏÝ߳ݳÏÇ, ÙÇ ÏáÕÙÇó, ³ÝϳÝáÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ Ï³ÝËÙ³Ý ³ñ¹Ûáõݳí»ï ÉͳÏÝ»ñ, ¨, ÙÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó, ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ß³Ñ»ñÇ å³ßïå³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý »ñ³ßËÇùÝ»ñ: ²Ûëáõѳݹ»ñÓ, ѳßíÇ ³éÝ»Éáí ÙÇ ß³ñù ûμÛ»ÏïÇí ¨ ëáõμÛ»ÏïÇí ËáãÁݹáïÝ»ñÇ ³éϳÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ³Ûë ·áñÍÁÝóóÁ ϳñáÕ ¿ μ³í³Ï³Ý »ñϳñ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï å³Ñ³Ýç»É, ÙÇÝã¹»é ³Ù»Ý ï³ñÇ Ñ³½³ñ³íáñ Ñ³Û ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñ ϳݷÝáõÙ »Ý Çñ»Ýó Çñ³íáõÝùÝ»ñÇ áïݳѳñÙ³Ý, ã³ñ³ß³ÑáõÙÝ»ñÇ ¨ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ß³Ñ³·áñÍÙ³Ý íï³Ý·Ç ³éç¨: êïáñ¨ μ»ñí³Í »Ý áñáß Ñ³ñó»ñ ¨ Ùïù»ñ, áñáÝù ϳñáÕ »Ý ùÝݳñÏÙ³Ý ¨ ѻﳷ³ ù³ÛÉ»ñÇ Ùß³ÏÙ³Ý ËÃ³Ý ÉÇݻɪ ϳñ×³ï¨ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³Ñ³ïí³ÍáõÙ ³Ûë Ù³ñ¹Ï³Ýó ÏÛ³ÝùáõÙ ÷á÷áËáõÃÛáõÝ ÙïóÝ»Éáõ Ýå³ï³Ïáí:

x ÆÝãå»±ë ϳñ»ÉÇ ¿ г۳ëï³ÝÇ ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Ñ³ë³ñ³ÏáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³í»ÉÇ ß³ï Ý»ñ·ñ³í»É ·áñÍÁÝóóáõÙ: ²ñ¹Ûáõݳí»ï ϳñáÕ ¿ ÉÇÝ»É Ñ³ë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý ϳ½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ ß³Ñ³·ñ·é»ÉÁ ¨ ϳñáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ½³ñ·³óÝ»ÉÁª ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇÝ ËáñÑñ¹³ïíáõÃÛáõÝ ¨ ·áñÍÝ³Ï³Ý ³ç³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝ óáõó³μ»ñ»Éáõ ³éáõÙáí:

x ƱÝãÁ ϳñáÕ ¿ û·Ý»É ÁݹáõÝáÕ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ Çñ³íáõÝùÝ»ñÇ å³ßïå³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ áõŻճóÝ»Éáõ ·áñÍÁÝóóÇÝ: ÀݹáõÝáÕ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ ·áñÍáÕ ÐÎ-Ý»ñÁ (ÇÝãåÇëÇÝ ¿, ûñÇݳÏ, èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ Ñ³Û»ñÇ ÙÇáõÃÛáõÝÁ) ϳñáÕ »Ý ³ñÅ»ù³íáñ û·ÝáõÃÛáõÝ ïñ³Ù³¹ñ»É ѳ۳½·Ç ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇÝ, áñáÝóÇó

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x ƱÝã ³ÛÉ Ñ»ï³½áïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ¿ ѳñϳíáñ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»É: γñÍáõÙ »Ýù, áñ ϳñ¨áñ ¿ ³) ³í»ÉÇ Ù³Ýñ³Ù³ëÝ ùÝÝ»É ï³ñμ»ñ ÙÇçÝáñ¹Ý»ñÇ ¹»ñÁ ³ß˳ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ·ñ³ódzÛÇ ·áñÍÁÝóóáõÙ, ¨ μ) ѳ۳½·Ç ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ¨ Ýñ³Ýó ·áñͳïáõÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ѳñóáõÙ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»É ÁݹáõÝáÕ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ:

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L A B O R M I G R AT I O N F RO M A R M E N I A IN 2005-2007

A SURVEY

“ASOGHIK” PUBLISHING HOUSE YEREVAN 2007 IDC 338 (479.25) : 31

Minasyan Anna, Poghosyan Alina, Hakobyan Tereza, Hancilova Blanka

LABOR MIGRATION FROM ARMENIA IN 2005-2007: A SURVEY. – Yerevan, Asoghik, 2007 – 64 pp.

The research and the publication of this book was funded by the OSCE Office in Yerevan.

The views, findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the OSCE or the OSCE Office in Yerevan.

ISBN: 978-9939-50-017-1

© OSCE, 2007 © Advanced Social Technologies NGO, 2007

All rights reserved. The contents of this publication may be freely used and copied for educational and other non-commercial purposes, provided that any such reproduction is accompanied by an acknowledgement of the OSCE and Advanced Social Technologies as the source.

2  PR EFAC E

As globalization creates more opportunities for labor migrants, migration for employment is likely to dominate international migration flows for years to come. Given the sheer scale of these movements, it is of importance to national governments that these processes occur in a regulated and transparent way. In the case of Armenia, given its population’s traditional emigration practices, regulated labor migration can be a vent for potential economic migrants who otherwise may end up emigrating for good in search of better job opportunities. In recent years, migration from Armenia have transformed into mainly labor migration. Despite economic growth in Armenia, the service sector and industry have not yet recovered enough to absorb the thousands of unemployed and underemployed in the country. Rural areas are particularly affected by the collapse of the old infrastructure and traditional economic ties. Two years ago, in 2005, the OSCE Office in Yerevan initiated a labor migration project, within which an Armenian NGO, Advanced Social Technologies (AST), conducted a survey and a Study on Labor Migration from Armenia in 2002-2005, focusing on issues like unemployment, household income, trends of labor migration in recent years, causes and consequences of labor migration from Armenia, etc. Given the interest of various stakeholders in up-to-date statistics and analysis of labor migration, the OSCE Office in Yerevan continued the project in 2007, contracting AST for conducting a similar study for 2005-2007 and comparing the findings of the two surveys. Already having a solid baseline, this comparative research is more specific as it gives a picture of the dynamics of labor migration and hence provides valuable information to policy-makers and the public at large. The aim of the research is to assist the Government of Armenia to obtain reliable data and perspectives on the labor migration processes and trends in order to assist in the development of a national concept and policy on migration. Together with a thorough migration and labor migration legislative review, published by the OSCE Office in Yerevan in 2007 and presented to interested agencies, we hope that this study will be useful for policy makers, academicians, international organizations, NGOs and potential migrants, to accurately assess the realities and find possible solutions to the relevant problems. The AST team would like to thank Davit Hakobyan, an anti-trafficking expert contracted by the OSCE Office in Yerevan, for his valuable support at the final stages in the preparation of this report.

Anna Minasyan, President, Advanced Social Technologies Yerevan, October, 2007

3  CONTENTS

PREFACE ............................................................................................................................ 3 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 6 BACKGROUND AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY ........................................................................ 6 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION AND SAMPLING ............................................................... 6 Household survey .......................................................................................................... 6 In-depth interviews with labor migrants ....................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 1. SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF HOUSEHOLDS.................... 8 NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS .................................................................................. 8 GENDER AND AGE BREAKDOWN ......................................................................................... 8 EDUCATION ........................................................................................................................ 9 PROFESSIONAL BACKGROUND .......................................................................................... 10 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC STATUS .............................................................................................. 11 Economic activity and employment............................................................................. 11 Determinants of economic activity .............................................................................. 12 Unemployment statistics ............................................................................................. 15 HOUSEHOLD INCOME ....................................................................................................... 16 Average monthly income ............................................................................................. 16 Perceptions of the living standard .............................................................................. 16 Sources of household income ...................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER 2. LABOR MIGRATION RATES ............................................................... 18 COUNTRY DATA ............................................................................................................... 18 LABOR MIGRATION OF URBAN AND RURAL POPULATION .................................................. 19 REGIONAL SPECIFICS OF LABOR MIGRATION .................................................................... 20 CHAPTER 3. SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF LABOR MIGRANTS ........ 21 GENDER AND AGE BREAKDOWN ....................................................................................... 21 MARITAL STATUS AND FAMILY RELATIONSHIP................................................................. 22 EDUCATION AND PROFESSIONAL BACKGROUND ............................................................... 23 EMPLOYMENT HISTORY IN THE HOME COUNTRY .............................................................. 24 CHAPTER 4. THE LABOR MIGRATION PROCESS................................................. 25 MAP OF LABOR MIGRATION FROM ARMENIA IN 2005-2007 .............................................. 25 PREPARATION OF THE TRIP ............................................................................................... 27 THE STAY IN THE HOST COUNTRY: EMPLOYMENT AND INCOME ........................................ 28 Seasonality and actual duration of the trip ................................................................. 28 Employment ................................................................................................................ 29 Remittances ................................................................................................................. 31 HOUSING CONDITIONS IN THE HOST COUNTRY ................................................................. 32 CHAPTER 5. LABOR MIGRATION: CAUSES AND EFFECTS ............................... 33 REASONS FOR LABOR MIGRATION .................................................................................... 33 FULFILLED AND UNFULFILLED EXPECTATIONS ................................................................. 34

4 CHAPTER 6. ASSESSMENT OF THE MIGRATION POTENTIAL ......................... 35 INTERNAL MIGRATION POTENTIAL ................................................................................... 35 EXTERNAL MIGRATION POTENTIAL .................................................................................. 36 Labor migration .......................................................................................................... 36 Permanent migration .................................................................................................. 37 CHAPTER 7. LABOR MIGRATION BEYOND FIGURES ......................................... 38 WHO ARE THE MIGRANTS? ............................................................................................... 38 WHY DO THEY LEAVE? ..................................................................................................... 42 HOW DO THEY LEAVE? ..................................................................................................... 44 HOW DO THEY LIVE AND WORK ABROAD? ........................................................................ 47 WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS AND NEEDS OF THE MIGRANTS? ............................................. 50 LOOKING BACK ................................................................................................................ 51 ADVICE OF THE INTERVIEWED MIGRANTS ........................................................................ 53 CHAPTER 8. FORCED LABOR AND MIGRATION .................................................. 54 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS ............................................................................................. 58 LABOR MIGRATION RATES ................................................................................................ 58 SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE MIGRANTS ........................................................... 58 EMPLOYMENT AND INCOME IN ARMENIA ......................................................................... 59 PLANNING OF THE TRIP..................................................................................................... 59 EMPLOYMENT AND INCOME IN THE HOST COUNTRY ......................................................... 60 REMITTANCES .................................................................................................................. 60 CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF LABOR MIGRATION ................................................................... 61 FOOD FOR THOUGHT ........................................................................................................ 62

5  INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY

In 2005, the OSCE Office in Yerevan initiated a nationwide survey on Labor Migration from Armenia (2002-2005), which was carried out by the Advanced Social Technologies NGO (AST) in February – March 2005. The findings of this first comprehensive research on labor migration from Armenia were published, presented and discussed with various state and non-state stakeholders in the beginning of 2006. The survey primarily focused on gathering reliable quantitative information on the rates, destinations and organization of labor migration and the socio-demographic profile of the labor migrants. The results of the survey have been compared with official statistical information and with available research on external migration processes, yet the comparative analysis had certain limitations. First, the data was compared with information from other surveys, which were conducted with the employment of different methods of sampling and data collection. Second, it appeared that several surveys covered the same periods of time, while data on certain years was completely missing, thus limiting the possibilities for longitudinal analysis. Taking into account the interest of various stakeholders in up-to-date statistical and motivational analysis of labor migration, the OSCE Office in Yerevan decided to continue the research in 2007. The second survey was implemented by AST during February-May 2007. It included both quantitative and qualitative components – a nationwide household survey and in-depth interviews with some of the labor migrants. The research added a qualitative component that allowed exploring the opinions and attitudes of the labor migrants in relation to various aspects of the migration process, revealing their concerns and any problems faced while working abroad.

METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION AND SAMPLING

Household survey

Sampling: In order to ensure that the findings of the survey are consistent and comparable with those of 2005, the sampling methodology remained intact. The survey was conducted in two phases: a main survey with a nationwide representative sample of 1500 households and a drop-out survey with 233 additional families involved in labor migration during the period of 2005-2007 to cover a total of 450 migrants. The drop-out survey was implemented with the same random choice methodology as the main survey, except that the interviewers were required to skip those households, which did not satisfy the criterion of having labor migrants. The primary sampling units of both phases of the survey were the same as in 2005.

6  Sampling methodology of the main survey: geographically stratified random sampling of households; all proportions based on population figures of 2001 census

Sample size: 1500 households

Universal set: total number of households in Armenia; 778667 as per 2001 census

Margin of error: 2.6% at confidence level of 95%

Survey instrument: An improved version of 2005 survey questionnaire was used to conduct structured face-to-face interviews with the head of the family or his/her closest relative. Whenever possible, questions related to labor migration were administered directly with the migrant. The 2005 questionnaire underwent some revision based on a) the outputs of the first survey, i.e. questions that were not used in the analysis were cut out; some questions were reformulated to meet better the survey objectives; some attitudinal questions were removed since it was assumed that public opinion regarding these questions would not have changed in two years; and b) a view toward the future, i.e. areas of potential interest were identified, more questions regarding certain aspects of labor migration process were included. Notes on data analysis: As in 2005, all quantitative estimates regarding migration rates, socio-demographic profile of the households and the migrants, as well as projections of migration rates for 2007 were based on the main representative sample of 1500 households. These are covered in Chapters 1, 2, 3 and 6 of the report. The remaining part of the analysis that describes the trips of the migrants is based on the total sample of 450 households involved in labor migration. Since the sample of the drop-out survey was initially designed to cover areas with high migration rates, it was not distributed among the target settlements with probability proportional to size. We therefore used official statistics on the urban and rural population of each region to weight the data so that it reflects the real proportions.

In-depth interviews with labor migrants

In May 2007, we conducted in-depth interviews with 100 labor migrants, who have temporarily worked abroad in the period of 2002-2006. Some of the respondents were identified during the fieldwork of the quantitative survey. The rest were located by the interviewers at the survey sites, since many of those who agreed to give interviews had already left Armenia by the time. The frame of questions for the in-depth interviews was developed based on discussions with representatives of interested international organizations and state agencies. The interviews helped explore the perceptions, feelings and experiences of the migrants and generated rich material for qualitative analysis.

7 C HAP TER 1 . S O CI O- D EM O G R A P HI C PROF P ILE OF F HO US EHO L D S

NU UMBER OF HO OUSEHOLD ME EMBERS

The main sammple of the survey included 15001 householdds consisting off 6927 meembers. Table 1-1 presents thee breakdown of households by number of mem mbers, an nd the compariso on of results with h data from the 2005 survey andd 2001 census.

Taable 1-1 Numbeer of household d members

M Members 2007 survey (% %) 2005 survvey (%) 2001 census (%) 1 4.7 5.7 11.0 2 10.5 11.0 12.8 3-4 32.7 32.6 35.2 5-6 38.3 36.6 30.5 7 and more 13.8 14.1 10.5 T Total 1 100.0 100.0 100.0 M Mean 4.6 4.6 4.1

As shown, thhe 2007 breakddown is almost identical to th hat of 2005. Thhe 0.5 diffference in mean ns between ourr samples and th he official statistics may have several s po ossible reasons, the most likely of which is thaat the families consisting of onlly one meember are undeerrepresented inn the sample, duue to the fact tthat there were fewer ch hances to reach the t respondent at a home.

GE ENDER AND AGE A BREAKDOW WN

Similar to 20005, the gender and age structuree of the surveyeed households reeflects thee results of the 2001 2 census (seee Charts 1-1 and d 1-2).

Chart 1-1 Gender G breakdow wn Chart 1-2 Agee breakdown 20% 18% 16% Statistics 48.0 52.00 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% Main sample 48.0 52.00 4% 2% 0% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% % 100% 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-24 25--34 35-44 45-54 55-64 655 +

Males M Females Main sample Statistics

8  Distribution of the members of surveyed households by gender and age is presented in Table 1-2.

Table 1-2 Gender-age cross-tabulation

Age interval Total (%) Males (%) Females (%) 0-10 13.0 6.9 6.1 11-20 19.6 9.6 10.0 21-30 17.2 8.8 8.4 31-40 11.8 5.4 6.4 41-50 15.3 7.3 8.0 51-60 9.4 4.3 5.1 61-70 6.7 2.9 3.8 71 and above 6.9 2.8 4.2 Total 100.0 48.0 52.0

EDUCATION

The majority of surveyed household members (aged 11 and above) have secondary (38.3%) or secondary professional (vocational) education (20.0%). 18.2 % have higher education, of which 1.9% have a Bachelor’s degree, 16.2% have Chart 1-3 Educational attainment a Master’s degree and 0.2% have a Higher postgraduate degree. About one Vocational 18.2% 20.0% No formal quarter of family members had not education (did not yet) completed secondary 1.0%

school (see Chart 1-3). Elementary 8.6% According to the newly acquired data on current involvement of population in formal education Basic process, 27.7% of 16-20 year olds are 13.8% now attending a higher education Complete institution, and another 5.8% are secondary 38.3% involved in vocational education. About 98% of 7-16 year-old children are studying at secondary schools. However, the kindergarten enrolment rates remain low: They are attended only by about 12% of 2-6 year-old kids. The educational attainment of male and female members of the sampled households reflects the general proportions of the country data and repeats the findings of the 2005 survey: vocational education had been completed by 19.0% of males and 20.9% of females; almost equal percentages of males and females have

9 completed secondary schools (38.1% and 38.4% respectively) and acquired higher education (18.4% and 18.1%). At the same time, the results of the survey showed that the difference in terms of level of education between the population of Yerevan and the rest of the country, particularly the rural population, became even more significant as compared to 2005.

Table 1-3 Educational attainment by place of residence

Highest education level Other urban Rural Yerevan (%) attained settlements (%) settlements (%) No formal education 0.4 0.7 1.5 Elementary (3 years) 7.3 7.4 10.0 Basic (8 years) 6.7 11.1 18.6 Complete secondary (10 years) 29.9 35.9 43.2 Vocational 14.2 26.3 17.8 Higher 41.5 18.7 8.9 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0

PROFESSIONAL BACKGROUND

The breakdown of the members of surveyed households by profession is presented in Chart 1-4 below (the percentages are based on the total number of people who have completed vocational schools or universities).

Chart 1-4 Professional background

Engineering 19.2% Economics 14.9% Pegagogy 14.4% Crafts 11.8% Medicine 10.2% Agronomy 7.2% Natural sciences 6.1% Social sciences 5.4% Arts and culture 4.3% Other 3.5% Linguistics 3.1%

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18% 20% 22%

Quite reasonably, the professional background of those who attained secondary professional or higher education in Post-Soviet times differs from that of the older generation. Hence, in the age group of 20-35, the biggest shares belong to economists

10 of various profiles (19.4%) and doctors (13.8%), while engineers and pedagogues rate third (13.1% each). At the same time, almost every fourth specialist older than 35 is an engineer (22.7%) and 15.1% are pedagogues. Various crafts had been studied by 8.2% of the younger age group and 13.8% of the older age group.

SOCIAL-ECONOMIC STATUS

Economic activity and employment

The current survey allowed estimating total labor resources (workforce) of Armenia as 63.0-65.4% of the country’s de jure population (or 2,024,000-2,101,000 people), which may speak for a slight increase since LABOR RESOURCES are defined as able-bodied population 2005 (the 2005 survey at working age, working pensioners and working teenagers. estimated the labor re- WORKING AGE POPULATION includes 16-62 year old sources as 61.1-63.5% of males, and 16-58 year old females. the de jure population). ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE POPULATION includes the And although the employed and unemployed population, while the proportion of the eco- ECONOMICALLY INACTIVE POPULATION includes all nomically active popula- able-bodied people that do not work and are not looking for tion somewhat declined, a job. the employment rate has UNEMPLOYED are able-bodied citizens at working age significantly improved: the who, not having a job (profitable activity), are actively survey reported seeking for one and are ready to begin working immediately. employment of 75.2% of the economically active population against 66.7% in 2005 (see Table 1-4).

Table 1-4 Economic activity

Economic activity 2007 (AST) 2005 (AST) 2003 (NSS)1 Labor resources (LR) 64.2 62.3 62.5 Economically active (EA) population (% of LR) 61.6 65.0 61.4 Employed (% of EA) 75.2 66.7 89.9 Unemployed (% of EA) 24.8 33.3 10.1 registered unemployed (% of EA) 2.7 5.0 10.1 not registered unemployed (% of EA) 22.1 28.3 - Economically inactive population (% of LR) 39.3 35.0 38.6

1 Statistical Yearbook of Armenia – 2004, National Statistical Service of Armenia

11  Examining the group of employed persons we have found that since 2005 the number of self-employed has significantly decreased (from 40.7% to 32.8%) and the proportion of wage earners among the employed members of households has reached 65.7% from 57.0% in 2005. At that, the percentage of people employed in the private sector has increased from 20.0 to 25.7. However, women still show less activity in the private sector and are mostly employed in state institutions (see Table 1-5 on the next page).

Table 1-5 Socio-economic status

All employed Employed Employed Economic activity members (%) males (%) females (%) Employer 1.5 2.0 0.7 State sector employee 39.4 35.5 46.4 Private sector employee 25.7 29.6 18.6 Public sector employee 0.6 0.6 0.5 Self-employed (agriculture) 25.8 23.6 29.7 Self-employed (other) 7.0 8.7 4.0 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0

Most people are employed in agriculture (25.8%), construction (12.0%) and education (11.2%). One out of ten employed Armenians work in companies providing public utilities (energy and water supply, etc.) and about 8.6% are engaged in trade.

Determinants of economic activity

Although the period between the two surveys was quite short – two years, certain changes have been recorded in the economic activity of different groups of the population. This concerns the increased participation of women in the labor market. The share of women in the economically active population increased from 36% to 38% and their unemployment rate dropped from 40.9% to 31.6% (for men, the unemployment rate dropped by 7.7 percentage points).

Table 1-6 Gender, age and economic activity (working age population only)

All members (%) Males (%) Females (%) Age Active Employed Active Employed Active Employed 16-20 25.4 64.0 37.8 74.8 13.5 35.2 21-25 54.5 66.5 69.7 69.6 38.2 60.3 26-30 64.4 72.1 84.8 77.9 44.4 61.2 31-35 64.3 74.1 87.8 75.8 43.7 71.3

12  Alll members (%) Maless (%) Females (%) A Age Actiive Employeed Active Employed A Active Emplo oyed 36-40 71.3 777.6 89.4 79.4 56.8 75.4 4 41-45 76.5 777.2 96.0 80.7 59.8 72.3 4 46-50 76.7 799.7 92.0 83.8 62.1 74.0 51-55 78.0 800.7 92.0 83.9 65.8 76.9 56-60 69.8 744.7 82.9 79.4 52.2 64.6 61-65 75.0 666.7 75.0 66.7 0.0 0.0 T Total 60.9 744.4 77.1 78.1 45.2 68.4

As shown, thee lowest rates off economic activvity and employm ment are recordded for thee age group 16-25. To a certain n extent this is due d to the fact tthat roughly onee third off secondary scho ool graduates gett enrolled in uniiversities or vocaational schools, and is heence consideredd as economiically inactive. On the oth her hand, the high unnemployment ratte of those youn ng people, who choose c to work instead of contiinuing theeir education (an nd equally of yooung graduates) is most of all deetermined by thee high competition in th he labor market: with more ap pplicants than joobs, employers prefer fillling the job vacaancies with canddidates who havee more work exp perience. We have sttill recorded a poositive correlaation between n Chart 1--5 Education and economic activityy edducation level and economicc acttivity. Moreoveer, the ratio off Higher 69.1% 13.1% 17.8% unnemployed among thee Vocational 50.8% 20.9% 28.3% ecoonomically acttive population n with higher education e hass 39.1% 15.3% % 45.6% Secondary droopped from 266.7% in 2005 to o 15.9% in 2007. Yeet, about 30% off Basic 21.4% 11.5% 67.1% thoose with secondary orr voocational educattion fail to findd 0% % 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% % jobbs. In total, theyy comprise 75% % Employed Unem mployed Inactive off the unemployedd population. Comparing the t economic activity of people p with ddifferent professsional baackgrounds we found that craftsmen and enggineers show th he highest econnomic acttivity, which is quite logical considering that almost a ¾ of theem are older thaan 35. Neevertheless, every third econom mically active crraftsman and evvery fifth engin neer is faccing unemploym ment problems. Finding jobs seems to be mo ost difficult for people with graaduate degrees in i arts an nd culture: the un nemployment raate of these speccialists is as high as 35%.

13 Table 1-7 Professional background and economic activity

Professional background Active (%) Employed (%) Unemployed (%) Crafts 77.4 70.3 29.7 Engineering 73.5 79.2 20.8 Natural sciences 67.9 77.5 22.5 Pedagogy 65.9 87.2 12.8 Social sciences 65.2 88.0 12.0 Arts and culture 65.2 65.0 35.0 Agronomy 63.0 74.2 25.8 Linguistics 62.7 90.5 9.5 Economics 60.2 70.3 29.7 Medicine 54.1 73.7 26.3

The general proportions of employed, unemployed and economically inactive segments in urban and rural areas are similar to the results for 2005: the economic activity remains higher in urban settlements while the employment rate stays higher in rural settlements. At the same time, in the context of the countrywide increase of employment, the unemployment rate in Chart 1-6 Economic activity and place of residence Yerevan has dropped 100% from 30.3% to 24.9% 90% 80% and in rural areas from 70% 27.7% to 16.9%. It 60% appeared though that the 50% general positive 40% 30% development in terms of 20% employment had almost 10% no effect on urban 0% Other urban Rural Yerevan settlements other than settlements settlements Yerevan where more Employed 50.2 38.2 48.6 than 37% of the Unemployed 16.6 22.6 9.9 economically active Inactive 33.2 39.2 41.5 population still were lacking jobs. Compared to the nationwide average of 60.9% for economic activity, high rates of economic activity (65-73%) were recorded in Shirak, Armavir, Yerevan, Lori and Tavush, average rates (59-62%) in Vayots Dzor, Aragatsotn and Ararat, and low rates (42-57%) in Syunik, Kotayk and Gegharkunik.

14  At the same time, Ararat, Kotayk, Armavir and Aragatsotn are ahead of all other regions in terms of employment (over 80% of economically active population employed), whereas in Lori, Syunik and Shirak the employment rate hardly reaches 60%.

Table 1-8 Regional indicators of economic activity

Economically active Employed Marz Percent Rank Percent Rank Yerevan 66.8 3 75.1 5 Aragatsotn 61.0 6 80.6 4 Ararat 58.9 7 84.8 1 Armavir 67.3 2 84.0 3 Gegharkunik 41.8 10 72.7 6 Lori 65.2 4 58.5 10 Kotayk 43.7 9 84.4 2 Shirak 73.4 1 60.6 9 Syunik 57.0 8 60.6 9 Vayots Dzor 62.9 5 69.7 7 Tavush 65.2 4 63.8 8 Total 60.9 74.4

Unemployment statistics

Our survey allowed estimating that a total of 291,000-336,000 economically active residents of Armenia are currently seeking jobs. More than half of them are males and about 28% is younger than 26 years of age. The gender and age breakdown of the unemployed population is approximated in Table 1-8 (all figures are based on the estimated minimum number of unemployed).

Table 1-9 Estimated gender and age breakdown of the unemployed population

Total Males Females Age Absolute Absolute Absolute Percent Percent Percent number number number 16-20 10.4 30,400 5.3 15,400 5.1 15,000 21-25 17.6 51,300 10.6 30,800 7.1 20,500 26-30 13.7 39,800 7.1 20,500 6.6 19,300 31-35 9.9 28,700 5.9 17,100 4.0 11,600 36-40 9.4 27,300 4.9 14,000 4.6 13,300

15  Total Males Females Age Absolute Absolute Absolute Percent Percent Percent number number number 41-45 12.6 36,800 6.2 18,000 6.5 18,800 46-50 12.2 35,500 5.7 16,700 6.5 18,800 51-55 7.6 22,300 3.5 10,300 4.1 12,000 56-60 5.6 16,300 3.1 9,000 2.5 7,300 61-65 0.9 2,600 0.9 2,600 0 0 Total 100.0 291,000 53.1 154,400 46.9 136,600

HOUSEHOLD INCOME

Average monthly income

According to the estimates of the respondents, more than half of Armenian families (52.3%) live on less than Chart 1-7 Average monthly income of the households 50,000 AMD a 35.0% 29.1% month 30.0% (approximately 25.0% 23.2% 21.2% 143 USD at the 20.0% average exchange 14.5% 15.0% rate of 350 AMD 7.9% 10.0% for 1 USD in 4.0% February-March 5.0% 2007). About one 0.0% fifth of the Up to 20,000 20,001-50,000 50,001- 100,001- More than Refused to AMD AMD 100,000 AMD 200,000 AMD 200,000 answer households generate incomes of 50,000-100,000 AMD and 18.5% earn more than 100,000 AMD. Based on the declared figures, the mean gross monthly income of the households could be estimated as 71,000 AMD, and the mean per capita monthly income as 18,000 AMD.

Perceptions of the living standard

Given the general inclination of the respondents to underestimate their actual incomes, we have also addressed the subjective perceptions of the survey participants regarding the living standard of their households. The respondents were asked to assess their living standard as compared to the population of their community and the country at large. Charts 1-7 and 1-8 on the next page illustrate the breakdowns of responses to both questions.

16  Chart 1-8 Living standard as Chart 1-9 Living standard as compared to the population of the compared to the population of the Lower community Low Refused country than Low 13.3% to answer Refused average 25.4% 0.6% to answer 15.6% 1.9% High Lower 1.1% than High average 0.8% Higher than 23.8% Higher average than 6.5% average 4.1%

Average Average 62.9% 44.0%

As shown, the majority of the respondents feel that their living standard is comparable with other households of their community. Nonetheless, almost half of the respondents (49.2%) supposed their living standard is below country average. However understated the actual household income might be, it was interesting to correlate it with the perceived standard of living. It appeared that what people call high living standard is a mean monthly income of 266,000 AMD, and what is thought to be country average living standard is a mean income of 87,000 AMD.

Table 1-10 Perceptions of the living standard vs. declared household income

Gross monthly income, Per capita monthly Perceived living standard AMD (mean) income, AMD (mean) High 266,000 52,000 Higher than average 187,000 49,000 Average 87,000 21,000 Lower than average 60,000 15,000 Low 34,000 9,000

Sources of household income

As in 2005, the majority of respondents claimed that the main source of their household income is either salary (48.1%) or pension (19.8%). 13.2% of the households get their main income from private business (agricultural or other). Among additional income sources, pensions and social assistance still prevailed (35.7%). Another one third of the respondents stated that they earn additional income by cultivating the homestead land (33.2%). For 6.2% of the households, the main source of income is financial assistance from relatives permanently or temporarily living abroad (note: in 2005 monetary

17 remmittances were the main sourcce of income off 4.5% of the h households). Annother 7.33% mentioned remittances ass an additional source of inccome and hencce the peercentage of fammilies receiving assistance from abroad a equals 111.8%. Extrapolaated to thee total number of households with a calculateed margin errorr of 1.7%, this would w meean that in the beginning of 20007 there were between 79,0000-105,000 houseeholds recceiving remittan nces from abroadd.

C HAP TER 2. LABOR MIG RATION RAT T ES

CO OUNTRY DATA A

The survey reeported involvem ment of 14.5% of the surveyedd households in n labor miigration in the period p of Januarry 2005 – April 2007. If we exxtrapolate this data d to thee universal set of 778,667 houuseholds (with 95% 9 confidencee level and calcculated maargin error of 1.8%), we can estimate e the actuual number of h households thatt were invvolved in labor miigration as 999,000- Chart 2-1 Invollvement of househ holds in labor 1227,000 (or 12.7-116.3% migration Involved in n off the total labor hoouseholds). This migration n 14.5% could mean an inccrease as compared to o the peeriod covered by b the 20002-2004 survey when it was estimatedd that Not in nvolved in laabor about 14% off the migrration surrveyed houseeholds 85.5% weere involved in labor miigration. Howevver, a closer loo ok at the findin ngs of both survveys showed th hat the inccrease, in fact, has h been very sm mall: the percentage of househo olds involved in n labor miigration each year has varied beetween 8-9% an nd the average yyearly increase did not exceed 0.5%. Traanslated into staatistical languagee and adjusted to reflect the margin m errror, this might as well mean no increase i at all. As in 2005, in n the overwhelmming majority of o cases (80.6%)), one member of the fammily had left to work w abroad; 155.5% of the fam milies had two lab bor migrants andd only 1.88% had three miigrants. As to the actuual labor migrattion rate (percen ntage of populattion involved in n labor miigration), the 2007 2 survey repported involvem ment of 3.4% of the membeers of surrveyed households in labor migration pro ocess in 2005--2006. This alllowed approximating thee absolute numb ber of labor migrrants as 96,000 – 122,000 or 3.00-3.8% off Armenia’s de juure population (cconsidering the estimated 0.4% margin error).

188  In the two-year period between January 2005 and December 2006, the majority of the migrants (51.6%) conducted two or three trips (40.1% and 11.5% accordingly). The modified survey questionnaire allowed getting rather precise estimates of the yearly labor migration rates for 2005 and 2006. According to the acquired data, 54,000-74,000 migrants left Armenia to work abroad in 2005, and 60,000-81,000 Armenians were involved in labor migration in 2006. At that, roughly 70% of the migrants should have returned to Armenia by the end of 2006, leaving a negative net migration of 29,000-35,000. Another finding was that the 2005-2006 labor migration flow was mostly comprised of those migrants who have worked abroad before the examined period. At the same time, the majority of those who were involved in labor migration before 2005, have actually stopped looking for employment abroad (see Charts 2-2 and 2-3).

Chart 2-2 Migration activity of those Chart 2-3 Structure of the 2005-2006 who worked abroad before 2005 flow 80.0% 80.0% 70.0% 70.0% 60.0% 67.6% 60.0% 50.0% 50.0% 59.4% 40.0% 40.0% 40.6% 30.0% 30.0% 32.4% 20.0% 20.0% 10.0% 10.0% 0.0% 0.0% Involved in labor Not involved in labor Involved in labor Not involved in labor migration in 2005-2006 migration in 2005-2006 migration before 2005 migration before 2005

LABOR MIGRATION OF URBAN AND RURAL POPULATION

Our survey recorded two remarkable differences between the 2002-2004 and 2005-2006 migration flows: a) an increased involvement of the rural population in labor migration and b) a significant reduction of labor migrants from Yerevan. Whereas in the period of 2002-2004, the migration rate in urban areas was almost two times higher than in rural areas (5.4% and 2.8% respectively), the 2007 data showed that the migration activity of the urban and rural population is almost the same. Moreover, the percentage of households involved in migration is higher in rural areas. At the same time, the migration rate of urban settlements has decreased mostly due to reduced migration activity from Yerevan: the percentage of households involved in labor migration has dropped from 10.5% to 7.3% and the migration rate was almost cut in half (4.2% for the period of 2002-2004 against 2.4% for the period of 2005-2006). Table 2-1 on the next page compares the results of 2007 and 2005 surveys.

19 Table 2-1 Migration activity of the urban and rural population

Household involvement (%) Migration rate (%) Type of settlement 2005-2006 2002-2004 2005-2006 2002-2004 Yerevan 7.3 10.5 2.4 4.2 12.3 15.2 3.6 5.4 Other urban settlements 18.1 17.9 4.9 6.1 Rural settlements 15.0 15.0 12.1 12.1 3.5 3.5 2.8 2.8

In our view, the reasons for the above-mentioned changes can be found in the dynamics of the Armenian labor market that were described in Chapter 1. The countrywide unemployment rate has decreased, mostly benefiting rural areas and Yerevan. However, the overwhelming majority of the rural population is self- employed – engaged in small-scale farming, which is a seasonal activity and does not generate a sustainable and high enough income. In other words, not enough for normal living, but enough to cover travel costs to abroad, where they will look for employment. The situation in Yerevan is different. In most of the cases there, employment means a more or less permanent job, which only a few people would sacrifice for the sake of trying their luck in a foreign country. In the context of recent developments in the labor market, the population of other urban settlements of Armenia remains most vulnerable with limited opportunities to engage in agriculture on the one hand, and a very week private sector as compared to Yerevan on the other. Scarce jobs in the towns, coupled with knowledge of successful migration experiences of friends and relatives, may indeed result in viewing migration as the only way out of a dire financial situation.

REGIONAL SPECIFICS OF LABOR MIGRATION

As in 2002-2004, the highest migration rates were recorded in Shirak and Lori. Table 2-2 summarizes the data on migration activity of all regions of Armenia.

Table 2-2 Estimation of labor migration rates and absolute number of migrants

Migration rate (%) Absolute number of migrants Region As recorded Maximum As recorded Maximum Yerevan 2.4 3.0 26,500 33,300 Aragatsotn 4.7 6.9 6,500 9,500 Ararat 3.3 4.6 9,000 12,600 Armavir 2.9 4.2 8,000 11,500 Gegharkunik 2.9 4.3 6,900 10,200 Lori 5.7 7.5 16,300 21,500 Kotayk 3.0 4.3 8,200 11,600

20  Migration rate (%) Absolute numb ber of migrants R Region As recorded Maximum As recorded Maximum Shirak 8.8 10.9 25,000 31,000 Syunik 1.2 2.3 1,800 3,500 V Vayots Dzor 5.7 9.4 3,200 5,300 T Tavush 2.1 8.3 7,700 11,100 T Total 3.6 4.0 115,700 129,200

According to our data, more than half of thee Armenian miggrants working abroad a in 2005-2007 weree from Shirak, Yerevan Y and Lorii (56.4% in aggrregate).

CHAPTER R 3. SOCIO- DEM D OGRAP HIC H PROF ILE E OF LABO R M IG R A NT S

G ENDER AND AGE A BREAKDO OWN

According to o the results of the survey, thee proportion off female migran nts has siggnificantly decreeased. The perceentage of womeen migrants dro opped from 14.1% in 20002-2004 to 6.55% in 2005- 20006. This changge was most Chart 3--1 Gender breakdo own of the labor pro obably determiined by the migrants Females siggnificant increaase of the 6.5% em mployment rate of women in Arrmenia. Extrapolation n of the data Males to the generall population 93.5% allowed estimatingg the absolute nuumber of malee and female miigrants: 96,000-1121,000 males an nd 6,000-8,000 females. This means labor migrationm of att least 13.1% of o the ecoonomically activve males and a maximum m of 1.7% % of the econom mically active fem males. Duue to the very smmall absolute nuumber of women n migrants it seeemed unreasonaable to compare any other data by genderr. The age-specific migration rattes have mostly remained the saame. The only notable n diffference was thee increased migrration activity off the age group of 21-25. As a result, rouughly half of th he migrants who o travelled abroaad in 2005-20066 belonged to th he age grooup of 21-40 annd another half to the age group of 41-60.

21 Table 3-1 Age-specific migration rates

Age group Migration rate (%) Percent of migrants 16-20 0.3 0.8 21-25 7.6 19.2 26-30 6.1 12.3 31-35 6.4 10.0 36-40 4.9 7.7 41-45 8.5 16.5 46-50 8.1 17.2 51-55 6.9 9.6 56-60 5.2 5.7 61-65 2.0 1.1 Total (ages 16-65) 5.6 100.0

MARITAL STATUS AND FAMILY RELATIONSHIP

The majority of migrants were married (76.2%), 21.1% were single, 1.1% were divorced and 1.5% were widowed. And again, in the overwhelming majority of cases the migrant was either the head of the family (male) or his son.

Table 3-2 Relation of the migrant to the head of the family

Relation Percent Son 44.8 Head of the household (male) 42.1 Grandson 4.6 Daughter 3.1 Head of the household (female) 0.8 Wife of the head of household 0.8 Other male relative 1.9 Other female relative 1.9 Total 100.0

22 EDUCATION AND PROFESSIONAL BACKGROUND

The breakdown of labor migrants by level of education generally repeated the findings of the 2005 survey. More than 75% of the migrants who left to work abroad in 2005-2006 had either secondary or secondary professional (vocational) education (43.3 and 33.0% accordingly), and about 20% had a bachelor’s or master’s degree. According to the results of the survey, in the period of 2005-2006 one out of ten economically active Armenians with secondary or vocational education was employed abroad. The migration activity of people with higher education was about 1.7 times lower.

Table 3-3 Migration activity and education

Education Migration rate (%) Secondary 11.0 Secondary professional 11.4 Higher 6.9

These results were quite predictable, given the shortage of jobs in Armenia for people with secondary and vocational education. As mentioned above, professional education was obtained by 52.9% of the migrants. Hence, formally, the remaining 47.1% do not have any profession. Having no certificate or diploma of professional education, they could, however, learn various crafts in the course of their lives. The majority of migrants, who have acquired higher or Chart 3-2 Education level of the labor migrants

secondary professional education, Higher 19.9% None are either craftsmen or engineers 0.4% (30.3% and 29.4% respectively). Elementary 0.4% In third place come economists Vocational Basic (11.8%). This breakdown reflects 33.0% secondary 3.1% the countrywide data on both the general professional breakdown Complete of the population and the secondary employment status of various 43.3%

professional groups. As discussed earlier in Chapter 1, there is a significant surplus of craftsmen, engineers and economists in the Armenian labor market. Coupled with the high demand for skilled workers abroad, and especially in the construction industry in Russia, this helps explaining why these professional groups tend to show much higher migration activity than the others.

23 EMPLOYMENT HISTORY IN THE HOME COUNTRY

41.4% of the labor migrants were involved in some paid activity in Armenia before 2005. The unemployed majority did not work in Armenia, either because there were no jobs available for people of their qualification (59.0%) or because the offered wages were too low (17.4%). Chart 3-3 Migrants' employment in Armenia More than half of those who were employed had Permanent job permanent jobs, while 51.9% the others had Unemployed Employed seasonal or occasional 58.6% 41.4% Seasonal job jobs. 21.9%

The biggest group Occasional of the employed jobs 26.2% migrants (or roughly one third) was employed in the construction industry. In contrast, the 2005 survey reported that most of the migrants who worked abroad in the period of 2002-2004 and were employed in Armenia before 2002 were working in the services industry, while construction rated second. This shift can be reasonably attributed to the growth of the construction industry in Armenia and hence an increased demand in the workforce over the last years. Table 3-4 compares the main spheres of employment of labor migrants in the home country before 2005 and before 2002.

Table 3-4 Main sphere of employment in Armenia

Sphere Before 2005 (%) Before 2002 (%) Construction 32.1 16.3 Manufacturing 15.0 9.3 Agriculture 11.3 15.9 Transport 10.3 6.6 Services 9.1 22.9 Trade 7.7 15.4 Education 4.3 4.4 Other 10.2 9.2 Total 100.0 100.0

24  The majority of migrants were employed in the private sector (59.7%), less than 20% - in state institutions and 21% were self-employed, including farmers (7.7%). According to the majority of respondents, the average monthly income of their migrant relatives did not exceed 50,000 AMD (or 106 USD at the average exchange rate of 470 AMD for 1 USD in February-March 2005) at the time they worked in Armenia (60.2%). Each fifth migrant was earning 50,000-100,000 AMD and only 3.7% received more than 100,000 AMD a month. The calculated mean of the migrants’ monthly income in Armenia was 44,000 AMD (or about 94 USD). The 2005 survey reported almost the same average monthly income of those who were working in Armenia before 2002 (46,000 AMD). In the majority of cases (62.1%), while working in Armenia the migrants were earning less than half of the household income, generating an average of 42.5% of the gross monthly income. Hence an average family should have had a monthly income of about 104,000 AMD (or 220 USD) before the time the migrant left abroad. A somewhat higher figure was found in 2005: the average monthly income of the families who got involved in labor migration in 2002-2005 was estimated at 117,000 AMD (or 250 USD). We do not have a better explanation to the decrease in average income of these families than suggesting that during 2007 survey the respondents could have underreported their incomes differently than in 2005.

Chart 3-4 Average monthly income of Chart 3-5 Migrants' income as percent of migrants in Armenia the gross household income 50.0% 50.0% 40.1% 39.5% 40.0% 40.0%

30.0% 30.0% 22.0% 22.6% 20.8% 20.1% 20.0% 20.0% 15.9% 14.1% 10.0% 10.0% 3.7% 1.2% 0.0% 0.0% Up to 20,000 20,001-50,000 50,001-100,000 100,001- Refused to Less than 25-50% 50-75% 75-100% Refused to AMD AMD AMD 200,000 AMD answer 25% answer

CHAPTER 4. THE LABOR MIGRATION PROCESS

MAP OF LABOR MIGRATION FROM ARMENIA IN 2005-2007

The Russian Federation continues to be the most popular country of destination for Armenian labor migrants. Moreover, the percentage of migrants who worked in Russia has increased from 88% in 2002-2004 to 93% in 2005-2006. Although the absolute number of migrants who travelled to other countries (32 out of both samples) left no opportunity for any meaningful quantitative analysis, the sample of

25 the qualitative survey included some migrants from the non-Russian flow and their experience is covered in Chapter 7.

Table 4-1 Countries of destination

Number of Country Percent cases Russia 418 92.9 USA 8 1.8 Ukraine 7 1.6 Spain 5 1.1 Kazakhstan 4 0.9 France 3 0.7 Greece 2 0.4 Austria 1 0.2 Georgia 1 0.2 Sudan 1 0.2 Total 450 100.0

When asked about the reasons for choosing the country of destination, more than ¾ of the migrants have mentioned friends and relatives living in the country. Another strong argument was that finding a job there seemed easier than in other countries. Other reasons included knowing the language, low barriers for entering the country, and a large Armenian Diaspora. Given this combination, Russia indeed seems a perfect choice.

Table 4-2 Factors determining the choice of the country

Factor Percent Relatives/friends live there 76.6 It is easier to find a job there 61.7 I know the language 29.9 It is easier to enter the country (no visa required) 14.9 Many Armenians live there 10.0

With the overwhelming majority of Armenian labor migrants looking for jobs in Russia, mapping the labor migration flow meant reformulating the key question of “to which country” to “where in Russia”. The survey again reported that most of the migrants looked for jobs in Moscow (39.8%). Table 4-2 presents the breakdown of Armenian migrants by seven federal okrugs (regions) of Russia and the most popular destinations within each region.

26 Table 4-3 Final destination of the Armenian migrants in Russia

Federal okrug Percent Most popular destinations Central 48.6 Moscow, Podmoskovye Volga 13.3 Samara, Orenburg, Perm Southern 10.0 Rostov, Sochi, Stavropol Far Eastern 8.8 Khabarovsk, Yakutsk, Vladivostok Northwestern 6.5 St. Petersburg, Syktyvkar Siberian 6.5 Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk Urals 6.2 Chelyabinsk, Tyumen, Yekaterinburg

PREPARATION OF THE TRIP

An encouraging finding of the 2007 survey was that the majority of the migrants have planned and made the necessary arrangements for their trips in advance. Most of the migrants (70.4%) have found the job prior to leaving Armenia and the majority of this group already had certain agreements regarding the job such as job description, salary and working conditions. In contrast, the 2005 survey reported that every second migrant who left to work abroad in 2002- Chart 4-1 Preliminary agreements regarding the job 2004 did not have any 100% idea about the salary he 80% would get and every third did not know 60%

what type of job he 40% would be doing. 20%

The motivation of 0% Working Job description Salary the migrants to secure conditions a job and clarify the No agreement 11.1% 23.4% 19.2% terms before leaving is Some agreement 19.4% 47.0% 49.9% most probably Concrete agreement 69.5% 29.6% 30.9% determined by previous migration experiences - both personal and that of others. Another possible explanation to the increased predictability of future labor relations is that the percentage of migrants whose trips were organized through intermediaries increased from 55% to 65%. In most of the cases, the trips were arranged by friends and relatives of the migrant in the host country (28%); 12% of the migrants were assisted by a private intermediary abroad and about 10% used the services of a private intermediary in Armenia. Although the services of local and foreign recruitment agencies were used by a minority of migrants, their percentage had increased from 4.6 % in 2002-2004 to 7 % in 2005-2006.

27  The intermediaries mostly promised to assist the migrant in finding a job (76.4%). Others promised covering the travel cost (33.6%), paying for accommodation and food (22.8%), helping find accommodation (20.4%) or lending money (12.8%). Just as in 2005, the overwhelming majority of the respondents claimed that the intermediaries had fulfilled their commitments completely or at least in part (83% and 12.6% respectively). About 30% of the migrants did not plan the duration of their last trip (in 2005 this group constituted 40.3% of the migrants). The majority of the remaining 70% were planning to stay in the destination country for 6 months to 1 year, and less than 9% planned to stay longer. As in 2005, the average planned duration of the trips was estimated at 8 months.

THE STAY IN THE HOST COUNTRY: EMPLOYMENT AND INCOME

Seasonality and actual duration of the trip

The results of the Chart 4-2 Seasonality of labor migration survey are consistent 45.0 with the findings of 40.0 2005 in terms of 35.0 picturing the seasonal 30.0 Departure

specifics of labor 25.0 Return migration flows. 20.0

Over 75% of the 15.0 migrants left Armenia 10.0 by the end of spring, 5.0

March being the most 0.0

active month for Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

departures. The majority of migrants (78%) returned to Armenia between October and December, but mostly closer to the New Year. As for the duration of the last trip, the majority of migrants stayed abroad for 5- 10 months (68.9%) and the mean duration of the trips coincided with the planned duration of 8 months. (Note: the 2005 survey reported that the majority of migrants spent longer time in the destination country than planned.)

Table 4-4 Actual vs. planned duration of the last trip

Duration Actual (%) Planned (%) Less than 6 months 25.7 33.7 6 months to 1 year 68.5 57.5 Longer than a year 5.8 8.8

28 Employment

Over 80% of the migrants have started working in less than a month after arrival in the host country. Moreover, for 54.7% of the migrants it took less than a week to start working. These results were quite predictable, considering that the majority of the migrants have made the arrangements for the job before arriving in the country. Quite reasonably, about 70% of those who did find a job before leaving Armenia started working 1-3 days after arrival. In contrast, those who were planning to look for a job after arrival got employed on average in 32 days and about 8% of them never found a job. More than two thirds of the migrants were hired for seasonal or one-time assignments and the overwhelming majority was employed in the construction industry. Although the general proportions of type and spheres of employment have remained the same as recorded in 2005, the spheres of employment in 2005-2006 were less diversified: the percentage of migrants employed in industries other than construction dropped from 38% to 22.2%.

Table 4-5 Spheres of employment in the host country

Sphere 2005-2006 (%) 2002-2004 (%) Construction 77.3 62.0 Trade 5.3 11.5 Professional services 3.4 10.6 Other services 4.3 Manufacturing 4.4 7.2 Transport 2.3 3.4 Other 3.0 5.3 Total 100.0 100.0

As for the legal regulation of labor relations, the situation remained unchanged. Still only a few of the migrants had a written employment contract, whereas in the vast majority of cases the relations with the employer were based on a verbal agreement. Although the number of migrants who had written contracts with the employers had slightly increased and the percentage of those who did not even had a verbal agreement regarding the general terms of the employment before starting to work had somewhat dropped, these changes are relatively insignificant. At the same time, despite the risk the migrants (and also the employers) were taking when entering into labor relations without a proper legal basis, we would rather assume that both sides were in most cases rather satisfied with the outcome. About 84% of the migrants said the employer has fully adhered to the terms of initial agreement (be it written or oral), and another 14.4% said the negotiated conditions were provided in part. Understandably, the employers prefer informal labor relations 29 beecause that hellps them Chart 4-3 Reg gulation of employment relations avoid paying taxxes. (The 80.0% cauuses and conssequences 70.0% off illegal employyment are 60.0% disscussed in moree detail in 50.0% 40.0% Chhapter 7 of this report.) r 30.0% 20.0% The mean duuration of 10.0% thee migrants’ working day 0.0% waas estimated at 10 hours, Written W O Oral No whhich is in liine with contract c agreeement agreemeent preevious findingss (2005). 2007 survey 12.2% 74.1% 8.8% % Thhe majority of the 2005 survey 11.5% 72.3% 11.9% % miigrants (52.1% %) were woorking full-tim me (8-10 hoours), 37.3 % worked w 11-12 hours h a day, and only 6.4% w worked part-timee (1-7 hoours). The remaiining 4.1% of the t migrants claiimed to work m more than 12 ho ours a daay. Less than haalf of the migraants had taken regular r days offf (46.4%); 35.6%% had daays-off on an irreegular basis, whiile 18% did not have h any days off. Regarding rem muneration of the t migrants, th he survey reportted a more than n 50% ncome (from 410 USD in 2005 to 643 USD in 2007). inccrease of the aveerage monthly in Mo ore than half of o those who wo orked abroad inn 2005-2006 earrned 400-800 USDU a mo onth. Given thee mean monthlyy income of 6433 USD and the mean duration of the trip p (8 months), ann average migran nt should have received r a total iincome of aboutt 5140 USSD.

Chart 4-4 Averrage monthly inco ome of the migran nts 50.0%

40..0%

30.0%

20.0%

100.0%

0 0.0% 20055 survey Up to 201-400 4001-600 2007 survey 200 USD USD 601-800 USD 801-1000 11001- USD USD More 1500 than 1500 USD USD

Up to 200 801-1000 1001-1500 More th han 201-400 USD 401-600 USD 601-8000 USD USD U USD USD 1500 USSD 2007 survey 4.5% 22.6% 30.1% 23.33% 11.9% 4.7% 2.8% % 2005 survey 200.3% 47.7% 22.6% 4.1% 3.0% 2.3% 0.0% %

300  At the same time, it is important to mention that considering the depreciation of the US dollar over the last two years, the significant increase of the absolute figures does not mean that the real incomes of migrants have grown as much. Their average monthly income has de facto risen by 16% only - from 193,000 AMD (equal to 410 USD in the beginning of 2005 given the exchange rate of 470 AMD for 1 USD) to 224,000 AMD (equal to 643 USD in the beginning of 2007 given the exchange rate of 350 AMD for 1 USD). Considering the increase of prices in Armenia, even this 16% rise in real income is hardly enough to make any difference on the lives of the migrants’ families back in Armenia. In this context, it was not at all surprising that the average income the migrants said they need to get in Armenia not to leave abroad again was 200,000 AMD (or about 570 USD). In 2005, the same figure was as low as 340 USD.

Remittances

According to the respondents, one out of five migrants failed to send or bring money home during the last trip (19.5% or almost as much as reported by the 2005 survey - 18.8%). The majority of those migrants who succeeded to make savings sent money to their households for the first time within one to two months after their departure (69.3%). The survey reported that a slightly increased number of migrants preferred bank transfers to cash transfers through private people. In total, 86.2% of the migrants have made bank transfers at least once during the last trip and 15.5% transferred money through individuals (the 2005 survey reported 84.8% of the migrants using bank transfers and 21.0% making cash transfers). In addition, more than half of the migrants have brought some of the earnings themselves. The average total amount of money sent (brought) by each migrant to the family during the last trip was estimated at 2720 USD, which (again in absolute terms) means an increase of about 75% as compared to the average of 1540 USD estimated in 2005. Considering the approximated total income of 5140 USD, an average migrant should have been spending about 47% of the incomes in the destination country and sending the remaining 53% to the family in Armenia. As discussed in Chapter 2, the extrapolation of the survey data allowed estimating the absolute number of migrants at 54,000-74,000 in 2005 and 60,000-81,000 in 2006, meaning a total of 114,000-155,000 trips abroad in the period of 2005-2006. According to the results of the survey, 80.5% of these trips (or between 91,000 and 124,000) should have been “effective”. Therefore, the total amount of monetary remittances received from the labor migrants could be estimated at 250-339 million US dollars for the whole period, or 118-162 million in 2005 and 131-177 million in 2006. Overall, the 2007 survey recorded that in the period of 2005-2006 about 60% of the remittances (or 149-202 million US dollars) should have been wired through banks.

31  Other than money, about 30% of the migrants have sent or brought to Armenia food, clothes, durable products, and vehicles of an estimated mean value of 700 USD.

HOUSING CONDITIONS IN THE HOST COUNTRY

While working abroad, more than half of the migrants (50.7%) were paying for the accommodation: either renting apartments - alone or with friends and relatives (42.5%), or paying for rooms in dormitories or hotels (8.2%). At that, the percentage of those who shared the rent with friends or relatives has significantly increased (from 9.6% to 22.9%), whereas fewer migrants were able to afford to rent separate housing (19.6% as compared to 29.0% in 2002-2004). There can be several reasons for this: the growing prices at the real estate market in Russia; the continuous appreciation of the Armenian currency, and hence the need to make bigger savings to be able to support the family; and also a weaker feeling of safety of Armenians living and working in Russia, and particularly in Moscow as reported in the qualitative part of the survey.

Table 4-6 Types of housing

Option 2005-2006 (%) 2002-2004 (%) Rented a room, flat or house with relatives or friends 22.9 9.6 Rented a separate room, flat or house 19.6 29.0 Relatives or friends accommodated him in their house 17.3 20.5 Lived at the workplace 17.2 27.5 The employer accommodated him in his house 11.9 3.8 Lived in a dormitory 8.0 6.7 Employer rented a flat 1.1 0.0 Owns an apartment or house 0.8 0.9 Other 1.2 2.0 Total 100.0 100.0

Over 90% of the migrants were satisfied with their housing conditions rating them either as very good (25.5%) or sufficient (65.0%). At that, almost 75% of the migrants said the housing conditions in the host country were either the same or even better than those in Armenia (25.9% and 45.1% respectively). The increased satisfaction with the housing conditions as compared to 2005 was most probably determined by the fact that fewer migrants dwelled at workplaces and more migrants were offered to share apartments with the employers (2005 survey reported that every third migrant felt the housing conditions abroad were worse than in Armenia).

32  CHAPTER R 5. LABOR M IGRAT ION : CAU S ES A N D EFF ECT S

RE EASONS FOR LABOR L MIGRAT TION

It would be lo ogical to expect that t in the conteext of the generaal development of the Arrmenian labor market m over the last few years the t main reasons behind the deecision to migrate should have changed to some extent. Indeed, I although h in an overwheelming maajority of cases the migrants weere still driven by b employment problems in Arrmenia (933.5%) and the t gen neral argumeent Charrt 5-1 Main reason for f migration by orrigin of the thaat “there was no migrrant jobb in Armenia” wasw 50.66% 49.2% 60.0% % stilll mentioned mo ost 43.2% 44.2% Lack of jobs 50.0% % 35.3% freequently (46.5% %), 30.9% 40.0% % thiis opinion was no 30.0% % Lack of well-paid jobs lonnger supported by 20.0% % 11.8% thee majority of 3.6% % 3.0% Lack of profession n- 10.0% % specific jobs miigrants (in 20005, 0.0% % mo ore than half of Yerevan Other urban u Rural thee migrants statted settlem ments settlements

lacck of jobs in gen neral was the t maain reason for migration). m Almo ost as many migrrants (43.0%) strressed that the jobs in Arrmenia do not pay p enough. Additionally, the absence of profeession-specific jo obs in Arrmenia was meentioned almostt twice as often n as in 2005 (4.8% against 2.9%). 2 Ho owever, as disccussed above, the developmeent of the labo or market has been asyymmetrical and mostly benefited the population n of Yerevan. T The comparison of the maain reasons for migration m by oriigin of migrants reflected these disproportions rather cleearly (Chart 5-1). The connectiion beetween the age of Chart 5-2 Main reason for migratiion by age thee migrants and the t maain reasons for 70.0% 58.5% 5 51.0% miigration h has 60.0% 45.0% 44.2% 45.88% 44.2%

beecome even mo ore 50.0% 36.4% 29.5% siggnificant as 40.0% Lack of job bs compared to 2005. 30.0% Lack of welll-paid Ch hart 5-2 sho ows 20.0% jobs thaat about 60% of 10.0%

thee 21-30 age gro oup 0.0%

is concerned withw 21-30 31-40 41-50 51 + thee lack of jo obs, wh hereas in the age a

33 group of 31-40 this argument gave way to low wages. Above 40, the two reasons were given almost equal weight. These differences are still thought to be determined by the competitiveness of various age groups in the labor market. Among other reasons influencing the decision to look for employment abroad, the respondents most frequently mentioned the lack of prospects for Armenia’s development and the difficulty to run a private business in Armenia. However, each of these reasons was listed by less than 5% of the respondents.

FULFILLED AND UNFULFILLED EXPECTATIONS

As in 2005, the overwhelming majority of surveyed migrants stated that their last trip met their expectations in full or at least in part (88.7%) and only one out of ten migrants was dissatisfied with the trip. The migrants were Chart 5-3 Expectations from the last trip mostly planning to use the savings to provide for the Partly met Almost not basic needs of their families 25.5% met in Armenia. Every fourth 5.7% migrant was planning to earn Not met at all money to repair their house, 5.7% while about one fifth of them aimed at paying for education of their kids or purchasing Mostly met Fully met 20.8% durable products such as 42.5% furniture, household appliances, etc. Table 5-1 below summarizes the planned objectives of the labor migrants and the extent to which labor migration contributed to the achievement of those objectives.

Table 5-1 Plans to use the savings and the extent to which the plans were fulfilled

% of migrants % of migrants who Planned expenditures planning the mostly succeeded expenditure to fulfill the plans Covering on-going expenses (food, clothes, 86.7 52.6 public utilities, etc.) Repairing the house 24.0 20.4 Paying for education (tuition fees, etc) 20.9 55.3 Purchasing durable products (furniture, 19.3 32.2 appliances, car, other) Buying or building a house 16.0 12.5 Covering the costs of important family events 14.9 41.8 (such as weddings or anniversaries)

34  % of migrants % of migrants who Planned expenditures planning the mostly succeeded expenditure to fulfill the plans Paying off debts 8.7 56.4 Paying for healthcare 8.2 47.2 Setting up or enlarging private business 5.3 4.2 Acquiring means of production (equipment, 3.3 40.0 land, cattle, other)

C HA P T ER 6 . A SS E S SM EN T O F T HE M IG R A T I O N P OT EN T IA L

INTERNAL MIGRATION POTENTIAL

The 2007 survey reported that the rates of internal migration in Armenia remain significant. By the time of the survey (February – March 2007), 2.9% of the members of the surveyed households were residing in other settlements of Armenia, apart from their families. Another 6.7%, or approximately 1.5 times more people than in 2005, would like to move from their current place of residence to live or work in another settlement of Armenia and mostly in Yerevan (4.4%). At that, 2.2% of the members of the surveyed families had concrete plans to migrate in 2007, with 1.5% planning to settle in Yerevan. Extrapolated to the general population, these figures mean that in 2007 the number of internal migrants can potentially total 139,000-188,000 (80,000- 106,000 of which already residing away from their hometown or village and 59,000- 82,000 most probably moving in 2007). At that, by the end of 2007, Yerevan can potentially host a total of 69,000-105,000 migrants from different regions of Armenia (30,000-47,000 already living in Yerevan and another 39,000-58,000 planning to settle in Yerevan in 2007). The increasing internal migration activity is again thought to be conditioned by the current state of the Armenian labor market and the growing discrepancy between the capital and the rest of the country in terms of living standards and access to various goods and services. This is why the final destination of the majority of internal migrants is Yerevan, and the migration rate from Yerevan to other regions of Armenia is very low (0.8% as compared to 1.9% from other urban settlements and 2.7% from rural settlements).

35  Chart 6-1 Projected rates of internal migration in 2007 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% From other From rural From Yerevan urban settlements settlements To Yerevan 0.0% 1.3% 1.8% To other settlements 0.8% 0.6% 0.9%

According to the survey, the 2007 migration flow to Yerevan will mostly involve migrants from the Shirak, Kotayk, Armavir and Lori regions. Over 70% of those who plan moving to Yerevan are younger than 35, half of whom are men and half women. At that, the majority of potential migrants plan to permanently reside in Yerevan (58%), while the others plan to temporary live, study or work in the capital.

EXTERNAL MIGRATION POTENTIAL

Labor migration

The survey found that 3.2% of the members of the surveyed households wished to leave the country to work abroad, which means that the percentage of people willing to work abroad has decreased more than twice since 2005 (6.9%). The survey allows suggesting that the rate of labor migration from Armenia in 2007 may vary within 2.5-3.3% of the de jure population of the country, involving a total of 80,000-106,000 migrants. According to our projections, the migration flow is mostly comprised of the migrants who have worked abroad in 2005-2006.

Table 6-1 Projected structure of labor migration flow in 2007

Group Percent Absolute number Migrants who worked abroad in 2005-2006 and 21.5 17,000 - 23,000 already left again in the beginning of 2007 Migrants who worked abroad in 2005-2006 and 42.5 36,500 - 48,000 planned to leave again in 2007

New migrants 33.0 26,500 - 35,000

Total 100.0 80,000-106,000

36  According to the results of the survey, 87% of those who either already left or plans to work abroad in 2007 are males and 13% are females. More than four fifths of them are 20-50 years old (81.6%). However, all these estimations are mostly based on the intentions of people, which may or may not be fulfilled in the end. Hence the actual migration rate may be lower than projected and the factual demographic structure of the migrants may vary from the expected. This primarily concerns the potential increase of the migration activity of women. The 2005 survey estimated the share of women among those who planned migrating in 2005 at about 12.0%, whereas after all they comprised only 6.5% of the migration flow. We therefore believe that there are not enough reasons to anticipate that the ratio of women migrants will be doubled in one year.

Permanent migration

As far as permanent emigration is concerned, 3.3% of the respondents’ family members would like to settle in foreign countries. This is much less than in 2005, when 5.1% of the surveyed household members wanted to emigrate from Armenia. The projected rate of this specific type of emigration (percentage of people that plan to move from Armenia in 2007) stands at 0.7-1.1% and is mostly within the interval estimated for 2005 (0.5-0.9%). Extrapolated to the general population this means 22,000-36,000 people plan to permanently emigrate in 2007. Similar to potential labor migrants, more than 80% of those who plan migrating permanently are younger than 50; however half of them are males and half females.

37  C HA P T ER 7 . LAB OR M IG R A T I ON B EYON D F IG UR ES

This analysis is based on the migrants’ detailed description of their migration experiences. The research helped to understand the cultural and psychological aspects of migration, to go deeper into the various aspects of the migration process and to develop a better understanding of the migrants’ views. The analysis presents who are the migrants, what kind of problems they face, what motivates them to leave Armenia, how they live abroad and how they assess their migration experience once they came back. It is a story of people whose families and homes are in Armenia, and who decide to live and work abroad for some time. The analysis also contains quotations from the interviews with the migrants, which give additional information about the migration process. The names of the respondents are invented, but other information (gender, age and hometown or village of the respondent) is real.

WHO ARE THE MIGRANTS?

Based on the analysis of the in-depth interviews, we have identified five main groups of migrants, whom we call: “provident fathers”, “patronized migrants”, “fish in the water”, “amateur migrants” and “happy migrants”. Migration stories gathered from the interviewed allowed us to construct these conditional groups based on several characteristics and features. Some of the features are closely related to each other, such as the migrants’ main reason of leaving, how they left and found a job abroad, their living conditions in the hosting countries, their adaptation and socialization in the host country, their occupation and lifestyle, their sense of security and main problems they faced while abroad. It is important to take into consideration the specifics of the groups: x Clearly, the “borders” of the groups are flexible. It means that the migrant can change features and, after some time, join a different group; x The groups are constructed as ideal, generalized categories, so there can be migrants who do not match all the characteristics of one or another group; x The names of the groups are chosen as to highlight the most distinctive aspect, which influences other features.

“Provident fathers”

The “provident fathers” are usually middle-aged and older males, who have a secondary or a secondary professional education. They generally live in small cities and villages of Armenia and leave for Russia to work in the construction industry. The main reason for leaving is to earn money to provide for their families. They usually join a construction team before they leave Armenia or they join such a team as soon 38 as they arrive in Russia. The “provident fathers” are the most informed ones among those who leave for Russia, they obtain more detailed information about the job they are going to do, the salary they will get, the place where they will stay and whether the employer will provide them with food. A vast majority of “provident fathers” are illegal migrants (having no work permit and not being registered) and have to avoid problems stemming from the lack of their regular migration and employment status. The “provident fathers” mainly socialize within their group and rarely leave the construction site. On the one hand, they fear sanctions from the police. On the other, they fear assaults or abuse from radical nationalists, so called “skinheads”, especially in Moscow. They realize that they differ from the local population in their manner of acting, talking, and thus, cannot avoid being noticed by the law enforcement or the national extremists. This group of migrants often have a feeling of not being safe, especially when in Moscow. However, they come back to Armenia satisfied with the money earned and are likely to leave again. The “provident fathers” describe their time during migration as “not life” meaning that employment in Russia is a mean to sustain their “real lives” in Armenia.

“Patronized migrants”

The main feature of this group is that they leave the country and stay with their relatives. They feel more secure because they can rely on somebody who has, more or less, settled in the host country. The vast majority of this group is middle-aged males, who work mainly in Russia, but some of them leave for other countries of the CIS. In this group we find also women and young men. “Patronized migrants” have much in common with the “provident fathers”, but in this group we also met people with higher education. In comparison with the “provident fathers”, the “patronized migrants” do not come from small towns and villages of Armenia, but from bigger cities such as Yerevan or Gyumri. The reasons for leaving are the same as for the “provident fathers”, but the fields of their occupation differ. Besides the construction sector, they also work in the trade and services. The vast majority of those migrants, who do not work in the Russian construction sector, belong to this group. The residence status of these migrants in the host country is mainly illegal. In comparison with the “provident fathers”, “patronized migrants” keep their legal status for a longer period and meet better the migration laws. (For example, “patronized migrants” might have residence and working permits for several months but then continue beyond their expiry, whereas “provident fathers” might have neither residence nor working permits). This group of migrants welcomes the culture of the host country and socializes faster and easier. The migrants belonging to this group are likely to go out more often being less afraid of the police because they have largely a regularized migration status. When they deal with representatives of the host nation, their relatives play the role of a mediator between the two cultures. This helps the migrant to become more familiar

39 with the culture, language and customs, to integrate into the social life of the host country. At the same time, those migrants who live in Moscow do not feel very safe, though they feel safer than the “provident fathers” as they have somebody they can rely on. Some of the patronized migrants will probably in the longer run leave their supporting relatives in order not to bother them anymore. The future of these migrants can have two different scenarios. First, many of those working in the field of construction in Russia, will most probably get the features of and will shift to “provident fathers” group. Second, the luckiest construction workers (those who become heads of teams) and those working in the field of trade or services will most probably shift to the “Fish in the water” group, described below.

“Fish in the water”

“Fish in the water” migrants are those who have migration experience and feel very safe, like a “fish in the water”. They are familiar with the customs of the host country. They have made friends there and established relations with the local population. They speak the language and they have integrated into the lifestyle of the receiving country. Thus, they are not only able to protect their interests but they are also in a position to negotiate and impose their demands. These migrants feel generally safe, though those living in Moscow still remain cautious. Because this group is considered as transitional, it is rather small and it is hard to find its members in Armenia since they mainly reside in the host country for extended periods of time and later, when they move their whole family to the host country, it becomes practically impossible to get any information about them. Most migrants of this group obtain Russian citizenship.

“Amateur migrants”

Three categories can be outlined in this group: 1) young men who want to leave their village or city, 2) women who go to see one of their family members or relatives living abroad and work during their stay, 3) students who leave Armenia for the USA to work during their holidays:

1. There is a group of young men who want to leave their village or city and move to another country just to experience life outside of Armenia. They cannot afford to visit other countries as tourists, but they know that their neighbors or relatives leave for work. In this case, labor migration is just an excuse to change their environment and at least to see whether all the things they have heard about Russia are true. They usually leave Armenia either with “provident fathers”, by becoming a member of the construction team, or they join their fathers or brothers already working in the host country. Their lifestyle is similar to that of “provident fathers.” But as they are young they adjust to the new environment easier and as they are more curious, they communicate with the local population more often. They usually are more courageous. They feel less responsible for 40  earning money, because contrary to “provident fathers”, they do not have the urgent responsibility to take care of their families. Most likely, some of these migrants will not leave Armenia for a second time.

2. Many women migrants belong to the group of “amateur migrants”. As a rule, they go to see one of their family members or relatives living abroad and work during their stay. They work because they do not want to lose the opportunity to earn some extra money or because they want to earn back the money they have spent on their ticket. These women’s way of life and living conditions are similar to those of the “patronized migrants”.

3. Students who leave Armenia for the USA to work during their holidays also belong to the group of “amateur migrants”. Their departure is motivated by their interest and willingness to learn new things rather than by the need to earn money. These young people freely communicate in English or easily improve their language abilities, which help them to adjust to a US lifestyle. Besides working hard, these young people actively communicate with different people, have an interesting time and enjoy themselves. They return to Armenia not only with significant savings but also with positive memories. They speak very highly of the US and as a rule they anxiously look forward to their next holiday (the next chance to leave). Of course, this does not mean they will certainly leave for US next year. This group includes a small number of migrants who reported to have problems with resettlement and with reintegration after their return. As a rule, shortly after their return they consider leaving again, seek various ways of leaving and they leave if possible. This is also typical for the next group - the “happy migrants”.

“Happy migrants”

“Happy migrants” are those young people (both male and female) who receive professional work invitations to work legally abroad. They work in Armenia as well, but their aim is to improve their professional qualification. Though they mention that they have earned much more money abroad, the main reason of leaving is not money. The “happy migrants” mainly leave for various EU countries. They feel very happy during their work abroad and they have many positive memories. They have a regularized immigration status in the host country and a signed contract with their employer. They are pleased both with their working relations and with the opportunity for professional growth. They appreciate their good working and living conditions. They say that all these conditions are much better than in Armenia. Besides the opportunity of self- fulfillment, the happy migrants value the fact that they felt themselves appreciated as professionals. Working abroad raises the competitiveness of these people in the labor market of Armenia and abroad. It also helps them to develop and establish themselves professionally. After return to Armenia this group has more problems with finding

41 their place in society than others. They have difficulties to adjust to the life rhythm and lifestyle of Armenia. They also have troubles with the limited and often not advanced working equipment and other work conditions. The vast majority of “happy migrants” will not miss another chance to go to work abroad and may settle there for good. These “happy migrants” contribute to the ‘brain drain’ from Armenia.

WHY DO THEY LEAVE?

We conditionally differentiate the main reasons of labor migration from the factors stimulating the migrants to make concrete decisions to leave Armenia.

Reasons for labor migration

The interviews allowed distinguishing three main reasons for labor migration from Armenia: x Absence of jobs in Armenia x The tradition of “khopan” (Armenian folk term for leaving to work abroad) x The wish to leave the village

Absence of jobs in Armenia It is hard to assess what is I was a barber in the village, but it was not understood under “absence of profitable, as I had many relatives and friends jobs”, since people perceive this there who I could not charge for my service. term differently: many mean the So I decided to leave, earn money and open absence of stable jobs, some mean my own barber’s shop. the absence of well-paid jobs and Arsen, 28, Arpi village some the absence of literally any type of job. Those migrants, who left for the first time in the 1990s, quoted most often the absence of any paid employment as the reason for leaving. Those, who left after 2000, complained about the lack of well-paid jobs. However, there are many who I was working before leaving. Now I work too. claim that absence of jobs was not I have a car repair shop near my house. When I the reason for them to leave since talked to them, they said I could earn $3000 they worked before migrating and monthly. I had a problem with my house, so I were registered as employed even decided to go. I don’t complain about my job during the migration period (e.g. here, but I don’t earn as much money. they took a leave). After returning Ararat, 33, Yerevan they continue working at the same places.

42 The tradition of going “khopan” The results of the interviews showed that in some villages, from which many men have been leaving to work abroad over a long period of time, labor Many people from Gavar leave for Russia to migration has become a traditional work. My friend was going to leave, too. I way of providing for families. Many also decided to leave. young men from these villages leave Vache, 25, Gavar to work abroad after they have completed their military service. At this point in time they have to think about how to earn money for their future family. These young men do not make serious efforts to find a job in Armenia; they just leave, as their fathers or uncles. In this case, the main reason for migration is the established tradition.

An aspiration to leave the village The aspiration to leave the village is not very widespread as a reason for migrating. When it is mentioned at all, it is mentioned mainly by young men, who I don’t like the village life; I won’t stay want to live in a more cultural and even if I have a job. socially vibrant environment than their Nerses, 28, Gavar village. They often try to settle in marz centers or Yerevan. There are many active people among them, who try their abilities in different fields both in Yerevan and marz centers. Possibly some time later, they understand that neither in Yerevan, nor in marz centers, can they find a job paying enough to rent a flat and cover their living costs. So in this case, leaving for Russia becomes an alternative and a realistic possibility for going away from the village, since working in Russia gives an opportunity to cover their living costs and save some money.

Factors stimulating the decision to work abroad

Main stimulating factors for making decisions to leave and work abroad were: x Heavy financial burdens at home x The opportunity to earn additional money x Offers to work abroad

People are faced with heavy financial burdens Very often people leave abroad when they face heavy additional expenses at home. There are people who work in Armenia and who are able to cover their everyday expenses. However, when there is a need of additional money to cover unexpected expenses, people do not see any other way to solve the problem than working abroad. These expenses are usually connected with the education of their children - hiring a tutor, paying the university fees or the need to support those 43 children who left to study in another town. Additional expenses appear also when one of the family members decides to marry, to buy or to renovate a flat, to start his/her own business etc.

An opportunity to earn additional money This is mainly applicable to one of the subcategories of the “amateur migrants” – women who go abroad to visit their husbands or other relatives and who do not want to lose the opportunity to earn some extra money during their stay. When planning their stay abroad, they also consider the period of their stay as an opportunity for earning some extra money, since the same job is better paid abroad. Thus, this factor does not directly stimulate the decision to leave, but rather the decision to work while abroad.

An offer to work abroad The offer to work abroad itself can generate a desire to leave and work abroad. It usually happens when construction teams are created in the villages to work in Russia. Aware that much more money can be earned during a short period of time in Russia, even those people, who have jobs in Armenia, decide to migrate to Russia. So it turns out, that in some cases an offer to work abroad awakes an intention to leave. Besides these mentioned reasons and factors, which are usually typical for those who leave for Russia, there are others as well, such as lay-off of staff, or the interest in foreign culture (in the case of young “amateur migrants” who leave for Russia or the USA), or the improvement of professional qualifications for those “happy migrants” who leave for EU countries. Irrespective of the migration reasons and stimulating factors the decision to migrate is generally strengthened by the following “wisdoms”: x Labor migration gives a chance to earn a lot of money in a short period of time. x Though each potential migrant knows unhappy stories about people working abroad, he knows even more migrants with “happy” stories.

HOW DO THEY LEAVE?

Describing the process of leaving for abroad and discussing the questions and details connected with this we can separate three main cases: x Leaving abroad to visit a friend or relative x Leaving abroad in a construction team x Leaving abroad to accept a work offer

44 Leaving abroad to a friend or relative

Some Armenian labor migrants leave abroad to visit a friend or a relative. We distinguish two groups of friends: 1) those who live in the host country and 2) those labor migrants, who have migration experience and are I called my Russian friend and told him I wanted working in the host country at the to leave. He said they would find something for moment. When joining a friend me at my arrival. We went to their “zhek” or a relative, it is accepted in [communal services agency] the next day I Armenia to say: “They have arrived. They said they needed a plumber. I called me”. That means the friend started to work and after a while I became a construction team leader. Now I take some is ready to help the migrant until people with me to Russia, but I work myself as the migrant can settle there. But well, otherwise I will be short of money. more often, the migrant decides to leave and work abroad, and Armen, 59, Yeghegnadzor then turns to his friend or relative for help. Friends usually do not say no. It is interesting that the existence of a friend abroad can itself become a motivation for leaving. The first group of friends (those who live in the host country) usually promises to help the migrant to find a job. In the beginning, the migrant lives at his friend’s place: that means his friend takes care of housing and food. As a rule, those who go abroad to join their friends do not know much beforehand about what to expect. They just know they have somebody in the host country. There are some people, among those who go abroad to their friends, who only have the guarantee of their friends that everything will be all right. These friends live in different countries of the world. The second group of friends (experienced labor migrants, working in the host country at the moment), as a rule, consists of “provident fathers”, who work in the construction industry in Russia and live at their workplace. They help migrants only in finding a job: when looking for new jobs, these people usually make deals also for their migrant friends. Like those who leave abroad in construction teams, workers, who join their teams only abroad, tend to clarify their expectations and to get more information about their working conditions. Those who have left to the first group of friends are closer to the “patronized migrants” by their way of life, and those who have left to the second group of friends are similar to “provident fathers”.

Leaving in a construction team (brigade)

The second way of leaving is more regular. It mainly concerns the migrants who leave for Russia. Those Armenians, who have extensive working experience in the field of construction in Russia and work as construction team leaders, tend to include in their teams their compatriots and fellow-villagers. If the team needs more man- power, it can be supplied by villagers from the neighboring villages.

45  Usually, the team leader spreads the news that he needs workers in an It is very easy to find a job there [in informal way in his village (he says that Russia]. They easily find you in Armenia. They come to a shop or a bus stop and he needs masters and/or workers). say whom they need: the word quickly Those who are interested contact the spreads among other people. team leader to get more detailed information. If they agree with the Menua, 43, Yeghegnadzor conditions, they form the brigade and leave for abroad. This way of leaving is not typical for the first trip as the information about work abroad is usually targeted at those who already have some migration experience. Probably because of the way information is spread and the brigade is formed, those who leave in a brigade are mainly from villages or from small towns of Armenia. This can be explained by the fact that Finding jobs [in Russia] is very easy. While news, spread from mouth to mouth, get doing your job someone might come and broader and faster circulation in small ask you whether you could do other jobs villages than in big towns. afterwards. It is interesting to take a closer look Narek, 24, Arpi village at the role of the team leader. As a rule, he plays the role of a mediator during the process of recruitment. Very often, he is considered to be the employer, since he is the one to pay the team workers, who very often do not even know who is the ‘real’ employer (say, a construction company, or the private sub-contractor). There are also cases, when the team leader bears the expenses of the migrant’s transportation (nevertheless, these cases are exceptions). The team leader can then deduct the transportation cost from the migrant’s salary. In other cases, migrants get detailed information about the job, the salary, the place they are going to stay and the food. If the migrants, who leave for abroad in a brigade, do not reject the arranged job after their arrival, they join the ranks of “provident fathers”. It is important to mention, that, though none of the ways of leaving (leaving to a friend or leaving with a construction team) guarantee success, it is more risky to go abroad to join those friends who are at the moment working abroad and have migration experience (second group of friends) and with the construction team. Though migrants get detailed information about their future job, they do not sign any employment contracts and they have to trust unknown people.

46 Leaving to accept a job offer

Leaving to accept a formal job offer is the most secure way of labor migration. In these cases, the migrants have written contracts, with specified rights and duties, and working and living conditions in the host country. The group of migrants ... I got the next letter and there was a job who choose this option is mainly offer in Vienna. It was one of the happiest comprised of “happy migrants” who days in my life. I had prepared a large leave for EU countries to work in number of papers before I went to the their profession and those “amateur embassy: My parents’ consent, a reference migrants” who, with the help of a job letter from my current work place and the placement agency, leave for the US whole invitation package, which I had received from Austria. (sometimes also to EU countries). Among the intervieweed only a few Anahit, 28, Yerevan migrants had such an experience.

HOW DO THEY LIVE AND WORK ABROAD?

Job description

As mentioned in the first part of the analysis, most of the migrants work in the construction industry in Russia, engaged either in housing construction or in renovation and re-design of housing. Those who go abroad to visit their relatives or friends (the “patronized migrants”) get jobs in various fields. Their friends look for job opportunities for them or involve them in their own business. The patronized The life, your family, your children make you do migrants work in trade, as everything. There was a time I worked as a worker in cooks in restaurants, Moscow. But nobody knew about it. You can’t do such especially those who can work here, as you have parents and brothers who would make Middle Eastern prefer to see you jobless, rather than doing such work. dishes (barbecue, kebab Vahan, 35, Gavar etc.). Women work in food production and as bread and pastry bakers. Some women (“amateur migrants”) make cookies at home and take them to shops and cafes. In other countries, women migrants work as baby- sitters, as care-takers for elderly people and as housemaids. A few migrants work as electricians, auto mechanical engineers, shoe-makers, and drivers, or are engaged in agriculture. Only “happy migrants” work in accordance with their original professional training.

47 Labor contracts

With the exception of “happy migrants”, the vast majority of people going abroad do not have written labor contracts. As a rule, they do not sign such contracts because they do not have work permits and the contract could not have legal force. We were also interested in the attitudes of the I didn’t sign a written contract as I knew that person. migrants towards labor Nobody signs written contracts nowadays. I have contracts. Most of the signed a written contract only once as I didn’t trust migrants mention that they that man, but it was he who didn’t pay me half of my money. do not need to sign a Narek, 24, Arpi village contract as the parties trust each other. There are people My brother’s friend found work for us. We talked to who say that for them the that person, made the arrangements. We had good verbal arrangement has relations with that person so I was ashamed of stronger power than a written talking about the contract. contract. It seems they do Gurgen, 48, Gavar city not trust the words if they are written on the paper and are not pronounced aloud. There are migrants who mentioned, with some hesitation, that it is not an established practice to sign a contract, so that is why they have not even thought about it. And of course there are people who think that it’s profitable for the employer, for the migrant or both not to sign a contract.

Working conditions

Certain aspects of working conditions are only clarified verbally. Since the vast majority of migrants are working in the field of construction in Russia, we will illustrate their experience. The most important conditions for migrants are salary, accommodation and food.

Salary We made arrangements about the salary. If you are sick they take all your expenses. In case you are caught by It is of no surprise the police, but you have not done anything criminal, that migrants are mostly they take all those expenses as well. concerned how much they Serob, 52, Paraqar village will earn. In the field of construction, they are paid I knew beforehand about the bad conditions in the based on work performed. place I was going to live in. It was a cow-shed. But I This is the reason why agreed as the salary was high. those migrants who work Vardan, 56, Aygestan village in the construction industry are happy to work long hours, including weekends. They also make arrangements about the frequency of payments.

48 Accommodation and food The question of accommodation mainly concerns the “provident fathers” as they do not have a place to live in Russia. These migrants are mostly interested whether the employer will provide for their board and lodging. They usually do not seek much information about the actual living conditions or the food When you leave Armenia you are ready for the worst. as they do not expect There can be times you do not have a shower even for excellent living conditions. ten days. There are many possibilities Sahak, 35, Musaler village here as well. Those migrants who repair flats or houses usually stay at their working place. If the migrant works on a construction site, the employer offers a place to stay. Depending on the total volume of the work and the number of migrants involved in the work, lodging can be a small room for several persons or a hostel. The cost of accommodation and food is usually deducted from the worker’s salary.

Other arrangements In a few cases, the employer guarantees that he will take care about the residence permit of the migrant or help solve problems with the police. This is often done illegally. Sometimes the migrant and the employer make arrangements about the quality of the work and the fact that the rate of salary can change depending on the quality of the work.

Observing agreements

When discussing the adherence to the initial agreements by the employer, we must bear in mind that during a trip the migrant may have several agreements. Analysis shows that in most cases the arrangements were fulfilled, though there are cases when the employer did not observe all of them. The most common violation of arranged conditions is the late Sometimes they do not pay in time, but during payment of salaries. Sometimes the my last trip they paid me. 30 persons from employer pays later and in most of Vayots Dzor were not paid at all. They didn’t pay because they had a conflict with the these cases, the migrants show mediator. I went there without talking to that understanding. There are cases mediator and they paid me either for the last when the employer pays only year or for this one. partially. Sometimes the employer does not straightforwardly refuse to Levon, 47, Arpi village pay the salary, he keeps on promising to pay for months, and at the end he does not. Sometimes the employer is ready to pay a significant part (maybe half) of the workers’ salary later and the migrant works in other city by that time. In such cases, the travel costs may be higher than the salary itself and as a result, the migrant does not collect it. The migrants don’t do 49 anything in cases of breaches, as their possibilities to address the issue are very limited. They can either refuse to work or remind about the arrangements from time to time. There are also happy exceptions when the employer pays more than they have arranged with the migrant.

WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS AND NEEDS OF THE MIGRANTS?

We would mostly concentrate on problems of the workers that go to earn a living in Russia. First of all, this is the most numerous group, and the problems encountered by them seem to be also typical for the rest of CIS. Secondly, those employed in Russia tend to have more problems than the others.

Dealing with the police

For most migrants working in Russia, the biggest problem is the police, who check the migrants’ documents every now and then. Since a majority of the migrants do not have proper documents, the police often let them go only after paying a bribe. The migrants are afraid of encounters with the police not only because they mean additional expenses but because the migrants feel they may be subjected to bad treatment, including physical violence. On the other hand, especially for those who leave to work abroad often, it is important to I was sitting somewhere when several nationalists came in avoid deportation, and wanted to beat me. Then they said I was an old man because they can lose and let me go. But there were cases where people were their main source of taken to the police and beaten. There were also cases income. However, the where we got our salaries and wanted to send the money migrants see deportation to Yerevan, but the police took it from us. I had to find as quite an unlikely somebody to solve that problem. outcome of an encounter Hrant, 59, Yeghegnadzor with the police.

The national extremists

Migrants often feel unsafe, especially in Moscow. As we have already mentioned, the migrants avoid meeting the local population in general, but they are even more afraid of the nationalist When you go out you do not feel the protection of the extremists, the country. When you leave you do not know whether you “skinheads”. Though will come back or not. They can do with you what they only few of the want, even the simple citizen can ask you who you are and interviewed migrants what you are doing there. You have dark skin and that’s have encountered them, bad. many of those working in Vahe, 41, Yeghegnadzor Moscow are sure that if they would come across

50 them, the encounter would have a deadly outcome. As a rule the migrants do not go out at night and avoid travelling by metro in the My daughter and grandsons live in Moscow too. I am evenings. In other cities of concerned about them. My grandsons are not allowed Russia, especially where many to go to school alone. We take them to school by car Armenians live, people feel to be sure nothing will happen. safer. Armenuhi, 56, Yerevan A few migrants are taking precautions on certain days only, because they are convinced that there are special days in the year when the skinheads kill Caucasians. There are also some “brave” ones, who say they are not afraid to go out even late at night, but the formulation “even at night” shows that they understand that it is not “safe”.

Home-sickness

Many labor migrants mention that their main problem was that they missed their families. Though most of them were in touch with their families, they I didn’t have any problem with job. The only mentioned that they missed their thing I needed was human contact. You miss relatives, their way of life, their your family. You feel yourself a foreigner customs and traditions. This is mainly there. typical for “provident fathers” and Hayk, 44, Yerevan “patronized migrants”.

Other problems

Besides the mentioned problems, some migrants have problems with the language. This is typical mainly for those who leave for the US and EU countries. Some migrants had health problems. Those who worked in Russia in the field of trade had problems with racketeering. Some migrants were not satisfied with their work and living conditions. Of course, these problems do not deal with the labor migration procedure itself, as the migrants can have such problems in their native country as well. However, while working abroad these problems occur often and are more intense.

LOOKING BACK

As a rule, the vast majority of migrants are satisfied with their trip. Usually, the migrants do not come back until they have earned enough money. The majority of the migrants interviewed are satisfied with their work and with the money they have earned. In addition to this, there are migrants (especially “amateur migrants” and “happy migrants”) who are also satisfied with the opportunity to get acquainted with a new culture and with improving their professional qualifications. 51  Many migrants are sure that working abroad helped them to improve their professional qualifications; others learnt their trade just during their migration. Some migrants say that the innovations reach other countries earlier than Armenia, so working abroad gives them an opportunity to learn more and grow professionally. Also, the work quality expectations are higher in the hosting countries. The latter contributes to the improvement of their professional qualifications and standards. These are the circumstances that make the migrants think that working abroad makes them competitive in the labor market of Armenia. Some of the migrants, especially “the fish in the water”, and most of “the patronized migrants” and “the happy migrants” mention that they would like to leave for the host country with their families, as there are more suitable conditions for a better life. Whenever I don’t want to leave with my family, because, though my “provident fathers” children can speak Russian and my wife is half Russian, want to take their even she thinks that it is safer in Armenia. I have sons; families with them, it is they are hot-tempered and can easily get involved in a mainly because they fight in Russia. want to reduce the Masis, 40, Gyumri expenses they have to make every now and I don’t want to leave with my family. It’s not a place to then when they want to live with family. see their families in Hrayr, 35, Musaler village Armenia. The first group of “amateur migrants” (the young people, who leave for Russia) do not think of taking their families to the host country, mostly because they are not planning to leave again themselves. Generally, the majority of the migrants working in Moscow do not want to take their families with them, since they consider Moscow to be an unsafe place to live.

52 ADVICE OF THE INTERVIEWED MIGRANTS

To those who are going to leave for Russia x Be kind, humble and clever and respect the local population x Stay away from nationalists, do not go out very often. Do your work and go home. x Be hard-working and adroit. Everything must be done fast there. It will be difficult, but if you are smart you will manage. x Be careful. Take care of yourself. Don’t forget your relatives. Remember they think of you every hour. x Think about your work. Do not drink much, eat well, and sleep well to work well. x Do not leave if you have no friends there. They will exploit you. x If you leave, be sure you have someone there to trust. x Avoid conflicts with natives. Do your work quietly.

To those who are going to leave for other countries x Accept the working conditions; do not be late for work. If you leave for the USA, smile a lot. Travel more if you can. x Learn the language first of all. Deal not only with Armenians, but also with natives. x Learn more about the working conditions; get acquainted with the traditions and laws of the host country. x If you have a chance to improve your professional qualifications never let it go. x There will be times when nobody will leave Armenia; even those who live abroad will come back. Never lose your hope.

53  CHAP TER 8. F ORC ED LABOR AND MIGRATION

The two supplementary protocols to the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime focus on migration-related issues, one of them relating to smuggling of migrants and the second envisaging to sanction exploitation of migrants in relation to the conditions of recruitment and/or the conditions of work in countries of destination or transit. A key aspect of the definition of trafficking in human beings is the inclusion of a provision that trafficking did not require only conditions of “force” or “coercion” but was also defined by conditions in which the trafficker can abuse a potential victim’s “position of vulnerability”. Thus, lack of consent is not required. A person may consent, but it may be very clear that his/her vulnerability made that consent irrelevant. The concept of “abuse of vulnerability” came to ease the adoption of free/forced distinction of exploitation in the Trafficking Protocol and can be used as a way of condemning “consensual exploitation”. Vulnerability can potentially encompass a very broad range of situations, since poverty, hunger, illness, lack of education, and displacement could all constitute a position of vulnerability. It should be mentioned that migration itself does not lead to trafficking in human beings. It is the specific causes for migration, as well as the conditions under which migration takes place, that determine the level of vulnerability. In many cases the relationship of the employer and victim is not outwardly coercive, the abuse is neither overwhelming nor constant, or even the victims may enjoy freedoms to a certain extent required by the completion of their tasks. The interviews conducted with the migrants within this study showed that they were mostly aware of the migration regime in the host country, including Russia, and of the impact that illegal stay and employment would have on their ability to enjoy their rights. At the same time, only a few of the interviewed migrants who worked in Russia had all documents required for legal employment, including residence and work permits and labor contracts. The overwhelming majority of the labor migrants registered as tourists and did not have work permits. The majority of this large group of migrants never extended the duration of their residence permits once the latter expired. Some of the migrants even confessed that their registration was faked. The main reasoning behind the efforts to avoid the law, was that there is no need to spend time and money on legal procedure as it just is a bureaucratic fuss, which takes time and money and does not guarantee the real protection of rights. Migrants do not think that someone in a foreign country is ready to deal with their protection. They mention that rights, laws, and protection are just a question of money and think that a bribe can solve all problems. The data received from the migrants clearly shows that labor exploitation and violation of labor regulations are widespread in the destination countries although migrants as a rule do not complain about it. We recorded numerous cases when the migrants were not paid or were underpaid for the job; were subjected to unacceptably harsh working and living conditions or were faced with dangers to their personal

54 security or life; candidates for migration were enticed into employment under false pretences; they suffered deductions from wages with or without their voluntary consent; they worked overtime and without rest2. To some extent that exploitation amounts to different practices of forced labor. Within this context, the overall findings of the research can be summarized as follows. First, with some exception forced labor situations are not usually the result of outright physical constraint. The research has documented more subtle patterns of coercion used to push down wages and make people work in poor or unsafe working conditions. Second, although it may be useful to subsume forced labor under the umbrella of anti-trafficking legislation and policies, the reality is more complicated. Migrants frequently enter destination countries by their own will, perhaps with the assistance of friends and family members who are already there. They can still be highly vulnerable to labor exploitation, in particular when they have an irregular status and live under persistent threat of denunciation to the authorities and eventual deportation. Third, victims are very reluctant to denounce forced labor practices. As protection schemes, particularly for trafficked victims of labor exploitation, are still very weak in most countries, victims have little incentive to cooperate with law enforcement agencies and know very little about their rights. Additionally, forced labor to some extent can be characterized as “ethnic business”. These cases are even more difficult to detect owing to tightly knit community networks that protect the offenders. Finally, the research highlighted that the lack of information on job offers abroad and the dependence of migrants on private intermediaries are major factors behind labor exploitation. Given the above, it should be clearly stated, therefore, that the discrepancy between given working conditions and minimum labor standards may serve as a key indicator of an exploitative situation/labor exploitation. Restricted access to legal migration channels has itself contributed to the growth of the private recruitment business, which sometimes operates at the borderline of human trafficking. Alongside with different violations of labor legislation, a series of indicators can be tracked down from the survey pointing out directly to the practice of debt bondage and other violations. A noticeable number of our migrants declared that the cost of trip, accommodation and food was deducted from their salaries. These situations develop into forced labor where the services are not reasonably applied to

2 The respective labor standards have been mostly established by the following ILO

conventions: C14 Weekly Rest (Industry) Convention, 1921; C47 Forty-Hour Week Convention, 1935; C52 Holidays with Pay Convention, 1936; C95 Protection of Wages Convention, 1949; C105 Abolition of Forced Labor Convention, 1957 and C106 Weekly Rest (Commerce and Offices) Convention, 1957. All these conventions have been ratified and entered into force in the Russian Federation.

55 the elimination of the debt. The individual is therefore forced to continue working to repay a debt that does not diminish and in some cases even increases if it is necessary to take out further loans.

Case One: A villager from Elpin had taken 300 people from Yeghegnadzor to Nakhodka. We were working on a construction site. It was a big project. Many people from different parts of the world were working there. The project was called “ǞǭȂǭǸǵǺ 2 ǎǛǐǟ”. They took our passports to be sure that nobody would refuse to work. The arrangement was for nine months. We lived just where we were working. We never went out. We ate three times a day in their canteen at their expense. We worked for 12 hours a day. After breakfast we used to go to the place we were working and got registered. We didn’t leave the place until lunch. After lunch we worked again until the dinner. They were always checking the registration record. If you were late and you worked less than 12 hours they took part of the money from your salary. We knew about the conditions before leaving and we accepted them.

Case Two: Two men from Vanadzor, brothers-in-law, 40 and 44 years old went to Ufa, Bashkiria in 2003 to work on a construction site. The older migrant had already worked there before. He was satisfied with the trip so he decided to go again and suggested his sister’s husband to join him. The employer was an Armenian living in Ufa, whose brother lived in Armenia and acted as brigadier – recruiting people to work for his brother. The employer was supposed to cover the travel costs (which should be deducted from the migrants’ salaries), pay for the room and food. They were promised a payment of 150 USD monthly, of which 100 USD the employer should have to transfer to their families in Armenia (they said 150 USD was good money back in 2003). They thought they would have normal housing conditions, but they were living in a domik with very bad conditions (no water, no toilet, no heating). The food was not good. They could not go anywhere without informing the employer – they were only going from home to the workplace and back; whenever they needed to go to a shop, they were supervised, accompanied by the father of the employer. They worked for 1.5 years but never received money; every month the employer had some reason for that – either “the client did not pay” or “you did not work well”. The employer kept their passports. One of the migrants had some pains and was physically unable to work in construction. So the employer told him he should work in his bakery (bake bread), he said he could not do that because he felt bad, the employer forced him to go; he could not do the job well and the people in the bakery complained, so they finally left him alone. Once they intentionally went to hang around the shop to get caught by the police. When they caught them, they complained and asked for help, but the policemen said “he is your compatriot go and talk to him, we do not care, he pays us our money”. Through someone who was going to Armenia, one of the migrants sent a letter to his family describing their situation; the family contacted the Hope and Help NGO. They spoke to the law enforcement agencies who came, spoke

56 to the people, took pictures, demanded the migrants’ passports back and the money for the tickets. The salary was never paid.

Case Three: Two women from Gyumri, neighbors, 35 and 52 years old, left for Urfa, Turkey. The trip was mediated by two women, acquaintances of the migrants, who were often traveling to Turkey for trade purposes. The intermediary came and said there was a job in Turkey with very good working conditions – they were supposed to do housework; the employer would be a very decent Turkish man; the employer would pay for transportation; the intermediaries would accompany them to Turkey. The accommodation and food would be provided for free and they should get a salary of 500 USD. The migrants did not know the language and could not communicate with the employer, so the intermediary spoke with the employer and told them everything was fine. It appeared though that besides housework they were also supposed to take care of the animals. One of the migrants wanted to refuse, but the other convinced her to stay – “we needed the money after all”. The migrants said the employer treated them very well; when one of the migrants had health problems, he arranged for treatment in a local clinic, and afterwards would not allow her to do hard work, so that she did not turn worse. There were only these two women and a security guard working for the employer. The guard was supervising them and giving assignments. They said that in the end they were not forced to do any job against their will. Their passports were always with them. Both of them said the only way in which their rights were violated was that they were not paid for the job after all. In one month, the intermediaries came to take them back to Armenia to renew the visa; but the employer said that that was not what they had agreed. The migrants did not speak Turkish and could not understand the dialogue. So the intermediaries left for Armenia, promising to find money and come back after the migrants. However, the migrants asked the employer to pay them some money so that they could send it to their families through the intermediaries. He paid 100 USD each. One of the families eventually received this amount, while for the other 100 USD the intermediaries said they lost it on the way to Armenia. They were in Turkey for somewhat more than a month when the police came and checked their passports and said they should be deported. They were taken to the police station; the employer was trying to convince the police, but they would not listen. He then came to see them at the police station, brought them their clothes and some food. When the migrants asked for their salary, the employer said he had already paid it to the intermediaries and they were supposed to get it from them. They came back and tried to get the salary from the intermediaries but they said they did not get any money.

57  SUMMARY OF F INDINGS

LABOR MIGRATION RATES

o Extrapolation of the survey results allows estimating the number of households involved in labor migration during the studied period as 90,000- 117,000 (or 11.5-15.1% of the total households). In the overwhelming majority of cases (80.6%) one member of the family left to work abroad; 15.5% of the families had two labor migrants and only 1.8% had three migrants. o As to the actual labor migration rate (percent of population involved in labor migration), the 2007 survey reported involvement of 3.4% of the members of surveyed households in labor migration in 2005-2006. This allowed approximating the absolute number of labor migrants as 96,000 – 122,000 people or 3.0-3.8% of Armenia’s de jure population. o In the two-year period between January 2005 and December 2006, the majority of the migrants (51.6%) have conducted two or three trips (40.1% and 11.5% accordingly). According to the acquired data, 54,000-74,000 migrants have left Armenia to work abroad in 2005, and 60,000-81,000 Armenians were involved in labor migration in 2006. At that, roughly 70% of the migrants should have returned to Armenia by the end of 2006, leaving a negative net migration of 29,000-35,000. o The Russian Federation continues to be the most popular country of destination for Armenian labor migrants. Moreover, the percentage of migrants who worked in Russia has increased from 88% in 2002-2004 to 93% of the total in 2005-2006. o The survey recorded two remarkable differences between the 2002-2004 and 2005-2006 migration flows: a) an increased involvement of the rural population in labor migration and b) a significant reduction of labor migrants from Yerevan. The highest migration rates were recorded in Shirak and Lori.

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE MIGRANTS

o According to the results of the survey, the proportion of female migrants has significantly decreased: the percentage of women migrants dropped from 14.1% in 2002-2004 to 6.5% in 2005-2006. Extrapolation of the data to the general population allowed estimating the absolute number of male and female migrants: 96,000-121,000 males and 6,000-8,000 females. This means labor migration of at least 13.1% of the economically active males and maximum 1.7% of economically active females.

58  o The age-specific migration rates have mostly remained the same. The overwhelming majority of labor migrants were from 21-50 with the age group of 41-50 having the largest share. The only notable difference was the increased migration activity of the age group of 21-25. As a result, roughly half of the migrants who travelled abroad in 2005-2006 belonged to the age group 21-40 and another half to the age group 41-60. o The majority of migrants were married (76%) and in most cases, the migrant was either the head of the family (male) or his son (42% and 45% respectively). o The breakdown of labor migrants by level of education generally repeated the findings of the 2005 survey: more than 75% of the migrants who left to work abroad in 2005-2006 had either secondary or secondary professional (vocational) education (43.3 and 33.0% accordingly), and about 20% had a bachelor’s or master’s degree.

EMPLOYMENT AND INCOME IN ARMENIA

o 41.4% of the labor migrants were involved in some paid activity in Armenia before 2005. More than half of them had permanent jobs, while the others had seasonal or occasional jobs. The biggest group of the employed migrants (or roughly one third) was employed in construction. o According to the majority of the respondents, the average monthly income of their migrant relatives did not exceed 50,000 AMD (or 106 USD at the average exchange rate of 470 AMD for 1 USD in February-March 2005) at the time they worked in Armenia (60.2%). The calculated mean of the migrants’ monthly income in Armenia was 44,000 AMD (or about 94 USD). In majority of cases (62.1%), while working in Armenia the migrants were earning less than half of the household income, generating an average of 42.5% of the gross monthly income.

PLANNING OF THE TRIP

o Most of the migrants found the job prior to leaving Armenia (70.4%) and the majority of this group already had certain agreements regarding the job such as the job description, salary and working conditions. o The percentage of migrants whose trips were intermediated has increased from 55% to 65%. In most of the cases, the trips were arranged by friends and relatives of the migrant in the host country or in Armenia (28% and 8% respectively); 12% of the migrants were assisted by a private intermediary abroad and about 10% used services of a private intermediary in Armenia. Although the services of local and foreign recruitment agencies were still used by a minority of the migrants, their number had increased from 4.6% to 7%.

59  o The majority of migrants have stayed abroad for 5-10 months (68.9%) and the mean duration of the trips was 8 months. Over 75% of the migrants have left the country by the end of spring, March being the most active month for departures. The majority of the migrants (78%) returned to Armenia between October and December, but mostly closer to the New Year.

EMPLOYMENT AND INCOME IN THE HOST COUNTRY

o Over 80% of the migrants have started working in less than a month after arrival in the host country. Moreover, for 54.7% of the migrants it took less than a week to start working. More than two thirds of the migrants were hired for seasonal or one-time assignments and the overwhelming majority was employed in the construction industry. o The mean duration of the migrants’ working day was estimated at 10 hours. The majority of the migrants (52.1%) were working full-time (8-10 hours), one out of three worked 11-12 hours a day (37.3%), and only 6.4% worked part-time (1-7 hours). The remaining 4.1% of the migrants claimed to work more than 12 hours a day. Less than half of the migrants had taken regular days off (46.4%); 35.6% had days off on an irregular basis, while 18% did not have any days off. o Only 12% of the labor migrants had a written agreement (employment contract) with their employers in the host country. In the overwhelming majority of cases (74%) relations with the employers were based on oral agreements, whereas 9% of migrants stated that the labor relations were not regulated at all. o The survey reported a more than 50% increase of the average monthly income (from 410 USD in 2005 to 643 USD in 2007). While the average monthly income of the majority of migrants from 2002-2004 flow did not exceed 400 USD, more than half of those who worked abroad in 2005-2006 earned 400-800 USD a month. Given the mean monthly income of 643 USD and the mean duration of the trip (8 months), an average migrant should have received a total income of about 5140 USD. At the same time, considering the depreciation of the US dollar over the last two years the significant increase of the absolute figures does not mean that the real incomes of migrants have grown as much.

REMITTANCES

o According to the respondents, every fifth migrant failed to send or bring money home during the last trip (19.5% or almost as much as reported by 2005 survey - 18.8%). The majority of those migrants who succeeded to make savings have sent money to their households for the first time within one to two months after their departure (69.3%). 86.2% of the migrants have

60  made bank transfers at least once during the last trip and 15.5% transferred money through individuals. o The average total amount of money sent (brought) by each migrant to their family during their last trip was estimated at 2720 USD, which (again in absolute terms) means an increase of about 75% as compared to the average of 1540 USD estimated in 2005. o Considering the approximated total income of 5140 USD, an average migrant should have been spending about 47% of the incomes in the destination country and sending the remaining 53% to the family in Armenia. o The survey data allowed estimating that the Armenian migrants have conducted a total of 114,000-155,000 trips abroad in the period of 2005-2006. According to the results of the survey, 80.5% of these trips (or between 91,000 and 124,000) should have been “effective”. Therefore, the total amount of monetary remittances received from the labor migrants could be estimated at 250-339 million US dollars for the whole period, or 118-162 million in 2005 and 131-177 million in 2006. Overall, the 2007 survey recorded that in the period of 2005-2006 about 60% of the remittances (or 149-202 million US dollars) was wired through banks.

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF LABOR MIGRATION

o In the context of the general development of the Armenian labor market over the last few years the main reasons behind the decision to migrate have changed to some extent. Although in an overwhelming majority of cases the migrants were still driven by the employment problems in Armenia (93.5%) the general argument “there was no job in Armenia” was no longer supported by the majority of migrants (46.5%). Almost as many migrants (43.0%) have stressed that the jobs in Armenia do not pay enough. o Among other reasons influencing the decision to look for employment abroad, the respondents most frequently mentioned the lack of prospects for Armenia’s development and the difficulty to run private businesses in Armenia. Each of these reasons, however, was listed by less than 5% of the respondents. o As in 2005, the overwhelming majority of surveyed migrants stated that their last trip met their expectations in full or at least in part (88.7%) and only one out of ten migrants was dissatisfied with the trip. o The migrants were mostly planning to use the savings to provide for the basic needs of their families in Armenia. Every fourth migrant was planning to earn money to repair the house, while about one fifth of them were going to pay for the education of their children or purchasing durable products such as furniture, household appliances, etc.

61 FOOD FOR THOUGHT

Although the recent developments in the Armenian labor market seem to hold back the labor migration rates, every year more than 60,000 Armenians are leaving the country to accept job offers or look for job opportunities abroad, and mostly in Russia. The main reason behind labor migration being to provide for their families in Armenia, most of the migrants tend to take harsh working and living conditions abroad as granted and are knowingly risking their rights by avoiding the legal procedures for residing and working in the host countries. Their “rational choice” and consent, however, do not imply that the issue of protection of the migrants’ rights should be removed from the agenda of the public debate. Regularization of labor migration through enforcement of migration and labor legislation in sending and receiving countries remains the priority for government efforts. Success here would mean effective levers to prevent illegal migration on the one hand and guarantees for protection of the migrants’ rights on the other. However, given the number of objective and subjective obstacles on the way, this process may take a long time to bear tangible results; in the meantime, each year tens of thousands of Armenian migrant workers are facing risks of maltreatment and labor exploitation. What follows is an open-ended list of questions and ideas that can possibly foster a debate and follow-up actions aimed at making a difference in the lives of these people in the shorter run.

o How can Armenian civil society become more involved? Motivating and building capacity of civil society organizations in Armenia in terms of providing advice and practical assistance to labor migrants may prove effective. o What could help strengthen the protection of the migrants’ rights in the host countries? NGOs based in the host countries, such as the Russian Union of Armenians in Russia, may provide valuable support to the Armenian migrant workers, most of whom are unlikely to seek help from the authorities because they do not have legal status in the country. o How much more needs to be studied? It is considered important that attempts are made to a) closely examine the role of various intermediaries in the labor migration process and b) survey the Armenian migrants and their employers in the host countries. o … o … o …

62 NOTES

63  LABOR MIGRATION FROM ARMENIA IN 2005-2007: A SURVEY

Minasyan Anna, Poghosyan Alina, Hakobyan Tereza, Hancilova Blanka

Published in “Asoghik” print house. copies: 300, format: 60x84 1/32, paper: offset 26/26 Gh. Parpetsi str., Yerevan, (publishing house) 45 D. Malyan str., Yerevan, (print house) tel.: (374 10) 54 49 82, 62 38 63 e-mail: info@asoghik.am

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