Annual Report of the Secretary General on Police-Related Activities in 2022



Annual Report of the Secretary General on Police-Related Activities 2022 The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe is

The World’s Largest Regional Security Organization

working to ensure peace, democracy and stability for more than a billion people between Vancouver and Vladivostok.

This report is submitted in accordance with Decision 9, paragraph 6, of the Bucharest Ministerial Council Meeting, 4 December 2001.

© OSCE 2023

All rights reserved. The contents of this publication may be freely used and copied for educational and other non-commercial purposes, provided that any such reproduction be accompanied by an acknowledgement of the OSCE as the source.

OSCE Secretariat Transnational Threats Department Strategic Police Matters Unit Wallnerstrasse 6 1010 Vienna, Austria

E-mail: TNTD/SPMU@osce.org http://www.osce.org/secretariat/policing http://polis.osce.org Table of Content

Foreword by the Secretary General 2 2.3 Central Asia 89 2.3.1 Crime threats facing Central Asia 89 2.3.2 Programme Office in Bishkek  90 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 2.3.3 Programme Office in Dushanbe 96 2.3.4 Programme Office in Astana 99

2. POLICE-RELATED ACTIVITIES OF THE 2.3.5 Project Co-ordinator in Uzbekistan 101 OSCE SECRETARIAT 8

1.1 Transnational Threats Department/ 4. POLICE-RELATED ACTIVITIES OF OTHER Strategic Police Matters Unit 10 OSCE INSTITUTIONS 106 1.2 Transnational Threats Department/ 3.1 Police-Related Activities of the OSCE Action against Terrorism Unit 19 Office for Democratic Institutions and 1.3 Transnational Threats Department/ Human Rights (ODIHR) 108 Border Security and Management Unit 25 3.2 Police-Related Activities of the OSCE 1.4 Office of the Special Representative and High Commissioner on National Minorities Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in (HCNM)115 Human Beings 31

5. APPENDICES116 3. POLICE-RELATED ACTIVITIES OF FIELD OPERATIONS36 APPENDIX 1 118 MC and PC Decisions, Declarations and 2.1 South-Eastern Europe 38 Action Plans with a Focus on Police-Related 2.1.1 Crime threats facing South-Eastern Activities118 Europe1038 APPENDIX 2 124 2.1.2 Presence in Albania 40 Abbreviations and 2.1.3 Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina 43 Acronyms124 2.1.4 Mission in Kosovo 48 2.1.5 Mission to Montenegro 62 APPENDIX 3 128

2.1.6 Mission to Serbia 67 Contact Details 128

2.1.7 Mission to Skopje 75

2.2 Eastern Europe 84 2.2.1 Crime threats facing Eastern Europe 84 2.2.2 Project Co-ordinator in Ukraine 86 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL ON POLICE-RELATED ACTIVITIES 2022

Foreword by the Secretary General

I am pleased to present the 2022 edition of the Annual Report on the OSCE’s Po- lice-Related Activities. It highlights the many efforts undertaken in 2022 by the OSCE Secretariat, institutions and field operations, within their respective mandates, to strengthen law enforcement capabilities and co-operation across the OSCE region.

For the first time, this Annual Report provides an overview of some of the key security challenges that OSCE police-related activities address across the OSCE region. This demonstrates how OSCE efforts help participating States and Partners for Co-oper- ation address a diverse set of threats, from cybercrime, drug-related criminality, mon- ey laundering and illicit finance, and terrorism, to trafficking in human beings, cultural goods, firearms and explosives. The activities contained within this report illustrate the real value that the OSCE brings to the citizens of participating States and our Partners for Co-operation.

A few examples serve to highlight both the thematic range of our engagement in 2022, and its geographic scope across the OSCE region.

In Eastern Europe, we aided national authorities through various initiatives to enhance multi-agency law enforcement co-operation and specialized services such as forensic or canine units.

In South-Eastern Europe, the OSCE supported efforts to strengthen police reform and build capacity. This included the development and review of legislation and technology platforms for more effective policing. We also promoted a safer and more secure envi- ronment for people in South-Eastern Europe by supporting law enforcement agencies in integrating gender considerations throughout their work and addressing issues such as gender-based violence and school safety.

Similarly, in Central Asia, the OSCE worked to strengthen law enforcement capabilities and supported co-operation with the media, social services, educational institutions and youth. Through capacity-building, mobile police reception teams, anti-trafficking

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simulations, cybercrime training courses and more, we prepared law enforcement agencies to effectively address evolving security challenges.

Promoting gender equality within the police also remains a high priority for the OSCE, and I welcome the significant work done on gender-specific capacity-building and the promotion of equal opportunities for men and women. The share of female participants in police-related training activities increased from 36 per cent in 2021 to 40 per cent in 2022. While this is a promising development, there is still more work to be done to ensure the equal representation of women and men in all our programmatic undertak- ings, and I am committed to achieving that goal.

Finally, this report demonstrates how the OSCE continues to serve as an essential plat- form for exchange, bringing together its participating States and Partners for Co-op- eration with experts from other regional and international organizations, civil society, academia, the media and the private sector, to collectively strengthen resilience and responses to the transnational threats facing the OSCE area. Police-related activities implemented by the OSCE continue to play a significant role in police development and reform across participating States, and exemplify the comprehensive approach to security in practice.

Helga Maria Schmid OSCE Secretary General

3 Executive Summary The Annual Report of the Secretary General on Police-Related Activities provides a comprehensive overview of all police- related projects, events and programmes implemented by OSCE executive structures, including the thematic units in the Secretariat, OSCE field operations and institutions.

The Report is submitted in accordance with Decision 9, Paragraph 6, of the 2001 Bucharest Ministerial Council (MC) Meeting, while the activities described in this report are based on a comprehensive list of individual mandates and tasks that have been provided by various Ministerial Council (MC) and Permanent Council (PC) Decisions since 1998. A full list of all MC and PC Decisions and Action Plans that focus on police-related activities is provided in Appendix 1 below.

The police-related activities described in this report are presented in two main categories:

1) General police development and reform, including anti-corruption, gender-based violence, community policing and hate crime;

2) Threats posed by criminal activity, including organ- ized crime, terrorism, trafficking in illicit drugs and chemical precursors, trafficking in human beings and cybercrime. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL ON POLICE-RELATED ACTIVITIES 2022

▶ In 2022, police-related activities covered a broad range of initiatives, some short-term and others part of long-term capacity-building efforts. These initiatives were conducted across the whole OSCE region. They included training courses, workshops, awareness-raising events, conferences and many other types of activities.

These activities took place in the context of a varied and complex security landscape across the OSCE’s main areas of operation in Central Asia, Eastern and South-Eastern-Europe. Overall, there are some types of crime threats common to all of these regions, such as drug trafficking, cybercrime and environmental crime. The exploitation of irregular migrants and trafficking in human beings (THB) remain a challenge throughout the OSCE region, with some countries registering a significant number of cases each year that are related to exploitation for labour and/or sexual services. Sexual- and gender-based violence remains a significant issue. As indicators from local communities and police show, it is likely that such crimes continue to be significantly underreported. Corruption remains a challenge at different levels of society and to varying degrees across the OSCE region. Conflict zones are frequently a source of illegal firearms, which are trafficked throughout the world and offered to criminals via black markets. Since active conflicts increase the risk of firearm trafficking, diligent monitoring is needed to stem illicit flows. Moreover, climate change is likely to have an impact on all aspects of life in the foreseeable future, including criminal activities. Excessive droughts or floods may create demand for certain criminal services or goods, such as counterfeit products.

The OSCE continues to monitor these developments and respond to established and emerging challenges. In co-operation with participating States and other partners, the OSCE seeks to mitigate the impact of such developments on the security and prosperity of the OSCE area.

In accordance with OSCE commitments to promote gender points compared to 2021. This indicates a reversal of the pre- equality stemming from the 2004 Gender Action Plan, while vious downward trend observed between 2020 and 2021. preparing the 2022 Annual Report of the Secretary General on Police-Related Activities, the TNTD/SPMU collected dis- Within the group of activities related to general police devel- aggregated data, where data were available, on the gender opment and reform, female participants represented approx- composition of participants in OSCE police-related activities. imately 38 per cent (4,352 out of a total of 11,435), com- This data show that the participation of women in OSCE po- pared to 33 per cent in 2021 (3,689 out of a total of 11,131), lice-related activities in 2022 was approximately 40 per cent amounting to an increase of 5 percentage points. There is (8,644 out of a total of 21,422)—an increase of 4 percentage particular room for improving gender balance in activities in the following areas: human resources and police manage- ment (female participants: 23 per cent), police development 100 and reform (26 per cent), and community policing, police– public relations, and crime prevention (30 per cent). 80

60% 64% 60% Within the group of activities related to addressing threats 60 posed by criminal activity, in 2022 approximately 43 per 40% 40% cent of the participants were women (4,292 out of a total of 40 36% 9,987), compared to 40 per cent in 2021 (3,805 out of a total 20 of 9,619), amounting to an increase of 3 percentage points. Within this group of activities, the areas with the lowest per- 0 centage of female representation were: cybercrime (female 2020 2021 2022 participants: 26 per cent) and illicit drugs and chemical pre- Women Men cursors (26 per cent). Nonetheless, this represented signifi- cant increases of 10 and 12 percentage points, respectively, Percentage of female participants compared to the previous year.

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Overall, the gender-disaggregated data collected in 2022 the share of male participation should be increased in order show that women’s participation increased, reversing the to enable gender-sensitive and victim-centred approaches in previously observed downward trend, but that there is still the delivery of criminal justice services. room for improvement in all police-related activities organ- ized in the OSCE region. Nonetheless, there remain certain Despite a challenging operating environment and significant areas, notably gender mainstreaming (male participants: 36 budgetary constraints, the OSCE field operations and institu- per cent) and trafficking in human beings & migration-related tions together with the OSCE Secretariat are continuing their crime (male participants: 37 per cent), in which male par- work in police-related matters. Their aim is to build a strong- ticipants are traditionally under-represented. In these areas, er, safer and more equitable OSCE region.

2022 Gender disaggregated participant data

Woman % Women Men % Men Activity participants participants participants participants TOTAL

General police development and reform Police monitoring and confidence-building - - - - - Police development and reform 183 26% 516 74% 699 Strategic planning including threat 51 32% 109 68% 160 assessments Human resources / police management 70 23% 235 77% 305 Human rights and police accountability 466 38% 774 62% 1,240 Anti-corruption 121 34% 239 66% 360 Gender mainstreaming 266 64% 150 36% 416 Community policing, police-public relations 961 30% 2,251 70% 3,212 and crime prevention Gender-based violence 582 39% 899 61% 1,481 Hate crime 675 55% 556 45% 1,231 Specialized investigations units / forensics 93 34% 179 66% 272 Public order and crisis management 137 49% 144 51% 281 Other, including co-ordination and 747 42% 1,031 58% 1,778 co-operation 4,352 38% 7,083 62% 11,435 Threats posed by criminal activity

Organized crime 104 29% 255 71% 359 Criminal investigations and analysis 48 28% 126 72% 174 Financial investigations, anti-money laundering and seizures of criminal 244 44% 309 56% 553 proceeds Cross-border co-operation in criminal 411 38% 658 62% 1,069 matters Counter-terrorism & VERLT 896 33% 1,801 67% 2,697 Illicit drugs and chemical precursors 111 26% 311 74% 422 Trafficking in human beings & 2,074 63% 1,195 37% 3,269 migration-related crime Cybercrime 92 26% 267 74% 359 Border security and management 111 39% 177 61% 288 / customs Others 201 25% 596 75% 797 4,292 43% 5,695 57% 9,987 Total 8,644 40% 12,778 60% 21,422

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Police-related Activities of the OSCE Secretariat

8 Police-related Activities of the OSCE Secretariat

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9 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL ON POLICE-RELATED ACTIVITIES 2022

1.1 Transnational Threats Department/ Strategic Police Matters Unit

▶ Police officers enhance their skills on gender-responsive policing of violence against women and girls through OSCE course in Bosnia and Herzegovina

From 12 to 15 December 2022, TNTD/SPMU facilitated a training course on gender-responsive policing of violence against women and girls for 295 police cadets at the Sarajevo Police Academy.

A team of trainers, including a police officer, a prosecutor, a psychologist and an expert from the NGO Vive Žene, delivered the course. They focused on various topics, including definitions of gender, sex and sexual orientation; why a victim-centred approach is crucial; reporting and the role of the police in detecting and preventing violence; implementing protective measures and conducting risk assessments; the neurobiology of trauma; and the psychology of victims and perpetrators.

As part of a wider approach to addressing the issue, the Centre for Youth Education (CEM) of Bosnia and Herzegovina performed the play “Hidden Shadows” during the course. This drama is based on true stories, including testimonies of victims and perpetrators of gender-based violence (GBV), as well as institutions that deal with such cases. It depicts different aspects of this kind of violence, such as alcohol consumption and the reaction of families, society and institutions.

Hamza Alijagić, one of the police cadets who took part in the course and who will work as a police officer in the Sarajevo Canton, emphasized the importance of this training course. Because this is a very serious and complex topic, it is relevant for the future work of police officers in the field. As Alijagić stated, “I will try, as well as I can, to protect and provide safety to all victims of GBV, as well as victims of any other form of violence. I have felt very emotional throughout this training. I will do my best to expand my knowledge and skills so that all bullies and perpetrators are punished to the fullest extent permitted by law for their cruelty.”

Ž Participants of the training course on gender-responsive policing of violence against women and girls in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, December 2022. Sarajevo Police Academy/ Džanan Kišmetović

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The training course was organized as part of the “Enhancing Criminal Justice Capacities for Combating Gender-based Violence in South-Eastern Europe” project, in co-ordination with the OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina and the OSCE Gender Issues Programme. The course was followed by the development of a model curriculum on gender-responsive policing of violence against women and girls that will be institutionalized by the Federal Police Academy and the Police Training Centre in the Republika Srpska, as well as a specialized training course on the same topic for police officers and prosecutors.

General police development and reform

First meeting of the steering committee for the UB the Service for Combating Illicit Drug Trafficking, the Bishkek project “Expanding and supporting the participation Main Police Directorate), the Kyrgyz Association of Women in of women in the police at all levels”; Tashkent, the Security Sector (KAWSS), the Public Council of the Min- Uzbekistan (21 April 2022) istry of the Interior, and the Office of the Prosecutor General. The assessment visit increased understanding of the current The first meeting of the steering committee for the UB project state of police reform in Kyrgyzstan and served as the basis “Expanding and supporting the participation of women in the for an assessment report. The report was shared with the police at all levels” was organized at the office of the OSCE national authorities; it will also guide further OSCE assistance Project Co-ordinator in Uzbekistan (PCUz). In its capacity as in policing to the country. project manager, TNTD/SPMU planned, organized and led the meeting, assisted by staff from the PCUz office. Through Annual Meeting of Heads of Law Enforcement and desk research and interviews, the project will map factors Security Co-operation Departments of OSCE field that influence the role of women in the police, and will also operations and Institutions; Vienna, Austria (22-23 outline challenges and ways to solve them. The participants November 2022) from different law enforcement authorities and civil society in Uzbekistan were presented with an overview of the pro- The Meeting facilitated the exchange of information, good ject objectives, as well as the activities it plans in order to practices and lessons learned between TNTD/SPMU, field op- increase the participation of women at all police levels. erations and Institutions, as well as strengthened co-ordination and mutual support for each other’s activities. The Meeting also Assessment visit to Kyrgyzstan to support police provided colleagues with an opportunity to discuss challeng- reform (10–14 May 2022) es, concerns and issues emerging in their daily work. The first day focused on Law enforcement and the Human Dimension, Jointly with ODIHR and in co-ordination with the OSCE Pro- with an emphasis on practical examples of law enforcement gramme Office in Bishkek, TNTD/SPMU conducted a visit co-operating with the human dimension and gender issues in to Kyrgyzstan to assess possible support of police reform service delivery and beyond. The second day was dedicated in the country. During the visit, the delegation met with the to recruitment and training, highlighting the importance of inclu- Minister of the Interior of Kyrgyzstan, as well as the heads sive recruitment practices and innovations in law enforcement of various departments and institutions of the Ministry of the training and in-service capacity-building. Interior (Police Academy, the Republican Training Centre,

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Asset recovery Capacity-building on social re-use of confiscated assets in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Certifications for Certified Fraud (January–March 2022) Examiners (CFE) and Certified Anti-Money Laundering Specialists (CAMS) (January–March 2022) The OSCE concluded an implementing partner agreement (IPA) with the Sarajevo-based Center for Civil Society Pro- Three participants from Albania and three from Bosnia and motion (CPCD). Building upon national workshops for civil Herzegovina became Certified Anti-Money Laundering Spe- society organizations (CSO) and asset management agen- cialists as part of a TNTD-OCEEA activity that is supporting cies conducted in 2020 and 2021, the IPA aims to promote 15 practitioners from Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North the social re-use of confiscated criminal assets among CSOs Macedonia and Montenegro in acquiring CFE and CAMS and relevant institutions and agencies in Bosnia and Her- certificates. All participants have been provided with a one- zegovina, and to foster public discourse on the role of civil year membership to the Association of CFE or the Associa- society in the fight against organized crime and corruption. tion of CAMS, as well as course learning material, individual Jointly with the CPCD, the OSCE conducted three capaci- and group mentorship by an expert, and paid exam fees for ty-building training activities for CSOs on social re-use prac- both certifications. The activity has supported practitioners tices and procedures. to enhance their skills and knowledge to conduct financial in- vestigations. The knowledge gained is globally standardized, Second co-ordination meeting mapping current hence facilitating international and regional co-operation and asset recovery technical assistance projects in alleviating the need to resort to external expertise in complex South-Eastern Europe; online (21 January 2022) investigative actions. The OSCE took part in the second co-ordination meeting mapping current asset recovery technical assistance pro-

Ž Kick-off meeting at the OSCE Programme Office in Bishkek for the TNTD/SPMU needs assessment visit to Kyrgyzstan in support of police reform, May 2022. OSCE

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jects convened by the Advice on Individual Rights in Europe organized crime in the region, with a specific focus on the (AIRE) Centre in co-operation with the Regional Anti-corrup- re-use of buildings, land, vehicles and money. tion Initiative (RAI) Secretariat and presented the planned activities on asset recovery. The meeting was attended by Steering group meeting of the Balkan Asset representatives of the CoE, UNODC, EU, Deutsche Ge- Management Interagency Network; online sellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Kon- (31 March 2022) rad-Adenauer-Stiftung and the Centre for International Legal Co-operation. The OSCE supported the organization of a steering group meeting of the Balkan Asset Management Interagency Net- Training event for judges on extended confiscation work (BAMIN). During the meeting, representatives of the of proceeds of crime; Sarajevo, Bosnia and agencies of Albania and Montenegro discussed the date, Herzegovina (26–27 January 2022) location and topics of the BAMIN annual general meeting. As topics that would benefit all of the asset management TNTD and the OCEEA organized a training event on extend- agencies involved in BAMIN, participants identified the man- ed confiscation of proceeds of crime for judges from canton- agement and disposal of cryptocurrencies, management of al and municipal courts working in departments for fighting confiscated vehicles, and pre-seizure planning. Moreover, organized crime, in co-operation with the Federal Agency for they all agreed that social re-use of confiscated assets is a the Management of Seized Property and the Centre for Ju- relevant topic for workshops and training events. dicial and Prosecutorial Training of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The event was attended also by the High Support for the social re-use of confiscated property Judicial and Prosecutorial Council of Bosnia and Herzego- in Bosnia and Herzegovina (April–June 2022) vina. By addressing theoretical and practical aspects of ex- tended confiscation of proceeds of crime, the event aimed to TNTD and the OCEEA provided support to the Agency for foster the use of these provisions where applicable. the Management of Seized and Confiscated Assets of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in re-using the con- Awareness-raising workshop on social re-use of fiscated Hotel Walter for accommodating people fleeing from assets confiscated from crime; Sarajevo, Bosnia and Ukraine as its first Government decision to re-use a confis- Herzegovina (23–24 February 2022) cated property for social purposes.

TNTD together with the OCEEA supported a workshop Regional workshop on confiscation and re-use of aimed at raising awareness on the social re-use of assets criminal assets for participants from South-Eastern confiscated from organized crime in Bosnia and Herzego- Europe; Rome, Italy (30–31 May 2022) vina. The activity was organized in partnership with the Sa- rajevo-based CSO CPCD. Representatives from CSOs in In co-operation with the OCEEA, TNTD conducted a regional various parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina attended the event. workshop in Rome on the confiscation and re-use of crimi- The concept of social re-use, as well as its practice and legal nal assets. The event gathered policymakers and CSOs from framework in the two jurisdictions, was introduced by repre- South-Eastern Europe and other participating States who sentatives of the asset management agencies of the Federa- discussed how to effectively seize, confiscate, manage and tion of Bosnia and Herzegovina and of the Republika Srpska. re-use criminal assets. The focus of the workshop was on re- Representatives of CSOs from Albania and Italy discussed use of assets confiscated from organized crime and corrup- the application of social re-use in civil society. tion cases, including the re-use of assets for social purposes.

Discussions on social re-use with national experts, Support for the Balkan Asset Management CSOs and policymakers from South-Eastern Europe; Interagency Network annual general meeting; online (March 2022) Budva, Montenegro (22–24 June 2022)

Contracted experts conducted 23 online discussions with The OSCE supported the fourth annual general meeting representatives of asset management agencies, experts on of the Balkan Asset Management Interagency Network asset recovery, representatives of CSOs, and policymakers (BAMIN). Representatives discussed what constitutes a from Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North mandate for an effective asset management office. Through Macedonia and Serbia. Discussions gathered first-hand in- interactive group work, participants shared lessons and po- formation on existing legal frameworks, practices and chal- tential challenges. This input will be used to develop guide- lenges related to the social re-use of assets confiscated from lines to be disseminated among BAMIN members.

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Participation in the 3rd Asset Recovery Technical National workshop on the social re-use of Assistance Providers Co-ordination Meeting and confiscated assets; Podgorica, Montenegro assessment visit; Belgrade, Serbia (29 June 2022) (2 November 2022)

Organized by the Regional Anti-corruption Initiative (RAI) Sec- A series of national workshops held in Montenegro on the retariat and the AIRE Centre, the meeting gathered donors social re-use of confiscated assets came to a conclusion. and organizations supporting countries in South-Eastern The final workshop gathered representatives from CSOs, Europe in asset recovery processes. TNTD and the OCEEA think tanks, the Montenegro Ministry of Justice, its Cadas- presented recent achievements and planned activities as tre and its State Property Administration, as well as thematic part of their regional project on asset recovery. experts. In anticipation of the implementation of an amended law on the confiscation of assets gained by criminal activities, Second national workshop on the effective the workshop facilitated an exchange of views among the management and re-use of confiscated assets in participants on how to devise necessary mechanisms for al- Montenegro (18 July 2022) locating and distributing confiscated assets. The discussions focused on the key role of CSOs in this process, as well as The OSCE held the training workshop on the effective man- the possibilities for re-using confiscated assets to support agement and re-use of confiscated assets for representatives victims of crime or affected communities. of Montenegro’s Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Finance, Su- preme State Prosecutor’s Office, Supreme Court, Cadastre Presentation of the work of the OSCE on asset and State Property Administration, and CSOs. At the work- recovery; Washington, D.C. United States shop, participants discussed how to improve the manage- (2 and 6 November 2022) ment and re-use of assets confiscated from organized crime and corruption cases, including aspects of the new draft law The work being done at the OSCE on asset recovery was on the confiscation of proceeds of crime and subsequent presented at the online webinar “Innovations in Asset Recov- bylaws. Experts from Albania, Croatia, Romania, and the ery in the OSCE: The Concept of Social Re-use” and at the United Kingdom presented good practices in the effective International Anti-Corruption Conference 2022. Both events management and re-use of confiscated assets. underlined how the seizure and confiscation of criminal as- sets assists criminal justice practitioners and CSOs to fight Third national workshop on social re-use of organized crime and corruption. To support the establish- confiscated assets; Skopje, North Macedonia ment of efficient mechanisms for cost-effective management (27 September 2022) and disposal of confiscated criminal assets, as well as the re-use of such assets for crime prevention and community A third national workshop brought together participants from support initiatives, the events emphasized advocacy, aware- the North Macedonia Ministry of Justice and its Asset Man- ness-raising and policy discussion. agement Agency, as well as thematic experts and CSOs. The event raised awareness about the importance of asset Training course on mutual legal assistance and recovery and the potential leverage that the re-use of con- international co-operation in asset recovery for fiscated assets as a public good can create to reduce crime participants from South-Eastern Europe, and corruption. It also offered an opportunity to discuss on- Moldova and Ukraine; Dubrovnik, Croatia going amendments to a draft law on the management of (7–10 November 2022) confiscated assets in North Macedonia and the law’s practi- cal implementation, including social re-use practices. The training course gathered criminal justice practitioners from Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Moldova, BAMIN training event on management of seized and Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia and Ukraine. Its aim confiscated vehicles; online (July–September 2022) was to enhance the capacity of participants to mutually re- quest and provide legal assistance in cross-border cases of Supported by TNTD and the OCEEA, BAMIN organized a organized crime and corruption, including asset recovery. training event focused on effective and cost-efficient man- The trainers offered a combination of theoretical and practical agement of seized or confiscated vehicles. This is a key chal- sessions. During the latter, participants had an opportunity to lenge for most BAMIN members. apply acquired knowledge and skills in a simulation exercise.

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National workshop on the social re-use of Development of state-of-the-art curriculum for a confiscated assets; Tirana, Albania training-of-trainers course on gender-responsive (25 November 2022) policing of violence against women and girls (April–June 2022) A third workshop in Albania on the social re-use of confis- cated assets brought representatives from CSOs, think tanks TNTD/SPMU developed the first draft of a state-of-the-art and Albania’s Agency for the Administration of Sequestered training curriculum for a training-of-trainers course on gen- and Confiscated Assets together with asset recovery experts. der-responsive policing of violence against women and girls Albania has several examples of social enterprises and other (VAWG). The curriculum focuses on enhancing the skills and social initiatives related to confiscated properties and thus is knowledge of first-line responders (police and prosecutors) a regional pioneer in the distribution and re-use of confiscat- in relation to cases of GBV. It covers various areas, including ed criminal assets. However, CSOs as well as government in-depth knowledge of VAWG as a form of GBV, victim-cen- agencies have been encountering challenges with the aspect tred approaches to VAWG, inter­agency co-operation, and of social re-use. The third workshop addressed these chal­ diversity as a shared vision of success and partnership. The lenges, focusing in particular on matters connected to sus- curriculum will be piloted during a regional training-of-trainers tainability and feasible ways for addressing them. Social re- course for police officers and prosecutors from South-East- use is a crucial means for ensuring the continuity of projects ern Europe. aimed at preventing crime and promoting a culture of legality. Training-of-trainers course on gender-responsive policing of violence against women and girls; Gender-based violence Warsaw, Poland (25–29 July 2022)

Roundtables for law enforcement and judiciary TNTD/SPMU organized a regional training-of-trainers course training on GBV in South-Eastern Europe held in partnership with ODIHR and the OSCE Gender Issues (January–March 2022) Programme. Police officers and prosecutors from Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia Multi-agency committees from Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovi- and Serbia were trained to respond effectively to cases of na, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia met to discuss violence against women and girls (VAWG) while maintaining a current relevant legislation in each country, identify specific victim/survivor-centred approach. The course covered topics training needs and explore methods to ensure the sustainability such as causes and cycles of violence, violence prevention, of project results. The events brought together representatives harmful biases, attitudes and stereotypes, risk assessment, of law enforcement and judicial agencies, social services, civil victim/survivor protection protocols, referral mechanisms society, the OSCE Secretariat, field operations in the region, as and interagency co-operation. well as regional and international partner organizations. National workshops on the improvement and Regional workshop in South-Eastern Europe on updating of national curricula for law enforcement developing a state-of-the-art training curriculum on GBV in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, on GBV for law enforcement and judiciary; online Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia (24 March 2022) (October–November 2022)

TNTD/SPMU organized a regional workshop attended by the In co-operation with the respective OSCE field operations members of the South-Eastern Europe regional Advisory and and national law enforcement authorities, TNTD/SPMU or- Co-ordination Board and national Multi-Agency Committees, ganized six independent national workshops on improving which were established as part of the project. Representatives and updating the national training curricula for law enforce- from law enforcement, judiciary, civil society, social welfare, ment on GBV. The events were attended by representatives health and educational institutions, as well as OSCE field oper- of the respective law enforcement authorities, ministries, ations and regional and international partner organizations at- academies, courts, prosecutor’s offices and social services. tended the event. The main goal of the workshop was to agree During the workshops, participants analysed and proposed on the content of a regional state-of-the-art curriculum for law improvements to the national training curricula on prevent- enforcement on GBV. The curriculum aims at covering training ing and fighting GBV with the aim of aligning them with the gaps identified during a mapping conducted in South-Eastern CoE’s Istanbul Convention. They also elaborated on how the Europe by the OSCE Gender Issues Programme. updated curricula can be institutionalized.

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Webinar for cadets on trends in contemporary Intelligence-led policing policing, especially on combating GBV and advancing the meaningful participation of women in Assessment visit to Georgia to identify perspectives law enforcement; Tashkent, Uzbekistan for co-operation on intelligence-led policing (6 December 2022) (16–20 May 2022)

In co-operation with the OSCE Project Co-ordinator in Uzbeki- An international expert conducted a needs assessment to stan (PCUz), TNTD/SPMU organized a webinar for cadets and identify perspectives for co-operation with Georgia on intelli- lecturers from the Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs gence-led policing (ILP). The expert met with interlocutors at (MoIA) of the Republic of Uzbekistan. This was the last in a the MoIA of Georgia and at law enforcement agencies to gain series of four webinars organized to raise awareness among insight into the current status of ILP-related activities, as well students and staff at the Academy of key trends and develop- as to identify areas in which assistance might be provided. ments in contemporary policing. The webinar was dedicated to combating GBV and advancing the meaningful participation of Training seminar for law enforcement officers on women in law enforcement. The presenters outlined the differ- intelligence-led policing: From theory to practical ent forms of GBV, possibilities of multi-sectoral co-ordination, implementation; Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (5–8 July 2022) training of practitioners and awareness-raising on the topic. They also highlighted the importance of addressing gender in- In co-operation with the OSCE Programme Office in Bish- equality as one of the root causes of GBV and discussed ways kek and in response to a request of the Kyrgyz MoIA, TNTD/ to advance the meaningful participation of women at all levels SPMU organized an introductory training seminar on ILP. of policing. The event was attended by over a hundred cadets During the event, law enforcement officers from the Criminal and lecturers from the Academy. It was preceded by webinars Investigation Department and the Republican Training Centre organized by TNTD/SPMU in 2022 on topics such as coun- of the MoIA broadened their knowledge of ILP, crime analysis tering the use of the internet for terrorist purposes, cybercrime and decision-making processes. Participants also learned and cyber-enabled crime, and intelligence-led policing. about international good practices and assessed the possi- ble implementation of the ILP model in Kyrgyzstan. National training course for cadets on gender- responsive policing of violence against women and Awareness-raising event on intelligence-led policing girls at the Sarajevo Police Academy; Sarajevo, approaches for senior Georgian law enforcement Bosnia and Herzegovina (12–15 December 2022) managers; Tbilisi, Georgia (16 November 2022)

TNTD/SPMU facilitated a training course on gender-respon- In co-operation with the MoIA of Georgia, TNTD/SPMU con- sive policing of violence against women and girls for 295 police ducted an awareness-raising event on the benefits of the ILP cadets at the Sarajevo Police Academy. A team of trainers, a model at national and regional levels for senior managers from police officer, a prosecutor, a psychologist and an expert from the Georgian law enforcement authorities. The event included the NGO Vive Žene delivered the course. In addition, a group an introduction to the general principles and concepts of ILP of actors performed the role play “Hidden Shadows”. The dis- presented by an international expert, followed by a practical cussions focused on topics such as the definitions of gender, example of the implementation and impact of ILP approaches sex and sexual orientation; why a victim-centred approach is in Serbia presented by a Serbian ILP expert and practitioner. crucial; reporting and the role of the police in detecting and preventing violence; implementing protective measures and conducting risk assessments; the neurobiology of trauma; Community policing and the psychology of victims and perpetrators. The OSCE’s component in the EU-funded project on building effective and accountable institutions in Armenia (25 January 2022)

An EU-funded project on building effective and accountable institutions in Armenia was officially launched. The objective of the project is to implement three components based on the highest priorities for national reform. The police reform component is being implemented by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the OSCE (CPC and TNTD). The focus of TNTD’s support in relation to the estab-

16  Police-related Activities of the OSCE Secretariat

lishment of Armenia’s new Ministry of the Interior (MoI) will be Updated guidebook on good practices in building strengthening Armenia’s police education system, develop- police–public partnerships (29 June 2022) ing a community policing framework, and ensuring transpar- ency, accountability and effectiveness. TNTD/SPMU launched a second updated version of its Guidebook on Good Practices in Building Police–Public Part- Dialogue policing training course; Yerevan, Armenia nerships. The Guidebook, published in English, was updated (29 April–12 May 2022) jointly with UNODC and is available on the OSCE website. A core objective of TNTD/SPMU’s work in this area is to pro- TNTD/SPMU organized a dialogue policing training course mote police–public partnerships, including through commu- for Armenian police officers as part of its ongoing efforts to nity-oriented policing. The updated Guidebook reflects new strengthen democratic policing in Armenia through enhanced relevant research on the topic, including aspects such as the police–public partnership. The course was delivered by two use of new technologies as part of ILP. Swedish experts and focused on the Swedish concept of dialogue police, which aims at the more effective policing of public assemblies.

Threats posed by criminal activity

Crime prevention

Youth crime and drug use prevention workshops in Information, Sports and Youth Policy, as well as experts from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan Kyrgyz civil society. The curricula and strategy were devel- (January–April 2022) oped by by TNTD and OCEEA at the request of the Kyrgyz Government, in the framework of a Memorandum of Un- Joint TNTD-OCEEA workshops on youth crime and drug use derstanding and Co-operation signed in April 2022 between prevention brought together government representatives, the OSCE and the Kyrgyz Government on YCP. school teachers, university professors and civil society to raise awareness on existing UNODC training modules (Edu- cation4Justice and Global Programme on Prevention), foster Cybercrime exchange of best practices and cross-agency collaboration, and to identify capacity gaps and training needs in the field Country visits to Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and of youth crime and drug use prevention. The youth crime Kazakhstan (10–18 March 2022) and Kyrgyzstan and drug use prevention workshops in Tajikistan and Ka- (20–22 April 2022) zakhstan provided a multi-­stakeholder platform for dialogue and co-operation among representatives from government, TNTD/SPMU conducted country visits to Tajikistan, Uzbek- schools, universities and civil society to discuss trends, chal- istan and Kazakhstan to gather feedback on the implemen- lenges and lessons learned in youth crime prevention (YCP). tation of its cybercrime prevention project and to discuss During the workshops, participants identified capacity gaps preparations, both with national counterparts and the re- in YCP and emphasized the need for effective training in this spective field operations, for the project’s next phase, namely area. implementing national training courses to commence later in the year 2022. Intragovernmental working group meetings on educational curricula and awareness Introductory training course on open campaigns on YCP; Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan source IT forensics; Koschi, Kazakhstan (3 November and 8 December 2022) (16–20 May and 20–24 June 2022)

TNTD/SPMU facilitated working group meetings in Bishkek TNTD/SPMU delivered, in co-operation with the OSCE on YCP that brought together representatives of the Kyr- Programme Office in Astana and the Kazakhstan Law En- gyz Ministry of Education and Science, MoIA, Prosecutor forcement Academy under the General Prosecutor’s Office, General’s Office, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Culture, a two-week introductory training course on open source

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IT forensics. The course was attended by law enforcement National training courses on cryptocurrencies and officials from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, and dark web investigations; Tashkent, Uzbekistan was delivered by four digital forensic experts from Estonia, (17–21 October 2022) and Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan Georgia, Norway and Romania. The course, originally de- (21–25 November 2022) veloped by the European Cybercrime Training and Educa- tion Group, provided participants with the knowledge and In co-operation with the PCUz and the Academy of the Of- skills necessary for understanding the steps and key princi- fice of the Prosecutor General of the Republic of Uzbekistan, ples of the digital forensic process, reading computer data, TNTD/SPMU delivered a training course on cryptocurrencies and using available open source forensic tools to analyse and dark web investigations for 15 representatives of the Uz- data. bek Office of the Prosecutor General, MoIA and State Securi- ty Service. Participants learned about the main concepts and Donation of IT equipment and preparations for key trends in the areas of internet-working, anonymity and national training activities (July–September 2022) encryption, cryptocurrencies, obfuscation techniques, dark web and Tor networks. They also practiced approaches and IT equipment for law enforcement educational institutions methods for cryptocurrency seizing, blockchain analysis and in Central Asia was delivered. Each beneficiary country (Ka- searching the dark web. zakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbek- istan) received equipment for one computer classroom (23 National training courses on requesting electronic desktop computers, 4 laptops, 2 projectors and projection evidence across borders; Tashkent, Uzbekistan, screens, 1 printer) that will be used for subsequent nation- Astana, Kazakhstan and Dushanbe, Tajikistan al training activities. The equipment donation was comple- (October–December 2022) mented by a series of national training courses, inter alia, on cryptocurrencies and dark web investigations, requesting In co-operation with the OSCE field operations in Central electronic evidence across borders, and handling digital evi- Asia, TNTD/SPMU continued to conduct training courses on dence by first responders. requesting electronic evidence from foreign service provid-

Ž Participants during the training course on cryptocurrencies and dark web investigations in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan in November 2022. OSCE / Dmytro Zhuravlyov

18  Police-related Activities of the OSCE Secretariat

ers. Developed jointly with UNODC and INTERPOL and with Illicit drugs and chemical precursors financial support from the EU, the course is based on the UN Practical Guide on Requesting Electronic Evidence across Participation in the UN Commission on Borders. The three-day training course covered available Narcotic Drugs 65th session; Vienna, instruments for requesting electronic evidence from service Austria (14–18 March 2022) providers based in foreign jurisdictions, including requests for preservation, voluntary disclosure, emergency disclo- Upon the invitation of UNODC, TNTD/SPMU attended the sure and mutual legal assistance, as well as channels for 65th session of the UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs (UN police-to-police co-operation. Also discussed is the impor- CND) as an observer. Participants discussed recent develop- tance of respecting human rights in all of these procedures. ments of the drug control system and joint efforts in tackling Each training course was followed by a one-day roundtable, the world drug problem. They also adopted resolutions aimed during which participants and experts discussed possible at promoting comprehensive and scientific evidence-based changes to the operational procedures of criminal justice in- early prevention, strengthening international co-operation stitutions in each country to improve their capacity to obtain to address the links between trafficking in illicit drugs and electronic evidence from abroad. firearms, and intensifying efforts to address the diversion of non-scheduled chemicals frequently used in the illicit man- National training course on handling digital ufacture of drugs or the proliferation of designer precursors. evidence by first responders; Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (14–18 November 2022) Support to UNODC’s Paris Pact Initiative on tackling financial flows linked to illicit Afghan opiates; In co-operation with the POiB and the Academy of the Kyr- Vienna, Austria (30–31 May 2022) gyz MoIA, TNTD/SPMU organized a training course on han- dling digital evidence by first responders. Representatives TNTD/SPMU supported the UNODC’s Paris Pact Initiative by of relevant operational units of the MoIA and Academy staff co-organizing its Expert Working Group meeting to discuss learned how to identify, seize and secure potential sources of recent developments in countering illicit financial flows linked digital evidence at a crime scene, use open source forensic with Afghan opiates. Participants discussed the security situa- tools for first responders, conduct basic live data forensics, tion in Afghanistan, opiate trafficking, money and service trans- and deal with volatile data. They were also introduced to fer systems (Hawala), interagency/international co-operation, the basics of computer networking, as well as online open challenges and developments in anti-money laundering, as source investigations and anonymity on the internet. well as asset recovery initiatives. They also considered tech- nical assistance needs and new capabilities that can enhance understanding and disruption of illicit financial flows in line with implementing priority recommendations as endorsed by the 15th Paris Pact Policy Consultative Group meeting in 2021.

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1.2 Transnational Threats Department/ Action against Terrorism Unit

▶ Action against Terrorism Unit (TNTD/ATU) supports participating States and Partners for Co-operation in bringing a gender analysis to preventing and countering violent extremism and radicalization leading to terrorism (P/C VERLT)

With the support of the Embassy of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in Vienna and the International Institute for Justice and the Rule of Law (IIJ) in Malta, TNTD/ATU organized a training course for participants from Jordanian law enforcement agencies and civil society (12 October) aimed at a better integration of gender perspectives and enhanced collaboration across sectors in P/C VERLT programming and operations. In addition, the event looked at strengthening a community-oriented approach in P/C VERLT that protects and promotes human rights. The training event was built on the P/C VERLT Guidebook Series, including publications on whole-of-society approaches, and on gender and VERLT, the latter in particular designed as guidance for law enforcement officers.

Similarly, in co-operation with the Spanish National Police, TNTD/ATU organized a training event for Spanish law enforcement (13–14 December) to further advance gender-responsiveness in P/C VERLT activities. Facilitated by a team of international and national experts, and tailored to the Spanish and wider European contexts, the event focused on intersections between gender power relations and VERLT. The nexus between violent misogyny and violent extremism was discussed in particular, informed by a related Policy Brief that TNTD/ATU launched jointly with the OSCE’s Gender Issues Programme’s WIN project.

Ž Participants of the two-day training event “Understanding the Role of Gender in Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism and Radicalization that Lead to Terrorism” (P/C VERLT) in Madrid, Spain in December 2022. OSCE

20  Police-related Activities of the OSCE Secretariat

Threats posed by criminal activity

Counter-terrorism activities

Workshop on juvenile justice in a counter-terrorism Participation in the plenary meeting of the Council context; online (8–9 February 2022) of Europe Committee on Counter-Terrorism; Strasbourg, France (23–25 May 2022) Following the contribution to the development of the Global Counterterrorism Forum (GCTF) Neuchatel Memo­ TNTD/ATU participated in the plenary meeting of the CoE randum on Juvenile Justice, TNTD/ATU participated in a Committee on Counter-Terrorism. Discussions among CoE workshop on juvenile justice organized by the International Member States touched upon a range of issues, including an Institute for Justice and the Rule of Law (IIJ), since TNTD/ update of the organization’s current Counter-Terrorism Strat- ATU has included related legal aspects in its national criminal egy, efforts to identify and address emerging terrorist threats, justice seminars and regional policy dialogues related to for- and efforts to counteract terrorist communications, recruit- eign terrorist fighters (FTFs). ment and training. TNTD/ATU contributed to the discussions by presenting its respective ongoing efforts, and co-ordinat- High-level conference on regional co-operation in ed with the CoE on areas of common interest. the fight against terrorism; Tashkent, Uzbekistan UN Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee (3–4 March 2022) visits to Bulgaria (4–8 April 2022), the Baltic States (10–21 October 2022), and Uzbekistan A high-level international conference on regional co-operation (28 November–2 December 2022) in the fight against terrorism was jointly organized by the In- stitute for Strategic and Regional Studies under the President TNTD/ATU represented the OSCE in visits of the UN Security of Uzbekistan, the UN Office of Counter-Terrorism (UNOCT), Council Counter-Terrorism Committee to Bulgaria, the Baltic the UN Regional Center for Preventive Diplomacy for Central States (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia) and Uzbekistan. These Asia (UNRCCA), the OSCE PCUz and TNTD/ATU. The confer- visits assessed the implementation of UN resolutions and in- ence addressed regional co-operation among Central Asian ternational counter-terrorism commitments, with TNTD/ATU countries within the framework of the UN Global Counter- contributing expertise in the areas of preventing and counter- Terrorism Strategy. The conference facilitated discussions on ing VERLT, on critical infrastructure protection, and on crimi- the four pillars of the strategy as well as the situation in Cen- nal justice parameters. tral Asia following the Taliban takeover in Afghanistan. The adoption of the Tashkent Declaration and an updated Joint High-level conference on international and regional Plan of Action demonstrated the commitment of Central border security and management co-operation to Asian countries to the joint fight against terrorism. counter terrorism; Dushanbe, Tajikistan (18–19 October 2022) UN conference on human rights, civil society and counter-terrorism; Malaga, Spain (10–11 May 2022) In co-operation with the Government of Tajikistan, UNOCT, the UN Regional Center for Preventive Diplomacy for Central TNTD/ATU participated in a conference on human rights, Asia, and the EU, the OSCE co-organized a high-level con- civil society and counter-terrorism organized by UNOCT and ference on border security and management co-operation to the Government of Spain. The conference highlighted the counter terrorism. The conference was attended by over 900 OSCE’s efforts in upholding the rule of law as a crucial com- participants. Discussions focused on regional border security ponent of preventing and countering terrorism. It provided challenges, FTFs and on leveraging partnerships to mitigate an opportunity for TNTD/ATU to deepen its relationship with related threats. The conference concluded with the adoption UNOCT and discuss plans to engage with their Madrid-based of the Dushanbe Declaration on Border Security and Man- Global Programme on the Protection of Vulnerable Targets agement Co-operation to Counter Terrorism and Prevent the from Terrorist Attacks. Movement of Terrorists.

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Annual focal points meeting of the action against Regional Centre for Preventive Diplomacy for Central Asia (UN- terrorism networks; Vienna, Austria RCCA). The aim was to enhance co-operation and co-ordi- (20 December 2022) nation between law enforcement agencies, representatives of international and regional organizations and counter-terrorism The annual meeting of counter-terrorism focal points in the mechanisms to develop an early warning network in response OSCE Secretariat, institutions, field operations and the Par- to threats emanating from Afghanistan. TNTD contributed par- liamentary Assembly, organized by TNTD/ATU, served as a ticularly to the session focusing on assessments and respons- platform for information-sharing and co-ordination to iden- es by international and regional organizations. tify mutual priorities for 2023. Regional breakout sessions allowed focal points to present programmatic priorities and Participation in the UN Global Congress of Victims upcoming activities. of Terrorism; New York, United States (8–9 September 2022) Participation in the UN Global Counter-Terrorism Co-ordination Compact Committee meeting (8 June The OSCE participated in the UN Global Congress of Victims 2022) of Terrorism, with the OSCE Co-ordinator of Activities to Ad- dress Transnational Threats (Co/TNT) delivering a speech at TNTD contributed online to the 8th meeting of the UN Global the session “Rehabilitation, Assistance and Support”, high- Counter-Terrorism Co-ordination Compact Committee at the lighting, inter alia, the OSCE’s good practices related to the invitation of UNOCT. The OSCE Co-ordinator of Activities to repatriation, rehabilitation and reintegration of FTFs and as- Address Transnational Threats presented about the OSCE’s sociated family members. This session also explored support co-operation with UN agencies, addressed challenges in for victims from the immediate aftermath of an attack to the preventing and countering terrorism, and focused on engag- longer term, as well as good practices in the development of ing with Mediterranean Partners for Co-operation, particular- comprehensive national assistance plans. On the margins of ly in North Africa. the Congress, high-level meetings with UNOCT, UNCTED, and the UN Special Rapporteur on counter-terrorism and hu- Regional discussions for the establishment of a man rights were held to discuss further co-operation. counter-terrorism early warning network for Central Asia; Istanbul, Türkiye (27–30 June 2022) Open Briefing of the UN Counter-Terrorism Committee on Central Asia (20 December 2022) TNTD participated in regional discussions for the establishment of a counter-terrorism early warning network for Central Asia. TNTD contributed online to the Open Briefing of the UN The event was organized by UNOCT and the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Committee on Central Asia, alongside rep-

Ž Participants in the OSCE training course “Understanding the Role of Gender in Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism and Radicalization that Lead to Terrorism” (P/C VERLT) in Valletta, Malta in October 2022. The International Institute for Justice and the Rule of Law

22  Police-related Activities of the OSCE Secretariat

resentatives from other international organizations. The briefing VERLT in prisons. TNTD delivered remarks focused on the focused on international and regional co-operation mecha- importance of distinguishing violent extremism and radical- nisms in Central Asia in the area of counter-terrorism and violent ization that lead to terrorism from extremism and radicali- extremism conducive to terrorism. TNTD placed its focus on zation alone, and the need for a human-rights based and prevention, emphasizing how prevention-oriented programmes multi-stakeholder approach.1 carry the potential to foster more bottom-up engagement. It also drew attention to the importance of creating a culture of Training event “Media and Information Literacy in listening between government actors and civil society, with both the Context of P/C VERLT – Addressing Challenges sides drawing on each other’s skills, insights and experience. in the Digital ‘Information Disorder’”; Skopje, North Macedonia (5–7 December 2022)

Preventing and countering violent TNTD organized a training event for policymakers, law en- extremism and radicalization that forcement officials, educational stakeholders, media rep- lead to terrorism (P/C VERLT) resentatives, media institutes and other CSOs focused on strengthening multi-stakeholder collaboration on media infor- mation literacy as well as critical thinking in the context of P/C Training course on understanding the role of gender VERLT. In co-ordination with the Women & Men Innovating in P/C VERLT for Jordanian participants; Valletta, & Networking for Gender Equality (WIN) project of the OSCE Malta (12 October 2022) Gender Issues Programme, also discussed were links be- tween gender dynamics and VERLT in the digital space, and With the support of the Embassy of the Hashemite Kingdom enabling more gender-responsive programmes. International of Jordan in Vienna and the International Institute for Jus- and local experts on media and information literacy, gender tice and the Rule of Law in Malta, TNTD/ATU organized a and P/C VERLT contributed, which ensured that the training pilot training course for Jordanian law enforcement agencies event was tailored to the regional and national context. and civil society. The event was aimed at the better integration of gender perspectives and enhanced collaboration across Training event “Understanding the Role of Gender in sectors in P/C VERLT programming and operations. In addi- P/C VERLT – Good Practices for Law Enforcement”; tion, it looked at strengthening a community-oriented approach Madrid, Spain (13–14 December 2022) in P/C VERLT that protects and promotes human rights. Upon request by Spain, TNTD/ATU organized a training Participation in the International Conference on event for the Spanish National Police to advance gender- Transnational Terrorist Threats from Emerging responsiveness in national P/C VERLT activities. The course and Re-Emerging Violent Extremist Movements; allowed for reflection and exchange on how gender power Strasbourg, France (3–4 November 2022) relations relate to and intersect with VERLT, including the nexus between violent misogyny and violent extremism. TNTD/ATU participated in a conference on transnational ter- The event was tailored to the Spanish and wider European rorist threats organized by the Council of Europe Committee contexts. on Counter-Terrorism and the German Federal Foreign Of- fice. The need to adapt existing tools and approaches was stressed, as was countering the use of the internet for terror- Countering the financing of ist purposes and promoting co-operation in criminal investi- terrorism (CFT) gations and prosecutions.

ODIHR regional workshop on detention monitoring Implementation of OSCE-UNODC training course and the protection of human rights while preventing on CFT; Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and countering VERLT in prisons; Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, North Macedonia and Tajikistan Kyrgyzstan (29–30 November 2022) (April–December 2022)

TNTD participated in a regional workshop for government In collaboration with UNODC and the respective OSCE field and civil society representatives from Central Asia organ- operations, TNTD/ATU organized training courses to enhance ized by ODIHR and Penal Reform International. The event national capacity in preventing the financing of terrorism and focused on independent detention monitoring and increased oversight for enhanced protection of the rights of persons 1 See also section 3.1 Police-Related Activities of the OSCE Office for Democratic deprived of liberty, while effectively preventing/countering Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR)

23 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL ON POLICE-RELATED ACTIVITIES 2022

in conducting effective financial investigations through inter- focuses on preventing and countering the use of the inter- agency co-operation. The training event included modules net for terrorist purposes in a human-rights compliant and on foundations and analysis, as well as basic and advanced gender-mainstreamed manner.2 investigation skills. The event also involved aspects of train- ing-of-trainers, aimed at preparing multi-agency teams of local National training courses and roundtables on trainers to deliver the course to peer experts in their respective requesting electronic evidence across borders in jurisdictions. One objective of the event was thus also to tai- Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan lor course material and scenario-based exercises to the local (September–December 2022) context, and to help in the design of appropriate national strat- egies on preventing and disrupting the financing of terrorism, In co-operation with the respective OSCE field operations in line also with the UNSCR 1267 sanctions regime against and UNODC, TNTD/ATU and TNTD/SPMU jointly organized individuals and entities associated with terrorist groups. training courses and roundtables in four Central Asian par- ticipating States on requesting electronic evidence across Security briefing for parliamentarians from Bosnia borders. The courses were aimed at improving the capacity and Herzegovina; Sarajevo (8 June 2022) of participants in obtaining electronic evidence from service providers based in foreign jurisdictions, while respecting hu- TNTD contributed to a security briefing organized by the man rights and fundamental freedoms. The activities are part OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Interna- of ongoing efforts by the OSCE to enhance the capabilities tional Republican Institute for parliamentarians working at all of participating States in countering terrorism and terrorist legislative levels in the country. TNTD facilitated the participa- abuse of new technology in a responsible and rights-based tion of a speaker from the United Nations Counter-Terrorism manner. Executive Directorate (UNCTED), who discussed the impor- tance of effective national strategies. TNTD then moderated the second session of the event, which focused on counter- Protecting critical infrastructure ing terrorist financing. and vulnerable targets against terrorist attacks Countering the use of the internet for terrorist purposes Participation in a UN workshop on countering terrorist threats against vulnerable targets for Tunisia (2–3 June 2022) Participation in the UNOCT/INTERPOL meeting on the CT TECH project for Central Asia and Mongolia TNTD participated online in a workshop focused on efforts (14 April 2022) to build an effective legislative and regulatory framework protecting vulnerable targets in Tunisia. The workshop was TNTD/ATU participated online in a regional consultation organized by UNOCT and its implementing partners. In sup- meeting with Central Asia and Mongolia, launching the port of this Mediterranean Partner for Co-operation, TNTD joint UNOCT/INTERPOL project CT TECH, which aims at contributed a presentation on the experience of OSCE par- strengthening law enforcement and the capacities of crim- ticipating States in identifying and listing vulnerable targets. inal justice authori­ties to counter the exploitation of ICT for terrorist purposes, and to support leveraging new technolo- Conference: Critical Infrastructure Protection and gies in the fight against terrorism. TNTD/ATU contributed an Resilience Europe 2022; Bucharest, Romania (14–16 overview of the OSCE’s efforts in preventing and countering June 2022) violent extremism and terrorism online, particularly on pro- moting human-rights based responses. TNTD participated in the annual conference Critical Infra- structure Protection and Resilience Europe, which gathered OSCE launch of an e-course in the Uzbek language practitioners from national governments, industry, as well on preventing the use of the internet for terrorist as research and development sectors. TNTD’s participation purposes (10 August 2022) helped to expand its pool of experts on critical infrastructure protection, experts who can support and advise on future In collaboration with the PCUz, TNTD/ATU launched an capacity-building and technical assistance. e-learning course in the Uzbek language aimed at policy- makers, law enforcement, government officials, academics and practitioners involved in security issues. The course 2 See also section 2.3.5 Project Co-ordinator in Uzbekistan

24  Police-related Activities of the OSCE Secretariat

Regional training workshop on countering terrorism gramming under TNTD/ATU’s vulnerable target protection focusing on critical infrastructure protection; online portfolio. The briefing aimed to foster co-operation and col- (14–16 June 2022) laboration with UN and non-UN entities working on critical infrastructure and soft target protection. TNTD/ATU supported the OSCE Centre in Ashgabat (CiA) in organizing a regional online training workshop on coun- Regional expert workshop in Central Asia on the tering terrorism with a specific focus on protecting critical protection of vulnerable targets against terrorist infrastructure. The training was aimed at participants from attacks; Tashkent, Uzbekistan (16–18 November Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uz- 2022) bekistan. It was co-organized by the UN Regional Centre for Preventive Diplomacy for Central Asia (UNRCCA) and In collaboration with the PCUz, UNOCT, UNCTED and UNOCT. The aim of the workshop was to enhance partic- INTERPOL, TNTD/ATU conducted a regional workshop at- ipants’ knowledge and capabilities in safeguarding critical tended by law enforcement, criminal justice and government infrastructure from terrorist threats. stakeholders from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Ta- jikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. International experts Participation in a radiological attack table-top were also present to facilitate the exchange of good prac- exercise; online (6 September 2022) tices and identify programming needs for OSCE support in preventing terrorist attacks on critical infrastructure and soft TNTD participated in a virtual strategic-level table-top ex- targets. ercise focused on a terrorist incident involving radiological weapons. The invite-only event was organized by the Coun- Participation in the UN Global Programme on ter Terrorism Preparedness Network and the UN Coun- Countering Terrorist Threats against Vulnerable ter-Terrorism Centre of UNOCT. The event provided an op- Targets: In-depth Consultations; Dushanbe, portunity to assess the local impact on critical infrastructure Tajikistan (21–22 November 2022) and services at various stages after a theoretical attack. TNTD and the Programme Office in Dushanbe attended, as Briefing for the UN Global Counter-Terrorism observers, an event organized by the UN Global Programme Co-ordination Compact working group; online on Countering Terrorist Threats against Vulnerable Targets (10 October 2022) (UNOCT, UN CTED, UN Interregional Crime and Justice Re- search Institute, and UN Alliance of Civilizations). The event TNTD/ATU prepared an online briefing for the UN Global examined Tajikistan’s legislative and operational frameworks Counter-Terrorism Co-ordination Compact working group for protecting soft targets and critical infrastructure from ter- on emerging threats and critical infrastructure protection. rorist attacks. The OSCE’s participation in this visit will ensure The briefing highlighted the OSCE’s planned Regional Expert a co-ordinated delivery of support to Tajikistan through the Workshop in Central Asia on the Protection of Vulnerable POiD, TNTD and UN channels. Targets against Terrorist Attacks, and discussed future pro-

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1.3 Transnational Threats Department/ Border Security and Management Unit

▶ Highlighting the power of gender equality in border security and management: The annual conference of the OSCE Gender Equality Platform; Podgorica, Montenegro (29–30 November 2022)

On 29 and 30 November 2022, the OSCE Gender Equality (GE) Platform in Border Security and Management organized a much-anticipated meeting in Montenegro.

Since its inception in 2016, the OSCE GE Platform has been an influential force in promoting gender equality in the realm of border security and management. This initiative has brought together a diverse group of mid- to senior officers from border and law enforcement agencies in OSCE participating States and Partners for Co-operation. It serves as a platform for sharing good practices and expertise on gender mainstreaming in border security and management.

The conference saw networking and discussions on the challenges and successes of gender mainstreaming in the border security domain. One topic addressed was the complex and sensitive issue of sexual harassment faced by female border officers. The event was a safe space where participants had the freedom to openly discuss the risks of retaliation when reporting complaints of sexual harassment within border agencies. They explored effective strategies for prevention and combating such behaviour, placing a strong emphasis on comprehensive training programmes.

The annual conference convened representatives from border agencies in 19 participating States. With an in-person format and adhering to Chatham House Rules, the event ensured an environment where participants could express their thoughts openly and constructively.

The conference kicked off with an address by Mr. Filip Adžić, Montenegro’s Minister of Interior. In his speech, he assured the attendees: “Women are just as capable and exceptional as their male colleagues in the police force. They play a pivotal role in the security system, not only in Montenegro, but in every organized and democratic society. I am grateful for the opportunity to engage with you on this topic, which is fundamental to shaping our society’s future. Rest assured, the Ministry of Interior stands as a steadfast partner, fully committed to furthering gender equality in the security sector.”

Ž Gender-inclusive border management remains a priority for the OSCE with the aim to increase security and safety in the OSCE participating States and Partners for Co-operation. In 2022, over 150 border officers participated in online and in-person events organized to promote gender-responsive border management and the implementation of the Women Peace and Security Agenda. The Annual Conference of the Gender Equality Platform in Border Security and Management was held in November in Podgorica, Montenegro. OSCE / Dragica Vucinic

26  Police-related Activities of the OSCE Secretariat

During the conference, participants undertook interactive exercises to dissect the intricate relationship between gender biases, stereotypes and the fight against cross-border crimes. The aim was to integrate a gender perspective into the daily work of border officers in order to foster a more inclusive and effective approach to security.

To conclude, members of the GE Platform shared their impressions and provided valuable feedback. Ms. Parisa Sheralieva, Gender Focal Point of the OSCE Border Management Staff College in Dushanbe, expressed her enthusiasm, stating, “as a part of this vibrant GE Platform community, I am thrilled by the energy that fuels our collective pursuit of gender equality in border security. The nexus between gender biases, stereotypes and countering cross-border crimes caught my attention; I will strongly recommend incorporating this crucial topic into the training curriculum of the College.”

Cross-border co-operation in criminal matters

Needs assessment on countering trafficking in task force on combating TCP. The meeting aimed at plan- cultural property in Romania (20–21 April 2022) ning the development over the next five years of a new com- prehensive, multi-stream operational training curriculum on The Border Security and Management Unit (TNTD/BSMU) combating trafficking in art, antiquities and cultural property conducted a needs assessment for the Romanian border for the ExB project “Combating illicit cross-border trafficking service, focusing on the existing normative framework, inter- in cultural property in the OSCE area”. agency co-operation, training needs and experience in com- bating trafficking in cultural property (TCP). A tailored report Regional operations workshop on TCP; Helsinki, with recommendations for capacity-building on countering Finland (7–11 November 2022) TCP in Romania is planned to be produced in 2023. In partnership with law enforcement agencies and internation- Interactive field training course on cultural heritage al organizations, TNTD/BSMU launched the first scenario- protection; Rome, Italy (25–29 April 2022) based interactive training workshop on combating illicit traf- ficking of art, antiquities and cultural property. Experts from In co-operation with Cranfield University, UK, and the Italian Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania and Norway participated Carabinieri, TNTD/BSMU delivered an interactive field train- in scenario-based training exercises, utilizing latest technol- ing course for forensic investigators and law enforcement ogies and tools. officials on cultural heritage protection and TCP.

Investigation skills training course workshop on Identity management and travel TCP; Vilnius, Lithuania (24–25 May 2022) document security In co-ordination with national customs officials, TNTD/BSMU delivered a three-day investigation skills training workshop Scoping mission to Uzbekistan on TCP to thirty officials. The workshop resulted in the de- (21 February–4 March 2022) velopment of both internal and international TCP communi- cations networks. In co-operation with the PCUz, TNTD/BSMU conducted a scoping mission to assess cross-border challenges emanating Meeting of international law enforcement/border from Afghanistan. Meetings were held with representatives of management experts task force; Edinburgh, Uzbekistan’s State Customs Committee, border guard forces Scotland (12–14 September 2022) and Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA), as well as the UNODC Re- gional Representative for Central Asia. The mission also visited TNTD/BSMU organized a meeting of 17 experts from the the Termez Cargo Center logistics terminal to meet with relevant international law enforcement/border management experts’ officials and assess the situation at Uzbekistan’s border.

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Deployment of an OSCE mobile training team; Technical needs assessment mission to Uzbekistan Belgrade, Serbia (2–3 March 2022) (23–27 May 2022)

In collaboration with the OSCE Mission to Serbia, TNTD/ In collaboration with the PCUz and the OSCE Conflict Pre- BSMU organized the deployment of an OSCE mobile train- vention Centre (CPC) and Forum for Security Co-operation ing team (MTT) to Belgrade. The MTT conducted a training (FSC), TNTD/BSMU conducted a technical needs assess- course for 16 officers of Serbia’s Ministry of Interior Counter- ment mission to Uzbekistan as a follow-up to the scoping terrorism Service. The course focused on the detection of mission conducted in February. The mission focused on dis- FTFs at borders, with an emphasis on the role played in this cussing and refining training and equipment proposals based by INTERPOL, as well as behavioural analysis and interview- on the needs of t he state customs committee and the ing techniques. Feedback from participants will contribute to committee for state border protection. The assessment ad- the development of a follow-up ExB project, which will aim to dressed issues such as illicit trafficking of small arms and light further advance the skills and knowledge of border officers weapons (SALW), ammunition and explosives, cross-border in identifying FTFs while ensuring compliance with human travel of FTFs and other criminals, and free and secure move- rights standards. ment of goods across the Uzbek–Afghan border.

Donation of equipment to Bosnia and Herzegovina National workshop on establishing API systems in (25 March 2022) Turkmenistan (29 July 2022)

TNTD/BSMU donated highly specialized technical equip- In collaboration with the OSCE Centre in Ashgabat, TNTD/ ment for detecting fraudulent documents to Bosnia and Her- BSMU organized a national workshop in Turkmenistan for zegovina’s Agency for Professional Training and Education in participants from the Turkmen Ministry of Internal Affairs and Mostar. The donation supports efforts to build the technical State Customs Service. The workshop served as a forum to capacities and skills of border officers in detecting forged discuss the implementation of Turkmenistan’s API roadmap documents in line with EU/Frontex standards. and share lessons learned from other OSCE participating States. The event aimed to support Turkmenistan in learning Workshop on responsible biometric data use; good practices from Albania, Kyrgyzstan and the Nether- Dushanbe, Tajikistan (28–30 March 2022) lands in establishing API systems. As a result of the meeting, TNTD/BSMU offered concrete support to Turkmen authori- Jointly with the UN Counter-Terrorism Centre, TNTD/BSMU ties to conduct an API needs assessment in the country and supported a workshop focused on the responsible use and to provide online expert consultations on this topic. sharing of biometric data to detect, prevent, investigate and prosecute terrorist offenses and other serious crimes at bor- Training sessions on identifying impostors at ders. border crossing points; online (19–20 July 2022, 22–23 August 2022) Meetings of the Eastern European informal working group on passenger data TNTD/BSMU organized two online training sessions on the (20 May–28 June 2022) identification of impostors at border crossing points for mem- bers of the OSCE Border Security and Management National As the secretariat of the Eastern European informal working Focal Points Network as well as selected representatives of group (EE IWG) on passenger data, TNTD/BSMU facilitat- border authorities. ed meetings to discuss preparations for the group’s annual meeting in November 2022. The meetings focused on top- Roundtable meeting with Uzbek authorities; ics such as the current situation of passenger data imple- Tashkent, Uzbekistan (9 August 2022) mentation, tools for enhancing co-operation and information sharing, and the challenges faced in implementing advance In collaboration with the CPC/FSC Support Unit and the PCUz, passenger information (API) systems. Participants from Al- TNTD/BSMU organized a roundtable meeting with Uzbeki- bania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kyrgyzstan, Montenegro, stan’s State Customs Committee, border guard forces and rep- Mongolia and North Macedonia reported on achievements in resentatives from the Termez Cargo Center logistics terminal. legal harmonization of API legislation with the support of the The purpose of the meeting was to discuss the implementation OSCE and UNOCT. of the ExB project “Strengthening the resilience of Uzbekistan to address cross-border challenges emanating from Afghanistan”. The meeting provided an opportunity to exchange views and co-ordinate efforts in addressing cross-border challenges.

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Advance training course for the Albanian border and ing discussions with the API service provider, future funding migration police on identifying forged documents plans, connectivity with air carriers, and the establishment in and imposters; Tirana, Albania (10–14 October 2022) Georgia of a Passenger Information Unit. The visit aimed at providing support and clarifying matters that had previously In co-operation with the OSCE Presence in Albania, TNTD/ proven problematic for the Georgian Inter-Agency Working BSMU organized an advanced training course for Albanian Group. border and migration police officials on identifying forged documents and impostors. The one-week training course, Roundtable meeting on airport security; Chișinău, delivered by experts from the Austrian Ministry of the Interior Moldova (6–7 December 2022) (MoI), aimed to strengthen participants’ knowledge of se- curity features in documents, security printing inks, printing With the support of the OSCE Mission to Moldova, TNTD/ techniques and passport production. It also provided an in- BSMU organized a roundtable meeting on airport securi- troduction to technical devices designed for document and ty in Chișinău. The meeting gathered thirty representatives face verification. This course was a follow-up to a basic train- from national authorities, regional and international organi- ing course conducted the previous year for the same group zations engaged in airport security in Moldova. TNTD/BSMU of participants. presented a draft of its new project “Enhancing airport se- curity at international airports in the Republic of Moldova”, Second meeting of the EE IWG on passenger data; which aims at supporting Moldovan authorities to prevent Vienna, Austria (1–2 November 2022) cross-border crimes and terrorism at its international air- ports. The participants discussed national legal frameworks, The second annual meeting of the EE IWG on passenger co-ordination mechanisms, information-sharing practices, data was co-organized by UNOCT and TNTD/BSMU. The and challenges related to airport security in Moldova. The meeting provided a platform for technical exchange, sharing findings and recommendations from the meeting were used of good practices and lessons learned, and methodologies to finalize a project based on a similar initiative that was im- in data collection from travellers. Also explored were security plemented in Montenegro in 2019. It is planned to launch the analyses across different modes of travel and new applica- new project in 2023. tions of passenger data frameworks. During the meeting, the group chair (Kyrgyzstan) and vice-chairs (Albania, Georgia, Training-of-trainers on identifying forged documents Mongolia and Montenegro) volunteered to continue their re- and impostors; Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina spective functions in 2023. (5–16 December 2022)

6th Annual Passenger Data Exchange Seminar; In co-operation with the OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Her- Vienna, Austria (3–4 November 2022) zegovina (BiH), TNTD/BSMU organized a two-week train- ing-of-trainers course on identifying forged documents and In collaboration with UNOCT, TNTD/BSMU organized the impostors at border crossing points. The course targeted 6th Annual Passenger Data Exchange (PDE) Seminar. The nine instructors from the BiH Agency for Education and seminar brought together decision-makers, technical ex- Professional Development and the BiH Border Police. Deliv- perts, international organizations and the private sector to ered by experts from the Austrian MoI, the hands-on training discuss how to enhance travel security across all modes of course enabled participants to work with specialized equip- travel. The topics covered included legal issues, international ment for document verification that had been donated by standards in advance passenger information (API) systems, TNTD/BSMU in March, and to assess real and forged identi- and engaging with the transport industry. The event aimed fication. The training course aimed at enhancing participants’ at facilitating practical discussions, sharing of good practic- knowledge in analysing techniques for morphing, detecting es, and strengthening partnerships in implementing national stolen identities, and understanding the latest trends in travel passenger data systems. document forgery.

Technical assessment visit on the implementation of 17th Central Asian Border Management Initiative an advance passenger information road map; Tbilisi, conference; Tashkent, Uzbekistan Georgia (6–7 December 2022) (13–15 December 2022)

To evaluate the status of Georgia’s API system, TNTD/BSMU In co-operation with the CPC, OSCE field operations in Cen- organized a needs assessment meeting with relevant author- tral Asia and UNODC, and with support of the Government of ities responsible for the system’s implementation and man- Uzbekistan, TNTD/BSMU organized the 17th Central Asian agement. Various issues were addressed, including ongo- Border Management Initiative (CABMI) conference. The

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conference brought together participants from Kazakhstan, larly in light of developments in Afghanistan. It also provided Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, as well a platform to explore opportunities for regional co-operation as international and regional organizations to discuss border to address these challenges. security and management challenges in the region, particu-

Border security and management / customs

Gender equality in border security and management

Webinar on gender-inclusive border security and Contribution to the Airpol Plenary Congress; management; online (25 May 2022) Stockholm, Sweden (23–24 March 2022)

With the support of the OSCE’s Gender Issues Programme, TNTD/BSMU contributed to the 2022 Airpol Plenary Con- TNTD/BSMU organized a webinar focused on integrating a gress by delivering a presentation on the OSCE’s role in ad- gender-inclusive and human rights-based approach in bor- dressing cross-border challenges emanating from Afghan- der security and management (BSM) during crises, particu- istan. An overview of the OSCE’s border security-related larly when dealing with refugees. The webinar brought to- portfolio in Central Asia was also given. The Congress served gether 56 representatives from 17 participating States and as an opportunity for TNTD/BSMU representatives to gain Mediterranean Partners for Co-operation. Experts from the insight into current aviation security challenges, learn about International Organization for Migration (IOM) and ODIHR capacity-building initiatives and familiarize themselves with discussed strategies for handling high numbers of refugees leading technologies showcased by service providers. A call at borders while ensuring human rights sensitivity and a ref- for action was made to support a planned ExB project aimed ugee-centred approach. Participants engaged in practical at assisting Uzbekistan in addressing cross-border crimes exercises to address unconscious biases, discrimination, emerging from Afghanistan. gender mainstreaming and human rights principles in BSM.

Ž In 2022, TNTD/BSMU delivered on-line and in-person courses to more than 150 border security officials from OSCE participating States and Partners for Co-operation on the indentification of forged documents and impostors to support prevention and combating of serious and organized crime and terrorism in accordance with human rights principles. Photo: Training-of-trainers on identification of forged documents, December 2022, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina. OSCE / Anja Krajcinovic

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Contribution to the 2022 World Border Security the network, identifying training needs in border security and Congress; Lisbon, Portugal (16–19 May 2022) management in the Mediterranean region, providing training on the behavioural analysis of FTFs and cross-border crime TNTD/BSMU participated in the 2022 World Border Securi- perpetrators, and presenting TNTD/BSMU projects and ini- ty Congress, which focused on developing border strategies tiatives. Participants visited the Spanish National Co-ordina- through co-operation and technology. TNTD/BSMU present- tion Centre for Border Crossing Points to gain insights into ed the OSCE publication Self-assessment tool to increase the “Smart Borders” project and regarding the prevention preparedness for cross-border implications of crises and de- and identification of FTF travel. It is planned to incorporate livered a keynote presentation on cultural heritage and wildlife the results of the meeting into tailored training courses for the crime. TNTD/BSMU also chaired the workshops ”Biometrics Points of Contact (PoC) Network. and travel document security“ and ”Travel security/API“, shar- ing OSCE lessons learned and good practices in these areas. Study visit for the members of the OSCE Regional Anti-Corruption Platform; Tbilisi, Georgia (6–8 Support to the Regional Arms Control Verification September 2022) and Implementation Assistance Centre (RACVIAC) and the Hellenic Multinational Peace Support TNTD/BSMU organized a study visit to Georgia for members Operations Training Center (MPSOTC); Rakitje, of the OSCE Regional Anti-Corruption (AC) Platform. The visit Croatia (8 June 2022) facilitated discussions, assessments and sharing of national anti-corruption standards and practices between the partic- At the invitation of the Regional Arms Control Verification and ipants from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova, Montenegro Implementation Assistance Centre (RACVIAC) and the Hel- and Ukraine and their Georgian counterparts from border lenic Multinational Peace Support Operations Training Center and law enforcement agencies. The visit aimed to promote (MPSOTC), TNTD/BSMU delivered a half-day training ses- sustainable solutions for integrity in border security and man- sion to familiarize security sector officials from South-East- agement. Recommendations and suggestions gathered dur- ern Europe with integrated border management (IBM), and ing the visit will inform a potential follow-up project focused in particular, TNTD/BSMU programmes on travel document on supporting the regional AC Platform and establishing joint security, combating trafficking in cultural property, as well as investigation teams to combat corruption at borders. integrity and gender-awareness in border security manage- ment. TNTD/BSMU also presented the OSCE’s co-operation Regional training course on gender mainstreaming platforms, such as the National Border Focal Points Network in border and law enforcement agencies from and the Gender Equality Platform, and introduced the train- South-Eastern Europe; Sarajevo, Bosnia and ing opportunities provided on the OSCE’s e-learning platform. Herzegovina (15–16 November 2022) The event fostered interest in enhanced co-operation with the OSCE, particularly in combating illegal trafficking and address- In collaboration with UNODC and the OSCE Mission to Bos- ing border-related challenges. nia and Herzegovina, TNTD/BSMU organized a regional training course for 32 border officers from Bosnia and Her- Meeting of the OSCE Mediterranean Points zegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia. The of Contact Network on Border Security and course emphasized the importance of a gender perspective Management; Madrid, Spain (4–5 July 2022) in the prevention of cross-border crime, as well as the pro- tection of human rights at borders. Further key topics includ- TNTD/BSMU organized a two-day meeting for the OSCE ed engaging men to address gender-related challenges and Mediterranean Points of Contact (PoC) Network on Border sharing good practices to prevent and address sexual har- Security and Management. The event aimed at reactivating assment in law enforcement agencies.

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1.4 Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings

Introduction

In line with MC Decisions No. 02/03 and No. 3/06, the Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings (OSR/CTHB) is mandated to address all forms of trafficking in human beings (THB), to ensure the co-ordination of the OSCE’s efforts in combating THB across all three dimensions, and to act as a focal point for the OSCE’s efforts in this area. In 2022, the OSR/CTHB continued its efforts to support OSCE participating States and Partners for Co-operation in preventing and prosecuting human trafficking and protecting its victims in line with the OSCE anti-trafficking commitments and recommendations set forth in the 2003 OSCE Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings, its 2005 and 2013 Addenda, and in other MC Decisions, particularly through policy recommendations and capacity-building.

▶ Tech Against Trafficking Summit on innovative solutions to combat human trafficking (26–28 September 2022)

The inaugural Tech Against Trafficking (TAT) Summit brought together a diverse group of over 160 leaders from the anti-trafficking field, spanning businesses, survivors and activists, governments, investors and civil society. The event aimed at fostering collaboration and accelerating the impact of innovative technology solutions in the fight against human trafficking.

During the summit, participants engaged in discussions on crucial topics, such as eradicating exploitation in global supply chains, ensuring accountability for human traffickers, and empowering survivors to reclaim justice. The event provided a platform for organizations to showcase cutting- edge technological tools designed to combat various forms of human trafficking. These presentations highlighted the valuable role of technology in supporting anti-trafficking efforts and preventing the misuse of digital platforms.

As an advisor to the Tech Against Trafficking initiative, the OSCE Special Representative actively participated in TAT Policy Experts’ Consultations and took part in the panel discussions. One main point raised was the mapping of 305 technological tools used to combat THB around the world, which was carried out jointly by the OSCE and TAT.3 The Special Representative also emphasized the importance of technology tools in addressing emerging trends and trafficking risks within supply chains. Notably, a paper published by the OSR/CTHB on policies for states to effectively respond to the growing misuse of technology was highlighted at the summit.4

3 OSCE 2020, Leveraging innovation to fight trafficking in human beings: A comprehensive analysis of technology tools; accessible at: https://www.osce.org/ secretariat/455206 4 OSCE 2022, Policy responses to technology-facilitated trafficking in human beings: Analysis of current approaches and considerations for moving forward; accessible at: https://www.osce.org/cthb/514141

32  Police-related Activities of the OSCE Secretariat

Threats posed by criminal activity

Direct assistance visit to Malta on tackling THB in Meeting of national anti-trafficking co-ordinators supply chains and financial investigations; Valetta, and rapporteurs on understanding and addressing Malta (17–19 January 2022) the risks of THB within ongoing mass migration flows from Ukraine to other OSCE participating Through meetings with national thematic agencies in Malta, States; online (15 March 2022) the OSR/CTHB assessed the current legal framework and practices in the areas of financial investigation of THB cas- The meeting, facilitated by the OSR/CTHB, brought together es and measures to prevent THB in supply chains, includ- national anti-trafficking co-ordinators, rapporteurs and equiv- ing in relation to public procurement. As a result of the visit, alent mechanisms from transit and destination countries for these recommendations were made in these areas. OSR/ Ukrainians seeking refuge. Participants discussed sharing CTHB then continued to work with national authorities in data and information on trafficking risks and patterns they Malta throughout 2022 to support these recommendations. had observed, and co-ordinated preparedness mechanisms This resulted in two specialized workshops, “Assessing the and responses in line with OSCE anti-trafficking commit- risks and prevention of trafficking in human beings in sup- ments and OSR/CTHB's 9 March 2022 recommendations. ply chains” and a seminar in the framework of the Sanctions Monitoring Committee in Valetta. 22nd Conference of the Alliance against Trafficking in Persons – “Protection: Upholding victims’ rights Series of peer-to-peer events on applying and strengthening assistance”; Vienna, Austria gender-sensitive approaches in CTHB (22–26 April 2022) (22 February–27 July 2022) The annual Alliance conference focused on the persisting chal- Following the launch of the occasional paper Applying Gen- lenges in anti-trafficking efforts, particularly in terms of insuf- der Sensitive Approaches in Combating Trafficking in Hu- ficient protection systems for victims, from low victim identi- man Beings,5 the OSR/CTHB brought together over 160 fication rates to lack of tailored services for rehabilitation and experts from OSCE participating States and Partners for reintegration. The circa 900 participants of the Conference Co-operation in seven peer-to-peer events. These events examined existing systems, identified gaps, and proposed served to share knowledge, identify challenges, discuss solutions to provide comprehensive assistance to all victims of trends and opportunities, and share promising practic- THB. The event emphasized practical solutions to enhance the es in preventing and responding to THB through gender- inclusivity and effectiveness of state protection efforts. sensitive approaches. Webinar for INTERPOL staff on understanding the Visits to Poland, Moldova and Hungary to intersection of THB and terrorism (25 April 2022) assess the situation for Ukrainian refugees (13 March–27 April 2022) The webinar presented the findings of the research paper on the nexus between terrorism and trafficking, an overview Visits to Ukraine’s neighbouring countries provided valuable of the normative and policy frameworks governing actions insights into the situation of Ukrainian refugees and the re- against THB and terrorism, and aspects of THB used by ter- sponse of the neighbouring countries to the unfolding hu- rorist groups. Participants discussed key principles in anti- manitarian crisis. The visit enabled the promotion of crucial trafficking responses and the complexity of applying them anti-trafficking measures. The visit to Hungary and the joint in this context. The webinar provided targeted recommen- visits to Poland and Moldova were organized by the OSCE dations on ways to assist participating States in addressing Parliamentary Assembly and the Special Representative to THB committed by terrorist groups. assess the situation of Ukrainian refugees at border cross- ings and reception centres in Przemyśl, Chișinău, etc. The Policy recommendations on enhancing anti- visits aimed at maximizing efforts at the political level and trafficking prevention, and on identifying and utilizing the OSCE’s toolbox to address the challenges en- mitigating online risks of THB as a result of countered. humanitarian crises (9 March and 22 April 2022)

To address the risks of trafficking in the context of mass 5 OSCE 2021, Applying Gender-Sensitive Approaches in Combating Trafficking in Human Beings; accessible at: https://www.osce.org/cthb/486700 migration flows from Ukraine, the Special Representative is-

33 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL ON POLICE-RELATED ACTIVITIES 2022

sued two sets of policy recommendations. The first set of Validation workshop of skills-based training recommendations6 provides guidance on prevention meas- module for the judiciary; Brussels, Belgium (13– ures and responses to pressing needs, as well as on longer- 14 June 2022) term challenges, such as integration into host communities. The second set specifically focuses on mitigating online The OSR/CTHB and the European Judicial Training Network risks of exploitation during humanitarian crises, in particular conducted a validation workshop for a skills-based training in Ukraine.7 The recommendations provide actionable guid- module on CTHB that judicial academies can adapt and ance for cybercrime and THB police, technology companies integrate into their national curricula. Selected judges par- and NGOs involved in preventing and combating online ex- ticipated in testing and improving the module to ensure its ploitation. practicality and effectiveness.

Multi-agency country workshops on the Workshops: “Holistic responses to discouraging implementation of OSR/CTHB recommendations on demand: Addressing a root cause of human preventing trafficking in human beings in the context trafficking”; online and Astana, Kazakhstan of humanitarian crises; Moldova, Iceland and Latvia (27 June–9 November 2022) (8 June–13 December 2022) Capitalizing on the growing momentum in the OSCE region In light of the increasing risk of THB for people fleeing to curb the demand fostering trafficking for sexual exploita- Ukraine, and in order to support the participating States tion, the workshops advanced dialogue with participating most affected by the refugee flows, OSR/CTHB conduct- States on the importance of combating demand, highlighted ed workshops on its recommendations on the need to en- legislative tools at their disposal, and promoted more effec- hance anti-trafficking prevention amid mass migration flows. tive use of prevention measures by raising awareness of the The workshops allowed policy-makers and practitioners tools available to prevent, disrupt and deter demand. These involved in different aspects of anti-trafficking efforts to dis- discussions enhanced the capacity of participating States to cuss the current status, as well as needs and opportunities respond to the growing market for sexual exploitation. to prevent the current humanitarian crisis from turning into a human trafficking crisis. Roundtable on the intersections of THB and terrorism; online and Sarajevo, Bosnia and Annual meeting of national anti-trafficking Herzegovina (7 July 2022) co-ordinators and rapporteurs; Vienna, Austria (13–14 June 2022) The OSR/CTHB and the Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovi- na organized a roundtable for state agencies, criminal justice In co-operation with the CoE, the OSR/CTHB organized practitioners and CSOs. The event explored the intersec- the annual meeting of national anti-trafficking co-ordinators tions between trafficking and terrorism, presented research- and rapporteurs or equivalent mechanisms. More than 180 related data, and fostered discussion among specialists from participants from 55 participating States and 3 Partners for both disciplines. Overall, the roundtable supported State ef- Co-operation discussed joint action to address current hu- forts to hold terrorist groups and their members accountable man trafficking-related challenges in the region, and how to for their criminal acts, while ensuring that those exploited by foster the implementation of relevant OSCE and CoE com- these groups are identified and their rights protected. mitments. A particular focus was placed on policy initiatives to combat technology-facilitated trafficking, data on the pro- United Nations General Assembly side event on gress of national anti-trafficking efforts and current trends, “Trafficking of women and girls for the purpose of and the needs to enhance anti-trafficking capacity-building. sexual exploitation: responding to prevention and Participants also discussed the measures needed to prevent protection challenges”, New York, United States and and mitigate the risks of trafficking stemming from the hu- online (23 September 2022) manitarian crisis unfolding in Ukraine. In collaboration with the Office of the Special Represent- ative of the UN Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict, the OSR/CTHB organized a UN General Assembly 6 OSCE 2022, Recommendations of the OSCE Special Representative and Co-ordi- side event on prevention and protection against trafficking nator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings on the need to enhance anti-traf- ficking prevention amid mass migration flows; accessible at: https://www.osce. for sexual exploitation. The event raised awareness of the org/cthb/513784 challenges of preventing and protecting against THB for 7 OSCE 2022, Recommendations on enhancing efforts to identify and mitigate the purpose of sexual exploitation in the context of conflict, risks of trafficking in human beings online as a result of the humanitarian crisis in Ukraine; accessible at: https://www.osce.org/cthb/516423 highlighting the particular risks and challenges, as well as

34  Police-related Activities of the OSCE Secretariat

the specific protection measures for children and girls in par- tion. Among other things, the discussion focused on ways to ticular. It also highlighted the role of demand and technology modernize Iceland’s National Action Plan to respond to the in facilitating sexual exploitation, while focusing on specific evolving nature of human trafficking. ways in which tech platforms can be involved in prevention. The event aimed at strengthening political will to support co- National simulation-based training “Combating ordinated efforts to prevent and protect trafficking in per- human trafficking: Sustaining multi-agency sons, especially women and children, for sexual exploitation. collaboration through national simulation- based training exercises”; Tbilisi, Georgia (7– Direct assistance visit to Iceland 11 November 2022) (10–14 October 2022) The OSR/CTHB conducted the first national simulation-based During the direct assistance visit to Iceland, the Special Rep- training exercise in Georgia to enhance participants’ capac- resentative met with high-level representatives, including ity to identify, investigate and prosecute THB cases among the Minister of Foreign Affairs, as well as the National Police migrants and refugees in mixed migration flows. The course Commissioner as well as the other key actors in CTHB, in- engaged over sixty participants’ from law enforcement, ju- cluding in civil society, and the national anti-trafficking com- diciary, labour inspectorates, immigration authorities, public mission. Following the conclusion of the official visit, OSR/ social services, NGOs and lawyers. They practiced a multi- CTHB conducted a series of technical workshops for mem- disciplinary response to manage complex THB cases, while bers of the Icelandic anti-trafficking community to strengthen ensuring a victim-centred and human rights-based ap- domestic systems for prevention, protection and prosecu- proach. To reflect current trends in human trafficking, the

Ž Matthew Daggett (MIT), Lucienne Manton (Australia’s Ambassador for People Smuggling and Human Trafficking), Thi Hoang (The Global Initiative), Valiant Richey (OSCE) and Leigh Anne DeWine (Amazon) speaking at the 2022 Tech Against Trafficking Summit on innovative solutions to combat human trafficking at the Amazon headquarters in Seattle. OSCE

35 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL ON POLICE-RELATED ACTIVITIES 2022

simulation also introduced new elements such as tackling provides policy recommendations for States to address the online sexual exploitation. growing misuse of technology platforms to facilitate exploita- tion. Workshops and consultations are planned to translate Official country visits by the SR/CTHB (throughout the analysis into practical action across the OSCE region. 2022) Publication of Survey report 2021 of efforts to Throughout 2022, the Special Representative conducted implement OSCE commitments and recommended country or follow-up visits to Latvia, Norway, Switzerland, the actions to combat trafficking in human beings United Kingdom and Canada. These visits provided oppor- (18 July 2022) tunities for consultations with government authorities, parlia- mentarians, law enforcement agencies, judiciary and civil so- In 2020, the OSR/CTHB launched a follow-up survey9 for ciety. The visits enabled the Special Representative to raise OSCE participating States and NGOs to assess progress the profile of OSR/CTHB's anti-trafficking agenda, identify in the OSCE in implementing OSCE anti-trafficking commit- good practices, share knowledge and lessons learned, and ments, including in relation to investigations, law enforcement offer technical assistance. and prosecutions. The 2020–2021 survey was developed to track progress in implementing anti-trafficking commitments Publication of Policy responses to technology- since the previous survey in 2015, with a specific empha- facilitated trafficking in human beings: Analysis of sis on recently adopted Ministerial Council Decisions. The current approaches and considerations for moving survey covers various aspects, including investigation, law forward (17 March 2022) enforcement, prosecution, vulnerability reduction, aware- ness-raising, addressing demand, and the role of technology OSR/CTHB published a pioneering paper8 on the policies in trafficking and online child exploitation. The report makes needed to combat technology-facilitated trafficking. The recommendations and addresses emerging trends, chal- publication offers a comprehensive analysis of the issue and lenges and opportunities in CTHB.

8 OSCE 2022, Policy responses to technology-facilitated trafficking in human be- 9 OSCE 2022, Sur vey Report 2021 of Efforts to Implement OSCE Commitments ings: Analysis of current approaches and considerations for moving forward; ac- and Recommended Actions to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings; accessible cessible at: https://www.osce.org/cthb/514141 at: https://www.osce.org/cthb/522934

36  2 Executive Police-related Summary Activities of Field Operations ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL ON POLICE-RELATED ACTIVITIES 2022

2.1 South-Eastern Europe

2.1.1 Crime threats facing South-Eastern Europe10

The South-Eastern European region constitutes the main leg still needed. The de-politicization of certain public authorities, of the Balkan route for the trafficking of both illicit commodities such as law enforcement, will contribute significantly to this and people towards the European Union. The conduit has a effort. A positive development has been the establishment of significant impact on European security. All types of drugs are state oversight bodies and institutions. However, in many cases trafficked through the region towards the EU, including heroin, these remain under-resourced. They are also limited in what cannabis, cocaine, synthetic drugs, as well as (pre-)precursor they can achieve due to current legislation. substances for the production of drugs in the region and further upstream in the EU. Although law enforcement au- Corruption plays a significant role in the region’s economy. thorities in the region have repeatedly seized record quanti- This means that criminal finances, including money laun- ties of drugs and (pre-)precursors in recent years, this is not dering, represent a notable share of economic output. Ac- believed to have deterred trafficking activity along this route cording to certain estimates, up to 40% of economic activity significantly. can be attributed to grey or illegal economic transactions.11 Corruption is the most significant enabler of money launder- Migrant smuggling is a major criminal business within the re- ing. These two facilitation crime areas are the driving factors gion and all along the Balkan route. Migrant smuggling net- behind organized crime in the region, which is reinforced by works are active throughout the region and continue to facil- robust interconnected criminal networks. itate irregular migrants toward the EU. The networks exploit irregular migrants and frequently transport them in dangerous Cybercrime is a significant challenge in the region. This was or even life-threatening circumstances. Corruption remains compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic. Online fraud and a significant facilitator for migrant smuggling throughout the scams target the region’s public authorities, private sector and region. The trafficking in human beings (THB) remains a chal- individual citizens. Some jurisdictions in the region have noted lenge throughout the region, with countries registering a sig- an increase in the distribution of child abuse material. Money nificant number of cases related to exploitation for labor and/ laundering in the region is also increasingly associated with the or sexual services each year. Not only are victims expoited use of cryptocurrencies and other digital assets. Large-scale within the region, but smuggling also affects victims from cyberattacks against national critical infrastructure have affect- South-Eastern Europe who are then trafficked elsewhere. ed several countries in the region over the last year, disrupting Some progress has been made in tackling THB and migrant public services as well as the operation of some public author- smuggling throughout the region over recent years. ities, including law enforcement. Disinformation by state and non-state actors is believed to be an increasing threat. In the Corruption remains a challenge in the region at all levels of coming years, cybercrime will likely remain and emerge even society, including the political sphere, business, the economy, further as a key security challenge in the region. national healthcare systems, higher education as well as in the context of interactions between private citizens and public of- Organized property crime remains a significant challenge in ficials. In many cases, corruption schemes span these various the region. However, the number of reported incidents relat- spheres. Despite significant efforts undertaken in the region to ed to this type of offence appears to be in decline. Traffick- curb corrupt practices, in many cases such practices remain ing in cultural property remains an attractive criminal market, imbedded in certain state institutions. It is encouraging that given the high concentration of cultural heritage sites in the noticeable progress has been made throughout the region to- region. The looting and destruction of cultural items and ar- wards abolishing corruption as a common feature in public life. chaeological sites is a growing transnational crime that af- Nonetheless, to eliminate this threat to the rule of law, work is fects South-Eastern Europe in particular.

10 This brief assessment is based on information provided by the OSCE field opera- 11 Serious and Organised Crime Threat Assessment 2021; available at: www.mvr. tions in the region, as well as open source research. gov.mk

38  Police-related Activities of Field Operations

Environmental crime is also a growing concern in South-East- Organized crime in South-Eastern Europe is frequently in- ern Europe. It is likely, however, that this remains significant- volved in various types of fraud, including fraud schemes, ly underreported due to persistent social tolerance toward excise fraud, VAT fraud and online fraud. It is likely that this such crimes, including the illegal disposal of waste, illegal type of criminality is significantly underreported in the region. logging, or trafficking in endangered species. The return of FTFs to the region remains a challenge for pub- South-Eastern Europe has historically been a source for ille- lic authorities, including law enforcement. It poses a threat in gal firearms trafficked to the EU and other rregions. It remains terms of the possible radicalization of additional individuals in so to this day. However, the intensity of trafficking activity the region. Right-wing extremism and other radicalizing ide- seems to have decreased over the years, since weapons ologies are also believed to be part of the increasing security stocks from earlier conflicts are becoming depleted. The in- challenges throughout the region. ternal trafficking of firearms sourced in the region remains a threat, as does the illegal possession of firearms. Organized crime groups and criminal networks operating in and from South-Eastern Europe are highly diverse. They vary Sexual- and gender-based violence remains a significant is- from hierarchical organizations to loose networks of affiliates. sue in the region. Indicators from local communities and police In some cases, they have developed highly sophisticated show that such crimes continue to be significantly underreport- modi operandi and operate across the spectrum of serious ed. Among various reasons for low reporting rates are cultural and organized criminality. Many are highly international in and socio-economic factors, lack of technical and resource their operations, with criminal enterprises and activities not capacities within local law enforcement and judiciary, as well only throughout the region, but also beyond. as low confidence of the public in rule of law institutions. SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPE

OSCE region — South-Eastern Europe

39 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL ON POLICE-RELATED ACTIVITIES 2022

2.1.2 Presence in Albania

Introduction

The OSCE Presence in Albania (the Presence) was established in 1997 with a mandate to promote democratization, the rule of law and human rights, as well as to consolidate democratic institutions in line with OSCE principles, standards and commitments. The Presence’s activities focus on the following key priority areas: combating human trafficking; democratization; elections; good governance; gender equality; human rights; media freedom and development; policing; border management; rule of law; youth safety and security; counter-terrorism and reform and co-operation in the security sector.

Budget (UB)*

TOTAL TOTAL

EUR 2,981,200 EUR 2,981,200

Police- Police- related budget related budget

2022 EUR 2021 EUR 340,200 338,600 11% 11%

Staff*

TOTAL TOTAL

74 80

4 4 Local staff Local staff

International staff International staff 3 Police-related 3 Police-related staff staff

2022 7 2021 7 9% 9%

* Figures on budget and staff provided by the OSCE Presence in Albania.

40  Police-related Activities of Field Operations

▶ Enhancing crime analysis expertise: Training-of-trainers at the security academy in Tirana, Albania (13–16 September 2022)

The OSCE Presence in Albania took a significant step in strengthening the capabilities of the Albanian State Police by organizing a training-of-trainers programme on crime analysis. The event helped eight analysts to become proficient trainers in crime analysis techniques. Under the guidance of an experienced Canadian expert, the participants received a comprehensive four-day programme designed to equip them with knowledge and skills to deliver impactful training in crime analysis to their colleagues at both national and regional levels.

Reflecting on the importance of this training, one participant shared their enthusiasm, stating, “according to my professional function, this training will have a positive impact on both my personal experience and in transmitting this knowledge to younger colleagues.” It was evident that the participants recognized the value of the training, with another expressing, “I think this training is valuable and will have an important impact on my job, since I’m a trainer at the General Directorate of Police.” The practicality of the training was also acknowledged, with one participant affirming, “yes, this training was valuable, since we were trained in matters we deal with in our daily work as analysts.”

Through this engaging training initiative, the OSCE Presence in Albania continues to bolster the crime analysis expertise of the Albanian State Police, paving the way for more effective crime prevention and law enforcement practices.

Ž Simulation exercise to support the functioning and operability of Hot Pursuit protocols in Pogradec, Albania in September 2022. OSCE

Activity reporting

General police development and reform

Regional and central-level meetings to support shared experiences on various topics related to irregular the Joint Cross-border Co-operation Mechanism; migration, information exchange, border controls, joint pa- Pogradec and Tirana, Albania (February–December trolling, and the management of seasonal influxes at border 2022) crossing points. In total, seven regional meetings and one central meeting were held. The meetings brought together border police directors from Albania and neighbouring countries. They discussed and

41 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL ON POLICE-RELATED ACTIVITIES 2022

Workshop and training event on risk analysis ing to traffic narcotics from Albania to North Macedonia. It for border police officers; Tirana, Albania brought together 40 participants from different police struc- (May and October 2022) tures in both countries and took place over two days, with the first day dedicated to theoretical training and the second A workshop in May brought together 18 participants from re- to practical exercises. gional border and migration directorates in Albania. It served as a precursor to a training event organized by FRONTEX in Special investigative techniques training course; October, for which the Presence provided logistical support. Tirana, Albania (27–28 September 2022) The second event aimed at enhancing the skills of 15 border police officers specialized in risk analysis. The event was de- In co-operation with the Austrian Embassy in Tirana, the livered by three FRONTEX experts. There are plans for further Presence organized a two-day training programme on spe- training events in 2023. cial investigative techniques, their global and regional trends, effective criminal investigations, and parallel financial investi- Facilitation of the participation of an Albanian State gations. The programme enhanced the investigative capaci- Police representative in a CEPOL course; Rome, ties of 27 members of the Albanian State Police, the Security Italy (14–17 June 2022) Academy and the Customs Directorate in tackling serious and organized crime. The Presence supported the participation of a representative from the Narcotics and Trafficking Directorate of the Albanian Training event on the identification of forged State Police in a CEPOL course on investigation techniques documents for the Albanian Border Police; Tirana, for countering serious organized crime and mafia-style Albania (10–14 October 2022) groups. The course provided a comprehensive programme covering topics such as the analysis of criminal organiza- The Presence, in co-operation with the Austrian MoI, organ- tions, intelligence collection and analysis methods, investiga- ized a training event for 15 Albanian border police officers. tive techniques, international law enforcement co-operation The course focused on the detection of document and iden- tools and more. The course involved 17 lecturers from var- tity fraud at border crossing points, covering topics such as ious law enforcement agencies, offering insights based on travel document security features, printing techniques, se- international good practices and standards. curity substrates and facial comparison methods. This ad- vanced training followed a basic training event held the pre- Peer-exchange regarding “cold cases”; Oslo, vious year. It is planned to hold a related training-of-trainers Norway (5–9 September 2022) event in 2023.

A delegation from the Albanian State Police conducted a Support to the Albanian State Police’s newly study visit to the Cold Cases Unit of the Norwegian National established Informants Management Unit; Tirana, Criminal Investigation Service (KRIPOS). The study visit facili- Albania (19 October–12 November 2022) tated the exchange of experience and expertise between the two services, with a focus on organizational structure, work- The Presence supported the Albanian State Police’s new- ing methodology, forensic capabilities and good practices of ly established Informants Management Unit by assisting in the Norwegian Cold Cases Unit, with the aim of increasing the drafting of standard operating procedures (SOPs) to the investigative capacity of the Albanian State Police in ad- govern the unit’s operational aspects. An international con- dressing unsolved murders with elements of contract killing. sultant worked on the SOPs draft together with a working group of the Albanian State Police. Three working meetings Simulation exercise to support the functioning and were held, and a preliminary draft of the SOPs, including operability of Hot Pursuit protocols; Pogradec, comments and recommendations, was submitted to the Albania (6–8 September 2022) Albanian State Police. The final version of the SOPs will be completed in 2023. The simulation exercise tested the operability of Hot Pursuit protocols. It involved two hypothetical perpetrators attempt-

42  Police-related Activities of Field Operations

SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPE

2.1.3 Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina

Introduction

The OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina (the Mission) provides comprehensive support to the security sector, with the aim to enhance the capacities of law enforcement agencies and police officials in the country, as well as at fostering interagency co-operation and multi-sectoral partnerships. Law enforcement representatives actively took part in, contributed to and benefited from activities and efforts of the Mission aimed at enhancing law enforcement operations.

Budget (UB)*

TOTAL TOTAL

EUR 11,682,000 EUR 11,682,000

Police- related budget**

2022 EUR 2021 581,300 5%

Staff*

TOTAL TOTAL

314.5 314.5

11 Local staff***

International staff Police-related 3 staff

2022 14 2021 4%

* Figures on budget and staff provided for the OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina. ** This figure refers to the entire budget allocated to the Mission’s Security Co-operation Department in 2022. *** Figures on international and local staff members refer to staff allocated to the Security Co-operation Department.

43 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL ON POLICE-RELATED ACTIVITIES 2022

▶ Empowering police academies to combat gender-based violence (throughout 2022)

In 2022, the Mission supported the Police Academy of the Ministry of Interior (MoI) of Republika Srpska (RS) in its efforts to address GBV. These efforts resulted in the release of the Police Manual for Processing Domestic Violence Cases by the Republika Srpska MoI. Moreover, interactive training modules were developed in order to enhance the skills of police officers and inspectors to detect and investigate cases of domestic violence effectively while focusing on a standardized and victim-oriented approach.

To ensure comprehensive coverage, specialized training events were held in all nine police administrations of RS to enhance the police response to domestic violence. The results have fostered an environment in which survivors receive the support they need.

In 2023, the Mission will continue to work with the Republika Srpska MoI to further enhance the police training curricula. The focus will go beyond domestic violence to include other forms of GBV that need urgent attention. The Mission’s assistance will be extended to support Secretariat-led projects that aim at fortifying co-operation with the MoI Police Academies of the Republika Srpska and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH).

The Mission’s support aligns with the objectives of the OSCE’s WIN project of advancing its Women, Peace, and Security Agenda. Additionally, the initiatives led by TNTD/SPMU will further enhance criminal justice capacities to address GBV in South-Eastern Europe.

Activity reporting

General police development and reform

Support to MoIs in harmonizing police legislation and Bosnian-Podrinje. The Mission also worked to improve with human rights standards; countrywide, Bosnia a draft law on freedom of peaceful assembly in the Canton and Herzegovina (throughout 2022) Sarajevo, which introduced restrictions on spontaneous as- semblies and permitted venues. The Mission has continued to support the MoIs at various levels of authority (FBiH, as well as seven cantonal MoIs) in Monitoring of police conduct during peaceful aligning police laws and policies with international human assemblies; countrywide, Bosnia and Herzegovina rights standards. New laws on freedom of peaceful assem- (throughout 2022) bly incorporating OSCE input were successfully drafted in the FBiH cantons of Central Bosnia, Zenica-Doboj and Una- The Mission monitored 39 potentially contentious public as- Sana. However, these draft laws have not yet been fully semblies in 2022, including 23 in the Republika Srpska, 15 adopted and are still pending in the respective parliaments. in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and one in the Advocacy efforts for similar legislation were carried out in Brčko District. It identified 11 potential human rights viola- the cantons of Herzegovina-Neretva, West-Herzegovina tions, such as police violence, initiation of criminal/minor of-

44  Police-related Activities of Field Operations

fense proceedings against organizers, and the imposition of Working group meeting for development of a new excessive requirements on organizers. Notable assemblies national strategy for the fight against organized included pro-Ukrainian and pro-Russian demonstrations, crime; Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina protests against amendments imposed by the Office of the (1–2 September 2022) High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina, and envi- ronmental protests. In co-ordination with UNODC, the Mission organized the final meeting of the working group developing a new national Working group meeting to amend police laws; Brčko strategy in Bosnia and Herzegovina for the fight against or- District, Bosnia and Herzegovina (March–June 2022) ganized crime. The meeting was attended by representatives of State and entity-level security sector institutions, law en- The Mission participated in the final meeting of the work- forcement agencies, and the Bosnia and Herzegovina Police. ing group responsible for amending the Law on the Brčko With the assistance of UNODC experts, the working group District Police and the Brčko District Law on police officials. finalized the draft strategy, aligning it with the UNODC toolkit The meeting discussed concluding comments and finalized for developing high-impact strategies, as well as the recently the draft laws. The proposed amendments aim at strength- adopted Serious and Organized Crime Threat Assessment ening the principles of independence, transparency and (SOCTA) for Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Strategy encom- merit-based selection for key management positions in the passes key objectives, strategic measures, and activities Brčko District Police. They were submitted by the Brčko Dis- within the Prevent, Pursue, Protect, and Promote pillars, the trict Government in April and adopted in the first reading by four strands of the EU’s counter-terrorism strategy. the Brčko District Assembly in June. However, political de- velopments have delayed the enactment of the laws in 2022, Two-day workshop on victim-centred approaches to and thus further monitoring in 2023 is needed. prosecuting domestic violence; Bijeljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina (6–7 December 2022) Training session for police cadets on fundamental freedoms and discrimination; Banja Luka, Bosnia The Mission hosted a two-day multi-sectoral workshop for and Herzegovina (14–15 April 2022) actors processing cases of domestic violence in Bijeljina and Zvornik. Participants included representatives from NGOs, As part of its efforts to integrate human rights topics into the social welfare centres, the police and the judiciary. The work- curriculum of the Republika Srpska MoI Police Academy, the shop focused on sharing good practices and addressing di- Mission conducted a training session for police cadets on lemmas in the prosecution, adjudication and co-ordination the policing of peaceful assemblies. The session enhanced of institutional responses to cases of domestic violence. It the understanding among future police officers of fundamen- aimed to address shortcomings identified through the Mis- tal freedoms and discrimination issues. The Mission plans sion’s monitoring activities, and to enhance the understand- to expand its co-operation on these topics with the police ing and application of a victim-centred approach within the academies of both entities in 2023. domestic violence response system.

Threats posed by criminal activity

Delivery of seven simulation-based table-top ization that lead to terrorism (P/C VERLT). Key stakehold- exercises on preventing and countering violent ers from various sectors and civil society participated in the extremism and radicalization that lead to terrorism; exercises and discussed fictional scenarios involving FTFs countrywide, Bosnia and Herzegovina and right-wing/ethno-nationalism. The table-top exercises (January–December 2022) facilitated discussions about the drivers of violent extremism, response mechanisms, and the integration of recommenda- Seven table-top exercises were conducted that focused on tions into relevant strategies. on preventing and countering violent extremism and radical-

45 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL ON POLICE-RELATED ACTIVITIES 2022

Training course for prosecutor’s offices and law this area, including through the development of standardized enforcement agencies on advancing co-operation in guidelines for public awareness-raising activities. The guide- high-profile organized crime and corruption cases; lines emphasize gender mainstreaming and the use of gen- Trebević, Olovo, Igman, and Teslić, Bosnia and der-sensitive language in public information campaigns. The Herzegovina (March–June 2022) Mission also supported the development of monitoring and evaluation tools for SALW-related public outreach. In co-operation with USAID’s Judiciary against Corruption Activity, the Mission conducted a series of workshops facil- Roundtable on the intersection between THB itating co-operation between prosecutor’s offices and law and terrorism; Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina enforcement agencies in the investigation and prosecution (8 July 2022) of high-profile organized crime and corruption cases. The events promoted recommendations derived from the Mis- In collaboration with the OSCE’s OSR/CTHB, the Mission sion’s trial monitoring programme, focusing on criminal jus- organized a roundtable to explore the intersection between tice capacity and institutional issues, including the quality of THB and terrorism. The event brought together represent- indictments. atives from State agencies, criminal justice practitioners, NGOs and international experts. It provided a platform for Support for developing a national strategy for discussion and knowledge-sharing among national anti-traf- preventing and combating terrorism; Sarajevo, ficking and counter-terrorism specialists. Highlighted were Bosnia and Herzegovina (May–June 2022) ways in which violent extremist and terrorist groups exploit existing gender stereotypes, and awareness was raised re- Continuing its support, the Mission provided substantive ad- garding the importance. visory and technical assistance to the working group devel- oping a new national strategy for preventing and combating Launch event for the ExB project “Enhancing terrorism. Together they brought together various stakehold- intelligence-led policing to combat serious ers, including security and non-security actors, CSOs and security threats and crimes”; Sarajevo, Bosnia and representatives from academia. The Mission ensured that a Herzegovina (20 September 2022) comprehensive approach was adopted involving the whole of society and the government. The strategy incorporates hu- The Mission organized a high-level launch event for the five- man rights principles, including gender equality and the “do- year ExB project on intelligence-led policing (ILP), attended no-harm” principle. In November, the Strategy was adopted by heads of security institutions, law enforcement agencies, by the Bosnia and Herzegovina Council of Ministers. donors and international partners. Participants emphasized the importance of modernizing the police through ILP and Capacity-building activities on bias-motivated expressed their support for the project. They also agreed on incidents and hate crimes; Bijeljina, Zvornik, Prijedor establishing an of an ILP co-ordination group to steer project and Foča, Bosnia and Herzegovina activities and deliverables. The initial phase of the project in (May–December 2022) 2022–2023 will focus on identifying an applicable ILP model, sensitizing managers and operational staff on the benefits of In response to a series of bias-motivated incidents, the Mis- ILP, assessing current ICT capacity business processes and sion conducted targeted capacity-building and advocacy databases, and mapping needs for the design of ILP curric- activities on bias-motivated incidents and hate crimes. In ad- ula and training modules. dition, in-house presentations were held for the police in the Central Bosnia Canton. These activities, implemented in areas Workshop on human rights in counter-terrorism prone to bias-related violence, focused on raising awareness investigations; Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina about hate crimes, providing information on the legal frame- (21–22 September 2022) work, and sharing the Mission’s monitoring findings. In co-operation with ODIHR, the OSCE Secretariat and the Guidelines for enhancing inter-institutional Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Judicial and Prosecuto- communication and outreach on SALW in Bosnia rial Training Centre, the Mission held a interactive workshop on and Herzegovina (June–December 2022) strengthening human rights in counter-terrorism investigations. The workshop brought together State Investigation and Pro- The Mission supported awareness-raising activities by the tection Agency inspectors, prosecutors, and associates from Bosnia and Herzegovina SALW Control Co-ordination Board the Bosnia and Herzegovina Prosecutor’s Office. Participants and all law enforcement agencies on the dangers of SALW discussed and worked on real-life scenarios to strengthen their and facilitated interagency communication and outreach in decision-making models in counter-terrorism investigations.

46  Police-related Activities of Field Operations

Regional conference on implementation of UN tive event assisted law enforcement agencies from Bosnia Security Council Resolution 1373 (2001) to disrupt and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia terrorist financing; Rakitje, Croatia (4 October 2022) to integrate a gender perspective into their daily work, thus increasing efficiency and effectiveness. Participants also dis- In collaboration with the RACVIAC – Centre for Security cussed how to prevent and combat sexual harassment in Co-operation, the Mission organized a regional conference the workplace. The event provided law enforcement agen- on the implementation of UN Security Council Resolution cies with various tools that can contribute to a more profes- 1373 (2001) in the Western Balkans. The conference pro- sional working environment, such as tools for identifying and moted the undersstanding of international sanctions regimes addressing abusive behaviour. and standards related to terrorism among experts and rep- resentatives of government agencies, police departments, Workshop to raise awareness of law enforcement prosecutors’ offices, and security and law enforcement managers of intelligence-led policing principles, agencies. The conference will contribute to regional co-op- requirements and benefits; Vlašić and Sarajevo, eration in the disruption and prevention of terrorist financing. Bosnia and Herzegovina (30 November, 1 December, and 2–6 December 2022) Launch event for the glossary of public audit terminology for Republika Srpska; Banja Luka, The Mission organized a workshop for law enforcement Bosnia and Herzegovina (5 October 2022) managers to sensitize them to the principles, requirements and benefits of intelligence-led policing (ILP). With the as- The Mission contributed to the implementation of the Re- sistance of ILP experts, police officials adopted action- publika Srpska anti-corruption strategy and accompanying oriented steps for developing an ILP model in Bosnia and action plan by assisting the Republika Srpska Supreme Au- Herzegovina and its proactive use in strategic and tactical dit Office, its MoI and criminal justice actors in utilizing audit decision-making based on effective criminal intelligence pro- reports in the investigation and prosecution of corruption cesses. During the workshop, the heads of law enforcement cases. In this context, the Mission contributed to the devel- agencies participated in the inaugural meeting of the Bosnia opment and launch of a new glossary of public audit termi- and Herzegovina ILP Co-ordination Body, which will steer the nology. project’s activities and deliverables.

Training session on technology and human rights- The Mission organized two additional one-day workshops on compliant data gathering for detecting terrorism- the requirements and benefits of ILP for operational police related travel; Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina staff of the Republika Srpska MoI and the Sarajevo Canton (18–19 October 2022) MoI Police Administration. The workshops familiarized par- ticipants with ILP and its requirements, and promoted the The Mission organized a training session for border police use of intelligence information in implementing police plans and immigration officers to address the threat of terrorism-re- and strategies. lated travel while upholding the rule of law and human rights. The session enhanced the skills of the participants in detect- Training-of-trainers course on the identification of ing forged travel documents through the use of specialized forged documents and impostors at border crossing databases. It also offered techniques for interviewing poten- points; Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina tial terrorist suspects, including FTFs. Real-life case studies (5–16 December 2022) highlighted the importance of multi-agency co-operation and timely information sharing for successfully disrupting terrorist In collaboration with TNTD/BSMU, the Mission facilitated a travel. training-of-trainers course on identifying forged documents and impostors at border crossing points. Participants, includ- Regional gender mainstreaming training event for ing trainers from the Agency for Education and Professional border and law enforcement agencies; Sarajevo, Development and the Bosnia and Herzegovina Border Po- Bosnia and Herzegovina (15–16 November 2022) lice, enhanced their skills in detecting counterfeit documents using specialized equipment, as well as analysis techniques In collaboration with UNODC and TNTD/BSMU, the Mission for morphing and detecting stolen identities. The training will organized a two-day training event on gender mainstream- ultimately contribute to strengthening border security in Bos- ing for integrated border management actors. The interac- nia and Herzegovina.

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SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPE

2.1.4 Mission in Kosovo

Introduction

The OSCE Mission in Kosovo (the Mission) is mandated with the protection and promotion of human and community rights, as well as with democratization and public safety sector development. Building on the past support and progress achieved, further capacity-building and strategic improvements of the public safety and security sector, in line with good international practices, remain among the main priorities of the Mission.

Budget (UB)*

TOTAL TOTAL

EUR 17,572,500 EUR 17,462,600

Police- Police- related budget related budget

2022 EUR 2021 EUR 1,574,800 1,582,700 9% 9%

Staff*

TOTAL TOTAL

489.5 490.5

31 31 Local staff Local staff

Police-related Police-related staff staff

2022 43 2021 44 9% 9%

International International staff staff 12 13 * Figures on budget and staff provided by the OSCE Mission in Kosovo.

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▶ Support of police in fighting illegal drugs (throughout 2022)

The Mission has been actively supporting the Kosovo12 Police (KP) in its fight against drug trafficking through specialized capacity-building support. Over 80 per cent of KP investigators from the KP Department for Investigating Trafficking in Narcotics (KP DITN) have received training to enhance their operational and analytical skills. The training has focused on personal safety and security during field operations, including high-risk searches of individuals, vehicles and premises. Additionally, the Mission offers expertise in the development of strategies and action plans against narcotics and organized crime through an in-house expert who is part of the Government working group. To provide further support, the Mission supplied the KP DITN with ICT equipment and narcotics field test kits in both 2021 and 2022.

This support has yielded positive results, with a 39.18 per cent increase in the number of cases handled by investigators in the first half of 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. KP managers have expressed their high appreciation of the Mission’s assistance, highlighting the practical exercises provided by the Mission’s expert, which address the actual needs of investigators. These exercises contributed to successful anti-drug operations throughout 2022, including the discovery of illicit drug laboratories, the seizure of large quantities of narcotics, and improvements in officer safety. The assistance has also enhanced the quality of complex case management reports and evidence handling for prosecutors. The KP is currently preparing an annual report that will provide comprehensive statistics on the impact of these efforts.

KP officials shared examples of successful Mission-supported operations, such as the discovery of 32 kg of marijuana and over 3,000 Cannabis sativa plants in illegal drug laboratories. In May, in a cross-border case, the KP arrested 15 offenders and seized 67.71 kg of heroin. Further investigations led to the detection and seizure of an additional 50 kg of heroin in July. Major Reshat Murseli, director of the KP DITN, expressed his gratitude for the strategic and capacity-building support provided by international partners, emphasizing the importance of advice, training and modern ICT equipment in combating organized crime.

By actively collaborating with the KP, the Mission is making a significant contribution to the disruption of transnational criminal groups and the fight against illegal drugs.

Ž Participants at the roundtable on access to justice for domestic violence victims in Prishtinë/Priština, organized by the Mission as part of the 16 days of activism against GBV campaign in December 2022. OSCE/Yllka Fetahaj

12 All references to Kosovo, whether to the territory, institutions or population, in this text should be understood in full compliance with United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244

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Activity reporting

General police development and reform

Workshop for the finalization of the Police for supporting Kosovo police reforms, the British Embassy, the Inspectorate of Kosovo strategic development plan; ICITAP, and the EU Office in Prishtinë/Priština. The working Prishtinë/Priština (31 January–2 February 2022) group reviewed the draft legislation, made comments, and pro- posed amendments so that the draft law could be submitted to The Mission supported the Police Inspectorate of Kosove (PIK) the Government for further steps. in finalizing its strategic development plan. During the workshop, representatives from the PIK, the MoIA, the Mission and the IC- Workshop to contribute to the development of a ITAP reviewed and revised the plan, ensuring its alignment with public relations strategy; Pejë/Peć (11–13 May 2022) the goals and objectives of the PIK. The plan outlines strategic priorities, operational strategies and action plans to improve the The Mission supported the KP in developing a public rela- efficiency and effectiveness of oversight activities. tions strategy and action plan for 2022–2026. The workshop involved working group members from different KP units, Workshops to promote bilingual tools; Prishtinë/ the Mission, the ICITAP, and the EU project for supporting Priština, Mitrovica/Mitrovicë North, Mitrovicë/Mitrovica Kosovo police reforms. The strategy emphasizes proactive South, Prizren, Gjakovë/Djakovica, Pejë/Peć, Gjilan/ multi-lingual communication and engagement with the public Gnjilane, Ferizaj/Uroševac (14–24 February 2022) to enhance understanding and address community needs. It consists of three strategic objectives related to internal com- In co-operation with the Kosovo Police (KP) and its Office of munication, public relations, and proactive communication. the Language Commissioner, the Mission facilitated eight work- shops to promote bilingual tools, effective communication, and Training course on monitoring public gatherings; respect for linguistic identity among the police force. The work- Prishtinë/Priština (16 May 2022) shops introduced police focus groups to the bilingual handbook for traffic police, a scenario-based video with messages encour- The Mission collaborated with the KP to conduct a training aging bilingualism from the KP General Director and Language course on monitoring of public gatherings. The course covered Commissioner for new police cadets, the bilingual language police procedures, crowd control strategies and safety tips, as proficiency scheme, and the multilingual mobile platform. well as relevant legal and human rights considerations. Hands- on simulations and discussions prepared Mission members to Workshop on Kosovo Correctional Service effectively monitor protests based on the Mission’s mandate. regulation; Gjakovë/Djakovica (16–18 March 2022) Workshop to revise the KP’s standard operating The Mission facilitated a workshop to support the finalization of procedures on child abuse; Prishtinë/Priština the Kosovo Correctional Service (KCS) Regulation on internal (25 May 2022) organization and structure. The regulation establishes the or- ganizational structure and defines the roles and responsibilities The Mission supported the KP in reviewing and amending the of KCS leadership and management. The workshop gathered standard operating procedures (SOPs) on child abuse to incor- 19 participants from the KCS, the Mission, the US Department porate enhanced investigative practices and to align them with of Justice International Criminal Investigative Training Assistance current policies. The workshop gathered members of a joint Program (ICITAP), the UN Mission in Kosovo, and the European working group and representatives from the Mission. The final Union Mission on Rule of Law in Kosovo (EULEX). document will serve as a guide for KP officers to handle child abuse cases professionally and with dignity. Workshop on a draft law amendment to the law on police; Prizren (26–28 April 2022) Specialized training course on defensive tactics for KCS; Vushtrri/Vučitrn (22–26 August 2022) The Mission supported the KP in finalizing a draft law amend- ing and supplementing the law on police. The workshop gath- The Mission conducted a specialized training course for 15 ered representatives from a working group composed of the KCS officers from the Prishtinë/Priština and Gjilan/Gnjiljane KP, government agencies, NGOs, the Mission, an EU project regions, as well as the High Security Risk Prison. Aimed at

50  Police-related Activities of Field Operations

improving KCS officers’ skills and knowledge of defensive the Kosovo Academy of Public Safety. The course focused on tactics based on good practices, the course focused on hu- professional journalistic formats, preparing for press conferenc- man rights aspects related to the use of force, force contin- es and media interviews, and addressing complex questions in uum, control and self-defence procedures. The course was ways that interact with the press and public but do not harm in- conducted at the Kosovo Academy of Public Safety premis- vestigative integrity. Participants demonstrated their knowledge es, where participants practiced the learned tactics in dormi- through practical scenarios and received feedback. tory rooms, which were used as mock prison rooms. Conference: “Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on Training programme for senior police officers in integrity of public safety and security sector”; developing operational command skills; Cardiff, Prishtinë/Priština (16–18 November 2022) United Kingdom (25–30 September 2022) The Mission supported the Kosovo Academy of Public Safe- The Mission organized a training programme to support 11 ty in organizing a scientific conference to assess the impact senior KP officers in developing their operational command of the pandemic on the integrity of the public safety sector. skills. The programme enhanced their ability to effectively The event brought together 75 participants from Kosovo lead and co-ordinate complex police operations. Participants and abroad. It focused on discussing the negative effects received theoretical and practical training on strategic plan- of the pandemic on the integrity of the police and other law ning, decision-making, risk assessment and crisis manage- enforcement agencies, measures adopted, and recovery ment. They also engaged in simulations and case studies to phases. The conference facilitated the sharing of expertise, apply their newly acquired skills in realistic scenarios. research reports and joint identification of ways to address recent threats and ensure public safety. Training event on crisis communication management for security sector communication Workshops to review the Kosovo Correctional officers; Vushtrri/Vučitrn (3–7 October 2022) Service sub-legal acts; Prishtinë/Priština (14– 22 November 2022) The Mission supported the MoIA, the KP, the Kosovo Acad- emy of Public Safety, the PIK, and the Kosovo Emergency The Mission facilitated three two-day workshops to support Management Agency in enhancing the crisis communication the KCS in reviewing administrative instructions governing management capacities of their communication officers. The the internal organization of the institution. These reviews training event covered crisis components, planning, prepara- were necessitated by the new law on the KCS and the law tion, response strategies, media channels, crisis spokesperson on execution of criminal sanctions. The workshops resulted selection, recovery strategies, and techniques for daily com- in the revision or drafting of 26 sub-legal acts, SOPs and munication and crisis situations. Participants developed skills in administrative instructions. The updated instructions covered analysing crisis scenarios and preparing communication plans. various areas, including house rules, functioning of the Cor- rectional Intelligence Unit and operation of the Evaluation and Advanced training course on crime scene digital Classification Unit. evidence for KP forensic officers; Vushtrri/Vučitrn (3–7 October 2022) Workshops on drafting a KCS development strategy and action plan; Gjakovë/Djakovica The Mission provided advanced training to 20 KP forensic (23–25 November 2022) and Prishtinë/Priština investigators to improve their skills in handling digital evi- (12–16 December 2022) dence at crime scenes. The course covered various types of digital evidence, seizure and extraction from crime scenes, The Mission organized a workshop attended by represent- digital imaging and digital evidence analysis based on inter- atives from the Ministry of Justice (MoJ), senior staff of the national standards. Participants also learned how to detect KCS, Mission experts and EULEX. The working group as- image manipulation and the principles of transferring digital sessed the current situation, identified challenges, and for- evidence to forensic laboratories. mulated strategic objectives and activities for the coming years. The draft strategy focuses on the system of execution Media relation training course for senior officers of criminal sanctions, rehabilitation programmes, organiza- of public safety institutions; Vushtrri/Vučitrn tional units within the KCS and the development of training (7 October 2022) programmes.

The Mission delivered media relation training for 16 senior of- In December, the Mission organized a workshop for repre- ficers attending the mid-management supervision course at sentatives from the MoJ, the KPS, the Mission and EULEX to

51 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL ON POLICE-RELATED ACTIVITIES 2022

review the current situation, identify challenges and develop Human rights and police strategic objectives and activities for the coming years. The accountability strategy focuses on promoting alternative measures, improv- ing technical capacities and logistics within the institution, and covers the professional growth of the KPS staff, along Workshops for KP on disciplinary and preliminary with further development of their sub-legal framework that investigations; Gjakovë/Djakovica, Prishtinë/Priština, regulates the work of KPS. Pejë/Peć, Mitrovica/Mitrovicë North, Gjilan/Gnjilane, Prizren, Ferizaj/Uroševac, Mitrovicë/Mitrovica South Workshops for reviewing the KPS SOPs; Prishtinë/ and KP headquarters (2–19 September 2022) Priština (29 November–1 December 2022) In support of the KP Professional Standards Directorate, the The Mission facilitated a workshop to support the KPS in Mission organized nine workshops on disciplinary and prelimi- reviewing its SOPs on pre-trial activities, implementation of nary investigations. The workshops provided training on recent alternative sanctions and oversight of conditional release. amendments to the KP SOPs and internal regulation on disci- The working group, consisting of 17 KPS participants and pline and ethics. Participants, including first-line and mid-level representatives from EULEX and the Mission, reviewed the managers, discussed and deepened their knowledge on the current SOPs and aligned them with the new Law on Proba- decentralization of disciplinary authority and new regulations tion and other relevant legislation. regarding the display of police equipment on social media.

Workshop on developing a crisis communication Study visit on enhancing internal discipline within manual for public safety institutions; Pejë/Peć the police force; Paris, France (2–4 December 2022) (22–24 November 2022)

The Mission facilitated a workshop to support the MoIA and The Mission organized a study visit to support the KP in en- public safety institutions in developing a crisis communica- hancing internal discipline within the police force. The visit tion manual. The manual, based on the Kosovo Response focused on strengthening the capacity of five senior manag- Plan and Integrated Emergency Management System doc- ers from the KP Professional Standards Division. Participants uments, provides recommendations for systematic and pro- discussed good practices, lessons learned and case studies active communication in times of crisis. It covers crisis defini- related to disciplinary procedures and internal investigations. tions, types and causes, as well as crisis life cycles. Training course on digital evidence collection Training workshop on crime-scene examinations for PIK invesitgators; Prishtinë/Priština for forensic officers; Vienna, Austria (12–16 December 2022) (14–16 December 2022) The Mission conducted a training course for 11 investigators The Mission conducted a specialized training workshop on from the PIK, focusing on advanced techniques in evidence crime scene examination for five KP forensic investigators. extraction and collection, including the use of specialized The workshop enhanced the participant’s skills and knowl- software such as Autopsy. Participants improved their skills edge in the updated and effective processing and analysis in the acquisition, authentication and analysis of evidence, of crime scenes. The workshop covered various aspects, and received training in carving techniques by using Autopsy. including evidence collection, preservation techniques, doc- The course provided participants with the necessary knowl- umentation and report writing. Participants received practical edge and tools to effectively handle digital evidence. training and learned about good practices in forensic inves- tigations. Workshop on the finalization of a monograph on the KP; Prishtinë/Priština (27–28 December 2022)

The Mission supported the finalization of a monograph on the KP by organizing a workshop. The workshop gathered 20 representatives from various KP departments and inter- national partners. The participants reviewed and contributed

52  Police-related Activities of Field Operations

to the monograph, which provides an overview of the KP’s services. The workshop addressed the challenges faced by history, development and achievements. The monograph the AWKP during the pandemic and emphasized the prior- aims to showcase the progress made by the KP in ensuring itization of women’s representation in the police and in deci- public safety and security in Kosovo and to serve as a refer- sion-making positions. ence document for future endeavours. Workshops on gender and youth involvement in community safety; Mitrovicë/Mitrovica South, Gender mainstreaming Ferizaj/Uroševac, Prishtinë/Priština (17 March, 19 May and 7 September 2022) Roundtable on women’s representation in decision- making and peace-building; Mitrovicë/Mitrovica The Mission supported the KP in conducting three work- region (9 March 2022) shops on gender mainstreaming and youth involvement in community safety. Participants discussed the importance To commemorate International Women’s Day, the Mission of public–police partnerships, the role of women and young organized a roundtable discussion on strengthening the ca- people in preventive activities, and the findings of the evalua- pacity of women representatives to address the concerns tion report on MCSC functionality. of women and girls. The event brought together 32 wom- en leaders from different communities, including the Kosovo Annual assembly of the Women’s Association of the Serb, Albanian, Bosniak, Roma, Ashkali and Turk communi- KCS; Prishtinë/Priština (15 December 2022) ties. Participants discussed ways to improve co-operation and information sharing, shared examples of good practices, The Mission supported the Women’s Association of the KCS and highlighted the importance of gender mainstreaming in in organizing its annual assembly, which was attended by the infrastructure projects. The roundtable provided an oppor- Deputy Director of the KCS, members of the association and tunity to discuss specific security concerns for women, with representatives of the KP and international organizations. KP representatives explaining procedures and institutional The assembly discussed the activities and financial report responses to domestic violence cases. for 2022, expressed appreciation for the Mission’s support and requested further assistance in improving the position of Meeting with the Association of Women in Kosovo women in the KCS. Police on women’s role in the security sector; online (18 March 2022) Community policing, police–public The Mission organized an online meeting with the Associ- relations and crime prevention ation of Women in the Kosovo Police (AWKP), civil society, and media representatives to discuss increasing women’s participation in the security sector. The meeting focused on Workshops on revitalizing and training of local the role of the AWKP in promoting women’s representation in public safety committees; Prishtinë/Priština and the KP and plans for capacity-building activities. Civil society Mitrovicë/Mitrovica regions (24 February and and media representatives discussed advocacy initiatives, 24 March 2022) while participants addressed the challenges faced by female police officers in the region. The meeting highlighted the role The Mission facilitated two one-day training workshops for 42 of the international community, including the Mission, in pro- participants, including community members and KP officers, moting gender equality in the security sector. to revitalize non-operational local public safety committees (LPSCs) in the Prishtinë/Priština and Mitrovicë/Mitrovica re- Workshop with the AWKP on drafting a development gions. Discussions on security and successful community strategy and action plan; Prizren (23–25 March 2022) safety initiatives supported by the Mission highlighted the impact on residents’ quality of life. The workshops aimed The Mission organized a workshop for a working group of 14 to strengthen the support of local institutions for community police officers to review the previous strategy and introduce partnerships and contributed to co-operation between the new strategic and specific objectives to further promote the police and LPSCs. role of women in the police and ensure gender-responsive

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Support to LPSC awareness-raising on hate crime of implementing disaster risk reduction programmes at all in schools; Prishtinë/Priština, Mitrovica/Mitrovicë levels, including local government officials, communities and North, Mitrovicë/Mitrovica South, Prizren, Gjakovë/ CSOs. Experts delivered sessions on emergency manage- Djakovica, Pejë/Peć, Gjilan/Gnjilane, Ferizaj/ ment, roles and responsibilities, and the role of residents in Uroševac (March 2022) self-protection and supporting communities. The workshop highlighted the contribution of community safety forums, The Mission supported LPSCs in raising awareness of hate particularly LPSCs, in providing support during emergencies. crime among young people in primary schools in all eight Promotional materials were distributed to raise awareness in police regions. Child-friendly posters and stickers were dis- the community. tributed and presentations on hate crime and hate speech were given to ninth graders. Interactive sessions with over Workshops for finalizing a school safety action plan; two hundred students highlighted the importance of diver- Prishtinë/Priština (7–27 June 2022) sity, inclusiveness and tolerance among different commu- nities. The Mission facilitated workshops for the Prishtinë/Priština Municipal Directorate of Education and the KP to finalize Workshop on the revision of police guidelines on an action plan based on a pilot survey and a school safety intelligence gathering; Prizren (13–15 April 2022) study. Seventy-three participants reviewed and made rec- ommendations on objectives and measures for the school The Mission supported a workshop for 27 participants, in- safety action plan, which addresses infrastructure, emergen- cluding members of the KP working group and represent- cy management, governance, climate, capacity-building and atives from the Mission and the EU project for supporting monitoring. The plan will guide the Municipal Directorates of Kosovo police reforms, to review and align the guidelines for Education, the KP and the Mission in their engagement with police officers on intelligence gathering with the integrated schools and the implementation of safety initiatives. intelligence-led and community policing strategy, as well as with the action plan for 2021–2025. The workshop enhanced Regional workshop on preventing security participants’ capacity to collect, process and disseminate in- incidents with religious communities and municipal telligence, ultimately improving their performance in commu- community safety councils; Gračanica/Graçanicë nity and intelligence-led policing. (15 June 2022)

Workshops presenting the KP’s integrated SOPs on The Mission brought together representatives of religious community policing and intelligence-led policing; communities, the KP, and co-ordinators from municipal com- Ferizaj/Uroševac, Pejë/Peć, Prishtinë/Priština, munity safety councils (MCSC) and non-majority community Gjakovë/Djakovica, Mitrovica/Mitrovicë North, mechanisms for a regional workshop to discuss joint efforts Gjilan/Gnjilane, Prizren and Mitrovicë/Mitrovica to prevent security incidents. Participants raised concerns South (5 May–29 June 2022) about media coverage, punishment of perpetrators and compensation for MCSC meetings. They recommended the Eight workshops were conducted by the Mission to assist establishment of working groups, improved planning, police the KP in presenting the integrated SOPs on community and patrols near religious sites, and funding for security projects. intelligence-led policing. The workshops targeted 241 offi- cials, ranging from first-line supervisors to senior staff, and Intercultural youth forums with LPSCs; Prizren introduced them to the framework and components of the (17–19 June and 16–18 September 2022) SOPs with the aim of improving their crime-handling ap- proaches and providing better services to the community. The Mission supported the KP and LPSCs in organizing The workshops emphasized the roles and responsibilities of two intercultural youth forms aiming to improve relations officers in the intelligence-led process and provided guid- between young members of different communities and ance on how to apply the SOPs effectively. to enhance their co-operation with LPSCs and the KP. Participants engaged in activities and learned about ad- Awareness-raising workshop on disaster risk vocacy, negotiation skills and prevention measures. The reduction; Prishtinë/Priština (25–27 May 2022) Mission also introduced the youth opportunities platform “kosovoyouth.com” to support youth participation. Par- The Mission facilitated an awareness-raising workshop for ticipants committed themselves to working together on 26 participants from LPSCs, the KP and municipal officials youth-related initiatives and to integrate youth into commu- in the Prishtinë/Priština region, emphasizing the importance nity safety activities.

54  Police-related Activities of Field Operations

Workshops in support of the bi-annual revision Workshops to strengthen co-operation in preventing of the integrated intelligence-led and community juvenile delinquency; Pejë/Peć, Gjilan/Gnjilane, policing strategy and action plan; Prishtinë/Priština Prizren, Prishtinë/Priština and Mitrovicë/Mitrovica (30 June and 22 December 2022) (15–27 September 2022)

Two one-day workshops were organized by the Mission to The Mission supported the KP in organizing five workshops facilitate the bi-annual implementation reviews of the inte- for juvenile prosecutors, defence lawyers and representatives grated strategy and action plan. The 62 participants from the from the KP, Municipal Directorates of Education and centres KP, MoIA, UNDP and ICITAP assessed implementation and for social work to strengthen co-operation among institutions challenges, acknowledged the Mission’s contribution and addressing juvenile delinquency. In the workshops, partici- developed recommendations for successful implementation. pants discussed policies and measures for sustainable and multi-institutional approaches and focused on challenges, di- Support for the Para Sport Games Kosovo 2022; version, special procedures for juveniles, inter-organizational Vushtrri/Vučitrn (16–17 July 2022) co-operation and policy choices to tackle current trends in juvenile delinquency. The Mission assisted the Kosovo Paralympic Committee in organizing the Para Sport Games, which brought toge­ther Training event for LPSC trainers; Prishtinë/Priština some five hundred para-athletes. The event offered para- (26–30 September 2022) athletes the opportunity to compete in 13 different sports activities, including wheelchair racing, wheelchair basketball, In collaboration with the KP and LPSCs, the Mission con- sitting handball and table tennis. The Mission provided com- ducted a training-of-trainers event for 16 LPSC members. petition equipment, sportswear, trophies and medals for the The event focused on effective training techniques, adult event. Volunteers from various organizations supported the learning methodologies, and means for addressing safety athletes and facilitated networking with law enforcement and and security issues. At the end of the event, participants de- peacekeepers. veloped and presented their own lesson plans, demonstrat- ing their qualification to conduct future training courses for Workshops on community involvement in LPSCs. intelligence gathering; Gjilan/Gnjilane, Gjakovë/ Djakovica, Mitrovicë/Mitrovica and Prishtinë/Priština Roundtable discussions on trafficking and domestic (1–13 September 2022) violence with community safety forums; Mitrovica/ Mitrovicë (20–25 October 2022) The Mission organized four workshops for 118 sector of- ficers, many from local public safety committees (LPSCs), to The Mission supported the MoIA in organizing roundtable learn methods of intelligence gathering through community discussions to promote information-sharing and improve engagement. Officers were introduced to their duties un- partnership and co-operation among participants. It dis- der the integrated intelligence-led and community oriented cussed CTHB, small-scale projects co-ordinated with the policing SOPs. They learned about the importance of local KP, and acknowledged that reporting of domestic violence community safety forums and working together to tackle cases by residents had increased. and prevent local problems through partnerships. The work- shops shed light on the intelligence process, emphasized the Training young people as leaders and their role need for information from day-to-day operations, and under- in preventing narcotic abuse (follow-up to the lined that gaining the trust of communities is vital to effective intercultural youth forums); Prizren problem solving. (28–30 October 2022)

Roundtable on the recognition of volunteerism in At the request of the KP and LPSCs, the Mission support- LPSCs; Prishtinë/Priština (8 September 2022) ed a training course for 31 young leaders on the prevention of narcotic abuse. Participants learned about the effects of The Mission assisted the KP in organizing a roundtable to drugs, negative phenomena among young people, and the discuss the importance of community policing and ways to role of the parent-student-teacher triangle. The course em- recognize the voluntary work of LPSC members. Represent- powered participants to raise awareness and prevent drug atives from the KP, LPSCs and local governance committed abuse in schools and public spaces. themselves to empowering LPSCs and promoting commu- nity health and safety.

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Workshops for young LPSC members on follow- throughout Kosovo. The survey covered various aspects of up activities from the intercultural youth forums; school safety and included interviews with students, staff Gračanica/Graçanicë, Vushtrri/Vučitrn and and parents. In 2023, the conclusions and recommenda- Mitrovicë/Mitrovica (October–November 2022) tions will feed into joint plans between the KP, the Ministry of Education, Science, Technology, and Innovation, and school The Mission facilitated three workshops for young LPSC authorities. members to share knowledge acquired during the intercul- tural youth forums. The workshops focused on addressing safety concerns, including young people in decision-making, Gender-based violence and implementing awareness-raising activities. Participants committed themselves to implementing collaborative initia- Advanced training course on domestic tives with the KP and LPSCs. violence risk assessment; Prishtinë/Priština (21 February–4 March 2022) Training workshops on media communication and PR for KP officers; Kosovo-wide (October– The Mission conducted two training courses on domestic December 2022) violence risk assessment for 39 police officers from all eight KP regions. Building on earlier successful courses, the train- The Mission delivered eight training workshops on media ing enhanced officers’ skills in dealing with domestic vio- communication for over 90 KP officers. The workshops fo- lence cases and enhancing a victim-centred approach. Par- cused on effective communication through traditional and ticipants learned how to assess risk, develop safety plans new media, keeping abreast of communication dynamics, and conduct interviews. They practiced their skills using the and technological developments. Participants learned how DASH (Domestic Abuse, Stalking and Honour) checklist in a to engage with journalists, convey messages and harness role-play scenario. the power of the media. The workshops also covered com- munication techniques, influential technologies and the im- Roundtables on domestic violence with portance of strategic communication. community safety forums and police; Prishtinë/ Priština, Gjakovë/Djakovica, Gjilan/Gnjilane, 20th LPSC Executive Council Meeting; Prishtinë/ Ferizaj/Uroševac, Mitrovica/Mitrovicë South (17– Priština (9 December 2022) 31 May 2022)

The Mission supported the organization of the 20th LPSC The Mission supported the KP in conducting five roundtables Executive Council Meeting, at which participants discussed on domestic violence with representatives from centres for progress, challenges and good practices. The meeting em- social work, community safety forums and victim advocates. phasized the important role of LPSCs in obtaining informa- Participants discussed various aspects of domestic violence, tion and enhancing community safety. Certificates of appre- its causes and consequences, and the support available to ciation were awarded to LPSC members for their dedicated victims. Discussions emphasized the role of community safe- volunteerism and commitment. ty forums in increasing awareness and reporting domestic violence cases, as well as the importance of education in Workshop on the annual revision of the community breaking the cycle of this type of violence. safety strategy and action plan; Prishtinë/Priština (12 December 2022) Design and dissemination of pocket-size cards for police officers handling domestic violence cases; The Mission assisted the MoIA in conducting a workshop to Prishtinë/Priština (21 June 2022) revise the community safety strategy and action plan. Repre- sentatives from various institutions reviewed the implemen- The Mission provided 5,000 pocket-size cards to the KP Do- tation of activities and discussed new ideas for the future. mestic Violence Section. The cards, available in Albanian and Serbian, were developed in collaboration with the KP based Presentation of results from the school safety study on the new SOPs. They serve as a step-by-step guide for survey; Prishtinë/Priština (16 December 2022) police officers when responding to domestic violence cases. The cards will be distributed to first responders and new of- The Mission supported the presentation of the results of a ficers in all regional directorates to enable them to improve school safety survey conducted in pre-university schools their understanding of their responsibilities.

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Workshops on the prevention of domestic violence Roundtable for probation officers on reporting for new police officers; Gjilan/Gnjilane, Prizren, and recording domestic violence cases; Prishtinë/ Mitrovicë/Mitrovica, Pejë/Peć and Prishtinë/Priština Priština (21 December 2022) (4–21 October 2022) A roundtable was organized by the Mission for probation The Mission supported the KP in conducting five workshops officers from all regions of Kosovo to discuss their experi- for 144 newly appointed police officers, focusing on the ences in dealing with domestic violence cases and the chal- prevention of domestic violence at the first-responder level, lenges they face. Also presented at the event was a new relevant legislation and inter-institutional mechanisms. Partic- training curriculum aligned with the Istanbul Convention ipants learned about the importance of an appropriate and and the Strategy on Protection against Domestic Violence victim-centred police response and how to reduce the risk of 2022–2026. Additionally, the Mission provided the KPS with further victimization. 15 laptops to enhance the on-scene reporting capacity of its officers. Training course on domestic violence cases for advocates, prosecutors and police; Pejë/Peć (1–3 November 2022) Hate crime

A residential training course was organized by the Mission Workshops on handling hate crimes; Prishtinë/ to educate victims’ advocates, prosecutors and police on Priština, Gjilan/Gnjilane, Ferizaj/Uroševac, Prizren, effective responses to domestic violence cases. The train- Gjakovë/Djakovica, Pejë/Peć, Mitrovicë/Mitrovica ing course, led by a judge and a prosecutor, covered topics South, Mitrovica/Mitrovicë North (14–31 March 2022) such as the domestic legal framework, the Supreme Court’s guidelines on sentencing, psychological and economic vio- The Mission organized a series of eight one-day workshops lence, protection orders and the Istanbul Convention. in all KP regions to introduce the Manual for KP on Handling Hate Crimes to 147 police officers responsible for handling Roundtable discussion “Everyone against gender- such cases. The workshops aimed to enhance their role in based and domestic violence/co-ordination of identifying, responding to, and recording hate crimes. They inter-institutional actions”; Prishtinë/Priština emphasized professional police response and compliance (25 November 2022) with international standards.

As part of the 16 days of activism against GBV campaign, Mission and ODIHR assessment of hate crime victim the Mission assisted the Prishtinë/Priština municipality in or- support; Gjilan/Gnjilane (17–18 May 2022) ganizing a roundtable discussion on domestic violence and GBV to enhance co-operation between local institutions in A diagnostic workshop was conducted by the Mission and addressing domestic violence cases. ODIHR to assess support for victims of hate crimes. Repre- sentatives from various institutions participated. The discus- Roundtables on access to justice for sions identified challenges in recording hate crimes, such as domestic violence victims; Prishtinë/Priština inadequate support mechanisms and reporting capacities, (7–19 December 2022) and led to recommendations for improvement.

Two roundtables were organized by the Mission as part of Workshops to assist the Ombudsperson Institution the 16 days of activism against GBV campaign. The events, in developing monitoring guidelines for hate crimes; attended by officials from the Kosovo MoIA and MoJ, the Prishtinë/Priština (6 June and 8 December 2022) KP, the Ombudsperson Institution, centres for social work and NGOs, discussed security aspects, international stand- The Mission facilitated two workshops to support the Om- ards, legal frameworks, monitoring of protection orders, risk budsperson Institution in developing guidelines for monitor- assessment and multi-sectoral co-operation in addressing ing hate crimes. The workshops brought together members domestic violence and GBV. of the Ombudsperson Institution, the KP and the Mission to discuss the structure, content and role of the Ombudsper- son Institution in treating hate crimes. Additional recommen- dations were made, these focusing on victim support, pre- vention mechanisms and awareness-raising campaigns.

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Design and dissemination of pocket-size cards Study visit to enhance efforts against hate crimes; for police officers handling hate crimes; Prishtinë/ Zagreb, Croatia (11–13 October 2022) Priština (24 June 2022) The Mission facilitated a study visit to Croatia for representa- The Mission provided 7,360 pocket-size cards in multiple tives of the Ombudsperson Institution and the OGG to meet languages to the KP Department for Operations. The cards with Croatian institutions and CSOs to learn about effective contain legal definitions and bias indicators related to hate practices in addressing hate crimes. Discussions covered crimes, and serve as a quick reference for police officers. The challenges, achievements, protocols and raising public distribution of the cards complemented the implementation awareness. of the Manual for KP on Handling Hate Crimes toward en- hancing first responder and investigator case reporting. Ninth regional hate crime conference for OSCE field operations in South-Eastern Europe; Skopje, North Preparatory meeting for regional conference on hate Macedonia (26–27 October 2022) crime; Prishtinë/Priština – hybrid (18 August 2022) Mission representatives attended the ninth annual regional A preparatory meeting was hosted by the Mission for the hate crime conference organized by the OSCE Mission to 2022 Regional Conference on Hate Crimes in South-Eastern Skopje. Representatives from Kosovo discussed the role of Europe. Participants from ODIHR and OSCE missions shared CSOs in responding to hate crimes and supporting victims. developments and priorities in combating hate crimes in their The conference concluded with recommendations for future respective regions. support to CSOs.

Workshop on the implementation of the Hate crime training course for law enforcement by co-operation agreement on addressing hate crimes; the Mission and ODIHR; Prishtinë/Priština Prishtinë/Priština (20 September 2022) (14–16 December 2022)

The Mission facilitated a workshop to review the implemen- The Mission and ODIHR provided training on hate crimes to tation of the co-operation agreement on addressing hate KP officers and CSO representatives. The course covered crimes in Kosovo. Representatives from the KP, the Chief legislation, victim-centred approaches and proper recording. Prosecutor’s Office, and the Kosovo Judicial Council par- Participants gained knowledge on the concept of hate crime ticipated and provided updates on their progress. Gaps in and bias motivation, and improved their ability to respond. the recording of hate crimes were identified as an ongoing The course also included training-of-trainer elements to ena- challenge. The Mission recommended that the agreement ble knowledge transfer. be reviewed and the Office for Good Governance (OGG) be considered as a co-ordinating body.

Threats posed by criminal activity

Roundtables to present the Guide for Early Seminars on VERLT prevention for education Identification of Violent Extremism and personnel; Prizren, Mitrovicë/Mitrovica South, Radicalization Leading to Terrorism; Pejë/Peć, Ferizaj/Uroševac and Gjilan/Gnjilane Prishtinë/Priština, Gjilan/Gnjilane and Prizren (15–29 March 2022) (1–10 March 2022) The Mission supported the KP in conducting four seminars for The Mission facilitated four roundtables to present the Guide 135 students, teachers and psychologists from high schools and to brief first-line officers from all KP structures on the in Kosovo. The seminars increased their understanding of Guide’s framework, early indicators of VERLT, and prevention VERLT prevention strategies. The participants learned about strategies. factors influencing youth vulnerability to extremism, recruit- ment and radicalization processes, and the current VERLT situation in Kosovo. Constructive discussions focused on

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institutional measures to prevent VERLT and plans to handle and Action Plan against Narcotics 2018–2022. The work- returnees, particularly women and children. shop involved multiple agencies and resulted in additional activities and ideas for the next strategic document. A draft Workshops to finalize the Cyber Security Strategy report on the evaluation will serve as the basis for drafting the and Action Plan 2022–2025; Prishtinë/Priština next Strategy and Action Plan for 2023–2028. (17–18 March 2022) & (23 December 2022) Training course on mitigating the strategic risk of The Mission organized workshops to finalize Kosovo’s Cyber terrorist financing and developing strategic analysis; Security Strategy and Action Plan 2022–2025. Together with Prishtinë/Priština (28–29 April 2022) an international expert, participants defined objectives and proposed activities. The working group defined objectives The Mission held a training course for ten participants from and identified activities for the five-year plan. Kosovo’s Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU), KP and Special Prosecutor’s Office on the co-ordination and co-operation Training course on reporting suspicious between institutions that is needed for identifying money transactions for terrorist financing; Prishtinë/ laundering and terrorist financing cases. The course covered Priština (23–25 March 2022) international standards, including the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) guidance on terrorist financing risk assessment, The Mission conducted a training course for participants from Kosovo’s money laundering and terrorist assessment, and the FIU, KP, commercial banks and Notary Chamber on appli- prevention of the abuse of NGOs for terrorist financing. cable legislation, good practices and real case studies, thereby promoting inter-institutional co-operation. Participants enhanced Training courses on extended powers of their capacity in preparing suspicious transaction reports (STR) confiscation and tracing illicit assets; Prishtinë/ and suspicious activity reports (SAR) on terrorist financing. Priština (17–20 May and 23–26 May 2022)

Training course on revised SOPs for victims of Two training courses were held on extended powers of con- trafficking in human beings; Prishtinë/Priština fiscation, asset tracing and financial investigations. Partici- (29–30 March 2022) pants from the KP, as well as customs, tax administration, prosecution and other agencies learned about the legal The Mission provided training to 20 participants from anti- framework, case management, intelligence, co-operation trafficking institutions on the practical implementation of the and integrated financial investigations. revised SOPs for trafficked persons. The course focused on compliance with recent legislative amendments and a unified The Mission conducted a training course for 19 participants application of provisions. Participants discussed challenges from the KP, as well as the FIU and the Prosecutor’s Office on and proposed solutions to improve treatment and services investigating financial crimes and tracing illegal assets through for victims throughout the SOP process. a multi-agency approach. The course covered, inter alia, case strategy and management, intelligence and financial profiling, Workshop on the drafting of an SOP for advance money laundering, the role of the FIU, and asset tracing, recov- passenger information; Pejë/Peć (28–30 March 2022) ery and management. It also focused on improving inter-institu- tional co-operation, co-ordination and data sharing to enhance The Mission facilitated a workshop to draft an SOP for the new- the effectiveness of law enforcement in preventing, investigating ly established advance passenger information (API) unit of the and combating financial crime and tracing illegal assets. MoIA. This activity, which built on the previous legal guidance provided by TNTD and the Mission in 2018 and 2019, involved Roundtables on inter-institutional co-operation in representatives from various organizations and resulted in a addressing trafficking in human beings; Pejë/Peć, draft SOP. The final draft SOP was also reviewed by the OSCE Prizren and Prishtinë/Priština (23–31 May 2022) TNTD. It was adopted by the MoIA in March 2023 through the full operationalization of its Centre for Border Management. The Mission organized three roundtables bringing together rep- resentatives from local and international institutions and organ- Workshop on the annual evaluation of the izations working on CTHB, including the KP, the Kosovo MoIA, Strategy and Action Plan against Narcotics 2018– the Victims’ Advocacy and Assistance Office, prosecutors, 2022; Prizren (19–21 April 2022) judges, shelters for victims of trafficking, and centres for social work. Participants presented the current situation, discussed The Mission supported the MoIA Secretariat for Strategies to challenges, and identified recommendations to enhance conduct a workshop for the annual evaluation of the Strategy co-operation and improve the response to THB in Kosovo.

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Provision of high-tech devices and training Training sessions on identifying cases of smuggling sessions for fighting organized crime; Prishtinë/ of migrants and trafficking in human beings; Priština and Prizren (3 August, 8 September, 20– Kaçanik/Kačanik, Gjakovë/Djakovica and Prishtinë/ 21 December 2022) Priština (28 September–3 October 2022)

The Mission supplied specialized equipment to KP inves- The Mission conducted three one-day training sessions for 50 tigators and conducted training sessions on its use. Using KP officers on identifying cases of smuggling of migrants and real-case scenarios, the sessions enhanced the participants’ trafficking in human beings (THB) within mixed migration flows. investigative skills, particularly in the areas of evidence collec- The sessions covered trends, modus operandi of criminal net- tion, documentation and the proper use of equipment. works, indicators for identification, and regional and interna- tional contexts. The interactive sessions allowed for discussion, Workshops on finalizing the Strategy and Action sharing of experiences and highlighting of lessons learned. Plan for Preventing and Countering Terrorism 2023–2028; Pejë/Peć (22–24 August and Provision of ICT equipment to KP regional anti-drug 17–19 October 2022) units; Prishtinë/Priština (7 October 2022)

The Mission facilitated two workshops to finalize the Strate- The Mission handed over refurbished laptops to KP regional gy and Action Plan for Preventing and Countering Terrorism anti-drug units. The laptops will support the daily administra- 2023–2028. During the first workshop, the working group tive work of investigators and enhance their case manage- prepared a draft strategy, incorporating feedback from the ment tools. Mission and partner organizations; the second workshop fo- cused on finalizing the Action Plan. Discussions centred on Roundtable on asset confiscation needs and gaps; prevention, de-radicalization, reintegration and the involve- Prishtinë/Priština (25 October 2022) ment of local stakeholders, CSOs and the media. A roundtable facilitated by the Mission on the confiscation Training courses on responding to abuse and of assets brought together decision-makers and operational fraud in public procurement; Prishtinë/Priština representatives from the KP, Kosovo’s Agency for the Man- (7–9 September 2022) agement of Sequestrated or Confiscated Assets (AMSCA), its FIU, Tax Administration, Customs, prosecution and judici- The Mission conducted a training course on abuse and fraud ary, as well as two EULEX and Mission Task Force members. in public procurement attended by 25 participants from vari- The event fostered co-operation and the identification of ous institutions. The course covered EU legislation, contract gaps. It resulted in a report with findings and recommenda- management and electronic procurement. It enhanced the tions to assist institutions in addressing these needs. participants’ ability to respond to administrative and financial violations related to public procurement. Operational meetings between the KP Directorate for Investigation of THB and sister agencies Training of police dog handlers on SALW detection; in Skopje and Tirana; Skopje and Tirana Prishtinë/Priština (11 September–7 October 2022) (1–4 November 2022)

The Mission provided a four-week advanced training course The Mission facilitated operational meetings between the for 14 KP dog handlers, focusing on detection and search KP Directorate for Investigation of THB and sister agencies techniques for SALW and related explosives. in Skopje and Tirana. The purpose was to establish and strengthen co-operation, share information and good prac- Advanced training of the police bomb squad on tices, and plan joint investigations of THB cases. Participants improvised explosive device disposal; Prishtinë/ discussed current trends and statistics, emphasizing the Priština (19–23 September 2022) importance of continued close co-operation to prevent and combat THB. The Mission delivered an advanced training course to 15 KP bomb squad officers on handling improvised explosive de- Operational meetings for the FIU; Skopje and Tirana vice disposal. The course covered initiation systems, con- (29 November–1 December 2022) struction, safe handling of detonators, and good practices for managing bomb scenes. The Mission facilitated two operational meetings of FIU of- ficials from Prishtinë/Priština with their counterparts from Skopje and Tirana. The meetings allowed participants to

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share good practices, discuss investigations of suspicious Annual evaluation roundtable for improved financial activity involving both locations, explore joint oper- co-operation in THB investigations; Prishtinë/ ations against money laundering and financing of terrorism, Priština (20 December 2022) and build partnerships. The Mission facilitated an annual evaluation roundtable be- Training sessions on investigation and prosecution tween representatives from the KP Directorate for Investi- of crime-related virtual assets; Prishtinë/Priština gation of THB and the Basic Prosecution office in Gjakovë/ (5–8 December 2022) Đakovica. They discussed achievements and challenges and proposed ideas for improving THB investigations. The Mission delivered a training course on the investigation Emphasis was placed on strengthening co-operation and and prosecution of crime-related virtual assets, including co-ordination between investigators and prosecutors to cryptocurrencies, as well as on the co-operative data sharing achieve better results. necessary to prevent and tackle financial crime. Participants from multiple institutions, including the KP, Kosovo’s Agen- Training course on online surveillance as cy for Prevention of Corruption, Tax Administration, FIU and an investigation tool; Prishtinë/Priština AMSCA, learned about handling seized assets and the role (19–23 December 2022) of cryptocurrency in money laundering. The Mission provided training to KP investigators in online Provision of ICT tools for police to fight corruption; surveillance as an investigation tool, focusing on internet in- Prishtinë/Priština (14 December 2022) vestigative sources, social media research, dark web analy- sis, and data collection and handling. Practical exercises im- As part of its anti-corruption efforts, the Mission provided two proved the participants’ ability to lawfully exploit and gather laptops and a multimedia projector to the KP Directorate of evidence using open source intelligence. Economic Crimes and Corruption Investigation. These tools will be used for awareness-raising presentations, recording statements and improving operational efficiency.

Other activities, including co-ordination and co-operation

Training-of-trainers course on responding to Workshop on judicial co-operation and sexual assault and harassment; Gjakovë/Djakovica, transparency; Prishtinë/Priština (1 November 2022) Prishtinë/Priština, Prizren and Mitrovicë/Mitrovica (23 March–4 May and 31 May–2 June 2022) A workshop was organized with public information officers to enhance co-operation and transparency in judicial institu- The Mission organized a training courses and two work- tions. Discussions covered language compliance, accessibil- shops for students to become trainers on responses to sex- ity to documents and effective information sharing. ual offences and harassment. Workshops involved lectures on legislation, standards, and victim services. Similar work- Workshop on digital evidence in criminal shops were conducted for students, teachers and school proceedings; Prishtinë/Priština (5 December 2022) psychologists to raise awareness and provide comprehen- sive knowledge on these topics. The Mission held a workshop on digital evidence in criminal proceedings for judiciary, prosecution and KP representa- Roundtable on effective case management; Pejë/ tives. Legal issues, procedures for obtaining digital evidence, Peć (10 October 2022) and practical challenges were discussed. The workshop aimed to ensure a balance between privacy protection, com- The Mission supported a roundtable on increasing co-oper- plexities related to the use of digital evidence, and the huge ation and effective case management. Judges, prosecutors, amount of such evidence that exists. defence lawyers and police discussed strategies to improve efficiency and reduce backlog of unresolved cases.

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SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPE

2.1.5 Mission to Montenegro

Introduction

The OSCE Mission to Montenegro (the Mission) assists the host country in fostering a more accountable security sector capable of addressing serious threats and crimes, while ensuring public safety and the protection of the human rights in line with OSCE politico-military commitments. The Mission’s Security Co-operation and Governance Programme continued supporting the authorities of Montenegro in reform processes.

Budget (UB)*

TOTAL TOTAL

EUR 2,152,100 EUR 2,152,100

Police- Police- related budget related budget

2022 EUR 2021 EUR 402,600 402,600 19% 19%

Staff*

TOTAL TOTAL

32 32

3 3 Local staff Local staff

International staff International staff 2 Police-related 1 Police-related staff staff

2022 5 2021 4 16% 13%

* Figures on budget and staff provided by the OSCE Mission to Montenegro.

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▶ Using intelligence-led policing to combat organized crime in Montenegro (September–November 2022)

The Mission’s support to the Montenegro Police Directorate has made a remarkable impact on enhancing their administrative and operational capacities. Police Director Zoran Brđanin expressed his gratitude and emphasized the importance of joint activities. He underscored the importance of the excellent co-operation, stressing that the Police Directorate is ready to continue working together to create a safer and more peaceful society.

A pivotal aspect of the assistance has been the adoption of the intelligence-led policing (ILP) model by the Police Directorate. This model includes a dedicated criminal-intelligence section within police operations that is responsible for producing strategic, tactical and operational documents crucial for law enforcement agencies in Montenegro. To support this process, the Mission provided geospatial analysis software tools to all regional security centres in the country. Additionally, the Mission conducted comprehensive training sessions for criminal intelligence officers, equipping them with the skills to effectively utilize this advanced tool in their investigations.

Mr. Ivan Jokic, head of the Criminal Intelligence Unit, praised the impact of the software, saying that it had significantly enhanced the work of the Sector for Combating Crime. Thanks to its implementation, several critical organized crime cases have been successfully solved. The software’s capabilities have been instrumental in identifying perpetrators and uncovering some of the intricate routes used to smuggle illicit drugs and weapons. This has resulted in numerous high- profile arrests in Montenegro.

These efforts have not only elevated the capabilities of law enforcement agencies, but have also played a vital role in safeguarding Montenegro from organized crime, making a tangible difference in the fight for a more secure society.

Ž Supporting “Police Persons of Trust” — A female police officer in front of a school in Podgorica. OSCE

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Activity reporting

General police development and reform

Support for gender mainstreaming in the police and Fourth annual public perception survey on police the national Women Police Association; Podgorica, work; countrywide (October–November 2022) Montenegro (April–May 2022) The Mission conducted its fourth annual public perception The Mission supported the Police Directorate and Police Acad- survey on police work to identify areas for improvement. The emy in their Women in Police campaign to encourage more survey found that the police were ranked as the most trusted women to join the police force. The campaign’s success was state institution, with organized crime, drug addiction, drug evident in the increased number of female cadets admitted to trafficking and corruption identified as major threats to secu- the Police Academy, with 40 per cent of the cadets admitted in rity. The survey also highlighted an increased awareness of 2022 being women. The Mission also facilitated a visit by the domestic violence as a threat to public safety. Women Police Association of Montenegro to share experiences and project ideas with their counterparts in North Macedonia, Creation of the “Virtual Police Station” mobile thereby fostering co-operation between the two organizations. application; Podgorica, Montenegro (November–December 2022) Support in developing a MoI e-learning platform; Podgorica, Montenegro (June–December 2022) The Mission supported the MoI and Police Directorate in de- veloping a smartphone application called “Virtual Police Sta- The Mission aided the MoI IT Unit in developing an e-learning tion” to provide online services to the public. These services platform for the police to expand training opportunities, and to include reporting crimes, requesting information on traffic reduce travel and accommodation costs. Due to COVID-19 re- regulations, issuing licenses and more. The development strictions and the lack of e-learning options, the MoI conducted phase is estimated to take around eight months and is ex- 30 per cent fewer training courses in 2020 and 2021. In June pected to be completed in 2023. and September, the Mission donated equipment to host the platform, including servers, firewalls, laptops and smartphones. Supporting “Police Persons of Trust”; Budva, Montenegro (7–8 December 2022) Support for drafting a police communication strategy and action plan; Podgorica, Montenegro Continuing its support for “Police Persons of Trust” as a (September–December 2022) mechanism for promoting gender mainstreaming and integ- rity within the police, the Mission organized the Persons of In response to a needs assessment conducted in 2021, the Trust annual conference. During the conference, new officers Mission supported the drafting of a four-year communication were selected to focus on gender awareness, community strategy and action plan for the police. The final documents, outreach by the police, and support for victims of harass- developed in co-operation with the Montenegro MoI and ment within the police. The conference contributed to the Police Directorate, were completed in November 2022. The visibility of Persons of Trust and aimed to improve the work- Police Directorate management expressed strong interest in its ing environment within the Police Directorate. development and future implementation. Once approved, the Mission will support various activities outlined in the action plan.

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Threats posed by criminal activity

Renewal of forensic software licenses and that the recommendations of the OSR/CTHB on the need to equipment at the Forensic Centre; Danilovgrad, enhance the prevention of THB amid mass migration flows Montenegro (throughout 2022) had been given due attention and that their implementation would be closely monitored. Building upon the provision of technical assistance to strengthen the Montenegro Forensic Centre’s capacity in Support for the regulation of weapon production; conducting forensic examinations, particularly in the area of Podgorica, Montenegro (May–June 2022) digital forensics, the Mission assisted in the renewal of foren- sic software licenses. The software in question is used to an- Working with Montenegro’s Ministry of Economic Develop- alyse and recover information from mobile devices, enhance ment, Ministry of Defence and MoI, the Mission supported images and videos, search hard drives, perform live RAM the finalization of a draft law on the production of weapons captures and collect digital evidence. The Forensic Cen- and military equipment. Through this activity, the Mission tre’s digital forensics laboratory has been fully equipped with supported national authorities in issuing Montenegro’s first high-performance computers and digital evidence analy­sis regulation on weapons production that is in line with interna- software. tional standards and good practices on safety, security and environmental protection. The draft law was sent to relevant Participation in the 22nd OSCE Alliance Conference ministries for further consideration and will go through a pub- against Trafficking in Persons; Vienna, Austria lic discussion process before being adopted. The activity is (4–6 April 2022) part of the Mission’s efforts to support authorities in Monte- negro in combating the misuse and trafficking of SALW. The Mission supported the participation of two representa- tives from the Montenegro MoI’s Office for Combating Traffick- Regional conference on countering online ing in Human Beings and the Supreme Court at the high-level exploitation of children; Budva, Montenegro OSCE Alliance Conference against Trafficking in Persons. (5–6 September 2022) Participants met and heard talks by experts with practical ex- perience in victim rights advocacy and the application of the The Mission facilitated a regional conference on investigat- non-punishment principle. They reported that the exchange ing online sexual exploitation of children for 38 participants of good practices will contribute to the further improvement from 12 countries. Presentations, including by representa- of national CTHB efforts in Montenegro. As a result of their tives of the OSCE OSR/CTHB and the International Centre participation, national partners are considering ways to im- for Missing & Exploited Children, covered the latest use of plement OSCE recommendations on the prevention of THB. software to combat and investigate online child exploitation, victim-centred approaches to interviewing children, and case Conference on risk assessment and prevention studies. of human trafficking in supply chains; Budva, Montenegro (10–11 May 2022) Training and guidance on interviewing possible victims of THB; Bar, Kolašin and Podgorica, The Mission and OSCE’s OSR/CTHB organized a confer- Montenegro (26–30 September 2022) ence on risk assessment and prevention of trafficking in human beings (THB) in supply chains. Representatives of The Mission organized three training courses for police of- law enforcement agencies, the judiciary, the Ministries of the ficers on interviewing possible victims of THB, using a guide Interior and Economic Development, the Chamber of Com- with a standardized set of questions to ensure that victim’s merce, the Union of Employers, the Labour Inspectorate, rights are respected. In co-operation with the MoI’s Office for large retail chains and NGOs discussed current institutional Combating Trafficking in Human Beings, the Mission brought and legal solutions in Montenegro and identified appropriate together some 60 police officers from the central, southern measures to detect and eradicate abusive and fraudulent re- and northern regions of the country to discuss how to iden- cruitment and employment practices that may lead to labour tify and deal with victims of THB. The officers learned how to exploitation. The Minister of the Interior, Filip Adžić, noted prepare for interviews, create a safe environment and assess

65 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL ON POLICE-RELATED ACTIVITIES 2022

a victim’s general health during an interview. According to agreed to develop a regional handbook on working with dig- the MoI’s anti-trafficking department, in the first six months ital evidence, including instructions for the regional exchange of 2022 its team for the formal identification of victims of THB of forensic data. identified 16 persons. Of these, 13 were given the status of trafficking victims. Workshop on intelligence-led policing and cybercrime; Budva, Montenegro (26– Seventh regional conference of forensic centres; 28 October 2022) Budva, Montenegro (20–21 October 2022) The Mission facilitated a workshop for criminal intelligence The Mission supported the annual regional conference of fo- officers from Montenegro. Presentations included an evalua- rensic centres from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, tion of the 3x5x2 information system, collection of operation- North Macedonia and Serbia. The conference contributed to al information and production of analytical information. The regional co-operation to meet international standards in the second part of the event focused on cybercrime, in particu- exchange of forensic data. Training material on requesting lar the basics of computer crime, electronic evidence, case e-evidence across borders was presented, and participants studies and practical training.

Ž Forensic Centre staff working on digital forensics equipment provided by the OSCE Mission to Montenegro, February 2023. OSCE /Marina Živaljević

66  Police-related Activities of Field Operations

SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPE

2.1.6 Mission to Serbia

Introduction

The OSCE Mission to Serbia (the Mission) was established in 2001 with the mandate to assist the host authorities in, inter alia, the restructuring and training of law enforcement agencies and the judiciary.

Budget (UB)*

TOTAL TOTAL

EUR 6,258,600 EUR 6,258,600

Police- Police- related budget related budget

2022 EUR 2021 EUR 950,800 950,800 15% 15%

Staff*

TOTAL TOTAL

118.5 118.5

14 14 Local staff Local staff

Police-related Police-related staff staff International International staff 18 staff 18 4 2022 15% 4 2021 15%

* Figures on budget and staff provided by the OSCE Mission to Serbia.

67 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL ON POLICE-RELATED ACTIVITIES 2022

▶ Strengthening partners in the fight against environmental crime (2022)

Serbian citizens have voiced their concerns about environmental safety, ranking it as the second most serious issue after corruption according to a 2022 public opinion poll commissioned by the Mission. Recognizing this growing understanding, the Ministry of Interior established a new police unit in March 2022 dedicated to suppressing environmental crime and protecting the environment.

The head of the unit, Mr. Živica Munćan, emphasized the detrimental effects of environmental crime on public health and the ecosystem. Pollution of water, soil and air with toxic substances poses a significant threat, leads to long-term damage of natural resources, flora and fauna, and disrupts the delicate balance of the eco-system. Mr. Munćan stressed the importance of raising public awareness and individual responsibility for environmental protection.

To support the Government’s efforts in combating environmental crime, the Mission has been facilitating cross-departmental co-operation since 2020. Through its security co-operation, and democratization, rule of law and human rights programmes, the Mission has assisted in the preparation of strengthened institutional approaches. With Mission support, guidelines for investigating and processing environmental degradation in protected natural areas as well as procedures in the case of the improper management of hazardous waste were developed, which serve as training material for environmental inspectors, judges, prosecutors and the police. These guidelines aim to enhance co-ordination among these entities and improve enforcement of environmental legislation.

In response to a request from national authorities in mid-2022, the Mission organized a series of training events from October to December. These events focused on equipping police investigators, prosecutors, judges, and environmental inspectors with the skills to investigate, prosecute and adjudicate environmental crimes effectively. The events also emphasized the importance of multi- stakeholder co-operation. A total of 104 participants, 46 women and 58 men, were trained in 2022.

Ž The Mission builds capacities of police and prosecutors to investigate and prosecute environmental crime, in Belgrade, Serbia in December 2022. OSCE /Milan Obradovic

68  Police-related Activities of Field Operations

In addition to the training events, the Mission organized a two-day seminar in mid-December. The seminar brought together members of the newly established police unit for environmental crime, police district representatives and prosecutors from across Serbia. Participants had the opportunity to learn from INTERPOL and Europol experts about various aspects of environmental crime, including wildlife, waste and pollution crimes, as well as corruption. Case studies were presented to demonstrate the achievements made through international co-operation.

Looking ahead, the Mission plans to continue its comprehensive approach to strengthen good environmental governance. By supporting capacity-building efforts and promoting co-operation among relevant authorities, the Mission aims to contribute to the effective suppression of environmental crime and the protection of Serbia’s natural resources.

Activity reporting

Threats posed by criminal activity

Meetings of the multi-stakeholder working group analysis skills of 16 police officers from the MoI’s Service for driving inter-institutional efforts for SALW control; Combating Terrorism. Belgrade, Serbia (February–October 2022) Training seminar to empower prosecution with To combat the proliferation of SALW and promote voluntary specialized case management tools; Belgrade, surrender and return, the Mission organized three meetings Serbia (3–5 March 2022) of the multi-stakeholder Working Group for planning, design and implementation of the SALW Awareness-Raising Cam- The Mission organized a training seminar for the staff of the paigns. The four-member team planned activities aligned Serbian Prosecution Office for Organized Crime on the use with the implementation of the 2019–2024 national strategy of a specialized case management and information system on the control of SALW and the road map for a sustainable (SIDDA-SIDNA) for investigations. The seminar was conduct- solution to SALW in the Western Balkans. ed by a certified trainer from a software company for four beneficiaries: an analyst, an IT expert, a deputy prosecu- Workshop on enhancing police curriculum on VERLT tor and a prosecutor’s associate. The software enables the prevention; Niš, Serbia (21–25 February 2022) analy­sis of large data sets and the correlation of information to generate valuable insights for investigators. The IT expert The Mission and Serbia’s MoI organized a workshop for nine from the Prosecution Office for Organized Crime will replicate police officers from the MoI’s Service for Combating Terror- the seminar for deputy prosecutors and their staff. ism, the Uniformed Police and the Police Training Center. Participants discussed how to fine-tune the training curricu- First workshop for a multi-stakeholder working lum on VERLT that will be used in VERLT awareness-raising group developing a national counter-terrorism seminars for teachers, social workers and police at the local strategy; Belgrade, Serbia (16 March 2022) level. In co-operation with the MoI and the EU Delegation to Serbia, Training seminar to strengthen border security the Mission organized a first workshop for the multi-stake- against FTFs; Belgrade, Serbia (2–3 March 2022) holder working group developing a new national strategy for preventing and combating terrorism. The workshop brought The Mission, in co-operation with TNTD/BSMU, conducted together twenty members of the interministerial working a training seminar on the identification of FTFs at borders. group and three international experts. Discussions focused The seminar used case studies to enhance the behavioural on international standards, domestic legal and strategic

69 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL ON POLICE-RELATED ACTIVITIES 2022

frameworks for terrorism prevention, and the review of the The courses covered topics such as cryptocurrencies, open expired 2017–2021 national strategy. source investigative tools (OSINT) and practical exercises based on case scenarios. Co-operation with the Cybersecurity Network Foundation to foster collaboration in cybersecurity; Training courses for traffic police on identification of Vrdnik and Belgrade, Serbia (12–14 April, drug use among drivers; Belgrade, Kragujevac and 27–28 September and 29 September 2022) Novi Sad, Serbia (11, 18 and 25 July 2022)

The Mission facilitated two meetings with Serbia’s Cyberse- At the request of the MoI, the Mission organized three train- curity Network Foundation. Participants, including represent- ing sessions for traffic police officers on identifying signs of atives from relevant ministries, academia and tech industries, drug use among drivers. The sessions enhanced the ca- discussed the Foundation’s activities and international good pacity of traffic police officers across Serbia. A total of 194 practices in cybersecurity. Challenges in fostering cyberse- officers completed the training sessions, which included curity education and the importance of investing in young testing drivers for the presence of drugs as part of standard talent were also addressed. The Mission and the Foundation traffic control procedures. then organized a panel discussion on the future of cyber- security education programmes in Serbia. The event con- Training-of-trainers for police on preventing VERLT; cluded with an awards ceremony honouring the winners of Novi Sad, Serbia (25–29 July 2022) the 2022 Serbian Cybersecurity Competition, in which 85 IT students from universities across Serbia competed. In partnership with the Serbian MoI Service for Countering Terrorism, the Mission organized a training-of-trainers course Strengthening co-operation against organized for police officers on preventing VERLT. The course aimed to crime; online (13 April and 27 September 2022) increase the number of trainers in this area and to address the drivers of radicalization among young people, empha- To enhance the efficiency of investigations on organized sizing education, awareness-raising and social inclusion as crime, the Mission facilitated two meetings of the Executive preventive measures. Board of the Permanent Conference of Organized Crime Prosecutors (PCOCP). The four board members from Mon- Training sessions for social workers on identifying tenegro, North Macedonia, Romania and Serbia, as well as a possible THB victims; Kragujevac, Niš, Novi Sad, representative of the Italian Anti-Mafia and Counterterrorism Novi Pazar, Užice and Zaječar, Serbia Directorate discussed matters related to organized crime in- (25 July–9 December 2022) vestigations and shared their expertise. In collaboration with Serbia’s Centre for Protection of THB Exchange of good practices on SALW control Victims, the Mission organized a series of six training ses- between North Macedonia and Serbia; Belgrade and sions for social workers on identifying possible victims of Kragujevac, Serbia (4–6 May 2022) THB. The sessions covered indicators for preliminary identifi- cation, SOPs for interviewing victims and the consequences Together with the Mission to Skopje and the OSCE Forum of THB. The sessions were attended by 122 social workers for Security Co-operation, the Mission organized a visit to and became part of the official training programme neces- Serbia by representatives from the MoI of North Macedonia. sary for social workers to renew their licences. Practitioners exchanged knowledge and practices on the management of SALW registries, certification and oversight Training events to build police capacity to tackle mechanisms. discrimination and recognize hate crimes; Bajina Bašta, Beograd and Kragujevac, Serbia Support to police and prosecution capacities to (27 September–6 December 2022) investigate cybercrime effectively; Belgrade, Serbia (5 May–1 December 2022) In co-operation with Serbia’s Commissioner for Protection of Equality and the MoI, the Mission organized three train- In co-operation with the Department of High-Tech Crime of ing events for police officers on recognizing discrimination the Serbian MoI, the Mission delivered three basic training and hate crimes. The events increased awareness and built courses on electronic evidence for law enforcement officials. police capacity to identify and respond to various types of

70  Police-related Activities of Field Operations

discrimination. The events covered modules on indicators, International police co-operation on combating combating stereotypes and bias-motivated offenses, and smuggling of migrants; Madrid, Spain; Budapest, understanding the impact of discrimination on communi- Hungary; and Bucharest, Romania ties. (10 November–7 December 2022)

Strengthening international police co-operation to The Mission facilitated several operational meetings between prevent VERLT; Madrid, Spain (3–7 October 2022) Serbian law enforcement representatives and their interna- tional counterparts to enhance co-operation in combating The Mission and the Spanish Embassy organized a study the smuggling of migrants. visit to Spain for a group of police officers and a deputy pros- ecutor. During the visit, the Serbian delegation exchanged Seminar on combating human smuggling; experiences with their Spanish counterparts from various Bucharest, Romania (8–9 December 2022) units involved in counter-terrorism. The visit, organized uti- lizing ExB funds, was aimed at strengthening international The Mission organized a regional seminar for law enforcement co-operation. It also enabled the exchange of good practices officers from Hungary, North Macedonia, Romania and Serbia in countering the misuse of the internet for terrorist purposes. to enhance their capacity to combat human smuggling. Ex- perts shared successful investigations and strategies. Training events on prosecuting and adjudicating environmental crimes; Belgrade, Kragujevac, Niš Training session on financial investigations; Srebrno and Novi Sad, Serbia (29 October–9 December 2022) Jezero, Serbia (12–14 December 2022)

The Mission organized four training events across Serbia In co-operation with external experts, the Mission conduct- to enhance the investigation, prosecution and adjudication ed a training session on financial investigations for police of- of environmental crimes. A total of 104 police investigators, ficers from the Serbian MoI’s Sector for Internal Control. The prosecutors, judges and environmental inspectors were session contributed to enhancing skills of the participants in trained at these events. conducting financial investigations.

General police development and reform

Promoting inclusive police recruitment practices Support to the “My right to know my rights and for national minorities; Vrnjačka Banja, Serbia obligations” YCP programme; Kragujevac, Niš, (18–20 March 2022) Novi Pazar, Novi Sad, and Subotica, Serbia (29 March–20 April 2022) The Mission supported the vocational police association Eu- ropean Police Officers of National Minorities – Europe Police To strengthen the multi-stakeholder approach to prevention in organizing a seminar for 18 of its members. The seminar work with young people and vulnerable groups, in line with contributed to the consolidation and preparation of the po- the 2020–2023 strategy for the prevention of and protection lice association’s outreach programme by harmonizing ap- of children against violence, the Mission, in co-operation with proaches and developing specific actions and guidelines to Serbia’s MoI, its Ministry of Education, and CSOs, supported help young people from different national minorities prepare a YCP programme through a series of five workshops. Ex- for the enrolment process. This will facilitate the entry of na- perts from State agencies and the CSO “Friends of Children tional minority applicants into the police service and promote of Serbia” led the interactive workshops, which focused on inclusive recruitment in the security sector. various aspects of YCP and informed 91 students about their

71 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL ON POLICE-RELATED ACTIVITIES 2022

rights and responsibilities when interacting with the police. Support to national authorities’ efforts on drug The participants will in turn act as peer educators and organ- and crime prevention initiatives addressing youth; ize similar workshops in their schools. Belgrade, Serbia (9–10 May 2022)

Workshop on building police accountability through In partnership with Serbia’s Ministry of Education and corruption risk assessment; online (12–13 April 2022) UNODC, the Mission implemented a series of training work- shops on the “Strong Family” programme for school psy- In partnership with Serbia’s MoI and the Geneva Centre for chologists and specialists. The programme aims at prevent- Security Sector Governance, the Mission organized a two- ing negative social factors among children and improving day workshop on corruption risk assessment, bringing to- their mental and physical health. gether 77 police officers from various duty lines. Experts from the Romanian General Anti-Corruption Directorate and the Facilitation of regional exchange on the treatment of Serbian Agency for Prevention of Corruption shared their repatriated FTFs; Šabac and Niš, Serbia (16–20 May knowledge and expertise in identifying and mitigating cor- and 6–10 June 2022) ruption risks within the police. The Mission organized two training courses for local teams Training seminar to enhance police integrity responsible for handling re-socialization, re-integration and planning; online (14 April 2022) rehabilitation of FTFs and their families in the event of repa- triation. The courses aimed to enhance Serbia’s capacity in The Mission organized a training seminar for 42 relevant of- preventing terrorism. The training courses included experts ficers from Serbia’s MoI to assist them in developing integrity from Bosnia and Herzegovina. plans. This seminar was crucial, since the MoI had to submit its integrity plans for the period of 2022–2024 to the Serbian Training seminars on community policing for Agency for Prevention of Corruption by 1 October 2022. police supervisors; Vrnjačka Banja, Serbia (23 May–28 October 2022) Workshops to promote transparency in policing; countrywide, Serbia (19 April–30 September 2022) In co-operation with the Serbian MoI’s Department for Or- ganization, Prevention and Community Policing, the Mission In collaboration with the Serbian MoI’s Department for Data organized a series of four training seminars on practical as- Processing, Complaints, and Co-operation with Independent pects of community policing for police supervisors from vari- Bodies, the Mission organized a series of 16 workshops to ous districts in Serbia. The seminars covered topics such as promote police transparency and accountability. A total of preventive work, ILP and gender equality aspects of policing. 347 police officers from 27 police districts in Serbia who are authorized to process requests for free access to information Strengthened the capacity of police and prosecution to of public importance attended these workshops and learned conduct crime scene inspections; Belgrade, Novi Sad, how to apply Serbia’s 2022 law on free access to information Niš and Kragujevac, Serbia (3 June–9 December 2022) of public importance. In co-operation with Serbian MoI’s National Forensic Center, Support for candidates from national minorities to the Judicial Academy, and the Republic Public Prosecutor’s enrol in basic police training; countrywide, Serbia Office, the Mission organized four workshops on collecting (25–30 April, 17 June and 9–10 August 2022) and handling material evidence. The workshops strength- ened the capacity of police and prosecutors to conduct The Mission supported the vocational police association crime scene inspections and collect material evidence. European Police Officers of National Minorities – Europe Police by developing information campaigns and meetings Support in developing a volunteer firefighting strategic to reach out to and prepare prospective candidates from framework; Belgrade, Serbia (6–7 June 2022) national minorities for basic police training. As a result, 186 candidates applied for basic police training, of whom 39 The Mission supported the development of a strategic were admitted. framework for volunteer firefighting in collaboration with the Serbian MoI’s Sector for Emergency Management. A work- shop was organized for the multi-stakeholder working group responsible for developing the plan. Additionally, the Mission

72  Police-related Activities of Field Operations

supported the design and printing of the MoI’s manual for Expert meeting of traffic police and misdemeanour training members of volunteer firefighting associations in courts judges on the drafting of a new law on road multiple languages. traffic safety; Sokobanja, Serbia (20–22 September 2022) Meeting on developing criteria to prioritize anti- corruption cases; Belgrade, Serbia (9 June 2022) The Mission facilitated an expert meeting of representatives from traffic police and misdemeanour courts to review the The Mission organized a meeting to develop an interagency implementation of the current law and discuss the drafting procedure for prioritizing corruption cases for investigation. process of a new law on road traffic safety. The meeting The meeting was attended by chief prosecutors from special- contributed to harmonizing views and practices between ized anti-corruption departments and MoI representatives, traffic police and misdemeanour court judges. The event who discussed criteria for prioritizing corruption cases and was attended by 94 participants, including police com- the handling of inherited cases. These criteria will be included manders and misdemeanour court judges from across the in a mandatory rulebook for the police and prosecutors. country.

Support to development of a strategy for disaster risk Upgrading of the website of the Basic Police reduction; Vrdnik, Serbia (9 June–10 October 2022) Training Centre (September–December 2022)

The Mission facilitated three meetings of a working group The Mission supported the initial phase of upgrading the developing a strategy for disaster risk reduction. The group website of the Serbian MoI’s Basic Police Training Centre to included representatives from various ministries, institutes make it more user-friendly and providing up-to-date informa- and organizations. Participants focused on how to enhance tion for prospective candidates, including those from national the strategic framework for emergency management and minorities. A website development company has been con- increase local capacities for preventing and responding to tracted to redesign the website; the Mission will support the emergencies. The national strategy, co-ordinated by the migration of data to the new website in 2023. MoI’s Sector for Emergency Management, is expected to be finalized by the end of 2022. Roll-out of a drug prevention training handbook for school police officers (September 2022) Support to development of police training capacities; Belgrade Serbia (5–7 July 2022) The Mission supported the development of a training hand- book for school police officers to address drug abuse and A seminar was organized by the Mission for the Serbi- related issues among young people. The handbook provides an MoI’s Sector for Human Resources and Centre for guidelines for school police officers on their role in the school Police Training. The seminar enhanced the capacity of environment regarding drug prevention and juvenile criminal- seven participants to use software to produce training ma- ity. The first copies of the handbook have been distributed terials that will be used for online and classroom formats of to police across Serbia and will be used for internal training police training at different levels. This seminar concluded the purposes. Mission’s support for the development of technical skills re- quired for police training. Regional conference on combating corruption at border crossings; Belgrade, Serbia External evaluation of the Mission’s approach (10–11 October 2022) to municipal safety councils; Belgrade, Serbia (August 2022) In partnership with the Serbian MoI’s Sector for Internal Con- trol, the Mission organized a regional conference on build- The Mission conducted an external evaluation of its ap- ing police capacity to investigate corruption cases at border proach to municipal safety councils (MSCs) as part of its crossings. The conference brought together representatives community policing reform efforts. The evaluation included from internal control services of several countries (Bosnia and interviews with stakeholders involved in or familiar with the Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedo- work of MSCs in selected municipalities. The findings and nia, Romania and Serbia) to discuss legal frameworks, prac- recommendations of the evaluation were presented in a final tices, and ways to increase co-operation to prevent corrup- report to Mission management. tion among officials at border crossings.

73 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL ON POLICE-RELATED ACTIVITIES 2022

Debates on local safety in south Serbia; Bujanovac partments. The assessment aimed to evaluate the law’s ef- and Preševo, Serbia (11–12 October 2022) fectiveness and identify areas for improvement.

The Mission supported MSCs to organize discussions on local Conference on women, peace and security; safety, including topics such as domestic violence, substance Belgrade, Serbia (7 December 2022) abuse and human smuggling. Experts facilitated the discussions, which involved participants from various local organizations and In co-operation with the Commissioner for the Protection of institutions, and emphasized the importance of continuity in mu- Equality, the Mission organized a conference to present an nicpal safty council activities and outreach to local communities. independent report to monitor the second national action plan for implementing the UN Security Council Resolution Training courses to enhance the capacity of local 1325. The conference discussed the progress that has been communities for voluntary firefighting; Belgrade, made to fulfil the 1325 agenda, and produced input for de- Serbia (1 November–31 December 2022) veloping the next national action plan.

In co-operation with Belgrade’s University of Criminal Inves- Crime prevention planning session for community tigation and Police Studies, the Mission implemented a pro- policing co-ordinators; Sokobanja, Serbia ject to enhance local capacity for voluntary firefighting. Train- (13–15 December 2022) ing was provided to one hundred members of local voluntary firefighting associations from six municipalities across Serbia. Jointly with the Serbian MoI’s Department for Organization, Prevention and Community Policing, the Mission organized Training police officers on preventing substance abuse a prevention planning session and an annual meeting for among young people; Belgrade, Ečka and Kragujevac, the MoI co-ordinators responsible for crime prevention and Serbia (14 November–14 December 2022) community policing. The session produced guidelines and strategic priorities for planning preventive activities. In co-operation with the MoI and UNODC, the Mission or- ganized three training courses for strengthening the skills Capacity-building training seminar for the Serbian and knowledge of school police officers in the prevention of Women Police Officers Network; Belgrade, Serbia substance abuse among young people. (21–23 December 2022)

Regional conference for women police officers; The Mission organized a seminar on project proposal devel- Belgrade, Serbia (18 November 2022) opment for members of the Serbian Women Police Officers Network. In partnership with the Serbian Women Police Officers’ Network, the Mission organized a regional conference to Support for specialized anti-corruption departments exchange good practices among women police officer net- (December 2022) works from different countries. The conference addressed challenges and opportunities for the professional develop- The Mission provided support for the further development ment of women police officers. of specialized anti-corruption prosecution and police depart- ments based on the recommendations of the 2021 assess- Development of the MoI’s case management ment. The Mission worked closely with the police and pros- system; Belgrade, Serbia (21 November 2022) ecutors to establish appropriate criteria for prioritizing cases based on seriousness and complexity. With the assistance of The Mission supported the presentation of SIDDA-SIDNA two experts, a methodology was developed for prosecuting software to the MoI of Serbia, which will be used as its case cases inherited from the period before the establishment of management system. The event was attended by represent- these departments. The final document was discussed and atives from various MoI departments. approved by the Republic Public Prosecutor’s Office.

Assessment of specialized anti-corruption Public perception survey on police work; departments; Belgrade, Serbia (29 November 2022) countrywide (ongoing)

The Mission presented its assessment of the implementa- To strengthen the relationship between the community and the tion of the law on organization and jurisdiction of government police, the Mission commissions a survey on citizens’ attitudes authorities in suppression of organized crime, terrorism, and towards police work. This survey, based on questionnaires corruption, focusing on specialized anti-corruption court de- and interviews, has been conducted regularly since 2008.

74  Police-related Activities of Field Operations

SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPE

2.1.7 Mission to Skopje

Introduction

The work of the OSCE Mission to Skopje (the Mission) and its Police Development Unit (PDU) is based on the Mission’s original mandate from 1992 on policing, and the OSCE MC and PC decisions stemming from the Ohrid Framework Agreement (OFA) of 2001. According to the provisions in Annex C of the OFA, the Mission was called upon to assist in a number of specific areas of policing, which were added to the initial mandate.

Budget (UB)*

TOTAL TOTAL

EUR 6,506,100 EUR 6,506,100

Police- Police- related budget related budget

2022 EUR 2021 EUR 1,081,500 1,081,500 17% 17%

Staff*

TOTAL TOTAL

154 154

13 13 Local staff Local staff

International Police-related International Police-related staff staff staff staff 11 24 11 24 2022 2021 16% 16%

* Figures on budget and staff provided by the OSCE Mission to Skopje.

75 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL ON POLICE-RELATED ACTIVITIES 2022

▶ Harnessing gender equality in SALW detection (February–September 2022)

In order to ensure effective law enforcement and address public safety concerns, it is crucial to promote gender equality within the police. Recognizing this, the OSCE Mission to Skopje supported North Macedonia in its strategic reform agenda and assisted its MoIA in improving working conditions and attracting a more gender-balanced and diverse workforce. Through the project “Assisting the National Authorities of the Republic of North Macedonia to Decrease the Risk of Weapon Proliferation and Misuse of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW)”, the Mission is focusing on gender-specific capacity-building and the promotion of equal rights and opportunities for men and women.

One key sub-activity of the project involves equipment assistance and infrastructure upgrades for police dog service units at both the national and regional level. In this process, a gender-responsive approach was adopted, taking into account the specific needs of both genders. As a result, the construction and renovation of the police dog unit facilities included, for the first time ever, the provision of gender-specific facilities such as women’s lockers and restrooms.

By integrating a gender perspective into the topic of SALW proliferation, the project has sparked increased interest among the female population in pursuing a career in a police dog unit. This positive trend is reflected in the growing number of female applicants for positions within such units. Through these efforts, the project not only enhances the SALW detection capacity of the MoIA, but also promotes inclusivity and diversity within law enforcement, contributing to a more balanced and effective approach to public safety.

Ž Engaging female police officers on issues related to local security concerns affecting family and community. OSCE

76  Police-related Activities of Field Operations

Activity reporting

Threats posed by criminal activity

Increasing the SALW detection capacity; al and analytical capabilities, enabling a multi-agency ap- Mavrovo, Ohrid and Skopje, North Macedonia proach and promoting safer environments through efficient (January–November 2022) SALW control.

In order to enhance the MoIA’s capacity to detect SALW, a Conference to enhance regional co-operation in project was initiated to procure services for the construction countering border security risks and challenges, of kennels, to refurbish office facilities and to improve the and combating cross-border criminality in South- physical and ICT security of SALW storage facilities. Along- Eastern Europe; Skopje, North Macedonia side these improvements, a training manual on the effec- (15–17 March 2022) tive use of police dog units for detecting SALW has been developed by a working group of relevant representatives In co-operation with the UNODC Regional Office in Skop- from the MoIA. The manual, which includes international je, the Mission organized a conference attended by senior good practices, was finalized in November 2022 whereup- border and customs officials of five Western Balkan coun- on it was submitted for review and approval. This activity tries and Greece. The event allowed key border security and has contributed to building necessary infrastructure, human management agencies in the region to further develop effec- resources, regulations and information sharing for the effec- tive joint responses to emerging and existing transnational tive deployment and management of police dog units within threats. Topics covered during the conference included the the MoIA. threat posed by FTFs among irregular migrant flows, traf- ficking in SALW, and trafficking in human beings. The con- Piloting a real-time information exchange system; ference featured presentations by the OSCE, UNODC, the Mavrovo, Ohrid, Skopje and Struga, North World Customs Organization, FRONTEX and the Internation- Macedonia (January–November 2022) al Centre for Migration Policy Development, the Regional Ini- tiative on Migration, Asylum and Refugees, and the Austrian To counter illicit trafficking of SALW, a project was launched Ministry of the Interior. to promote interagency information exchange at both the na- tional and transnational level. Construction work has started Support for co-ordinators from Police and Customs at the police and customs co-operation centres and at the Contact Centres (PCCC): Showcasing good MoIA headquarters. An SOP and an accompanying training practices in combating cross-border criminality; manual for real-time information exchange have been de- Skopje, North Macedonia (30–31 March 2022) veloped and submitted to the MoIA for review. The first has already been approved. These efforts have contributed to The Mission organized the fifth regional workshop for enhancing the operational capacity of co-operation centres co-ordinators from the Police and Customs Contact Cen- to detect SALW and facilitate expedited investigative proce- tres (PCCC) of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, dures through real-time information exchange. Greece, Kosovo and Montenegro. The workshop focused on the trafficking of SALW as well as of conventional ammuni- Advancing the national SALW commission’s tion. Participants engaged in a wide range of discussions fo- capabilities; Struga and Skopje, North Macedonia cused on good practices for real-time information exchange (January–November 2022) to move the concept of integrated border management (IBM) towards operational implementation. In response to the evaluation of the National SALW Com- mission’s operational capacity, measures were taken to en- Support on assessing risks posed by FTFs and hance its interdisciplinary expertise. The rules of procedure homegrown terrorists; Skopje, North Macedonia and an orientation manual were approved, and a working (20 April 2022) group developed an SOP for data collection, information tracking and reporting. The procedure was submitted for re- The Mission conducted a refresher training course on as- view and approval by the national SALW commission. These sessing risks posed by FTFs and homegrown terrorists, using activities aim at strengthening the Commission’s operation- in-house specialists. The course was delivered to represent-

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atives from North Macedonia’s National Security Authority such as the handover, legalization, registration, deactivation (NSA) and the MoIA’s Sector for Countering Terrorism, Vio- and destruction of SALW. lent Extremism and Radicalism. As part of a series of training events, this was the last training activity on this subject. The Support for enhancing capacity to detect and refresher course also enhanced the skills and knowledge of identify perpetrators of terrorism-related crimes; selected counter-terrorism officers and intelligence personnel Skopje, North Macedonia (13–15 September 2022) in countering the terrorist organization ISIS and its affiliates, as well as other terrorist groups. The Mission conducted a specialized training course on cy- ber-patrolling and OSINT techniques for North Macedonia’s Workshop on implementation, benefits and results NSA and the MoIA’s Sector for Countering Terrorism, Vio- of the Serious and Organized Threat Assessment lent Extremism and Radicalism. The training course covered report; Skopje, North Macedonia (30 June 2022) the latest trends and developments related to cyber-patrol techniques used in law enforcement and intelligence, and The Mission and North Macedonia’s MoIA organized a work- strengthened the participants’ skills in detecting and iden- shop to present the findings and recommendations of the tifying perpetrators of terrorism-related crimes. Also dis- national Serious and Organized Threat Assessment (SOCTA) cussed were means for ensuring that these techniques are 2021 report. The event was also used to raise awareness of human-rights compliant, including considerations regarding the importance of conducting strategic analyses, including personal data protection. how these are essential for effective strategic decision-mak- ing within law enforcement agencies. The report highlighted Improving inter-institutional co-operation in current and future challenges and threats facing the country, addressing the illegal possession, misuse and including but not limited to drug trafficking, illegal migration, trafficking of SALW; Skopje, North Macedonia financial crime and money laundering, and the threat of ter- (24 November 2022) rorism. For the first time, the report contained a detailed anal- ysis of environmental crime. The Mission held a roundtable discussion with representa- tives of the Forestry Police on the issue of the illegal posses- Enhancing awareness of SALW proliferation sion, misuse and trafficking of SALW. Discussions focused and misuse; Skopje, North Macedonia on assessing current legal, organizational and infrastructural (June–December 2022) capacities, as well as developing systematic recommenda- tions to improve the Forestry Police’s capacity to enhance Promoting social dialogue on the use of firearms, masculinity, SALW security and reduce the risk of proliferation. Key gaps cultural norms and domestic violence has been a key focus identified included the lack of supportive legislation govern- of a two-stage awareness-raising campaign developed by ing the responsibilities and powers of the Forestry Police. the Mission, which included the creation and distribution of Serious resource shortages and a lack of internal regulations leaflets and a video. Brochures on the mandatory re-certi- on the storage, allocation and use of service weapons were fication of firearms licences were distributed to local police identified as key challenges. The lack of operational informa- stations and citizens, especially gun owners and hunters. tion sharing and the lack of technical resources for opera- This campaign aimed at increasing public safety by raising tional communications, such as a functioning radio system, awareness of the risks associated with the illegal possession were also identified as obstacles to timely responses and and misuse of SALW. It also contributed to voluntary actions actions.

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General police development and reform

Roundtable to assess an independent civilian mendations arising from the Mission’s report on disciplinary oversight mechanism with a mandate to oversee procedures. This working session was the first in a series of complaints about policing; Skopje, North Macedonia meetings that will continue in 2023 to provide oversight and (4 March 2023) strategic monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the above strategies. The Mission hosted a roundtable to discuss and assess the current independent civilian oversight mechanisms for the Basic gender and mentorship training event for police in the country. The event was attended by the deputy mentors in the police gender mentoring programme; director of police and two assistants at the MoIA. A former UK Skopje, North Macedonia (4–6 May 2022) Chief Crown Prosecutor delivered an online presentation on examining prosecutorial issues in police misconduct/criminal The Mission together with the Human Resources Manage- allegations, as well as the functioning of the UK’s Independent ment Department of the North Macedonia Police launched Office of Police Complaints. The roundtable provided a valu- a third round of training events for the newly selected men- able forum to review the functioning and effectiveness of the tors of the police gender mentoring programme. Initially, the current external oversight mechanism for the police in North programme was designed to support coaching activities for Macedonia, and assessed both its independence and the lev- female police officers. In 2022 the programme was modified els of civilian influence. The open discussion focused on issues to include male police officers as mentors. The basic training of standards, integrity, professionalism and transparency. course was attended by a total of 19 mentors, both women and men, and included the two components of gender is- Discussion on professional stress factors and sues and mentoring skills. gender aspects in the police in North Macedonia; Skopje, North Macedonia (8 March 2022) Presentation of the handbook Supporting and enhancing police knowledge of and capacity to In partnership with the MoIA, the Mission organized a panel protect victims’ rights by raising their awareness discussion on research commissioned by the Mission to as- of European policing standards; Skopje, North sess professional stress factors in the North Macedonian po- Macedonia (12 May 2022) lice from a gender perspective. At the panel, the findings and recommendations of the research were presented. Many op- The Mission organized an event to present the findings and erational and institutional causes of stress were discussed. recommendations from the Mission-supported research on The recommended mitigation strategies included better victims’ rights and the handbook Supporting and enhancing provision of working equipment, improvements in working police knowledge of and capacity to protect victims’ rights conditions, and more effective role classifications based on by raising their awareness of European policing standards to continuing professional development. North Macedonia’s Bureau for Public Security. The findings in the handbook are based on a comparative analysis of leg- First working meeting of the MoIA’s Permanent islation, policies and practices concerning victims’ rights in Evaluation Committee on strategy monitoring and the United Kingdom, Poland, and North Macedonia. A panel evaluation; Skopje, North Macedonia (27 April 202) discussion covered topics such as the provision of victim in- terview rooms within police stations, the benefits of a mul- The Mission facilitated the first working session of the MoIA’s ti-agency approach to cases of domestic violence, and GBV. Permanent Evaluation Committee on the monitoring and evaluation of MoIA strategies designed and implemented Enhancing police gender sensitivity in cases of with Mission support. The PEC, chaired by the State Sec- violence against women and domestic violence retary of the MoIA, assessed the progress of the implemen- response; Struga, North Macedonia tation of the following strategies: Human Resource Manage- (16–20 May 2022) ment Strategy 2020–2022, Training Centre Development Strategy 2020–2022, Community Engagement and Com- The Mission conducted two training sessions for police of- munication Strategy 2020–2022, and MoIA Staff Training ficers dealing with domestic violence and GBV. The session and Development Strategy 2022–2024. In addition, the chair discussions included improvements to certain policies and of the disciplinary procedures working group provided an procedures, organization of specialized training activities, overview of the progress made in implementing the recom- and the adoption of a multi-agency approach to domestic

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violence and GBV. MoIA experts delivered modules on the Workshop on changes in disciplinary procedures at latest laws and regulations on domestic violence and GBV in the MoIA; Skopje, North Macedonia (29 June 2022) North Macedonia. The Mission organized a workshop to discuss a newly pro- Basic gender and mentoring training event for the posed model for conducting disciplinary procedures at the police as part of the gender mentoring programme; MoIA, including an assessment of a primary legal framework Skopje, North Macedonia (6–9 June 2022) for establishing the new model. The workshop concluded with a session on needed internal regulations for establishing The Mission together with the Human Resources Manage- a uniform disciplinary system, early intervention tools, and ment Department of the North Macedonian Police delivered the mandatory reporting of peer misconduct. a training event on gender issues and mentoring skills to 21 new mentees. A kick-off event took place on 9 June, at Series of local level workshops of the working which mentors and mentees met for the first time. For this group on the police and prosecutors co-operation third generation of mentors and mentees, the Mission has protocol; Gostivar, Ohrid, Stip and Skopje/Kisela, introduced a new type of mentoring process for encourag- North Macedonia (June–September 2022) ing the development potential and growth of mentees. The new round of the programme is now open to both female The Mission hosted four workshops for the police and pros- and male police officers. Specific skills developed through ecutors co-operation protocol working group. The workshop the programme include active listening, identifying needs and format used operational scenarios to test the draft protocol setting development goals. The programme is designed to and invite feedback. The discussions focused on the need encourage participants to take initiatives, move out of their for better legislation and enhanced co-operation between comfort zone and to take reasonable risks to achieve per- the police and the judiciary. sonal development and professional growth. Training courses on effective crisis communication Enhancing capacities of e-course designers at for spokespersons for internal affairs; Skopje, North the MoIA’s police training centre; Skopje, North Macedonia (July–November 2022) Macedonia (8–10 June 2022) The Mission organized two advanced training courses for a The Mission continued to support the development of the total of 14 police officers, all of them regional spokespersons. MoIA’s Learning Management System and organized tailored The training course focused on developing media skills and training courses for ecourse developers working at the police techniques for effective communication in crisis manage- training centre. An advanced course was delivered to two ment scenarios. Participants simulated on-camera briefings ecourse developers, resulting in the design of an ecourse on and press conferences, and received practical tips on body police authority. language and behaviour, particularly in live media situations. The first part of the training course was led by media profes- Roundtable on integrity testing of employees of the sionals with journalism experience, who provided feedback MoIA; Skopje, North Macedonia (9 June 2022) on the participants’ performance. The second part of the training course focused on specific guidance on the use of The Mission hosted a discussion on the primary legal frame- gender-sensitive language when preparing and delivering in- work for establishing an integrity audit architecture at the stitutional messages to the public. MoIA, including the identification of necessary by-laws and secondary legal frameworks. The roundtable was held in Gender mentoring programme development Skopje and attended by representatives from the MoIA. It and handover; Ohrid, North Macedonia provided a forum to further identify current operational chal- (17–19 August 2022) lenges to establishing an integrity testing architecture within the Ministry. The roundtable concluded that implementing The Mission organized an advanced gender mentoring work- an effective and accountable integrity testing mechanism shop as part of North Macedonia’s gender mentoring pro- is a prerequisite to preventing and detecting serious police gramme for police officers. The workshop addressed the com- misconduct. Such a mechanism will contribute to the overall bating of gender bias and stereotyping, as well as other forms strategic goal of reducing corruption within the police and of discrimination and GBV. Participants discussed discrimina- increasing the level of institutional integrity. tion cases and protection mechanisms within the MoIA and at the national level. The workshop also touched on advanced mentoring skills, including active listening and conversation management techniques. The last day of the workshop was

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dedicated to individual mentoring sessions and self-reflection prevention activities for the previous year. Participants also on achievements, as well as the planning of future actions for discussed how to improve the quality of their units’ preven- the mentoring pairs and the programme as a whole. tion work, agreeing that approaches such as gender-sensi- tive policing, engagement with multi-ethnic communities and Supporting the Office of the National Co-ordinator for effective use of the media would be a positive step forward. countering violent extremism (CVE) and terrorism (CT) to draft the new national CVE strategy and action plan; Development of an e-learning guidebook Skopje, North Macedonia (4–7 September 2022) for police; Skopje, North Macedonia (September–November 2022) The Mission organized a workshop to draft new national strat- egies for countering violent extremism (CVE) and terrorism The Mission organised three in-person and five online work- (CT). The workshop was the culmination of a series of con- ing group meetings with the MoIA working group tasked sultative workshops organized with the support of the Mis- with developing an “e-Learning Guidebook” as one of the sion from July to September, during which representatives of priorities of the MoIA Strategy for Training and Human Re- government institutions and civil society provided feedback sources Development 2022–2024. The working group initial- on the outgoing strategies and action plans. This interactive ly focused on implementing e-learning in the MoIA training workshop brought together representatives of the Office of the system, preparing curricula, co-ordinating the various stake- National Co-ordinator for CVE and CT (NCCVECT), members holders (the MoIA’s Training Centre, Human Resources De- of the National Committee for CVE/CT, academia and CSOs partment, IT Department, legal advisers), and examining the to work together on the drafting of the two new strategies. status of e-trainers within the MoIA. The working group also discussed essential components of the guide, with a par- Support to the MoIA to increase evidence- ticular emphasis on monitoring and controlling data flows, gathering capacities of its staff during crime scene course development processes, defining the differences be- investigations and in IT forensics; Skopje, North tween different types of trainers, and the stages of self-eval- Macedonia (20–21 September 2022) uation and final evaluation.

The Mission conducted a training activity for MoIA investiga- Hate speech workshops; Skopje, North Macedonia tors on the forensic identification, recovery and processing of (3–7 October 2022) chemical and biological material, as well as the use of such material as evidence in the investigative process. The training The Mission conducted two workshops on hate speech for course aimed at improving the efficiency of investigations, police officers from Skopje and Kumanovo. The two work- with a focus on cost effectiveness and meeting high-quality shops consisted of theoretical and practical sessions, fo- investigative standards. cusing mainly on the new laws on hate speech, as well as practical training on how to present the issue of hate speech Second working meeting of the MoIA’s Permanent to high school students. The event was divided into theoreti- Evaluation Committee on strategy monitoring cal and practical sessions, including technical presentations, and evaluation; Skopje, North Macedonia case studies, role-plays and in-depth discussions for explor- (27 September 2022) ing each topic in detail.

The Mission facilitated the second working session of the Drafting an action plan for the implementation of MoIA’s Permanent Evaluation Committee (PEC) on the mon- intelligence-led policing recommendations; Skopje, itoring and evaluation of the MoIA’s strategies. The PEC, North Macedonia (19 October 2022) chaired by the MoIA Secretary of State, assessed the pro- gress of the implementation of the following strategies: Hu- The Mission conducted an evaluation of the implementa- man Resources Management Strategy 2020–2022, Training tion of intelligence-led policing (ILP) at the MoIA in order to Centre Development Strategy 2020–2022, Community En- identify gaps and areas of current good practice. This as- gagement and Communication Strategy 2020–2022, and sessment was conducted through a series of interviews with MoIA Staff Training and Development Strategy 2022–2024. senior managers from the MoIA. The findings highlighted a number of challenges, including limited resources and incon- Annual workshop of the police prevention units; sistencies across the organization in the application of the Krushevo, North Macedonia (28–30 September 2023) ILP model. Discussions highlighted the need for further work on standardizing ILP implementation and mandatory training The Mission organized the annual workshop for police pre- for uniformed police officers, as well as for current and future vention units. During the workshop, each unit presented its police leaders.

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Workshops on the protection of the rights of toring session and shared their experiences and achieve- victims of crime in accordance with European ments during the programme. The event was attended by 35 policing standards; Ohrid, North Macedonia participants who concluded that the mentoring experience (20–21 October 2022) had been of great value to them personally and to the police.

The Mission organized two one-day workshops for 40 po- Cross-dimensional hate crime training event for lice officers on protecting the rights of victims of crime in ac- police and prosecutors; Skopje, North Macedonia cordance with European policing standards. The workshop (9–11 November 2022) included a presentation of the findings and recommenda- tions of the Mission-supported handbook Supporting and The Mission carried out a hate crime training event for 24 enhancing police knowledge of and capacity to protect vic- police officers and public prosecutors who had previously tims’ rights by raising their awareness of European policing attended the Training against Hate Crimes for Law Enforce- standards. ment (TAHCLE) or Prosecutors and Hate Crimes Training (PAHCT) courses organized in collaboration with ODIHR. Alumni Gender Mentoring Programme Workshop; The event included an introduction to the ODIHR manual Veles, North Macedonia (26–28 October 2022) on joint hate crime training for police and prosecutors, and a presentation of the host country’s Police and Prosecutor The Mission conducted an Alumni Gender Mentoring Pro- Protocol. The Protocol aims at improving co-operation be- gramme workshop in Veles for 25 female police officers on tween police and prosecutors in all areas of investigation academic writing and public speaking. Participants received and prosecution. instruction on the methodology and structure of academic research, and on the effective presentation of results. The Management and leadership skills training course creative writing module was presented by a former mentor for lead executives at the MoIA; Skopje, North who has produced a number of publications and is a mem- Macedonia (13–17 November 2022) ber of the Professional Association of Writers of North Mac- edonia. The Mission organized a week-long in-person management training course for lead executives at the MoIA. A special fo- Workshops on awareness-raising of mid-level police cus of the course was management in the digital age. The officers on police ethics and prevention of police tailor-made training sessions covered the opportunities and culture tolerant to serious misconducts; Skopje, challenges of e-conferencing, challenges for executive man- North Macedonia (October–November 2022) agers in communicating with staff at a distance, mechanisms for establishing and managing virtual teams and information The Mission organised two workshops to raise awareness flows, digital leadership, and online security issues. Two of the among mid-level police officers on police ethics and the pre- sessions were dedicated to the differences between leaders vention of institutional cultures tolerant of serious miscon- and managers, as well as ethical dilemmas, job satisfaction duct. Participants discussed ethical issues and dilemmas and professional and generational considerations within the related to underreporting/non-reporting of misconduct with- police. This was the second course organized in the last two in the police, the prevention of corruption and organization- years to enhance the management and leadership skills of al culture, including a police subculture tolerant of serious top management at the MoIA. misconduct, as well as the challenges and mitigation meas- ures in using social media. The activity reinforced the role Roundtable Development of Local Prevention of middle management in upholding standards and tackling Councils in North Macedonia; Skopje, North corrupt behaviour and practices. Representatives from the Macedonia (25 November 2022) Department of Internal Control, Criminal Investigation and Professional Standards took the opportunity to brief partic- The round table “Development of Local Prevention Councils ipants on the implementation of a proposed integrity audit in North Macedonia” brought together the mayors of the scheme. largest municipalities in the country, representatives from the MoIA, the Association of Units of Local Self-Government, the Closing the Gender Mentoring Programme for Police Ministry of Local Self-Government, the National Committee 2022; Skopje, North Macedonia (4 November 2022) for Countering Terrorism and Violent Extremism, CSOs and educational institutions. The participants discussed good The Mission organized a workshop to conclude the Police practices, problems and obstacles preventing the effective Gender Mentoring Programme for 2022. Mentors and men- functioning of local prevention councils, and concluded with tees of the programme’s third generation had their last men- a discussion on how to further develop such councils.

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Revising the Community Engagement and Assisting the MoIA in implementing Police Communication Strategy for 2023–2025; Skopje, and Roma – Effective and human rights-compliant North Macedonia (28–30 November 2022) policing; Skopje, North Macedonia (12–15 December 2022) The Mission organized a kick-off workshop for the working group on revising the Community Engagement and Com- In order to assist the MoIA in improving its capacity to imple- munication Strategy for 2023–2025. The members of the ment the strategy “Police and Roma – effective and human working group concluded that many tasks were either fully or rights-compliant policing”, the Mission, together with ODIHR, partially implemented. They thus focused on outstanding ac- conducted an assessment of current policing practices in tivities, such as a mechanism for collecting information and relation to the Roma community in the country. As a result monitoring the implementation process in the next period, of the assessment, a tailor-made training-of-trainers course and how to transfer certain activities from strategic to regular was organized for police officers from all regions of North operational plans and working practices of the MoIA. Macedonia. The course was organized in support of the new national “Strategy for Improving the Situation of Roma and Implementing strategic priorities in training for the Implementing Action Plan”. the MoIA 2023–2025; Veles, North Macedonia (1–2 December 2022) First workshop of the Training Centre working group; Skopje, North Macedonia (15 December 2022) The Mission held a kick off meeting of the working group on the implementation of strategic priorities of the MoIA in The Mission hosted the first meeting of the members of the the area of training for the period 2023–2025. The working Training Centre working group, who evaluated the outgoing group discussed its role and tasks, the implementation rate strategy and developed future strategic priorities. Regional of the previous strategy on training, as well as the timetable law enforcement training co-ordinators also participated as of activities for 2023. new members of the working group.

Study visit to the MoIA of Montenegro on ILP First workshop of the Community Engagement good practices; Podgorica, Montenegro (6– and Communication working group; Skopje, North 10 December 2022) Macedonia (16 December 2022)

The Mission facilitated a study visit to Montenegro to ena- The Mission hosted the first meeting of the members of ble delegates to assess and compare the implementation of the Community Engagement and Communication working ILP between Montenegro and North Macedonia. The dele- group, which evaluated the outgoing strategy and developed gation met with the head of the Intelligence Department of the future strategic priorities for the period 2023–2025. The the MoIA of Montenegro, who presented recent legislative working group members discussed the four priorities set out changes facilitating the implementation of ILP. Other topics in the previous strategy, and proposed additional objectives discussed included internal and external co-ordination and to be achieved in the coming period 2023–2025. co-operation, technical solutions, databases, and processes for strategic and operational reporting to ensure informed de- cision-making at the local, regional and national levels.

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2.2 Eastern Europe

2.2.1 Crime threats facing Eastern Europe13

In 2022, the war against Ukraine has had a significant impact individual citizens. Ukrainian institutions and organizations in on the serious and organized crime landscape in Eastern particular have been under enormous strain from sustained Europe, particularly when looking at Moldova and Ukraine. attacks directed at their infrastructure and online operations While the war disrupted some criminal operations, particu- since the beginning of the war. The war has had a signif- larly those related to the trafficking of illicit goods across the icant impact on the cybercriminal ecosystem, which was region, it also created new markets and opportunities for previously characterized by collaboration between different criminal groups active in the region. The economic and so- cybercriminals crossing national boundaries. This ecosystem cial impact of the war is shaping the activities of criminals.13 has turned increasingly adversarial as “a result of political dis- agreements among threat actors in the context of the war.”16 Since 2022, Moldova has received hundreds of thousands of Ukrainian refugees and third country nationals.14 Many of Climate change is likely to have an impact in the foreseeable these individuals are at risk of exploitation by human traffick- future on all aspects of life in the region, including criminal ac- ers and other criminals. While this risk is being addressed by tivities. Excessive droughts or floods may create demand for Moldovan law enforcement authorities, it remains substantial. certain criminal services or goods, such as counterfeit prod- ucts. Environmental crimes such as the illegal disposing of Conflict zones are frequently a source of illegal firearms traf- waste, including hazardous waste, are thought to be a signif- ficked across the world and offered to criminals via black icant threat in the region. In many cases, such criminal activi- markets. With only limited evidence having emerged of ties intersect with the operations of legal waste management weapons turning up abroad, there is currently no indication companies and thus are difficult to detect or investigate. En- of notable firearms trafficking originating from Ukraine in con- vironmental rehabilitation through building national human- nection to the war,15 but this phenomenon should be contin- itarian action capacities, enhancing chemical emergency uously monitored. response capacity, and environmental monitoring of the war will be key priorities during a potential recovery period. Eastern Europe continues to be a noteworthy region for cy- bercrime. It is a region of origin for some of the most so- Economic strain as a direct result of the war and global eco- phisticated cybercriminals active today. But it is also a region nomic trends such as sustained high inflation are likely to cre- targeted by cybercriminals as part of cyberattack operations ate demand for criminal services. This will incentivize some against critical infrastructure, or online fraud and scam cam- criminals and criminal groups to expand their activities. Fraud paigns aimed at public authorities, private businesses and is a key crime threat affecting all sectors of the economy,

13 This brief assessment is based on information provided by the field operations in the region as well as open source research. 14 UNHCR 2023, Operational Data Portal – Ukraine Refugee Situation, Republic of Moldova, accessible at https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine/loca- tion/10784 15 GI-TOC 2023, The Russo-Ukrainian war and the illegal arms trade, accessible at https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Mark-Galeotti-and-An- 16 Recorded Future 2023, Russia’s War Against Ukraine Disrupts the Cybercriminal na-Arutunyan-Peace-and-proliferation-The-Russo-Ukrainian-war-and-the-illegal- Ecosystem, accessible at https://go.recordedfuture.com/hubfs/reports/cta-2023- arms-trade-GI-TOC-March-2023.pdf 0223.pdf

84  Police-related Activities of Field Operations

including large companies, small and medium enterprises, The region has traditionally been a transit area for drug traf- the public sector and private citizens. Economic strain will fickers smuggling heroin, other opioids and synthetic drugs, likely intensify criminal attempts to generate profits by pur- such as amphetamines, via the Southern Caucasus route suing increasingly sophisticated fraud campaigns. Such at- from Asia to consumer markets in Europe. It is likely that tempts at fraud are likely to be particularly pronounced in this trafficking activity has been disrupted to some degree the post-conflict reconstruction scenario. Thus, focusing on by the war, since it has resulted in border closures and the fraud prevention as well as on mitigation measures tailored to destruction or damage to key transportation infrastructure in the region is warranted. the country.

OSCE region — Eastern Europe

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EASTERN EUROPE

2.2.2 Project Co-ordinator in Ukraine

Introduction

The OSCE Project Co-ordinator in Ukraine (PCU) started its activities on 1 June 1999. Its operations were discontinued on 30 June 2022. The PCU was deployed following a request to the OSCE by Ukraine’s Government and a consensus decision by all OSCE participating States. The OSCE PCU supported Ukraine’s internal reforms and helped the country meet a wide range of security challenges. Its projects actively contributed to major transformations that were critical for the stable and democratic future of the country.

Budget (UB)*

TOTAL TOTAL

EUR 3,618,500 EUR 3,618,500

2022 2021

Staff*

TOTAL TOTAL

52 52

49 Local staff

International staff 3

2022 2021

* Figures on budget and staff provided by the OSCE Project Co-ordinator in Ukraine. The PCU did not have a separate Department on Police-Related Activities in 2021. Police-related activities were implemented by the Human Security, the Environmental and Politico-Military, and the Rule of Law and Human Rights Programmes, through UB and ExB funds.

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▶ Equipping National Police of Ukraine personnel skills to handle calls from children in times of war (21–30 June 2022)

The OSCE PCU organized a series of impactful training sessions in the regions of Ternopil and Ivano-Frankivsk. These sessions were specifically designed to equip 102 hotline operators of the National Police of Ukraine with the necessary skills to handle distressing calls from children reporting domestic violence or other types of violence. Despite the challenging security situation, four intensive two-day in-person sessions were held, training 106 participants.

With the relentless hostilities and the ongoing war, the number of calls flooding the police hotline had skyrocketed. Among these calls, there was a significant increase in reports from children who were caught in the crossfire. To compound the situation, operators at the 102 hotline in the Ternopil region found themselves also responsible for responding to calls from citizens in areas outside Ukrainian government control. The gravity of the circumstances demanded a response that was both sensitive and effective, particularly when it came to communicating with children.

Andriy Kanashuk, the head of the Department for Organization of Response of the “102” Service, emphasized the importance of these training courses. Thanks to the support provided by the OSCE PCU, the operators were equipped to handle the immense challenges of their role during these difficult times. As Kanashuk stated, “it is crucial for us to always be in touch with our citizens and to help them in every possible way, especially when we are talking about children.” By focusing on age- specific, psychological and gender-sensitive approaches to communication, the training ensured that the hotline operators were prepared to provide support and assistance when it mattered most.

Admist the tremendous challenges posed by the war, these training courses have empowered dedicated staff to make a real difference in the lives of children affected by violence.

Ž Hotline operators of the National Police of Ukraine discussing how to handle calls from children in times of war at a training session organized by OSCE PCU in June 2022. OSCE

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Activity reporting

General police development and reform

VIII (XXI) Lviv Criminal Justice Forum dedicated to tor in Ukraine. The event focused on reviewing criminal justice Ukrainian Criminal Justice in Conditions of War; under conditions of war, the impact on human rights protec- Lviv, Ukraine (11–12 June 2022) tion, procedural guarantees, recent amendments to criminal legislation, and adjustments to the criminal justice system. The The PCU supported the VIII (XXI) Lviv Criminal Justice Forum, forum was streamed online and garnered over 1,700 views on which brought together experts, legal practitioners and aca- the OSCE Projects in Ukraine YouTube channel. A collection demia to discuss the transformation of the criminal justice sec- of essays was also published and distributed to stakeholders.

Threats posed by criminal activity

OSINT training course for migration police department; online (20–29 June 2022) enabled THB crimes, there is a growing need to enhance the skills of law enforcement in utilizing available OSINT. Sixty po- The PCU supported two practical workshops for representa- lice officers and investigators attended the training courses, tives of the Migration Police Department on using open source where they learned about new tools and received hands-on investigative tools (OSINT) for investigating THB cases. training in the use of OSINT tools to gather necessary evi- With the rise of technology-facilitated and technology- dence for THB investigations.

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2.3 Central Asia

2.3.1 Crime threats facing Central Asia17

There is limited information about the crime situation in Cen- Corruption remains a key threat to the security and rule of law tral Asia. However, certain types of criminal activities and a in the region. Not only does it threaten state institutions and few specific factors appear to shape much of the serious and economic development, it can also result in social unrest and organized crime landscape in the region. socio-economic instability in the region. In Central Asia, cor- ruption is found at many levels and within the economy. It also The Taliban takeover of Afghanistan in 2021 has had a sig- occurs in the everyday life of citizens of the region. Corrup- nificant impact on the security situation in the region. The tion facilitates criminal activities across the spectrum of serious full impact of this development on serious and organized and organized crime, crime ranging from the trafficking of illicit crime in Central Asia has yet to be fully determined. It ap- goods, people smuggling and THB, to financial and economic pears that the Taliban has undertaken serious efforts to crimes such as money laundering and fraud, among others. eradicate poppy cultivation in the country,18 which will have a significant impact on the production of heroin in the re- The region has experienced cyberattacks targeting govern- gion and may also imply a subsequent significant decline ment offices, financial institutions and other critical infrastruc- in trafficking activities related to heroin throughout Central ture. The use of technology in crime, such as online fraud and Asia. Afghanistan is also believed to be a significant source the compromising of digital systems, is a growing concern. for illegal firearms diverted from military weapons stocks. Central Asia currently has one of the highest global rates of These are trafficked throughout Central Asia. Throughout cybercriminal activities. the region, there is a significant risk of military-grade explo- sives being diverted and proliferated. There is also a risk of Environmental crime is an emerging concern in Central Asia. a proliferation of improvised explosive devices originating This type of criminality exacerbates a range of existing envi- from Afghanistan. ronmental challenges in Central Asia, including desertifica- tion, water scarcity and air pollution.

OSCE region — Central Asia

17 This brief assessment is based on information provided by the field operations in the region as well as open source research. 18 Alcis 2023, Unprecedented reduction of opium production in Afghanistan, acces- sible at https://www.alcis.org/poppy

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2.3.2 Programme Office in Bishkek

Introduction

The OSCE Programme Office in Bishkek (POiB), previously the Centre in Bishkek, was established in 1998 to promote the implementation of OSCE commitments in all three dimensions of comprehensive security, to facilitate the exchange of information, to establish and maintain contacts with local authorities, academia and civil society institutions, and to provide support based on the evolving needs and priorities of the Kyrgyz Republic.

Budget (UB)*

TOTAL TOTAL

EUR 6,811,000 EUR 6,811,000

Police- Police- related budget related budget

2022 EUR 2021 EUR 282,763.45 296,113 4% 4%

Staff*

TOTAL TOTAL

132 131

4 4 Local staff Local staff

International staff International staff 1 Police-related 1 Police-related staff staff

2022 5 2021 5 5% 4%

* Figures on budget and staff provided by the OSCE Programme Office in Bishkek.

90  Police-related Activities of Field Operations

▶ Investing in schoolchildren: Promoting human rights and empowering youth (10–30 May 2022)

“I don’t want to get married too soon, I want to study,” exclaimed Dilnoza, a determined student, after a lecture. From 10 to 30 May 2022, the Programme Office in Bishkek supported an information campaign targeting 2,148 high school students in 28 schools across the Kyrgyz Republic as part of the mentorship and leadership programme of the Association of Women in the Security Sector (KAWSS). The campaign involved students, teachers and parents, and focused on legal rights, prevention of transnational threats and domestic violence.

During the campaign, KAWSS trainers presented students theoretical and practical examples that highlighted the significance of education for future career success. They emphasized the detrimental impact of early marriage and encouraged students to prioritize education and personal growth. Participants eagerly asked questions about school regulations, religion, bullying, and relationships with teachers and classmates.

One memorable interaction involved Dilnoza, a 16-year-old ninth grader. She asked the trainers for advice on how, armed with her newfound knowledge of her rights, she could convince her parents to allow her to pursue higher education. Dilnoza aspires to become a doctor and felt that education and work should come before marriage. Her father was invited to the lecture and joined his daughter’s conversation with the trainers. They chatted about social norms, human rights and the benefits of education. The trainers stressed that early marriages are illegal and that both the parents and the cleric who performs such a marriage face legal consequences under Kyrgyzstan law.

After a heartfelt conversation, Dilnoza’s father agreed to reassess the situation and contemplate his daughter’s higher education. Months later, the juvenile delinquency inspector reported that the family had reached a consensus. Dilnoza was continuing her studies at the Medical Institute and her father had even promised to support her in opening her own medical practice.

Such information campaigns promoting human rights and fostering a gender-sensitive approach have the power to transform the mindset and behaviour of students and parents alike. At the conclusion of the lecture, each student received an informative brochure in Kyrgyz and Russian containing key legal articles regarding the rights, duties and responsibilities of minors, as well as information and contact details for support in difficult situations.

Ž Annual national “Drug abuse prevention campaign” among youth in Osh, Kyrgyz Republic in May 2022. OSCE

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Activity reporting

General police development and reform

Co-ordination meeting between mobile police transnational threats. Each participant received an informa- reception teams and local public councils; Osh, tion brochure in Kyrgyz and Russian. Kyrgyzstan (24–25 March 2022) MPR monitoring visits; Batken, Chuy, Issyk-Kul, POiB held a co-ordination meeting to improve the effective- Jalal-Abad, Naryn, Osh, Talas provinces, Kyrgyzstan ness of mobile police reception (MPR) teams and to discuss (13–30 June 2022) challenges and opportunities for their development. Repre- sentatives from the Kyrgyz MoI and local MPR public coun- A joint monitoring visit was conducted by representatives cils, which play a crucial role in providing civilian oversight of from the Kyrgyz MoI, the MPR Local Public Councils Associ- MPR activities, established working contacts and adopted a ation and the POiB. The visit covered territorial police depart- resolution outlining the principles of co-operation between ments where MPR vehicles operate. The monitoring team MPR teams and local associations. assessed the effectiveness of the MPRs’ operation, analysed reporting documents and provided recommendations for Analysis of national legislation on the deployment of improvement. In 2022, MPR teams conducted over 6,000 unmanned aerial systems (8 April–8 July 2022) visits to rural communities, received over 8,000 claims and supported over 18,000 people. The POiB provided legislative support through a comprehen- sive analysis of national legislation on the legal use of un- Training course on project development; Bishkek, manned aerial systems (UAS). The analysis included a com- Kyrgyzstan (20–21 June 2022) parison with the legislation in neighbouring countries. It also provided recommendations for changes, including the crea- A training course on project development and writing grant tion of a roadmap and a training centre for UAS operators. applications was conducted by the POiB for 26 police of- ficers. The course covered important steps in project de- Introduction of new MPR teams; provinces of Alay, velopment, grant proposal content, monitoring and evalua- Batken, Naryn, Sokuluk and Suzak, and city of tion, project sustainability, budgeting and implementation. It Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (April–September 2022) improved the participants’ competence in composing grant applications and strengthening international co-operation. The POiB supported the expansion of MPR teams to ter- ritorial police departments and improved co-operation be- Working seminar on women, peace and security; tween the police and civil society. Six fully equipped MPR Batken, Jalal-Abad and Osh provinces, Kyrgyzstan vehicles were donated to the Kyrgyz MoI. Induction training (25–28 July 2022) courses were conducted in several regions for new MPR team members, who will be able to carry out scheduled In co-operation with the Kyrgyz MoI, the POiB conducted visits to remote areas, provide legal advice, and register and working seminars to facilitate the implementation of the Na- monitor claims that require the involvement of relevant State tional Action Plan on the UN Security Council Resolution agencies. 1325. Sixty police officers actively involved in the National Action Plan participated in the training sessions. The focus Information campaign among schoolchildren on was on the impact of conflict situations on women and the the rights, duties and responsibilities of minors; role of women in conflict resolution, peacebuilding, peace- countrywide (10–30 May 2022) keeping and post-conflict reconstruction. Participants also shared their experiences of working with women as well as The KAWSS conducted an information campaign among addressing the needs of vulnerable groups during conflict schoolchildren on transnational threats, domestic violence, situations. and the rights, duties and responsibilities of juveniles. The campaign reached 2,148 students in 28 high school across the Kyrgyz Republic. Participants gained knowledge about children’s rights, how to prevent and counter violence, and

92  Police-related Activities of Field Operations

Support of capacity-building of the MoI MPR agency working group to develop a draft document package monitoring and co-ordination centre; Istanbul, on the deployment of UAS. As a result of the joint efforts, Türkiye (30 August–3 September 2022) the following documents were developed: Draft law “Amend- ments to the air code of the Kyrgyz Republic”, which provides The Kyrgyz MoI MPR monitoring and co-ordination centre, a legal basis for the adoption of regulatory legal acts of the with the support of the POiB, conducted a joint monitoring Kyrgyz Cabinet of Ministers on UAVs in State aviation; draft visit to territorial police stations. The visit assessed the effec- aviation regulation “Operation of aircraft. Part IV”; and the tiveness of MPR operations, analysed reporting documents draft resolution of the Kyrgyz Cabinet of Ministers “Approval and shared good practices. As part of this initiative, a study of the flight rules for unmanned aerial vehicles of the State visit to Türkiye was organized for MPR team members to aviation of the Kyrgyz Republic”. In addition, the POiB provid- exchange experiences and learn from Turkish police institu- ed organizational support for a two-day interagency working tions. Based on the results of the MPR monitoring visit across meeting to improve and develop the final presentation of the the Kyrgyz Republic, a four-day study-tour to Istanbul, Tür- draft documents and the final presentation itself. The intera- kiye, was awarded to the best members of the MPR teams. gency working group consists of more than 30 experts from Organized in co-operation with the kyrgyz MoI, the visit was various organizations, including the Kyrgyz Security Council, an occasion to share experiences and good practices with the Kyrgyz Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Defence and State law enforcement authorities in Türkiye. During the study-tour, Committee for National Security, and other relevant law en- the visiting delegation met with the staff of the Gokturk Police forcement agencies. Station of Eyupsultan County, the Public Security Branch of the Istanbul Regional Police Department and the Tourist Po- International co-operation on preventing and lice Stations of Istanbul. countering domestic violence; Volgograd, Russian Federation (24–28 October 2022) Training course for representatives from law enforcement agencies; Issyk-Kul province, The POiB supported the participation of six police officers Kyrgyzstan (5–9 September 2022) from the Kyrgyz MoI in a training course organized by the Volgograd Academy of the MoI of the Russian Federation. The POiB supported the KAWSS in conducting a training The course focused on preventing and countering domestic course for 30 representatives from law enforcement agen- violence in the context of violence against women. Partici- cies, the presidential administration, the ombudsperson’s pants enhanced their knowledge of investigation techniques office, educational institutions, the judiciary and the health and criminological and psychological aspects of domestic care systems. The course increased the participants’ knowl- violence. edge of gender equality and preventing domestic violence and GBV. Based on the training course, recommendations Working seminar on innovative training methods; were developed to support local government authorities in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (18 November 2022) addressing these issues effectively. In co-operation with the Academy of the Kyrgyz MoI and the Working seminar on the Code of Conduct and Moscow University of the MoI of the Russian Federation, the Ethics; Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (21–22 September 2022) POiB conducted an online training course for teaching staff. The course focused on innovative training trends and tech- The POiB and the Kyrgyz MoI Human Resources Depart- niques, promoting professional networking and increasing ment conducted a working seminar to enhance the under- co-operation. Digital boards were provided to support the standing and application of the MoI’s Code of Conduct and digitalization of the educational process. Ethics. Trainers from various MoI institutions learned about national and international regulations and standards in order Enhancing co-operation between civil society to transfer knowledge effectively and reinforce the Code in and the Kyrgyz MoI through a mobile application; the daily work of practitioners. Ankara, Türkiye (28 November–3 December 2022)

Supporting development of national legislation on The POiB supported the introduction of the KADES (Wom- UAS deployment; Chuy and Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan en’s Emergency Support Application) mobile application. The (26–27 and 30 September 2022) application opens a new channel for public–police co-opera- tion and the prevention of GBV. Six participants from the Kyr- On the initiative of the Secretariat of the Kyrgyz Security gyz MoI and the MPR local public councils association visited Council and the Service on Combatting Illicit Drug Traffick- the General Police Directorate of Türkiye's MoI to familiarize ing (SCIDT) of the Kyrgyz MoI, the POiB supported an inter­ themselves with the system.

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Threats posed by criminal activity

Supporting the annual national drug abuse of national aspects in the manual by providing consultancy prevention campaign; countrywide (throughout support. It also supported the presentation of the manual, and 2022) assisted in its printing for further distribution to police officers throughout the Kyrgyz Republic. The manual will be used by The POiB supported the Kyrgyz MoI and other State agen- Kyrgyz police officers and other law enforcement officials. It cies in organizing and implementing the annual national summarizes international good practices as well as specific “Drug Abuse Prevention Campaign” among young people, features of national legislation in countering illicit drug traffick- which rolled out throughout the year in all provinces of the ing and the laundering of the proceeds of illicit drug trafficking. Kyrgyz Republic. The campaign endorsed intolerance to- wards drug abuse, and provided information about the risks Enhancing the capacity of investigators and of drug abuse, ways of choosing a healthy lifestyle, and how detectives; Osh and Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan to develop supportive parenting and a safe community en- (2 and 4 August 2022) vironment. In total, more than 50 prevention activities were carried out, with at least 30–50 participants per activity. The POiB contributed to enhancing the educational capacity of More than 2,000 young people were involved in the activi- Kyrgyz MoI investigators and detectives. Training sessions fo- ties, which included sports competitions, intellectual games cused on the implementation of the new Kyrgyz Criminal Code and other cultural events. and Code of Criminal Procedure. Participants learned about the new codes, interaction with and treatment of citizens, ethi- Enhancing the educational capacity of social cal considerations and effective investigation techniques. workers on drug abuse prevention in the regions; Batken, Jalal-Abad, and Osh provinces, Kyrgyzstan Enhancing professional capacities of Kyrgyz MoI (30 May–3 June 2022) officers on the prevention of clandestine drug production and spread; Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan In order to support the implementation of the National Anti- (24–25 October and 27–28 October 2022) Drug Programme of the Kyrgyz Republic 2021–2024, the POiB supported the efforts of the Kyrgyz MoI’s Trafficking On the initiative of the Kyrgyz MoI’s SCIDT, the POiB sup- (SCIDT) by organizing a series of co-ordination meetings. ported the organization of two training courses for 22 SCIDT The 108 participants included representatives from local ed- police officers on detecting clandestine laboratories for the ucational, social and administrative institutions, as well as production of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, local civil activists, narcotics specialists and other experts. and on countering the spread of synthetic drugs on the in- Many of the participants are responsible for conducting ternet. The courses were conducted by police officers from related awareness-raising activities as part of the annual the Main Directorate for Drugs Control of the Russian Fed- national “Drug Abuse Prevention Campaign”. The meeting eration’s MoI. enabled them to discuss the issue and to co-ordinate their efforts. Training sessions on democratic policing principles and community security; provinces of Batken, Chuy, Support for a manual on countering illicit drug Issyk-Kul, Jalal-Abad, Naryn, Osh and Talas, and trafficking and laundering of proceeds from illicit cities of Bishkek and Osh, Kyrgyzstan drug trafficking (30 May–30 November 2022) (5 October–10 November 2022)

Following the development of a practical manual on coun- Around 450 representatives of the Kyrgyz MoI participated in tering illicit drug trafficking and laundering of proceeds from training sessions organized by the OSCE POiB and the MoI illicit drug trafficking, the section on international aspects was Public Safety Department. The sessions focused on demo- completed in early 2022. The POiB then helped the inclusion cratic policing principles and the prevention of transnational

94  Police-related Activities of Field Operations

threats, domestic violence and VERLT among young people. Support for international co-operation and The sessions took place in various regional police depart- familiarization with the “Antinar” drug monitoring ments across the country and provided a platform for dis- system; St. Petersburg, Russian Federation cussion and co-operation among the various stakeholders. (7–8 December 2022)

Support for international co-operation in studying A study visit by the Kyrgyz MoI delegation to familiarize it- methods for collecting information and security- self with the Russian state information system “Antinar” was important data; Voronezh, Russian Federation supported by the POiB. Antinar is a system focused on a (7–11 November 2022) comprehensive analysis of the drug situation in St. Peters- burg, identification of the main trends and patterns of its de- In consultation with the Kyrgyz MoI and in consideration of velopment, and information analytical support to the process the rapid development of new technologies for use in detect- of decision-making by the region’s leadership to determine ing and identifying crimes, the POiB supported the participa- priority areas for anti-drug activities in the region. This is tion of four MoI police officers in a training course organized based on monitoring indicators of the drug situation, analyti- by the Voronezh Institute of the MoI of the Russian Federa- cal processing of information, and modelling and forecasting tion. During the training sessions, participants enhanced their the process of the spread of drug addiction in the region. As knowledge of methods for collecting information and security- a result of the study visit, Kyrgyzstan is now considering to relevant data, principles of social network analysis, and ad- develop a similar system that will help improve measures for vances in the area of audio-visual recording. The courses will analysing and assessing the national situation. lead to an increase in the number of crimes that are detected and improve the analysis quality of committed crimes.

Ž Donation of a mobile police reception vehicle and office equipment to the Kyrgyz MoI in September 2022. OSCE

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2.3.3 Programme Office in Dushanbe

Introduction

The OSCE Programme Office in Dushanbe (POiD), established as the OSCE Bureau in Tajikistan in 1994, is mandated to assist the Republic of Tajikistan in the formation of modern approaches to security issues and threats. In accordance with the existing OSCE concept on policing, the Office takes measures to build the capacities of law enforcement agencies and assists the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan in the development and reform of internal affairs bodies.

Budget (UB)*

TOTAL TOTAL

EUR 7,311,600 EUR 7,311,600

Police- Police- related budget related budget

2022 EUR 2021 EUR 276,900 276,900 4% 4%

Staff*

TOTAL TOTAL

178 178

3 4 Local staff Local staff

International staff International staff 1 Police-related 1 Police-related staff staff

2022 4 2021 5 2% 3%

* Figures on budget and staff provided by the OSCE Programme Office in Dushanbe.

96  Police-related Activities of Field Operations

▶ Engaging youth in the fight against drug abuse (17–25 June 2022)

The POiD supported the MoIA and the Drug Control Agency under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan in their efforts to raise awareness among youth about drug abuse by means of summer sports and summer camp campaigns. As part of these initiatives, award ceremonies were held in various regions of the Republic of Tajikistan for participants of the “Youth against drugs” and “Karavan against drugs” sport competitions organized by the Drug Control Agency.

Colonel Bozorali Safaralizoda, head of the unit for Prevention and Control of Illicit Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and Precursors Trafficking of the Drug Control Agency, emphasized the importance of combating drug trafficking and preventing drug addiction with the support of the Government of Tajikistan. The Drug Control Agency, as a co-ordinating body, has been relentless in its fight against drug trafficking, distribution and abuse.

The award ceremonies were conducted in co-operation with relevant structures with the aim of reducing the level of drug addiction and protecting civil society from the threat of drug trafficking. Colonel Safaralizoda thanked the Programme Office for its support in organizing these significant events throughout the Republic of Tajikistan and expressed interest in continuing co-operation in the future.

Ž Campaign to engage youth in the fight against drug abuse OSCE /Bahrom Alimov

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Activity reporting

General police development and Threats posed by criminal reform activity

Informative seminars for public council members; Advanced practical training course on enhancing Khatlon, Kulob, Rasht and Sughd regions, Tajikistan the knowledge and practical skills in using ILP for (12 April–26 May 2022) operative units of law enforcement agencies for combating drug trafficking; cities of Bokhtar (12–14 To support the theoretical and practical capacities of newly September 2022) and Kulob (15–17 September 2022) selected members of regional public councils, the Office con- ducted seven information seminars. The seminars focused In co-operation with Tajikistan’s Drug Control Agency, the Of- on the provision of public councils, the law on public par- fice supported the organization of a six-day advanced practi- ticipation, and the guidebook on interaction between police cal training course to equip Drug Control Agency officers with and communities for ensuring public order. Local experts, in the necessary tools to combat drug trafficking effectively. co-operation with the MoIA Academy, facilitated the courses, Lieutenant Colonel Tojiddin Ismoilion, head of the Drug Con- tailoring specific sessions and materials for both the public trol Agency’s Training Centre, emphasized the importance council members and MoIA territorial police inspectors. With of this professional development course in preventing and at least 150 public council members and 50 MoIA officers combating the illegal circulation of drugs, particularly their in attendance, these seminars highlighted the ongoing po- smuggling across State borders. lice reform process. They helped new members of the public councils to orient themselves and understand the scope of their work based on their roles and responsibilities as out- lined in the provision and law on public participation.

Ž Campaign to engage youth in the fight against drug abuse OSCE /Bahrom Alimov

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CENTRAL ASIA

2.3.4 Programme Office in Astana

Introduction

The Programme Office in Astana is an OSCE field operation based in the capital of Kazakhstan. The OSCE Programme Office in Astana works on security issues, including arms control, border management, the fight against terrorism, trafficking in human beings, arms and drugs, economic and environmental topics, human rights and rule of law issues, and media freedom.

As of 23 September 2022 the name of the Programme Office in Nur-Sultan was changed to Programme Office in Astana following the name change of Kazakhstan’s capital. The change is reflected in the Journal of the 1390th Plenary Meeting of the OSCE Permanent Council. The Mandate remains unchanged. The OSCE Programme Office in Astana, established as the Centre in Almaty in 1998, promotes the implementation of OSCE principles and commitments, facilitates contacts and exchanges of information, and provides assistance to the government of Kazakhstan on police-related matters.

Budget (UB)*

TOTAL TOTAL

EUR 2,232,700 EUR 2,232,700

Police- Police- related budget related budget

2022 EUR 2021 EUR 457,200 459,800 20% 21%

Staff*

TOTAL TOTAL

28 28

International staff Local staff International staff Local staff 1 3 1 3 Police-related Police-related staff staff 2022 2021 4 4 14% 14%

* Figures on budget and staff provided by the OSCE Programme Office in Astana.

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▶ Building strong interagency partnerships for community policing (15–25 October 2022)

The OSCE POiA played an important role in supporting the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MoIA) of the Republic of Kazakhstan by providing international expertise in the establishment of interagency security partnerships (ISPs) in twenty regions of the country. These partnerships, composed of representatives from various local executive bodies, including health care, education, social protection, prosecution, police, police academies and local communities, received extensive training on community policing-related issues through online sessions.

During the training activities, national and international experts focused on analytical approaches to solving security problems. Participants were advised on modern methods of police crime analysis, conducting sociological research and working with crime maps. By identifying “hot spots” and peak periods of crimes, these partnerships can strategically allocate resources and address security challenges effectively.

Recognizing the value of such partnerships, the MoIA emphasized that ISPs enable the construction of an integrated system to ensure public safety through the active participation of all Government agencies and the public. By embracing the principle of the “listening state proposed by President Tokayev”, ISPs facilitate constructive dialogue with citizens, allowing citizens to voice their concerns to ensure timely identification of potential risks and tensions. ISPs also provide a platform for concerned citizens, businesses and the non-governmental sector to contribute their expertise in collecting and analysing information about local community issues.

The progress made through these training sessions will serve as a foundation for developing a legal framework governing these partnerships, thereby formalizing their roles and responsibilities. With the establishment of ISPs, Kazakhstan is taking significant steps towards a collaborative and participatory approach to enhancing public safety and security.

Activity reporting Threats posed by criminal activity General police development and reform Promoting anti-trafficking efforts through simulation training exercise (19–23 September 2022)

Enhancing community policing practices (12– To bolster the country’s response to human trafficking, the POiA 20 December 2022) supported a live exercise that allowed first-line responders to simulate real-life anti-trafficking operations. The participants, in- The POiA organized five online workshops on issues related to cluding law enforcement personnel, prosecutors, migration au- community policing for police departments of both the MoIA thorities, NGO representatives and border security practitioners, and the regions. An international expert emphasized the sig- dealt with simulated cases of labour and sexual exploitation. Or- nificance of utilizing the “Crime Triangle” methodology. By em- ganized in co-operation with the United States Embassy’s Inter- ploying this approach, analytical units can effectively address national Narcotics and Law Enforcement Programme, USAID’s systemic problems to improve the lives of local communities. Safe Migration in Central Asia project and the Regional Hub The expert shared success stories from the United Kingdom, for Countering Global Threats, the exercise strengthened ex- where a Crime Triangle analysis identified gaps in police and isting capacities and contributed to cross-border co-operation. city hall operations. In this particular case, improvements in- With a focus on gender sensitivity and a victim-centred ap- volved more bus routes and the installation of video cameras proach, the training promoted a gender perspective within the on buses, which led to a reduction in the number of thefts. male-dominated law enforcement and prosecution sectors.

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2.3.5 Project Co-ordinator in Uzbekistan

Introduction

The OSCE Project Co-ordinator in Uzbekistan (PCUz), established in 2006, supports the host country authorities in strengthening anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) in line with the recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF). Since 2012, the core activities of the PCUz in combating money laundering and terrorism financing have been based on a risk-based approach and have focused on capacity-building for the Financial Intelligence Unit of the General Prosecutor’s Office and the staff of financial institutions and other institutions engaged in AML/CFT measures.

Budget (UB)*

TOTAL TOTAL

EUR 2,499,200 EUR 2,499,200

Police- Police- related budget related budget

2022 EUR 2021 EUR 532,200 532,200 21% 21%

Staff*

TOTAL TOTAL

40 41

5 5 Local staff Local staff

International staff International staff 1 Police-related 1 Police-related staff staff

2022 6 2021 6 15% 15%

* Figures on budget and staff provided by the OSCE Project Co-ordinator in Uzbekistan.

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▶ Pilot anti-trafficking simulation exercise (12–16 December 2022)

Collaborating with the National Commission on Combating Human Trafficking and Forced Labour and the OSCE OSR/CTHB, the PCUz organized an innovative pilot anti-trafficking simulation exercise. Held at the premises of the MoI’s Academy, under the Prosecutor General’s Office, this immersive exercise brought together over 50 anti-trafficking professionals. Participants included representatives from various government agencies, such as Uzbekistan’s Prosecutor General’s Office, MoIA, Agency on Social and Medical Support, and National Human Rights Centre, along with the anti-trafficking NGO “Istiqbolli Avlod”. The main goal of the simulation exercise was to enhance interagency co-ordination and co-operation within the newly established national referral mechanism for victims of THB. By prioritizing a human rights-centred, trauma-informed and gender- sensitive approach, the exercise aimed at improving the effectiveness and efficiency of combating human trafficking and the support for its victims. Nodira Karimova, head of Istiqbolli Avlod, emphasized the importance of co-operation between state agencies and CSOs, recognizing that a sustainable mechanism to combat human trafficking requires collective efforts to provide victims with reintegration, legal assistance and a chance at a dignified life.

Ž Participants of the pilot anti-trafficking simulation exercise in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, in December 2022. OSCE

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▶ Introducing trends in contemporary policing to students and faculty, online (October–November 2022)

Joining forces with TNTD and the Academy of Uzbekistan’s MoIA, the PCUz launched a series of webinars to sensitize Academy staff, professors and cadets to the latest trends in modern policing. Covering topics such as countering internet terrorism, cybercrime, ILP and innovative approaches to combating GBV, CTHB and drug trafficking, the webinar series provided valuable insights into the evolving landscape of law enforcement. With a total of 460 participants, the webinars sparked engaging discussions and knowledge-sharing.

Activity reporting

General police development and reform

Workshop on open data for anti-corruption practices on combating and preventing corruption, the role purposes; online (22 February 2022) of education, and means for improving the use of open data in anti-corruption policies. The forum also created a platform Together with the Anti-Corruption Agency of Uzbekistan and for improving networking and sharing experiences. It also the International Open Data Charter, the PCUz organized an represented a good opportunity for raising awareness on the online workshop to present the results of the implementa- importance of evidence-based measures and collective ac- tion of the Anti-corruption Open Up Guide in Uzbekistan. tions against corruption. The workshop sensitized participants to the importance of interagency co-operation and advancing open data reforms Business forum on business integrity and zero in Uzbekistan. tolerance for corruption; Tashkent, Uzbekistan (29 November 2022) Second Anti-Corruption Forum; Tashkent, Uzbekistan (23 September 2022) The PCUz organized a business forum with Uzbekistan’s Anti-Corruption Agency, its Chamber of Commerce and In- In collaboration with Uzbekistan’s Anti-Corruption Agency, dustry, and its Business Ombudsman. The forum aimed at its Ministry of Justice and UNDP Uzbekistan, the PCUz or- promoting business integrity and fostering a culture of zero ganized the Second Anti-Corruption Forum to strengthen tolerance for corruption in Uzbekistan. Participants, including good governance in Uzbekistan. The forum brought together entrepreneurs and government representatives, discussed international organizations, government agencies, academ- legislation, corruption-free regulation and the role of open ia, and national and international experts to discuss good data in supporting business development.

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Threats posed by criminal activity

Study visit on combating transnational organized tremism for local religious leaders (imams). The events raised crime; Washington, D.C., United States (6– the awareness of the participants of the need to promote 13 March 2022) positive narratives on religious tolerance and peace, in com- pliance with human rights and international law. It also en- The PCUz supported a visit of representatives from Uzbeki- hanced their practical skills in using social media and other stan’s Prosecutor General’s Office to the United States to ex- online platforms to counter disinformation spread by violent change good practices in combating terrorism, cybercrime, extremists. corruption and other forms of transnational organized crime. The delegation met with various US government agencies Series of training seminars for journalists; and discussed plans for further co-operation. online (13 July–9 September 2022)

Workshops on protecting human rights while In partnership with the NGO “Centre for Retraining of Jour- countering terrorism; Andijan (12–13 May 2022) and nalists”, the PCUz organized four online training courses for Termez (16–17 May 2022) journalists and bloggers in Uzbekistan. The seminars en- hanced their professionalism in preventing and countering The PCUz organized two workshops on links between hu- VERLT, and advanced their skills in using new multimedia man rights and police effectiveness in counter-terrorism op- technologies and fact-checking tools. erations. Participants, including representatives from Uzbek- istan’s MoIA and its Prosecutor General’s Office, enhanced Training workshops on cybercrime for law their professional knowledge and skills regarding human enforcement officers; Tashkent, Uzbekistan rights standards, risks arising from human rights violations, (23 July–26 October 2022) and interviewing techniques that prioritize trust and respect. The PCUz organized four training workshops for police of- Conference on the laundering of criminal proceeds ficers and prosecutors on various aspects of cybercrime and financing of terrorism; Tashkent, Uzbekistan investigation. International experts covered topics such as (3 June 2022) theft from card accounts, cyberattacks, and the illegal use of digital identities. In co-operation with the Eurasian Group on Combating Mon- ey Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism (EAG) and Uz- Presentation of an e-learning course on preventing bekistan’s Prosecutor General’s Office, the PCUz organized and countering use of the internet for terrorist an international conference to discuss the implementation purposes; Tashkent, Uzbekistan (10 August 2022) of international standards and the strengthening of national AML/CFT systems. The initiative aimed at ensuring effective In co-operation with TNTD’s Anti-Terrorism Unit, the PCUz interaction and co-operation at the regional level, as well as launched an e-learning course in the Uzbek language on the integration of the EAG member States into the interna- preventing and countering the use of the internet for terrorist tional system of combating the laundering of criminal pro- purposes. The course is used for educational and practical ceeds and the financing of terrorism in accordance with the purposes and covers international good practices, including FATF Recommendations. The event provided good opportu- illicit content moderation, oversight, and public–private part- nities for exchanging experience and knowledge, as well as nerships. for networking for international co-operation. Regional capacity-building workshop on asset Regional training events on preventing terrorism recovery; Tashkent, Uzbekistan (25–26 August 2022) and countering violent extremism for religious leaders; Andijan (21 June–6 July 2022) and Gulistan In co-operation with the Academy of Uzbekistan’s Prosecutor (13–27 July 2022) General’s Office and UNDP Uzbekistan, the PCUz co-organ- ized a workshop on the Swiss requirements for successful In co-operation with the NGO “Center for Studying Regional asset recovery. The workshop provided practical exercises Threats”, the PCUz organized four capacity-building training and group work for representatives from countries in Uzbek- courses on preventing terrorism and countering violent ex- istan’s Asset Recovery Inter-Agency Network.

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Training seminars on cyber/ICT security for ICT Roundtable on threats posed by radicalization experts (19 September–9 December 2022) and terrorism; online, Tashkent, Uzbekistan (12 October 2022) The PCUz, in partnership with the NGO “Softline Education”, conducted the training seminars “Ensuring cybersecuri- In co-operation with the NGO “Centre for Retraining of Jour- ty in working with Microsoft products” and “Cybersecurity nalists”, the PCUz organized an online roundtable discussion courses track” for 53 specialists from various Government with representatives of Central Asian media and NGOs. The agencies. The seminars focused on topics related to ICT and event focused on countering and preventing risks related to cybersecurity. Participants advanced their knowledge on radicalization and terrorism in Central Asian countries. The how to ensure cybersecurity when working with Microsoft discussion emphasized the importance of media literacy and products and how to implement ICT security measures in combating disinformation to address these threats. practice. Training programme on child protection in the Cybersecurity training programme for digital environment; Tashkent, Uzbekistan young women; Tashkent, Uzbekistan (13–15 December 2022) (30 September–1 December 2022) In co-operation with ODIHR and the Child Rights Ombud- Along with international and local experts, the PCUz con- sperson of Uzbekistan, the PCUz organized a training pro- ducted a comprehensive cybersecurity programme for 40 gramme on child protection in the digital environment. The young women working in the civil service sector of Uzbek- programme aimed at enhancing criminal justice responses istan. The three-month programme included workshops on and increasing the capacity of law enforcement officials to enterprise cybersecurity, training in cyber hygiene, and spe- apply knowledge and skills to protect children. The event cialized modules for IT specialists. The programme increased emphasized a human rights-based, gender-sensitive and the participants’ awareness and capacity to address digital victim-centred approach to child protection in the digital risks. It also promoted gender equality in cybersecurity. space.19

19 See also section 3.1 Police-Related Activities of the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR)

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3.1 Police-Related Activities of the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR)

Introduction

The Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) provides assistance to OSCE participating States in the implementation of their human dimension commitments. In doing so, ODIHR works with governments and civil society to promote, in close co-operation with other OSCE executive structures and international organizations, compliance of policing practices with fundamental principles of democracy, the rule of law, human rights, and tolerance and non-discrimination.

▶ Addressing the security needs of the Jewish community: Raising awareness of anti-Semitism among law enforcement agencies; Berlin, Germany (19 May 2022)

This awareness-raising activity was implemented in co-operation with the “Regishut – Sensitising Berlin police towards Antisemitism” project. The event raised awareness of contemporary manifestations of anti-Semitism. It further aimed at integrating affected persons’ perspectives into police work and to involve the expertise of CSOs in the education and training of police officers. The Jewish community of Berlin hosted the event in a renovated 19th-century synagogue, which allowed the organizers to present this place of worship to a broader range of police officers, and educate them about Jewish life and its contribution to German society. The event brought the community and police closer, and also served as a launch event for additional training activities addressing anti-Semitism for 140 police officers that were conducted between May and December 2022. As noted by Sigmount Königsberg, Commissioner against Antisemitism of the Jewish community of Berlin, “the exchange of experience and knowledge between the Jewish community, the police and the public prosecutor’s office is essential in order to make the concerns and fears of the Jewish community clear to officials. On the other hand, it is important that we also understand that authorities are not omnipotent and that they are subject to limits. ODIHR’s WIA [Turning Words into Action to Address Intolerance] project is therefore an excellent approach to promoting mutual understanding and building trust. Both are indispensable in the fight against anti-Semitism.”

Ž Participants discussing hate crime at the TAHCLE course in Yerevan, Armenia, in January 2022. OSCE / Viktor Kundrák

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General police development and reform

Human rights and police accountability

Effective and human rights-compliant interviewing noted that they had learned how to undertake a risk assess- principles: A workshop for the OSCE Police ment prior to public assemblies, how to differentiate between Academies Network (PAN) (16 February 2022) various assembly participants, as well as how to mitigate risks and better plan assemblies. ODIHR organized an online workshop together with TNTD/ SPMU which introduced members of the OSCE PAN to the “Principles on Effective Interviewing for Investigations and Community policing and police– Information Gathering”, which were released in May 2021. public relations Also known as the “Méndez Principles”, the workshop high- lighted their relevance for investigative work. The use of rap- port-based interviewing techniques improves the effective- Raising awareness and building effective ness and fairness of information and intelligence gathered, communication with law enforcement authorities while protecting the inherent dignity and human rights of on addressing the security needs of Jewish persons being interviewed. This can enhance public trust in communities (January–October 2022) law enforcement institutions. Considering that questioning during investigations is a primary function of law enforcement From January to October, as part of ODIHR’s Turning Words and other authorities with investigative mandates, the Mén- into Action to Address Intolerance project and jointly with dez Principles are of particular relevance for police officers. the World Jewish Congress and the European Commis- The workshop focused on a case study complemented by sion, ODIHR organized a series of events on responding to interventions of experts, enabling participants to become anti-Semitic hate crimes. The events aimed at enhancing better acquainted with the Méndez Principles and their prac- co-operation between law enforcement officials and Jewish tical use. According to one participant, the workshop was communities. A total of four events were implemented in Es- “very useful, and the information given [was] very interesting tonia, Germany, Moldova and North Macedonia. The events and concentrated”. improved the response of law enforcement representatives to anti-Semitic hate crimes, as well as the effective commu- Training courses on human rights compliant nication and co-ordination between police and Jewish com- policing of assemblies for Mongolian law munities. enforcement in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia (14–23 September 2022) Police and Roma – Effective and human-rights compliant policing (12–15 December 2022) ODIHR organized two courses on human rights compliant policing of public assemblies for law enforcement officials In partnership with the OSCE Mission to Skopje and in in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. They included a commander’s co-operation with the Training Centre of North Macedonia’s course for senior level police officers directly involved in the MoI, ODIHR organized a training-of-trainers course on police planning of facilitation of public assemblies. The courses and Roma for law enforcement trainers. The course aimed provided police commanders with motivation for engaging in to strengthen the capacity of police officers to work effec- their work while complying with human rights standards and tively with Roma and Sinti while complying with international OSCE commitments in the area of freedom of peaceful as- human rights standards. The course involved police officers, sembly. The courses were followed by a training-of-trainers police trainers, and training staff from the MoI’s training cen- workshop for senior level police officers who deliver training tre. The course equipped participants with an understanding courses and/or work on public order management, as well of effective policing strategies that are fair and responsive to as to representatives from Mongolia’s School of Police. The the needs of the people they serve. It also increased their course prepared participants to deliver a three-day training knowledge of and sensitivity to gender-specific issues that curriculum to police commanders from Mongolia on how to Roma and Sinti women face. The participants trained in the facilitate assemblies in a human-rights compliant way. The course will subsequently be engaged in training law enforce- two training courses were well received by participants, who ment officials in North Macedonia.

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Hate crime Pristina in December 2022. The event was held in person and attended by police officers from all regions, including Training Against Hate Crime for Law Enforcement three police officers from the Serbian minority, two senior (TAHCLE) training-of-trainers; Armenia representatives of the Police Training Academy and two civil (25–27 January 2022), Montenegro (8–10 March 2022) society representatives. The training followed the standard and Kosovo (14–16 December 2022) TAHCLE curriculum, customized for local needs based on an online needs assessment mission conducted in July 2022. Within the framework of an MoU signed between ODIHR The Kosovo Police plans to cascade the training throughout and the Police of the Republic of Armenia in February Kosovo in 2023, and follow up with further training on individ- 2021, ODIHR delivered a training-of-trainers course as ual needs assessments for hate crime victims. part of the TAHCLE programme in Yerevan. The course was held in person and attended by senior police officers Workshops on hate crime recording and data (8 men and 7 women). The training followed the standard collection; Cyprus (24 February 2022) and Republika TAHCLE curriculum, customized for the needs of the Re- Srpska (27–28 April 2022) public of Armenia. As a result, a National Implementation Plan has been developed and the training will be cascaded ODIHR, the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights throughout 2022 and 2023 to all levels of the police. (FRA) and the Cyprus Police co-organized a workshop in Cyprus in February 2022 on understanding hate crime and Within the framework of an MoU on implementation of improving related crime reporting and data collection. The TAHCLE in Montenegro concluded in 2013, ODIHR conduct- workshop gathered 23 experts from the Cyprus Police Hu- ed a refresher TAHCLE training-of-trainers event. The event man Rights and Combating Discrimination Office, the Om- was held in person and attended by senior police officers budswoman’s Office, the Ministry of Justice and five NGOs, as well as two representatives from Montenegro’s Ombuds- as well as police liaison officers from all regions in Cyprus. man’s Office, two representatives from its Ministry of Justice The workshop aimed at raising awareness of hate crimes and Human and Minority Rights (MoJ) and two representa- and their impact on individuals, communities and society, tives from NGOs. The training followed the standard TAHCLE creating understanding of the need to record hate crimes curriculum, customized for the needs of the country. As a and produce quality data on hate crime, and reviewing exist- result, a National Implementation Plan has been developed ing hate crime recording and the data collection framework and the training will be cascaded throughout 2023. to identify gaps, discuss potential solutions and propose steps for improvement. The workshop resulted in a report Following an exchange of letters in November 2022 on com- elaborated jointly by ODIHR and FRA providing a set of rec- mitments related to the implementation of TAHCLE in Koso- ommendations to the relevant state authorities. vo between ODIHR’s Director, Ambassador of the OSCE Mission in Kosovo and the Director of the Kosovo Police, In April 2022, ODIHR and the OSCE Mission in Bosnia and ODIHR conducted a TAHCLE training-of-trainers event in Herzegovina co-organized a workshop in Banja Luka to im-

Ž Anne Charbord, Senior legal adviser to the UN Special Rapporteur on human rights and counterterrorism, and Johannes Heiler, OSCE, addressing participants at the ODIHR side event at the WHDC “Counter- terrorism and shrinking civic space: The misuse of counter-terrorism measures against dissenting voices” in Warsaw, Poland, in October 2022. OSCE / Piotr Markowski

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prove the recording and data collection of hate crimes in Re- CEPOL Hate Crime Session 10: Effective responses publika Srpska (RS). The event brought together participants to hate crime victims: Sensitive and respectful from the BiH Ministry of Interior and its Police Directorate, treatment, preventing secondary victimization, and one prosecutor, and the Mission’s focal points on hate crime. individual needs assessments (20 October 2022) ODIHR discussed the hate crime situation in RS and the main principles behind hate crime recording and data collection. ODIHR contributed to the annual CEPOL training event Discussions were held about current gaps in RS, and par- (CEPOL 056/2022/ONS) on hate crimes held for law en- ticipants suggested and agreed on changes in the recording forcement officers from across the EU. During the five-day mechanisms for the future. A report with recommendations course, participants had sessions on the definition of hate to be shared with the authorities was then developed with crime, bias indicators, recording hate crimes, hate crime data the OSCE Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina. collection, and monitoring and responding to hate speech. ODIHR participated online and completed a training session on sensitive and respectful treatment of hate crime victims Hate crime – victim support and secondary victimization.

Training course for An Garda Síochána on sensitive Fourth Seminar on Hate Crimes for Security Forces and respectful treatment of hate crime victims; organized by the Spanish National Office for the online (12 April 2022) Fight Against Hate Crimes (17 November 2022)

ODIHR delivered an online training course for Ireland’s An ODIHR supported the organization of a conference dedicat- Garda Síochána based on selected modules of the re- ed to addressing hate crimes during the Fourth Seminar on cently developed Enhancing Stakeholder Awareness and Hate Crimes for Security Forces organized by the Spanish Resources for Hate Crime Victim Support (EStAR) training National Office for the Fight Against Hate Crimes (ONDOD). course to build the capacity of law enforcement agencies The event aimed to raise awareness among police officers on to interact with victims of hate crimes in a sensitive and re- hate crime victim support. The presentation of ODIHR was spectful manner. The event brought together diversity of- entitled “Working with law enforcement to enhance provision ficers and victim support officers from Garda departments of effective hate crime victim support”. It discussed various across the country, and provided them with an opportuni- issues, including the sensitive and respectful treatment of ty to learn about the impact of hate crimes, the needs of hate crime victims, the need for comprehensive individual hate crime victims, and the importance of applying a victim- needs assessments, and the benefits of working with CSOs centred approach. providing specialist support to hate crime victims.

Briefings for the General Inspectorate of the CEPOL e-Learning Webinar: Co-operation and Romanian Police and Polish Police Hate Crime Referrals of Hate Crime between Law Enforcement Co-ordinators annual meeting on identifying and and CSOs (23 November 2022) responding to hate crime victims (22 June 2022 and 29 November 2022) As part of ODIHR’s continued co-operation with CEPOL and to support their e-Learning Online Webinar Series for law In June 2022, ODIHR delivered a presentation for the Gener- enforcement and other criminal justice stakeholders, ODIHR al Inspectorate of the Romanian Police on identifying and re- participated in the online training session on Co-operation sponding to hate crime victims at a monthly training seminar and Referrals of Hate Crime between Law Enforcement and organized in co-operation with the Oslo Police District of the CSOs. Along with fellow panelists from FRA and Europol, Norwegian Police. The online seminar gathered participants the session aimed at improving co-operation between law who are developing a specialization in hate crime. enforcement and CSOs in the area of hate crime. The ses- sion discussed the importance of co-operation with CSOs ODIHR presented at the Polish Police Hate Crime Co-or- and of referral mechanisms for victims of hate crime, as well dinators annual meeting in Warsaw in November 2022. as good practices in hate crime referrals. ODIHR gave a Organized by the Criminal Investigation Department of the learning presentation on co-operation between authorities Polish Police Headquarters, the event gathered all Hate and CSOs for the effective provision of hate crime victim Crime Co-ordinators from across Poland (16 regions) to support, with a specific focus on individual needs assess- discuss challenges and issues regarding hate crime data ments and referrals. Good practice methodology from vari- collection and reporting. ODIHR presented its annual Hate ous ODIHR tools on hate crime victim support were shared Crime Report. with participants.

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Threats posed by criminal activity

Counter-terrorism and P/C VERLT

Guest lecture on human rights and counter- Advanced training workshop for law enforcement: terrorism at the Academy of the German Armed Human rights in counter-terrorism investigations; Forces, Center for Intelligence and Security Studies Bosnia and Herzegovina (21–22 September 2022) (24 March 2022) Together with the OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovi- Upon invitation of the Center for Intelligence and Security na (BiH), ODIHR hosted an advanced training workshop for Studies (CISS) at the Academy of the German Armed Forces law enforcement that examined how the protection of hu- (Universität der Bundeswehr) in Munich, Germany, ODHIR rep- man rights can increase the effectiveness of counter-terror- resentatives delivered a lecture highlighting the importance of ism investigations. The training workshop followed a real-life protecting human rights when countering terrorism. The pres- case scenario and discussed human rights considerations entation to participants from the military, intelligence and secu- and safeguards related to, among other things, intelligence rity sectors outlined some of the main challenges in protecting and information gathering and analysis, special investigation human rights when countering terrorism and preventing VERLT. techniques, arrest and detention, searches, and interviewing It also provided an introduction to the work of the OSCE and techniques. The workshop, delivered by an ODIHR human ODIHR in this field. The lecture included a discussion of key rights expert together with a former police officer and counter- counter-terrorism trends and related human rights challenges, terrorism expert from Northern Ireland, was interactive, dy- for example, challenges regarding freedom of expression and namic and practice-oriented. The workshop curriculum was countering VERLT online, or the return of FTFs and associated developed jointly with the OSCE TNTD/SPMU in 2016. Since family members. then, the course has formed a core part of ODIHR’s human rights and counter-terrorism capacity-building programme Training workshops for law enforcement: Protecting for law enforcement. It has been delivered in a number of human rights while countering terrorism effectively; OSCE participating States. This was the first time it had been Andijan and Termez, Uzbekistan (12–17 May 2022) presented in BiH. Course participants recognized the value of the training, with an overwhelming majority confirming a Together with the OSCE Project Co-ordinator in Uzbekistan, significant increase in their knowledge and skills. Moreover, ODIHR organized two foundational training workshops on most participants stated that their commitment towards hu- protecting human rights while effectively countering terror- man rights in conducting investigations had increased as a ism. The workshops were held for the first time in different result of the training. regions of the country in order to reach officials in law en- forcement agencies outside the capital. The two workshops ODIHR side event at the Warsaw Human Dimension were also the first delivered by ODIHR together with national Conference “Counter-terrorism and shrinking civic trainers from Uzbek law enforcement education institutions space: The misuse of counter-terrorism measures and the National Human Rights Centre. These national train- against dissenting voices” (4 October 2022) ers had completed ODIHR’s training-of-trainers event for this course in September 2021. Following its standard method- ODIHR organized a side event in the margins of the War- ology, the core training team included ODIHR human rights saw Human Dimension Conference (WHDC) on 4 October experts and an international police trainer. The involvement 2022. Against the background of the rapidly expanding of national trainers as co-trainers increased their capacity for scope of counter-terrorism laws and practices, the event future delivery of the full training programme. It also strength- discussed the growing misuse in the OSCE area of counter- ened the ownership of local partners to enhance the sus- terrorism measures against dissenting voices. The event tainability of ODIHR’s capacity-building work that has been comprised panel presentations by representatives from the conducted in the country since 2018. Some of the select- UN Special Rapporteur on human rights and counter-terror- ed trainers have already reported steps taken to integrate ism, the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, the course content into their own work in law enforcement and civil society. The panel presentations and the subse- education. Feedback from participants indicated that their quent discussion highlighted growing concerns about the understanding of human rights issues that arise when coun- misuse of measures to counter terrorism and so-called “ex- tering terrorism had increased significantly, as had their skills tremism” against critical voices. Specific reference was made to deal with such issues. to a number of examples from OSCE participating States.

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Discussed were ways to promote stronger support for civil mat in November 2022, in Bucharest, for the Eastern and society and human rights defenders, political activists, jour- Central European region, brought together 664 participants nalists and bloggers who are targeted by such measures. representing survivor leaders, international and national ex- Speakers and participants emphasized the timeliness and perts, as well as members of the ODIHR National Referral importance of raising this subject at the WHDC, and agreed Mechanisms (NRM) Advisory Group, state authorities, civil that there is an urgent need to confront this growing trend. society and international organizations. Promoting a multi- As a follow-up to the event, ODIHR prepared a submission disciplinary approach, the NRM handbook launch events to the UN Special Rapporteur for her global study on the im- also targeted representatives of law enforcement agencies, pact of counter-terrorism measures on civil society and civic prosecutors and judges. The events proved to be an excel- space. lent forum for exchanging national promising practices and lessons learned on strengthening efforts to implement the Regional workshop in Central Asia on detention four NRM pillars, including Pillar 4: Access to Criminal Justice monitoring and the protection of human rights while and Redress. The second edition of the handbook has been preventing and countering VERLT in prisons (29–30 improved and highlights the importance of a human rights- November 2022) based, gender-sensitive, trauma-informed and survivor and victim-centered approach. ODIHR held a regional workshop in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, on detention monitoring and the protection of human rights Training session on child protection in the digital while preventing and countering VERLT in prisons. The aim environment for law enforcement representatives; of the workshop was to promote dialogue and co-operation Tashkent, Uzbekistan (13–15 December 2022) between state authorities and detention monitors for en- hanced oversight in this area. Participants included law en- ODIHR organized a two-and-a-half-day training session on forcement and penitentiary practitioners from relevant state child protection in the digital environment for law enforce- authorities, experts from national human rights structures ment representatives in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. The event and civil society from all Central Asian countries, as well rep- brought together 25 participants, including representatives resentatives of international organizations, academia and from cybercrime and anti-trafficking police units, prosecu- OSCE field operations. The workshop took stock of interna- tors, judges, the ombudsperson’s office and civil society. tional and regional efforts, as well as national policies for deal- The event aimed at enhancing criminal justice responses, ing with terrorist offenders and (suspected) violent extremist in particular the identification of child victims of trafficking prisoners and the respective human rights implications. It and online sexual abuse, responses that are child-friendly also looked into international and national detention moni- and victim-centred, human-rights based, gender sensitive toring mandates and practices, as well as experiences and and trauma informed. The training session incorporated practical challenges faced by detention monitors in assess- selected child-appropriate investigation, identification and ing human rights implications of measures to prevent and interview techniques, including forensic interviewing/hear- combat VERLT in prisons. Participants confirmed the impor- ing techniques involving a trauma-informed and children- tance of independent detention monitoring in this context. centred approach. Practical sessions focused on open The majority found that using the ODIHR and Penal Reform source investigative tools (OSINT) on child trafficking and International detention monitoring guide on this subject ben- child sexual abuse materials (CSAM), as well as digital evi- eficial for their work, and emphasized that the workshop was dence collection in relation to child trafficking and CSAM in a good opportunity to improve co-operation for enhanced cyberspace. The event covered both theoretical and prac- oversight. Several requests were made for ODIHR to provide tical aspects. Parallel sessions focused on the importance training for detention monitors on this subject. of improving national referral mechanisms (NRM) that are focused on assisting and protecting child victims of THB, as provided by the principles and pillars in the NRM Hand- Trafficking in human beings book. Promising practices promoting the best interests of children (BIC) were widely shared among participants, such ODIHR National Referral Mechanisms: Joining as the Barnahus and Lundy models. At the core of the train- Efforts to Protect the Rights of Trafficked Persons: ing were survivor leaders. One such trainer provided a story A Practical Handbook, Second Edition launch events about her lived experiences and her expertise in preventing (24 January 2022 and 28–29 November 2022) child sexual exploitation. Also discussed was importance of working with youth to raise awareness about the risks The two launch events of the second edition of the hand- of the internet for trafficking in children, child abuse and book Joining Efforts to Protect the Rights of Trafficked Per- exploitation. sons, one online in January 2022 and one in a hybrid for-

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Border security and management/ Webinar: Border Management and Human Rights: customs Information Sharing and New Technologies in the Counter-Terrorism and Freedom of Movement Context (25 May 2022) Training session: Human Rights, Anti-Terrorism and Border Managment; Dushanbe, Tajikistan, The webinar “Border Management and Human Rights: Infor- online at the Border Management Staff College mation Sharing and New Technologies in the Counter-Terror- (14 March 2022) ism and Freedom of Movement Context”, co-organized by ODIHR and the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement On invitation by the OSCE’s Border Management Staff Col- Training (CEPOL), raised awareness among participants on lege (BMSC) in Dushanbe, Tajikistan, to the 31th Border the human rights risks related to increased data-gathering Management Staff Course, ODIHR delivered the remote and the use of data-driven technologies in border security training session “Human Rights, Anti-Terrorism and Border and international police co-operation. It explored steps for Management”. After outlining the main challenges related mitigating these risks in practice, and underlined the need to structural and definitional issues of terrorism, the session for strong human rights safeguards. The webinar was based focused on human rights implications of counter-terrorism on the ODIHR policy brief on human rights and border man- measures related to borders. These include information col- agement in the context of counter-terrorism and freedom lection, processing and sharing of personal data, privacy of movement. Following a short presentation by an ODIHR and data protection, behavioural and discriminatory profiling, representative of the policy brief, panel speakers highlighted and the use of new technologies in the context of counter- human rights risks related to collecting and using biomet- terrorism and freedom of movement. The presentations were rics in the counter-terrorism context. Recent relevant cases based on ODIHR’s policy brief Border Management and Hu- in Afghanistan, Iraq, Israel/Palestine and Somalia were pre- man Rights. ODIHR regularly contributes to the BMSC with sented. Also discussed were the human rights implications its expertise on human rights and counter-terrorism. of using artificial intelligence (AI) in risk assessments related migration management, as well as the proposed EU AI Act.

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3.2 Police-Related Activities of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities (HCNM)

Introduction

The High Commissioner on National Minorities (HCNM) provides “early warning” and, as appropriate, “early action” at the earliest possible stage with regard to tensions involving national minority issues. To fulfil this conflict prevention mandate, the HCNM addresses short-term triggers of inter-ethnic tension and conflict as well as long-term structural concerns. Drawing on over thirty years of experience, successive High Commissioners have identified certain recurrent issues which either cause or are linked to tensions involving national minorities. These issues are addressed in the HCNM’s nine thematic Recommendations and Guidelines, which aim to assist the OSCE participating States in their efforts to define a comprehensive approach towards developing policies that promote the integration of their diverse societies.

In 2022, the HCNM contributed to the second edition of The of security governance. This is especially the case vis-à-vis Guidelines for OSCE Staff on Security Sector Governance groups that are in a situation of vulnerability when engaging and Reform, which provides reflections on conflict cycles as with security sector institutions, including the police. they relate to security sector governance and reform (SS- G/R). The HCNM Recommendations on Policing in Mul- In 2022, the HCNM, together with the OSCE Secretariat, ti-Ethnic Societies (2006) and The Graz Recommendations conducted a broad baseline study on the intersectionality on Access to Justice and National Minorities (2017) are ref- of gender and national minorities. The study looked into the erenced here as valuable resources on mainstreaming con- situation of minority women in several participating States, flict sensitivity into security sector governance and reform focusing specifically on (minority) women in relation to peace (SSG/R) projects, as well as within the overall framework and security.

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APPENDIX 1 MC and PC Decisions, Declarations and Action Plans with a Focus on Police- Related Activities

Mandates on police-related issues are contained in OSCE between participating States regarding lessons learned and Summit Decisions, as well as in the growing list of Decisions best policing practices in countering new security challenges. of the Ministerial Council and the Permanent Council, includ- ing a number of OSCE Action Plans. The Bucharest Plan of Action for Combating Terrorism (2001), adopted on the same occasion as the above Decision on The latest comprehensive set of OSCE mandates on police- police-related activities, recognized the need to assist partici- related activities was adopted in 2012 with the Dublin MC De- pating States, on their request, through measures to combat cision No. 4/12 on the OSCE’s Efforts to Address Transnational trafficking in human beings, drugs, and SALW, in accordance Threats, which endorsed four PC decisions from 2012, includ- with relevant Permanent Council decisions. This assistance ing the OSCE Strategic Framework for Police-Related Activi- could also include provision of advice and assistance on re- ties (PC.DEC/1049) and the OSCE Concept for Combating the structuring and/or reconstruction of police services; monitor- Threat of Illicit Drugs and the Diversion of Chemical Precursors ing and training of existing police services, including human (PC.DEC/1048). With the adoption of these decisions, the rights training; and capacity-building, including support for participating States reaffirmed the key role that police-related integrated or multi-ethnic police services. To this end, the activities play in the Organization’s efforts to address threats to plan of action acknowledged the requirement for reinforcing security and stability posed by criminal activity, as well as its ef- existing police-related activities in conflict prevention, crisis forts in the areas of conflict prevention, crisis management, and management and post-conflict rehabilitation. post-conflict rehabilitation in the OSCE area. In its Decision No. 448 (2001), the Permanent Council decid- The Charter for European Security adopted by the Istanbul ed to establish the seconded post of Senior Police Adviser in Summit Meeting (1999) represents the platform for the OSCE the OSCE Secretariat. involvement in policing. It contains the commitment of the OSCE participating States to enhance the OSCE’s role in In the Declaration on Trafficking in Human Beings adopted civilian police-related activities as an integral part of the Or- by the Tenth Ministerial Council of the OSCE (Porto 2002), its ganization’s efforts in conflict prevention, crisis management members called on participating States to enhance international and post-conflict rehabilitation. Such activities may comprise co-operation in combating criminal acts such as trafficking in the following: (1) police monitoring, including preventing police drugs and arms, as well as smuggling of migrants. They em- from discriminating based on religious or ethnic identity; (2) po- phasized the need to include in this co-operation international lice training, aimed at, inter alia, improving the operational and law enforcement bodies such as Europol and INTERPOL, as tactical capabilities of local police services, reforming para­ well as the Southeast European Cooperative Initiative (SECI), military forces, providing new and modern policing skills such with a view to investigating and prosecuting those responsible as community policing and anti-drug, anti-corruption and anti- for trafficking in human beings in accordance with domestic law terrorist capacities, creating police services with a multi-ethnic and, where applicable, international obligations. In this regard, and/or multi-religious composition to enable them to enjoy the they also asked the Senior Police Adviser to devote increased confidence of the entire population; and (3) promoting general attention to the fight against trafficking in human beings. respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. This tasking was further detailed in the OSCE Action Plan The Ninth Ministerial Council in Bucharest (2001) declared to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings, which requested the OSCE’s decision to increase and promote co-operation TNTD/SPMU to further promote the concept of community among participating States in countering new security chal- policing and facilitate the exchange of information between lenges, including by providing advice or arranging for the pro- participating States on best practices to be used by rele- vision of expert advice on requirements for effective policing vant investigating units to check the possibly criminal and (needs assessments) and how to meet them, and encourag- trafficking-related origin of suspicious assets. TNTD/SPMU ing where appropriate the exchange of information among and was also tasked to continue developing training materials for

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law enforcement on the investigation of trafficking and sex assistance that could be made available to requesting par- crimes, to identify law enforcement trainers to conduct train- ticipating States with a view to improving and promoting the ing, and to facilitate the funding of training sessions for law functioning of criminal justice systems. enforcement authorities in OSCE participating States. The Ljubljana Ministerial Decision No. 15/05 on Preventing One aspect of policing of ethnic minorities was addressed and Combating Violence against Women urged participating by the OSCE Action Plan on Improving the Situation of States, with the support and assistance of the OSCE, to take Roma and Sinti within the OSCE Area (2003). TNTD/SPMU all necessary legislative, policy and programmatic monitoring was tasked to assist participating States in developing pro- and evaluation measures to promote and protect women’s grammes and confidence-building measures, such as com- full enjoyment of human rights, and to prevent and combat munity policing, to improve the relations between the police all forms of GBV against them. The decision also tasked the and Roma and Sinti people, particularly at the local level, Permanent Council to encourage relevant OSCE institutions and to produce a compilation of police best practices in the and structures to develop programmes, projects and policies OSCE region with respect to policing and Roma and Sinti to assist participating States, at their request, in combating communities. Another established task was to assist the par- violence against women and girls, and in providing assis- ticipating States in developing codes of conduct to prevent tance to victims. racial profiling and improve inter-ethnic relations. The Ljubljana Ministerial Council also adopted the OSCE Border The OSCE Strategy to Address Threats to Security and Stabil- Security and Management Concept. Above all, this provides ity in the Twenty-First Century, adopted by the 11th Ministerial participating States with a political framework for co-operation Council in Maastricht in 2003, states that TNTD/SPMU was set on border-related issues. It provides objectives and principles up to improve the capacity of participating States to address for this co-operation, and defines modalities for OSCE activities threats posed by criminal activity and to assist them in uphold- in this area. The OSCE “acts upon the request of participating ing the rule of law. The aim was to enhance key policing skills, States” to ensure dialogue on border-related issues through, in- including respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. ter alia, “exchange of information, experience and best practic- es”, the establishment of National Focal Points Networks, and The 2004 OSCE Action Plan for the Promotion of Gender the holding of workshops and conferences. Equality, adopted by the 12th Ministerial Council of the OSCE (Sofia 2004), urged the OSCE’s participating States, Secre- Permanent Council Decision No. 758 Enhancing International tariat, institutions and field operations to ensure that a gender Anti-Drug Co-operation (2006) tasked the Secretary Gener- perspective is integrated into OSCE activities, programmes al and relevant OSCE institutions with providing participat- and projects. The aim shall be to promote the practice of gen- ing States, upon their request and in close consultation and der equality in the OSCE area, which is essential for compre- co-ordination with UNODC, with assistance/advice on an- hensive security. In this context, TNTD/SPMU was specifically tidrug issues through, inter alia, awareness-raising activities, tasked to enhance its project development to assist partici- organization of regional workshops, and facilitation of training. pating States to react to offences of sexual violence. This in- volves including elements in police training curriculum such The Decision on Combating Sexual Exploitation of Children as special investigation techniques, interview skills designed adopted by the 14th Ministerial Council of the OSCE (Brus- for use with victims of sexual assault, including children, and sels 2006) encouraged relevant OSCE executive structures, information on referral mechanisms for victim assistance. within their existing mandates, to devote attention to the area of sexual exploitation of children, including its links to The fight against organized crime came to the forefront of trafficking in persons. It emphasized the need for the OSCE OSCE priorities during 2005 and was recognized in the De- structures and participating States to co-operate with other cision on Combating Transnational Organized Crime adopt- international organizations, NGOs, and civil society in com- ed by the 13th Ministerial Council of the OSCE (Ljubljana bating the sexual exploitation of children. 2005). It tasked the OSCE Secretary General with providing requesting participating States support to mobilize technical The 14th Ministerial Council of the OSCE (Brussels 2006) assistance, including the necessary expertise and resourc- adopted the follow-up Decision on Organized Crime, re- es from relevant competent international organizations, for affirming the importance that the OSCE was giving to this implementing the United Nations Convention Against Trans- subject. The Decision tasks the OSCE Secretary General national Organized Crime and its Protocols. The Decision and the relevant OSCE executive structures, within their re- also tasked the OSCE Permanent Council to work on de- spective mandates, with giving enhanced attention to the key signing, with the support of the Secretary General and the role of criminal justice systems in institution-building and in relevant OSCE institutions, possible measures and forms of the promotion of the rule of law, as well as co-operating and

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co-ordinating more closely in order to take the interaction be- level, and “to intensify measures to disrupt trafficking networks, tween the components of those systems better into account. including by means of financial investigations, investigations A further major task was to build on and consolidate knowl- of money laundering connected to human trafficking and the edge and experience on criminal justice and organized crime, freezing and confiscation of the assets of human traffickers”. and to continue co-operating with UNODC in various matters, including combating organized crime and illicit drugs. Reaffirming the participating States’ commitment to pro­ actively implement the OSCE Action Plan for the Promo- Recalling the Ministerial Council Decisions Nos. 3/05 (Ljublja- tion of Gender Equality, and recalling Ljubljana Ministerial na) on combating transnational organized crime, and 5/06 Council Decisions on Women in Conflict Prevention, Crisis (Brussels) on organized crime, Permanent Council Decision Management and Post-Conflict Rehabilitation, and on Pre- No. 810 (2007) on Implementation of the United Nations venting and Combating Violence against Women, the 17th Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime tasked Ministerial Council of the OSCE (Athens 2009), in its Decision the Secretary General to support the implementation of the on Women’s Participation in Political and Public Life, called UNTOC convention in co-operation with UNODC, and to or- on the participating States to consider providing for specific ganize workshops in co-operation and co-ordination with the measure to achieve the goal of gender balance in all legisla- Secretariat of the Conference of the Parties to the UNTOC. tive, judicial and executive bodies, including police services.

Permanent Council Decision No. 813 (2007) on Combating Acknowledging the “[…] diverse and multifaceted OSCE the Threat of Illicit Drugs and Precursors emphasized the work, experience and lessons learned in the policing field, in continuing spread of illicit trafficking of opiates from Afghan- particular the work of TNTD/SPMU and the field operations istan and chemical precursors throughout the OSCE area. within their respective mandates”, the Permanent Council, in The Permanent Council called on the Secretary General to its Decision 914/09 adopted in Athens, expressed its convic- further develop co-operation in the field of anti-drug matters tion that the time had come to take stock of what had been with UNODC, the Paris Pact and other relevant internation- done so far in policing and to “[…] initiate a thorough dialogue al structures and organizations by, inter alia, organizing joint on how to further enhance police-related activities within the regional and sub-regional workshops and other activities. OSCE.” The Permanent Council tasked the Secretary Gen- Further­more, the Secretary General was tasked with contin- eral, “[…] within existing resources and in consultation with uing training activities on drug-related matters. relevant OSCE executive structures, to prepare a report on police-related activities of the OSCE executive structures up The need for continuing training of Afghan police officers in to the end of 2009”. The report was to be based partly on the addition to providing assistance to Afghanistan in the fields of annual reports on police-related activities, reflecting existing border security and combating drug trafficking was also a core mandates and OSCE commitments, and was “[…] to include topic of the Ministerial Decision No. 4/07 on OSCE Engage- an assessment of those activities and a forward-looking per- ment with Afghanistan (Madrid). Participating States tasked spective, offering long-term strategic recommendations”. the Secretary General to provide support for intensifying the Moreover, the Permanent Council decided that this report involvement of Afghan counterparts in OSCE activities related would be further discussed during the next Annual Police to the fields of border security and management, policing, and Experts Meeting in May 2010, as well as at the 2010 Annual the fight against drug trafficking. For this, training facilities in Security Review Conference. Central Asia as well as in the rest of the OSCE area were to be used. While tasked to avoid unnecessary duplication of exist- The Athens Ministerial Council Decision No. 2/09 on Further ing efforts of other international actors, the Secretary General OSCE Efforts to Address Transnational Threats and Challeng- was also mandated to explore all possible co-operation op- es to Security and Stability took note of, inter alia, the OSCE’s tions, in co-ordination with the UN and other relevant regional contribution to international efforts to fight organized crime and international organizations and other actors. through the provision of relevant law enforcement expertise and assistance to participating States, and called for exploring At the Helsinki Ministerial Council in December 2008, the par- further ways to strengthen synergies in OSCE activities against ticipating States turned their attention once again to the issue transnational threats, for addressing them in a comprehensive of trafficking in human beings. Decision No. 5/08 on Enhanc- and cross-dimensional manner, and for focusing on areas ing Criminal Justice Responses to Trafficking in Human Beings where the OSCE has a comparative advantage and can com- Through a Comprehensive Approach emphasized the need for plement the work of other international organizations. training on combating trafficking in human beings for law en- forcement personnel and urged the participating States, inter “Recalling that the OSCE, as a regional arrangement under alia, to ensure co-operation between law enforcement agen- Chapter VIII of the Charter of the UN and as a primary organiza- cies and other relevant actors at the national and international tion for the peaceful settlement of disputes within its region, is

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a key instrument for early warning, conflict prevention and res- information and communication technologies (ICTs) in a com- olution, crisis management and postconflict rehabilitation”, the prehensive and cross-dimensional manner in accordance participating States, in the 2011 Vilnius Ministerial Council Deci- with OSCE commitments and in co-operation with relevant sion No. 3/11 on Elements of the Conflict Cycle, Related to En- international organizations. The PC further tasks the OSCE hancing the OSCE’s Capabilities in Early Warning, Early Action, Chairmanship to establish an open-ended, informal OSCE Dialogue Facilitation and Mediation Support, and Post-Conflict working group under the auspices of the Security Commit- Rehabilitation, reiterated “[…] that the OSCE’s ability to deploy tee to elaborate a set of draft CBMs to enhance inter­state civilian, police or unarmed military expertise rapidly is essen- co-operation, transparency, predictability, and stability, and tial to effective conflict prevention, crisis management and to reduce the risks of misperception, escalation, and conflict post-conflict rehabilitation”. It also expressed the expectation that may stem from the use of ICT; and to help build consen- for “[…] the OSCE Chairmanship and the executive structures sus for the adoption of such a set of CBMs in 2012.” to take full advantage of their respective mandates to address all phases of the conflict cycle”, and urged “the Chairmanship The OSCE Concept for Combating the Threat of Illicit Drugs and participating States to use, swiftly and to the greatest ex- and the Diversion of Chemical Precursors (PC Decision No. tent possible, all available tools and procedures as applicable 1048) identifies areas and activities requiring sustained efforts to a particular crisis or conflict situation […].” for short-, medium- and long-term engagement in combating the threat of illicit drugs and the diversion of chemical precur- “Reiterating the determination expressed by Heads of State or sors. It establishes a political framework for comprehensive ac- Government of the OSCE participating States in the 2010 As- tion by the OSCE participating States and the OSCE executive tana Commemorative Declaration: Towards a Security Com- structures to combat this threat. The Concept stresses the par- munity to achieve greater unity of purpose and action in facing ticipating States’ commitments to support the implementation emerging transnational threats, such as terrorism, organized of the respective international obligations in this area, with a crime, illegal migration, proliferation of weapons of mass de- particular focus on the related UN Conventions and decisions. struction, cyber threats and the illicit trafficking in small arms It also sets principles and major objectives of co-operation, and and light weapons, drugs and human beings”, the Vilnius provides a platform for OSCE’s co-operation with internation- Ministerial Council, in Decision No. 9/11 on Strengthen­ ing al organizations and partners in recognition of the important co-ordination and Coherence in the OSCE’s Efforts to Address role played by civil society, including the media and NGOs, in Transnational Threats, welcomed “the proposals by the Secre- addressing drug-related crimes, as well as preventive meas- tary General included in the 2012 Unified Budget Proposal for ures aimed at reducing drug abuse and dependence, and the creation of a department to address trans­national threats, drug-related harm to health and society, especially to children consistent with the OSCE’s mandates and within availa- and young people. According to the Concept, the participat- ble resources, with a view to ensuring better co-ordination, ing States’ co-operation will include, inter alia, the exchange strengthened coherence and more efficient use of the OSCE’s of best practices and scientific evidence-based information resources in addressing transnational threats […].” on combating the threat of illicit drugs. It will also include the facilitation and promotion of cross-border interaction between To further strengthen the OSCE’s efforts to address trans­ relevant criminal justice agencies and other competent national national threats, the Dublin Ministerial Council adopted Deci- structures of the participating States in the prevention, identifi- sion No. 4/12 in December 2012. This so-called “chapeau” cation, suppression, detection and investigation of drug-related decision endorses four decisions that had been adopted crimes, and the apprehension and extradition of criminals in in 2012 by the Permanent Council on the development of accordance with existing legal frameworks. confidence-building measures to reduce the risks of conflict stemming from the use of information and communication The OSCE Strategic Framework for Police-Related Activities technologies (PC Decision No. 1039), the OSCE Concept defines the Organization’s priorities in this area, within a wider for Combating the Threat of Illicit Drugs and the Diversion OSCE approach to security, such as police development and of Chemical Precursors (PC Decision No. 1048), the OSCE reform, and the fight against organized transnational crime, in- Strategic Framework for Police-Related Activities (PC Deci- cluding trafficking in illicit drugs and precursors, trafficking in sion No. 1049) and finally, the OSCE Consolidated Frame- human beings, sexual exploitation of children on the internet, work for the Fight against Terrorism (PC Decision No. 1063). and cybercrime. Through needs assessment, capacity-build- ing, institution building, training and evaluation, the OSCE will In the PC Decision No. 1039 on the Development of Con- assist the law enforcement agencies of participating States fidence-Building Measures to Reduce the Risks of Conflict to address the threats posed by criminal activity. All of these Stemming from the Use of Information and Communication activities will be done in line with the promotion of the prin- Technologies, the Permanent Council decided “to step up in- ciples of democratic policing, such as the importance of the dividual and collective efforts to address security in the use of rule of law; due respect for human rights and fundamental

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freedoms, including gender and minority issues; police–public security of and in the use of ICTs, including effective respons- partnerships; effective and accountable criminal justice sys- es to related threats. tems; and enhanced criminal justice co-operation among par- ticipating States and international and regional organizations. The 2014 Basel Ministerial Council adopted several deci- The decision highlights the importance of co-operation with sions and declarations related to policing activities. governmental authorities as well as civil society in a long-term approach that fosters local commitment to and ownership and The Basel Ministerial Decision No. 5/14 on the Prevention of sustainability of police-­related programme achievements. Corruption underlines, inter alia, “the central role played by law enforcement bodies and judicial institutions in prevent- The OSCE Consolidated Framework for the Fight against ing and combating corruption” and encourages the relevant Terrorism (PC Decision No. 1063) further strengthens the OSCE executive structures to facilitate the exchange of best profile of the Organization in the struggle against terrorism. practices in the prevention of corruption among participating The Decision builds on relevant decisions of the Ministeri- States upon their request. al Council and highlights the OSCE’s anti-terrorism profile, listing the comparative advantages of the Organization. The The Basel Ministerial Decision No. 7/14 on Preventing and Decision provides guidance for the Organization, outlining Combating Violence against Women reaffirms earlier com- strategic focus areas for counter-terrorism activities. There- mitments to prevent and combat violence against women, with the Decision is a roadmap for any further OSCE action including domestic violence. It calls on participating States to be taken in the area of countering terrorism. to improve their legal frameworks for preventing and com- bating such violence, and to collect and make public data In the 2012 Dublin Ministerial Declaration on Strengthening and statistics regarding all forms of violence against women. Good Governance and Combating Corruption, Money Laun- It encourages participating States to enhance awareness-­ dering and the Financing of Terrorism, the participating States raising and other prevention programmes, to ensure the encourage the OCEEA and TNTD “within their respective man- protection of victims of all forms of violence against women, dates to assist the participating States, at their request, in their and to “strengthen the efforts to investigate, prosecute and efforts to counter money laundering and the financing of terror- punish the perpetrators of all forms of violence against wom- ism, including through the development, adoption and imple- en and provide victims with protection and appropriate rem- mentation of legislation and practices to improve interagency edies.” The decision tasks the OSCE executive structures to and external co-ordination mechanisms in this area.” assist participating States, at their request, to facilitate the exchange of information, improve co-ordination and provide In 2013, the participating States, with PC Dec. No. 1106 technical assistance and training to help participating States adopted the Addendum to the OSCE Action Plan to Combat fulfil these goals. Trafficking in Human Beings: One Decade Later. This Deci- sion amends the 2003 Action Plan. It provides participating The Basel Ministerial Council Declaration No. 5/14 on the States with an updated toolkit to combat all forms of THB, OSCE Role in Countering the Phenomenon of Foreign Ter- and helps to address current and emerging THB trends and rorist Fighters in the Context of the Implementation of UN patterns, as well as the most pressing challenges related to Security Council Resolutions 2170 (2014) and 2178 (2014) the prosecution of the crime, its prevention and protection of calls upon the OSCE executive structures, inter alia, “to offer trafficked persons. assistance in capacity-building activities to the requesting participating States, in accordance with Permanent Coun- In 2013, the participating States adopted the Initial Set of cil Decision No. 1063, and to organize, where appropriate, OSCE Confidence-Building Measures to Reduce the Risks regional and sub-regional events to identify potential weak- of Conflict Stemming from the Use of Information and Com- nesses in international legal and operational co-oper­­ation munication Technologies (PC Decision No. 1106) in order to mechanisms in order to foster better co-operation and co- enhance interstate co-operation, transparency, predictability ordination nationally and internationally”; “to continue to pro- and stability, and to reduce the risks of misperception, esca- mote OSCE efforts to counter violent extremism and radical- lation and conflict that may stem from the use of information ization that lead to terrorism, including through community and communication technologies. According to the decision, policing approaches to preventing terrorism, in particular the participating States will voluntarily facilitate co-operation at the local level”; and “to support requesting participating among competent national bodies; share information on States in the implementation of their commitments regard- measures that they have taken to ensure an open, intero­ ing travel document security and border management and perable, secure and reliable internet; and use the OSCE as to facilitate technical assistance in this field by INTERPOL a platform for dialogue, exchange of best practices, aware- and other relevant international organizations to requesting ness-raising and information on capacity-building regarding participating States.”

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The Basel Ministerial Council Declaration No. 6/14 on the grants and Refugees encourages participating States to use OSCE Role in Countering Kidnapping and Hostage-Taking the OSCE platform for improving dialogue on migration-relat- Committed by Terrorist Groups in the Context of the Imple- ed matters by developing effective measures and common mentation of UN Security Council Resolution 2133 (2014) approaches to address such matters. It also encourages calls upon the OSCE executive structures to continue pro- OSCE executive structures to reinforce the exchange of best moting the international legal framework against terrorism, to practices and to enhance dialogue and co-operation with the explore ways to exchange information between intelligence Partners for co-operation. agencies and the criminal justice systems, and to promote capacity-building for managing, investigating and prosecut- With MC Decision No. 6/16 on Enhancing the Use of Advanced ing cases of terrorist kidnapping and hostage-taking. Passenger Information, the OSCE participating States commit to: 1. Establish national advance passenger information (API) The Belgrade Ministerial Council Declaration No. 2/15 on the systems in accordance with the provisions contained in ICAO’s OSCE Activities in Support of the Global Efforts Tackling the Annex 9 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation (the World Drug Problem states the need for a balanced and in- Chicago Convention) and aligned with the WCO/IATA/ICAO tegrated approach to tackling the world drug problem, for Guidelines on Advance Passenger Information (API), including further co-operation between the OSCE with UNODC, the those on privacy and data protection, in order to effectively col- International Narcotics Control Board, and other relevant lect passenger and/or crew data from airlines operating in their multilateral organizations, especially with the emergence and territories; 2. Consider establishing at the national level an inter- spread of dangerous new psychoactive substances and the active system to exchange API data (iAPI) in order to prevent diversion of chemical precursors, and for further co-operation­ the movement of foreign terrorist fighters in line with UN Securi- in preparation for the UN General Assembly Special Session ty Council resolutions 2178 (2014) and 2309 (2016); 3. Adhere on the world drug problem (UNGASS 2016). to ICAO Document 9082 “ICAO’s Policies on Charges for Air- ports and Air Navigation Services” in the context of establish- The Belgrade Ministerial Council Declaration No. 3/15 on Re- ing an API system, recognizing that States are responsible for inforcing OSCE Efforts to Counter Terrorism in the Wake of ensuring the implementation of adequate security measures at the Recent Terrorist Attacks condemns all terrorist attacks airports; 4. Collaborate with all relevant national stakeholders in and reaffirms the OSCE’s commitments to remain united in the implementation of national level API systems, and consider combating terrorism, while underscoring respect for human establishing one authority to receive, on behalf of all other au- rights, fundamental freedoms, and the rule of law as comple- thorities, all forms of passenger data through a single window mentary to effective counter-terrorism measures. data entry point; 5. Increase the added value of API data by seeking to establish automated cross-checking of this data The Belgrade Ministerial Council Declaration No. 4/15 on against relevant national, regional and international watch lists, Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism and Radical- in particular INTERPOL databases and UN Sanctions Lists; 6. ization that Lead to Terrorism calls upon participating States Provide assistance to support other requesting participating to strengthen and adapt their efforts to counter violent ex- States in establishing API systems. tremism and radicalization that lead to terrorism, and to support a multi-dimensional approach, including community The Tirana Ministerial Council Declaration No. 1/20 on policing, to counter VERLT within the OSCE region. Strengthening Co-operation in Countering Transnational Organized Crime underlined the importance of strengthen- The Hamburg Ministerial Council Decision No. 1/16 on ing national co-ordination and international co-operation in Strengthening OSCE Efforts to Prevent and Counter Terror- countering transnational organized crime through direct con- ism underscores the central role of the UN in preventing and tact and engagement between relevant authorities, and by counter­ing terrorism, including the importance of OSCE com- exchange of information and best practices, as well as by mitments to the UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy. It states using the tools provided by the OSCE, UNODC and other rel- that participating States have the primary role in preventing and evant international organizations. It recommitted to maintain- countering terrorism and VERLT, while stressing the need for ing the countering of transnational organized crime among participating States to take appropriate steps to prevent and the priorities of the OSCE by enhancing implementation of suppress the financing of terrorism. The decision also positively the respective international obligations and the OSCE’s exist- appreciates the implementation of the #UnitedCVE campaign, ing commitments. It also reaffirmed the tasking of the relevant and welcomed the activities by OSCE executive structures in OSCE executive structures to regularly brief the participating the area of preventing and countering terrorism. States on OSCE activities related to the implementation of existing OSCE commitments to address transnational organ- The Hamburg Ministerial Council Decision No. 3/16 on the ized crime, and encouraged continued discussions on this OSCE’s Role in the Governance of Large Movements of Mi- topic among the participating States.

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APPENDIX 2 Abbreviations and Acronyms

AI artificial intelligence

AIRE Advice on Individual Rights in Europe Centre

AMSCA (Kosovo) Agency for the Management of Sequestrated or Confiscated Assets

AML/CFT anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism

API advance passenger information

AWKP Association of Women in Kosovo Police

BAMIN Balkan Asset Management Interagency Network

BIC best interests of children

BiH Bosnia and Herzegovina

BMSC OSCE Border Management Staff College

BSM border security and management

BSM NFP (OSCE) Border Security and Management National Focal Points

CABMI Central Asian Border Management Initiative

CAMS Certified Anti-Money Laundering Specialist

CEPOL European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Training

CFE certified fraud examiner

CFT combating the financing of terrorism

CISS Center for Intelligence and Security Studies (Universität der Bundeswehr, Munich, Germany)

CoE Council of Europe

CoM Council of Ministers

CPC (OSCE) Conflict Prevention Centre

CPCD (Sarajevo) Center for Civil Society Promotion

CSAM child sexual abuse materials

CSO civil society organization

CTHB combating trafficking in human beings

CVE countering violent extremism

EAG Eurasian Group on Combating Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism

EE IWG Eastern European informal working group

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EU European Union

Europol European Union Law Enforcement Agency

ExB (OSCE) extra-budgetary (project)

FATF Financial Action Task Force

FBiH Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

FIU Financial Intelligence Unit

FRA European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights

Frontex European Border and Coast Guard Agency

FSC (OSCE) Forum for Security Co-operation

FTFs foreign terrorist fighters

GBV gender-based violence

GCTF Global Counterterrorism Forum

GE gender equality

GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit

GPML UNODC’s Global Programme against Money Laundering

HCNM (OSCE) High Commissioner for National Minorities

IATA International Air Transport Association

IBM integrated border management

ICITAP (United States) International Criminal Investigative Training Assistance Program

ICT information and communications technology

ILP intelligence-led policing

INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization

IOM International Organization for Migration

IPA implementing partner agreement

IT information technology

KAWSS Kyrgyz Association of Women in the Security Sector

KCS Kosovo Correctional Service

KP Kosovo Police

KP DITN Kosovo Police Department for Investigating Trafficking in Narcotics

KRIPOS Norwegian National Criminal Investigation Service

LPSC local public safety committees

MC (OSCE) Ministerial Council

MCSC municipal community safety council

MFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs

125 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL ON POLICE-RELATED ACTIVITIES 2022

MoI Ministry of Interior

MoIA Ministry of Internal Affairs

MoJ Ministry of Justice

MoU memorandum of understanding

MPR mobile police reception

MPSOTC Hellenic Multinational Peace Support Operations Training Center

MTT mobile training team

NGO non-governmental organization

NRM national referral mechanism

OCEEA (OSCE) Office of the Co-ordinator of Economic and Environmental Activities

ODIHR (OSCE) Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights

OFA Ohrid Framework Agreement

OSINT open source investigative tools

OSR/CTHB (OSCE) Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings

PAN (OSCE) Police Academies Network

P/C VERLT preventing and countering violent extremism and radicalization that lead to terrorism

PC Permanent Council

PCOCP Permanent Conference of Organized Crime Prosecutors

PCU OSCE Project Co-ordinator in Ukraine

PCUz OSCE Project Co-ordinator in Uzbekistan

PDE passenger data exchange

PDU Police Development Unit

PIK Police Inspectorate of Kosovo

PoC Points of Contact (Network)

POiA OSCE Programme Office in Astana

POiB OSCE Programme Office in Bishkek

PR public relations

RACVIAC Regional Arms Control Verification and Implementation Assistance Centre

RAI Regional Anti-Corruption Initiative

RFoM (OSCE) Representative on Freedom of the Media

RS Republika Srpska

SALW small arms and light weapons

SAR suspicious activity report

126  Appendices

SCIDT (Kyrgyz MoI) Service on Combatting Illicit Drug Trafficking

SOCTA Serious and Organized Crime Threat Assessment

SOP standard operating procedure

SR/CTHB (OSCE) Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings

SSG/R security sector governance and reform

STR suspicious transaction report

TAHCLE Training Against Hate Crimes for Law Enforcement

TCP trafficking in cultural property

THB trafficking in human beings

TNTD (OSCE) Transnational Threats Department

TNTD/ATU (OSCE) Transnational Threats Department/Action against Terrorism Unit

TNTD/BSMU (OSCE Transnational Threats Department/Border Security and Management Unit

TNTD/CC (OSCE) Transnational Threats Department/Co-ordination Cell

TNTD/SPMU (OSCE) Transnational Threats Department/Strategic Police Matters Unit

UAS unmanned aerial system

UB (OSCE) unified budget

UN United Nations

UN CND UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNCTED UN Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate

UNOCT United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism

UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

UNSCR United Nations Security Council Resolution

VAT value-added tax

VAWG violence against women and girls

VERLT violent extremism and radicalization that lead to terrorism

WCO World Customs Organization

WHDC Warsaw Human Dimension Conference

YCP youth crime prevention

127 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL ON POLICE-RELATED ACTIVITIES 2022

APPENDIX 3 Contact Details

Thematic subdivisions in the OSCE Secretariat dealing with police-related issues

Subdivisions Contact person Email Phone

TNTD Ambassador Alena KUPCHYNA Alena.Kupchyna@osce.org +43 1 514 36 6947 OSCE Co-ordinator of Activities to Address Transnational Threats

TNTD/SPMU Mr. Sami RYHÄNEN Sami.Ryhaenen@osce.org +43 1 514 36 6872 Head of Strategic Police Matters Unit

Ms. Jenni DIMITROVA Jeni.Dimitrova@osce.org +43 1 51436 6941 Administrative Assistant

TNTD/ATU Mr. Manuel EISING Manuel.Eising@osce.org +43 1 514 36 6772 Senior Legal Counter-Terrorism Adviser

TNTD/BSMU Ms. Dragica VUCINIC Dragica.Vucinic@osce.org +43 1 514 36 6662 Border Management Officer

TNTD/CC Ms. Alicia HARTMANN Alicia.Hartmann@osce.org +43 1 514 36 6844 Analysis and Co-ordination Officer

OCEEA Mr. Ralf Uwe ERNST Ralf.Ernst@osce.org +43 1 514 36 6206 Deputy Co-ordinator, Head of Economic Governance Unit

Programme for Mr. Martin DEXBORG Martin.Dexborg@osce.org +43 1 514 36 6487 Gender Issues Adviser on Gender Issues

OSR/CTHB Ms. Tetiana RUDENKO Tetiana.Rudenko@osce.org +43 1 514 36 6921 Senior Co-ordination Adviser

128  Appendices

OSCE institutions dealing with police-related issues Institution Contact person Email Phone

ODIHR Ms. Ruth BURNS Ruth.Burns@odihr.pl +48 22 5200 774 Assistant Hate Crime Officer

HCNM Ms. Tihana LEKO Tihana.Leko@osce.org +31 6 2219 8262 Senior Adviser

RFoM Ms. Daliborka JANCOVIC Daliborka.Jankovic@osce.org +43 1 514 36 6817 Senior Adviser

OSCE field operations dealing with police-related issues

Eastern Europe

Field operation Department Contact person Email Phone

Project Co-ordinator Human Ms. Liliya GRUDKO Liliya.Grudko@osce.org +380 672393630 in Ukraine Security National Programme (discontinued on 30 Programme Manager/ Associate June 2022)/ Co-ordination Officer Support Programme for Ukraine (established on 1 November 2022)

Mission to Moldova Conflict Mr. Stefan Alfred Stefan.Stocklauser@ +373 69888985 Prevention/ STOCKLAUSER osce.org Resolution Programme Manager

Conflict Mr. Vitalie SAVIN Vitalie.Savin@osce.org +373 69871663 Prevention/ National Programme Resolution Officer

129 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL ON POLICE-RELATED ACTIVITIES 2022

South-Eastern Europe

Field operation Department Contact person Email Phone

Presence in Security Mr. Darko ANGELOV Darko.Angelov@osce.org +355 694010065 Albania Co-operation Head of Security Co-operation Department

Security Mr. Sasho Sasho.Trpchevski@osce.org +355 42240001 Co-operation TRPCHEVSKI Law Enforcement Development Officer

Mission to Security Dr. Susan Elizabeth Susan.Penksa@osce.org +387 33952185 Bosnia and Co-operation PENKSA Herzegovina Head of Security Co-operation

Security Co- Ms. Irisa ČEVRA Irisa.Cevra@osce.org +387 33952245 operation National Legal Officer

Mission in Security and Mr. Edward Thomas Edward.Anderson@osce.org +383 382401001310 Kosovo Public Safety ANDERSON Director of the Department for Security and Public Safety

Security and Mr. Apollon HOXHA Apollon.Hoxha@osce.org +383 382401002015 Public Safety National Programme Co- ordination Officer

Mission to Security Mr. Stephen Robert Stephen.Harmon@osce.org +382 204064418 Montenegro Co-operation HARMON and Governance Programme Manager, Security Co-Operation and Governance

Security Ms. Nadja BOBICIC Nadja.Bobicic@osce.org +382 20406415 Co-operation National Security and Governance Co-operation Officer

Mission to Security Mr. Umberto SEVERINI Umberto.Severini@osce.org +381 113606207 Serbia Co-operation Head of Security Co-operation Department

Security Ms. Natasa RISTOVIC Natasa.Ristovic@osce.org +381 113606253 Co-operation National Programme Officer

Mission to Public Safety Mr. Juraj SMOLEK Juraj.Smolek@osce.org +389 23234620 Skopje and Community Head of Public Safety Outreach and Community Outreach Department

Public Safety Mr. Mark Wayne Mark.Dixon@osce.org +389 23234483 and Community DIXON Outreach Chief of Police Development Unit

130  Appendices

Central Asia

Field operation Department Contact person Email Phone

Programme Politico-Military Mr. Konstantin Konstantin.Bedarev@osce.org +996 3126124457129 Office in Activities Victorovich Bishkek BEDAREV Police Matters Adviser

Politico-Military Ms. Irina Irina.Glushchenko@osce.org +996 3126124457148 Activities GLUSHCHENKO Programme Associate

Programme Political Mr. Jukka Jukka.Tuononen@osce.org +992 987601758 Office in and Military TUONONEN Dushanbe Aspects of Head of Politico-Military Security Department

Political Mr. Bakhrom Bakhrom.Abdullaev@osce.org +992 98 7830017 and Military Takhirovich Aspects of ABDULLAEV Security National Police Assistance Officer

Programme Politico-Military Mr. Jaroslaw Jaroslaw.Kurek@osce.org +7 71725800707002 Office in Astana Activities Krzysztof KUREK Senior Politico-Military Officer

Politico-Military Mr. Mikhail Mikhail.Assafov@osce.org +7 71725800707005 Activities ASSAFOV National Programme Officer

Centre in Conflict Mr. William Robert William.Leaf@osce.org +993 634818027320 Ashgabat Prevention and LEAF Confidence Political Officer and Security Building

Conflict Ms. Guncha Guncha.Nepesova@osce.org +993 650339427321 Prevention and Hangeldiyevna Confidence NEPESOVA and Security Senior Programme Building Assistant

Project Politico-Military Mr. Sergei SIZOV Sergei.Sizov@osce.org +998 7814004707204 Co-ordinator Activities Senior Project Officer in Uzbekistan Politico-Military Mr. Mirza Ulugbek Mirza.Abdullaev@osce.org +998 7114004707232 Activities Qodir Ugli ABDULLAEV National Project Officer

131 The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

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