Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) · book

Information Disputes Council: Collection of Opinions

December 17, 2012 OSCE

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îºÔºÎ²îì²Î²Ü ìºÖºðÆ ÊàðÐàôð¸

Ï³ñÍÇùÝ»ñÇ ÅáÕáí³Íáõ

ºñ¨³Ý 2012 2

Î³½Ù»óÇÝ` Þáõß³Ý ¸áÛ¹áÛ³Ý, ²ñ³ Ô³½³ñÛ³Ý, ¶¨áñ· Ð³Ûñ³å»ïÛ³Ý

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ISBN 978-92-9234-160-2

´àì²Ü¸²ÎàõÂÚàõÜ ²é³ç³µ³Ý .................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 îìÊ Ï ³ñÍÇùÝ»ñÇ ³ é³ñÏ³Û³Ï³Ý ¹³ë³Ï³ñ·áõÙÁ ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Î³ñÍÇù 1. §Ðñ³å³ñ³Ï¦ ûñ³Ã»ñÃÇ 25(695), 31(671), 45(685) Ñ³Ù³ñÝ»ñáõÙ Ññ³å³ñ³Ïí³Í` §øáã³ñÛ³ÝÇÝ áãÝã³óÝáõÙ »Ý, Ì³éáõÏÛ³ÝÇÝ` µ³ó³ïñáõ±Ù¦, §ÆÝùÝ³Ïáã Ý³Ù³Ï øáã³ñÛ³ÝÇ ³ÝáõÝÇó¦, §²ÝÓ³Ùµ øáã³ñÛ³ÝÇó` ëË³ÉÝ»ñáí ¨ ëïáñ³·ñáõÃÛ³Ùµ¦ í»ñï³éáõÃÛ³Ùµ Ñá¹í³ÍÝ»ñÇ í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Î³ñÍÇù 2. §ºñÏÇñ¦ ûñ³Ã»ñÃÇ 13.01.2011Ã. 3/2326-ñ¹ Ñ³Ù³ñáõÙ Ññ³å³ñ³Ïí³Í` §131 ¹»Ùù áõ ¹ÇÙ³Ï¦ í»ñï³éáõÃÛ³Ùµ Ñá¹í³ÍÇ í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6

Î³ñÍÇù 3. §Æñ³íáõÝù¦ Ã»ñÃÇ 22.02.2011 ÃÇí 13 Ñ³Ù³ñáõÙ Ññ³å³ñ³Ïí³Í` §ÎÉáñÇÏ ·áõÙ³±ñ ¿ Ïñí»É¦ í»ñÝ³·ñáí Ñá¹í³ÍÇ í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2

Î³ñÍÇù 4. §Ð³ÛÏ³Ï³Ý Å³Ù³Ý³Ï¦ ûñ³Ã»ñÃÇ 14.10.2010Ã. ÃÇí 188 (2623) Ñ³Ù³ñáõÙ Ññ³å³ñ³Ïí³Í` §àõÃÇó ÛáÃÁ óáõó³ÏáõÙ »Ý¦ í»ñï³éáõÃÛ³Ùµ Ñá¹í³ÍÇ í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7

Î³ñÍÇù 5. §âáññáñ¹ ÇÝùÝÇßË³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ¦ Ã»ñÃÇ 09.04.2011 ÃÇí 322 Ñ³Ù³ñáõÙ ¨ Ã»ñÃÇ ÇÝï»ñÝ»ï³ÛÇÝ Ï³ÛùáõÙ Ññ³å³ñ³Ïí³Í` §Ö³Ý³ã»É ö³ñ³íáÝÇÝ¦ í»ñÝ³·ñáí Ñá¹í³ÍÇ í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5

Î³ñÍÇù 6. §ÄáÕáíáõñ¹¦ ûñ³Ã»ñÃÇ ËÙµ³·ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¹ÇÙ»É ¿ îìÊª ËÝ¹ñ»Éáí Ï³ñÍÇù Ñ³ÛïÝ»É ûñ³Ã»ñÃÇ ¹»Ù ÐÐ ù³Õ³ù³óÇ ¶áõñ·»Ý ²Õ³ç³ÝÛ³ÝÇ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óñ³Í Ñ³ÛóÇ Ï³å³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ùµ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 9

Î³ñÍÇù 7. §Æñ³íáõÝù Ñ»ï³ùÝÝáõÃÛáõÝ¦ ¨ §²ñ·áõÙ»ÝïÇ Ý»¹»ÉÇ í ²ñÙ»ÝÝÇÇ¦ ß³µ³Ã³Ã»ñÃ»ñÇ ·áñÍáí í×éÇ í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4

Î³ñÍÇù 8. §Ðñ³å³ñ³Ï¦ ûñ³Ã»ñÃÇ ¹»Ù ÷³ëï³µ³Ý ². ¶ñÇ·áñÛ³ÝÇ Ñ³ÛóÇ ÑÇÙ³Ý íñ³ Î»ÝïñáÝ ¨ Üáñù-Ø³ñ³ß í³ñã³Ï³Ý ßñç³ÝÝ»ñÇ ÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ Çñ³í³ëáõÃÛ³Ý ³é³çÇÝ ³ïÛ³ÝÇ ¹³ï³ñ³ÝÇ Ï³Û³óñ³Í í×éÇ í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É.................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3

Î³ñÍÇù 9. ÄáõéÝ³ÉÇëïÝ»ñÇ §²ëå³ñ»½¦ ³ÏáõÙµÇ ËáñÑñ¹Ç Ý³Ë³·³Ñ È. ´³ñë»ÕÛ³ÝÇ ¹»Ù §ØÇÝ³ë ²í»ïÇëÛ³Ý¦ Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ µ³ñ»·áñÍ³Ï³Ý ÑÇÙÝ³¹ñ³ÙÇ Ñá·³µ³ñÓáõÝ»ñÇ ËáñÑñ¹Ç Ý³Ë³·³Ñ ². ²í»ïÇëÛ³ÝÇ ¹³ï³Ï³Ý Ñ³ÛóÇ í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É.................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7

Î³ñÍÇù 10. Â³ÃáõÉ Ø³Ý³ë»ñÛ³ÝÝ ÁÝ¹¹»Ù §êÏÇ½µ Ø»¹Ç³ Î»ÝïñáÝ¦ êäÀ ·áñÍáí ÐÐ í×é³µ»Ï ¹³ï³ñ³ÝÇ áñáßÙ³Ý í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 0 4

Î³ñÍÇù 11. ¶. Ð³Ûñ³å»ïÛ³ÝÝ ÁÝ¹¹»Ù §ØáõÉïÇ Ø»¹Ç³ Î»ÝïñáÝ ÂÇíÇ ö´À¦ ·áñÍáí ¹³ï³ñ³ÝÇ áñáßÙ³Ý í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3

Î³ñÍÇù 12. §êÏÇ½µ Ø»¹Ç³ Î»ÝïñáÝ¦ êäÀ-Ç ¹»Ù §¶É»Ý¹»É ÐÇÉ½¦ ö´À-Ç Ñ³ÛóÇ ÑÇÙ³Ý íñ³ ¹³ï³Ï³Ý ·áñÍÇ í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6

Î³ñÍÇù 13. §Ø»¹Ç³ ÎáÝë³Éï¦ êäÀ-Ç ¹»Ù Øáõñ³¹ ²ëñÛ³ÝÇ ¹³ï³Ï³Ý Ñ³ÛóÇ í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3

Ð³Ûï³ñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝ 14. §Ð³Û³ëï³ÝÇ ³í»ï³ñ³Ý³Ï³Ý Ñ³í³ïùÇ ùñÇëïáÝÛ³Ý»ñÇ §ÎÛ³ÝùÇ Êáëù¦ »Ï»Õ»óÇ¦ ÏñáÝ³Ï³Ý Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛ³Ý Õ»Ï³í³ñ ²ñÃáõñ êÇÙáÝÛ³ÝÝ ÁÝ¹¹»Ù §Æñ³íáõÝù Ñ»ï³ùÝÝáõÃÛáõÝ¦ ¨ §²ñ·áõÙ»ÝïÇ Ý»¹»ÉÇ í ²ñÙ»ÝÇÇ¦ ß³µ³Ã³Ã»ñÃ»ñÇ ¹³ï³Ï³Ý ·áñÍáí ¹³ï³ñ³ÝÇ Ï³Û³óñ³Í í×éÇ í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2

Î³ñÍÇù 15. §ºñ¨³ÝÇ å»ï³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Éë³ñ³Ý¦ å»ï³Ï³Ý áã ³é¨ïñ³ÛÇÝ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¨ ². ¶³µáõ½Û³ÝÝ ÁÝ¹¹»Ù §´³Ý³Ó¨¦ êäÀ-Ç ¨ êÇñ»Ï³Ý ºÕÇ³½³ñÛ³ÝÇ ¹³ï³Ï³Ý ·áñÍÇ í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4

Î³ñÍÇù 16. §Ø»Ï ²½·¦ Ïáõë³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ¹»Ù ¸³ÝÇ»É Æá³ÝÝÇëÛ³ÝÇ, ´³Û³Ý¹áõñ äáÕáëÛ³ÝÇ ¨ Ð³ëÙÇÏ êÇÙáÝÛ³ÝÇ ÏáÕÙÇó Ý»ñÏ³Û³óí³Í Ñ³ÛóÇ ÑÇÙ³Ý íñ³ ¹³ï³ñ³ÝÇ Ï³Û³óñ³Í í×éÇ í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 8

Î³ñÍÇù 17. Ð³ÛÏ ´³µáõË³ÝÛ³ÝÇ ¨ §Æñ³íáõÝù Ø»¹Ç³¦ êäÀ-Ç ÏáÕÙÇó ÁÝ¹¹»Ù §ÊÙµ³·Çñ¦ êäÀ-Ç ¨ Éñ³·ñáÕ ¾. ²Ý¹ñ»³ëÛ³ÝÇ` å³ïíÇ, ³ñÅ³Ý³å³ïíáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ ·áñÍ³ñ³ñ Ñ³Ùµ³íÇ å³ßïå³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý å³Ñ³ÝçÇ ÑÇÙùáí ¹³ï³í³ñáõÃÛ³Ý í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 2

Î³ñÍÇù 18. §Æç¨³Ý ëïáõ¹Ç³¦ êäÀ-Ç ¨ Éñ³·ñáÕ Ü³Çñ³ Ê³ãÇÏÛ³ÝÇ ¹»Ù §Æç¨³ÝÇ ÖÞÞ¦ ö´À -Ç Ñ³ÛóÇ ÑÇÙ³Ý íñ³ ¹³ï³Ï³Ý ·áñÍÇ í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 6

Î³ñÍÇù 19. §ÊÙµ³·Çñ¦ êäÀ-Ç, ¾¹ÇÏ ²Ý¹ñ»³ëÛ³ÝÇ ¨ ²µ»É ØÇù³Û»ÉÛ³ÝÇ ¹»Ù Ð³ÛÏ ´³µáõË³ÝÛ³ÝÇ ¹³ï³Ï³Ý Ñ³ÛóÇ í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É. . . . . . . . . 1 1 3 5

²é³ç³µ³Ý

2010 Ãí³Ï³ÝÇ Ù³ÛÇëÇÝ ëï»ÕÍí»ó î»Õ»Ï³ïí³Ï³Ý í»×»ñÇ ËáñÑáõñ¹Á áñå»ë ³ñï³¹³ï³Ï³Ý Ù³ñÙÇÝª Ýå³ï³Ï áõÝ»Ý³Éáí Ñ³í³ë³ñ³ÏßéáõÃÛáõÝ ë³ÑÙ³Ý»É ÙÇ ÏáÕÙÇóª ËáëùÇ ¨ ï»Õ»- Ï³ïíáõÃÛ³Ý ³½³ïáõÃÛ³Ý Çñ³íáõÝùÝ»ñÇ ¨ ÙÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇóª Ù³ñ¹áõ ³ñ- Å³Ý³å³ïíáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ ³ÝÓÝ³Ï³Ý ÏÛ³ÝùÇ ·³ÕïÝÇáõÃÛ³Ý ÙÇç¨: î»Õ»- Ï³ïí³Ï³Ý í»×»ñÇ ËáñÑñ¹Ç (³ÛëáõÑ»ïª îìÊ) ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ å³ßïå³Ý»É ËáëùÇ ³½³ïáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ï»Õ»Ï³ïíáõÃÛ³Ý Ù³ïã»ÉÇáõÃÛáõ- ÝÁ, ÇÝãå»ë Ý³¨ ³ÝÓÇ ³ñÅ³Ý³å³ïíáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¨ Ù³ëÝ³íáñ ÏÛ³ÝùÇ Çñ³íáõÝùÁª ³Û¹ Çñ³íáõÝùÝ»ñÇ Çñ³óÙ³Ý ÁÝÃ³óùáõÙ Í³·áÕ ¹³ï³Ï³Ý í»×»ñÇ ¹»åù»ñáõÙ »½ñ³Ï³óáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ Ï³Ù Ñ³Ûï³ñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ Ññ³å³ñ³Ï»Éáí, áñáÝù ÑÇÙÝí³Í »Ý ÐÐ ûñ»Ýë¹ñáõÃÛ³Ý, ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ Çñ³í³Ï³Ý ³Ïï»ñÇ ¨ ¿ÃÇÏ³ÛÇ ÝáñÙ»ñÇ íñ³:

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ÄáÕáí³ÍáõÝ Ï³½Ù»É ¿ §ÆÝýáñÙ³óÇ³ÛÇ ³½³ïáõÃÛ³Ý Ï»ÝïñáÝ¦ ÐÎ-Ý º²ÐÎ ºñ¨³ÝÇ ·ñ³ë»ÝÛ³ÏÇ ³ç³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ùµ: 6

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²ñï³Ñ³Ûïí»Éáõ ³½³ïáõÃÛ³Ý Çñ³íáõÝùÇ Ë³ËïáõÙÝ»ñÇ í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É ·áñÍ»ñáí ºí- ñáå³Ï³Ý ¹³ï³ñ³ÝÁ ï³ñ³Ýç³ïáõÙ ¿ Ï³ï³ñáõÙ ÷³ëï»ñÇ ¨ ·Ý³Ñ³ïáÕ³Ï³Ý ¹³ïáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ª Ñ³Ù³ñ»Éáí, áñ »Ã» ÷³ëï»ñÇ ³éÏ³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ï³ñ»ÉÇ ¿ ³å³óáõó»É, ³å³ ·Ý³Ñ³ïáÕ³Ï³Ý ¹³ïáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ³å³óáõó»ÉÇ ã»Ý. ·Ý³Ñ³ïá- Õ³Ï³Ý ¹³ïáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ³å³óáõóáõÙÝ ³ÝÑÝ³ñÇÝ ¿, ù³ÝÇ áñ ¹ñ³Ýù í»ñ³µ»ñáõÙ »Ý Ñ³Ùá½ÙáõÝùÝ»ñÇ, Ý³Ë³å³ïíáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ áÉáñïÇÝ: ØÇ¨ÝáõÛÝ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï, ØÆº¸-Á Ýß»É ¿, áñ ·Ý³Ñ³ïáÕ³Ï³Ý ¹³ïáÕáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ ¹ñ³ ÷³ëï³Ï³Ý ÑÇÙùÇ ÙÇç¨ Ï³åÇ ³ÝÑ- ñ³Å»ßïáõÃÛáõÝÁ ï³ñµ»ñ ¿ª Ï³Ëí³Í ÏáÝÏñ»ï ·áñÍÇ Ñ³Ý·³Ù³ÝùÝ»ñÇó: Ø³ïÝ³Ýßí³Í ³ñï³Ñ³ÛïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ áõëáõÙÝ³ëÇñáõÃÛáõÝÁ íÏ³ÛáõÙ ¿ ³ÛÝ Ù³ëÇÝ, áñ ¹ñ³Ýù Ñá¹í³ÍÇ Ñ»ÕÇÝ³ÏÇ ÏáÕÙÇó ³ñí³Í ·Ý³Ñ³ïáÕ³Ï³Ý ¹³ïáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ »Ý: àñå»ë ³Û¹åÇëÇùª ¹ñ³Ýù ½áõñÏ ã»Ý áñáß³ÏÇ ÷³ëï³Ï³Ý ÑÇÙùÇó, ³ÛÝ ¿ª è. øá- ã³ñÛ³ÝÇ ÏáÕÙÇó ï³ñµ»ñ Å³Ù³Ý³ÏÝ»ñáõÙ ³ñí³Í Ñ³Ûï³ñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇó ¨ Ñ³Ý- ñ³ÛÇÝ ïÇñáõÛÃáõÙ ßñç³Ý³éíáÕ Éáõñ»ñÇó, Ï³ñÍÇùÝ»ñÇó ¨ ³ë»Ïáë»Ý»ñÇó: ØÆº¸-Á Ý³¨ ë³ÑÙ³Ý»É ¿, áñ §Ñ³Ýñ³ÛÇÝ ÑëÏáÕ ß³Ý¦ Çñ»Ýó ¹»ñÁ Ï³ï³ñ»ÉÇëª Éñ³ïí³ÙÇ- çáóÝ»ñÇ Éáõë³µ³ÝáõÙÁ §å³ïÙáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ¦ Ï³Ù §³ë»Ïáë»Ý»ñÇ¦ Ï³Ù §Ñ³Ýñ³ÛÇÝ Ï³ñÍÇùÇ¦ ÉáõÛëÇ Ý»ñùá å»ïù ¿ å³ßïå³ÝíÇ, »Ã» ³ÛÝ ÉÇáíÇÝ ³ÝÑÇÙÝ ã¿: 5.1.1

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1.13. ¸³ï³ñ³ÝÁ Ù»ñÅ»É ¿ ÙÇçÝáñ¹áõÃÛáõÝÁ: ÜáõÛÝ ûñÁ í»ñ³ùÝÝÇã ¹³ï³ñ³ÝÝ ³í³ñï»É ¿ ¹³ï³ùÝÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ÐÐ í»ñ³ùÝÝÇã ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý ¹³ï³ñ³ÝÁ (³Û- ëáõÑ»ïª í»ñ³ùÝÝÇã ¹³ï³ñ³Ý) 09.06.2011Ã. ùÝÝ»Éáí í»ñáÝßÛ³É í×éÇ ¹»Ù å³ï³ë- Ë³ÝáÕÇ ÏáÕÙÇó µ»ñí³Í í»ñ³ùÝÝÇã µáÕáùÁ` áñáß»É ¿ í»ñ³ùÝÝÇã µáÕáùÁ Ù»ñÅ»É: ºñ¨³Ý ù³Õ³ùÇ Î»ÝïñáÝ ¨ Üáñù-Ø³ñ³ß í³ñã³Ï³Ý ßñç³ÝÝ»ñÇ ÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ Çñ³- í³ëáõÃÛ³Ý ¹³ï³ñ³ÝÇ 07.02.2011Ã. ÃÇí ºÎ¸ 2347/02/10 í×ÇéÁ ÃáÕÝ»É ³Ý÷á÷áË` ûñÇÝ³Ï³Ý áõÅÇ Ù»ç: ¸³ï³Ï³Ý ÝÇëïÇ ³í³ñïÇó »ñÏáõ Å³Ù ³Ýó §²ñÃÇÏ¦ øÎÐ-Çó ³½³ï ¿ ³ñÓ³Ïí»É å³ï³ëË³ÝáÕ Éñ³ïí³ÙÇçáóÇ ·ÉË³íáñ ËÙµ³·ÇñÁ: 1.14. ì»ñ³ùÝÝÇã ¹³ï³ñ³ÝÇ áñáßáõÙÁ µáÕáù³ñÏí»É ¿ í×é³µ»ÏáõÃÛ³Ý Ï³ñ·áí: ÐÐ í×é³µ»Ï ¹³ï³ñ³ÝÁ µáÕáùÁ »ï ¿ í»ñ³¹³ñÓñ»É:

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ö³ëï³Ï³Ý ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñ ¨ ·Ý³Ñ³ïáÕ³Ï³Ý ¹³ïáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ 4.5. Ø³ñ¹áõ Çñ³íáõÝùÝ»ñÇ »íñáå³Ï³Ý ¹³ï³ñ³ÝÇ ÏáÕÙÇó Ñ³ÛóíáñÇ ÏáÕÙÇó íÇ- ×³ñÏíáÕ ³ñï³Ñ³ÛïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ³å³óáõóÙ³Ý í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É Ùß³Ïí³Í ÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ Ùáï»óáõÙÁ Ñ»ï¨Û³ÉÝ ¿. »Ã» ÷³ëï»ñÇ ³éÏ³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ï³ñ»ÉÇ ¿ ³å³óáõó»É, ³å³ ·Ý³Ñ³ïáÕ³Ï³Ý ¹³ïáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ ³å³óáõó»ÉÇ ã»Ý: ¶Ý³Ñ³ïáÕ³Ï³Ý ¹³ïá- ÕáõÃÛ³Ý ×ßÙ³ñï³óÇáõÃÛ³Ý ³å³óáõóÙ³Ý å³Ñ³ÝçÁ ³ÝÑÝ³ñ ¿ Ï³ï³ñ»É ¨ Ë³Ë- ïáõÙ ¿ Ï³ñÍÇùÇ ³½³ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ ÇÝùÝÇÝ, áñÁ 10-ñ¹ Ñá¹í³Íáí ë³ÑÙ³Ýí³Í Çñ³- íáõÝùÇ ÑÇÙÝ³ñ³ñ Ù³ëÝ ¿: ºñµ ³ñí³Í Ñ³Ûï³ñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ñ³Ý¹Çë³ÝáõÙ ¿ ·Ý³Ñ³- ïáÕ³Ï³Ý ¹³ïáÕáõÃÛáõÝ, ÙÇç³ÙïáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ã³÷áõÃÛáõÝÁ Ï³Ëí³Í ÏÉÇÝÇ Ýñ³- ÝÇó, Ã» ³ñ¹Ûáù ³éÏ³ »Ý µ³í³ñ³ñ ÷³ëï³Ï³Ý ÑÇÙù»ñ íÇ×³ñÏíáÕ ³ñï³Ñ³Ûïáõ- ÃÛ³Ý Ï³ï³ñÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ, ù³ÝÇ áñ ÝáõÛÝÇëÏ ·Ý³Ñ³ïáÕ³Ï³Ý ¹³ïáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³é³Ýó ³ÛÝ å³ßïå³ÝáÕ áñ¨¿ ÷³ëï³Ï³Ý ÑÇÙùÇ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ ÉÇÝ»É ã³÷³½³Ýó: ²Û¹ ÷³ëï³Ï³Ý ÑÇÙù»ñÇ ¨ ¹³ïáÕáõÃÛ³Ý ÙÇç¨ Ï³åÇ ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßïáõÃÛáõÝÁ ï³ñµ»ñ ¿` Ï³Ëí³Í ÏáÝÏñ»ï ·áñÍÇ Ñ³Ý·³Ù³ÝùÝ»ñÇó: àñù³Ý ³í»ÉÇ Éáõñç ¿ íÇ×³ñÏíáÕ Ñ³Ûï³ñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ³ÛÝù³Ý ³í»ÉÇ ³Ùáõñ å»ïù ¿ ÉÇÝ»Ý ¹ñ³ ÷³ëï³Ï³Ý ÑÇÙù»ñÁ: 4.6. ìÇ×³ñÏíáÕ Ñá¹í³Íáí Ý»ñÏ³Û³óí³Í ï»Õ»Ï³ïíáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ áñ³Ïí»É áñ- å»ë ÷³ëï³Ï³Ý ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ ß³ñ³¹ñ³Ýù (statement of fact)` Ñá¹í³ÍáõÙ ÑÇß³ï³Ï- í³Í å³ßïáÝÛ³Ý»ñÇ éáõë³Ï³Ý ÏñÇÙÇÝ³É ËÙµ³íáñáõÙÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ï³å»ñ áõÝ»Ý³Éáõ ¨ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ¸³ßÝáõÃÛáõÝáõÙ ùÝÝíáÕ áñáß ùñ»³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýó³·áñÍáõÃÛáõÝÝ»- ñÇÝ/·áñÍ»ñÇÝ ³éÝãáõÃÛáõÝ áõÝ»Ý³Éáõ Ù³ëáí: ÀÝ¹ áñáõÙ, Ñ³Ýó³·áñÍáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ù³ëÇÝ Ëáë»ÉÇë Ñá¹í³ÍÇ Ñ»ÕÇÝ³ÏÁ ÑÕáõÙ ¿ Ï³ï³ñáõÙ §ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³ÝáõÙ Ý³ñÏáÃñ³- ýÇùÇÝ·Ç, Ãñ³ýÇùÇÝ·Ç ¨ ÷áÕ»ñÇ Éí³óÙ³Ý ·áñÍ»ñÇÝ¦: ²Ûë ï»Õ»ÏáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ áõ ³ñï³Ñ³ÛïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Ï³ñáÕ »Ý ¹Çïí»É áñå»ë Ñá¹í³ÍáõÙ ÑÇß³ï³Ïí³Í ³Ý- Ó³Ýó å³ïÇíÝ áõ ³ñÅ³Ý³å³ïíáõÃÛáõÝÁ ³ñ³ï³íáñáÕ: ÜÙ³Ý »½ñ³Ñ³Ý·Ù³Ý Ñ³- Ù³ñ ÑÇÙù ¿ Ñ³Ý¹Çë³ÝáõÙ Ñá¹í³ÍÇ ³ÙµáÕç³Ï³Ý µáí³Ý¹³ÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¨ Ñ³Ù³ï»ùë- ïÁ, ÇÝãå»ë Ý³¨ ³ÛÝ ÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ ïå³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÁ, áñÝ ³ÛÝ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ ³é³ç³óÝ»É ÁÝ- Ã»ñóáÕÇ Ùáï: 4.7. ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó Ñá¹í³ÍÁ ß³ñ³¹ñí³Í ¿ ÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ Ó¨³Ï»ñåáõÙÝ»ñáí` Ñ³Ù³- å³ï³ëË³Ý ³ÝÓ³Ýó §ùñ»³Ï³Ý ·áñÍ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ³éÝãáõÃÛáõÝ áõÝ»Ý³Éáõ¦, §éáõë³- Ï³Ý ÏñÇÙÇÝ³É ËÙµ³íáñáõÙÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ï³å»ñ áõÝ»Ý³Éáõ¦ ³ñï³Ñ³ÛïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ û·ï³·áñÍ»Éáõ ÙÇçáóáí: ²ÝÑñ³Å»ßï ¿ Ñ³ßíÇ ³éÝ»É Ý³¨ ³ÛÝ Ñ³Ý·³Ù³ÝùÁ, áñ Ñá¹í³ÍÇ Ñ»ÕÇÝ³ÏÁ Ëáõë³÷»É ¿ Ñ³Ýó³·áñÍáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ï³ï³ñÙ³ÝÁ §Ù³ëÝ³Ï- óáõÃÛáõÝ¦ ³ñï³Ñ³ÛïáõÃÛ³Ý û·ï³·áñÍáõÙÇó, áñÁ Ï»ÝÃ³¹ñ»ñ Ñ³Ù³å³ï³ëË³Ý Ñ³Ýó³·áñÍáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ï³ï³ñÙ³Ý Ù»ç ÑÇß³ï³Ïí³Í å³ßïáÝ³ï³ñ ³ÝÓ³Ýó áõÕÕ³ÏÇ Ù»Õ³¹ñ³ÝùÇ ³é³ç³¹ñáõÙ: 4.8. ²ÛÝáõ³Ù»Ý³ÛÝÇí, Ñá¹í³ÍáõÙ ÑÇß³ï³Ïí³Í ùñ»³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýó³·áñÍáõÃÛáõÝÝ»- ñÇÝ ³éÝãáõÃÛáõÝ áõÝ»Ý³Éáõ ¨ éáõë³Ï³Ý ÏñÇÙÇÝ³É ËÙµ³íáñáõÙÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ï³å»ñ áõ- Ý»Ý³Éáõ í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É åÝ¹áõÙÁ ÇÝùÝÇÝ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ ¹Çï³ñÏí»É áñå»ë ³ÝÓÇ å³ïÇíÝ áõ ³ñÅ³Ý³å³ïíáõÃÛáõÝÁ ³ñ³ï³íáñáÕ: §´³ñ»ËÇÕ× Ñ³Ûï³ñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝ¦ (fair comment) å³ßïå³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ 4.9. ä³ï³ëË³ÝáÕ Éñ³ïí³ÙÇçáóÇ ÏáÕÙÇó µ³ñ»ËÕ×áñ»Ý ·áñÍ»Éáõ ¨ ÷³ëï»ñÇ í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É Ñ³Ûï³ñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ëïáõ·»Éáõ ÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ Éñ³·ñáÕ³Ï³Ý å³ñï³- 40

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ÃÛ³Ý Ñ»ï, Ù³ëÝ³íáñ³å»ë, ÷áñÓ ¿ ³ñí»É ëï»ÕÍ»É ïå³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ, Ã» ÏñáÝ³- Ï³Ý Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¨ Ýñ³ Õ»Ï³í³ñÁ ç³ï³·áíáõÙ »Ý ³Ý³é³Ï³µ³ñá ³åñ»É³Ï»ñå ¨ í³ñù³·ÇÍ, z Éáõë³ÝÏ³ñáõÙ å³ïÏ»ñí³Í §²Õ³Ý¹³³í»ï³ñ³Ý Áëï ²ñÃáõñ êÇÙáÝÛ³ÝÇ¦ ³ñ- ï³Ñ³ÛïáõÃÛáõÝÁ, z §³Õ³Ý¹¦ µ³éÇ Ñ³ëó»³·ñáõÙÁ ÏñáÝ³Ï³Ý Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛ³ÝÁ Ñá¹í³ÍÝ»ñÇ ï³ñµ»ñ Ù³ë»ñáõÙ: Î³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÁ åÝ¹áõÙ ¿, áñ §ÎÛ³ÝùÇ Ëáëù¦ ÏñáÝ³- Ï³Ý Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÁ ³Õ³Ý¹ ã¿, ³ÛÉ ×ßÙ³ñÇï ùñÇëïáÝ»³Ï³Ý ¹³í³Ýáõ- ÃÛáõÝ ù³ñá½áÕ, ûñ»Ýùáí ë³ÑÙ³Ýí³Í Ï³ñ·áí ·ñ³Ýóí³Í ÏñáÝ³Ï³Ý Ï³½Ù³- Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝ, z §²Õ³Ý¹³Ë³éÝ åáéÝáÉáõë³ÝÏ³ñÝ»ñÇ Ã»Ù³Ý §Í³ÕÏ»ó¦ Ù³ÝÏ³åÕÍáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»- Õ³¹ñ³Ýùáí¦ í»ñÝ³·ÇñÁ, ù³ÝÇ áñ ÁÝÃ»ñóáÕÝ»ñÇ Ùáï ïå³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ ëï»ÕÍíáõÙ, Ã» ÏñáÝ³Ï³Ý Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÁ ù³ñá½áõÙ ¿ åáéÝá·ñ³ýÇ³ ¨ Ñáí³Ý³íáñáõÙ ¿ åáéÝá·ñ³ýÇÏ ÝÛáõÃ»ñÇ ï³ñ³ÍÙ³ÝÁ, Ù³ÝÏ³åÕÍáõÃÛ³Ý Ññ³ÑñÙ³ÝÁ áõ Ñáí³Ý³íáñãáõÃÛ³ÝÁ, z §³Õ³Ý¹³íáñ-ï³Õ³Ý¹³íáñ ¹»ñ³ë³ÝáõÑÇ¦ Ñ»·Ý³Ï³Ý ³ñï³Ñ³ÛïáõÃÛáõÝÁ, z §Ñ³Ù³ó³ÝóÇ É»½íáí ³ë³Íª ³Ûë Ã»Ù³Ý áõÝÇ §Ã»·»ñÇ¦…³Ñ³íáñ Ñ³Ù³Ïóáõ- ÃÛáõÝª §³Õ³Ý¹, ÇÝó»ëïÇ ¨ Ù³ÝÏ³åÕÍáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»Õ³¹ñ³Ýù…¦ ³ñï³Ñ³ÛïáõÃÛáõ- ÝÁ, ù³ÝÇ áñ ³ÏÝ³ñÏíáõÙ ¿, Ã» Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ñáí³Ý³íáñáõÙ ¿ ùñ»áñ»Ý ³ñ·»Éí³Í ³ñ³ñùÝ»ñ ÇÝãåÇëÇÝ ¿ Ù³ÝÏ³åÕÍáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ½ñå³ñïáÕ »Ý.

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idc@gmail.com http://www.foi.am/hy/IDC/ 121 INFORMATION DISPUTES COUNCIL

collection of opinions

Yerevan 2012 2

Developed by: Shushan Doydoyan Ara Ghazaryan Gevorg Hayrapetyan

This publication is made possible by the support of the OSCE Office in Yerevan. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the Information Disputes Council and Freedom of Information Center of Armenia, and do not necessarily reflect the views of OSCE Office in Yerevan.

Contents FOREWORD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Thematic Categories of IDC Decisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Opinion 1. On the Court Case Filed by the RA Second President Robert Kocharyan vs. "Hraparak" Daily. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Opinion 2. On the Court Case Filed by the Member of Parliament of the RA Tigran Arzaqantsyan vs. "Erkir" Daily. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0

Opinion 3. On the Court Case Filed by the Member of the RA Parliament Tigran Arzaqantsyan vs. "Iravunk" Newspaper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2

Opinion 4. On the Court Case Filed for the Article "Seven out of Eight are in the List" Published in "Haykakan Zhamanak” Daily. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3

Opinion 5. On the Article "Know the Pharaoh" Published in the "Chorrord Inqnishkhanutyun" Newspaper and its Website. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........16

Opinion 6. On the Court Case Filed by Citizen Gurgen Aghajanyan vs. "Zhoghovurd" ("People") Daily. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9

Opinion 7. On the Lawsuit Filed by the Religious Organization "Word of Life" and the Head of Organization Arthur Simonyan vs. "Iravunk Hetaqnnutyun" and “Argumenti Nedeli v Armenii" Periodicals. . . . . . . . . . . ......21

Opinion 8. On the Court Case Filed by Attorney A. Grigoryan vs. "Hraparak" daily. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3

Opinion 9. On the Lawsuit Filed by Arman Avetisyan vs Levon Barseghyan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6

Opinion 10. On the Verdict of the RA Court of Cassation on the Case Tatul Manaseryan vs "Skizb Media Kentron" LLC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8

Opinion 11. On the Verdict by the First Instance Court on the Case of Gevorg Hayrapetyan vs. "Multi Media Kentron TV” CJSC. . . . . . . . . . . ........30

Opinion 12. On the Court Case Based on the Lawsuit against "Skizb Media Kentron" LLC Filed by "Glendale Hills" CJSC. . . . . . . . . . . . . ................33 4

Opinion 13. On Murad Asryan vs "Media Consult" Ltd. Court Case. . . . . . . . . 3 9

Opinion 14. On the Verdict on the Case of "Word of Life" and the Head of Organisation Arthur Simonyan vs. "Iravunk Hetaqnnutyun" and "Argumenti Nedeli v Armenii" Weeklies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 7

Opinion 15. On the Court Case "Yerevan State University" State Non- Commercial Organization and Ara Gabuzyan vs "Banadzev" LTD and Sirekan Yeghiazaryan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 9 Opinion 16. On the Court Case Filed by Daniel Ioannisyan, Bayandur Poghosyan and Hasmik Simonyan vs "Mek Azg" Party. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2 Opinion 17. On the Court Case filed by Hayk Babukhanyan and "Iravunk Media" LTD vs "Khmbagir" LTD and Journalist Edik Andreasyan...... . . . . . . . . 5 5 Opinion 18. On the Court Case Filed by "Ijevan Road Construction Enterprise" CJSC vs. "Ijevan Studio" Ltd and journalist Naira Khachikyan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 8 Opinion 19. On the Court Case Filed by Hayk Babukhanyan vs "Khmbagir" Ltd. (report.am), Edik Andreasyan and Abel Mikayelyan. . . . . . . . . 6 2 5

For eword

T he Information Disputes Council was created in May 2010 as an extra-judicial body with an aim to strike a balance between the rights to free expression and information from the one hand and the right to protecting honour, dignity and secrecy of private life from the other. The main objective of the Information Disputes Council (here- inafter - IDC) is to protect freedom of expression, access to information, as well as the right to protecting honour and dignity and the right to per- sonal life, by publishing opinions or statements in cases when judicial disputes occur while exercising these rights, in line with Armenian legis- lation, international legal acts and ethical norms. Since its establishment till October 2012 the Council has published 19 opinions concerning court cases filed against the media. This Collection comprises all opinions published during 2011-2012, i.e. presents the result of the IDC's one year activity. With a view to increasing the effectiveness of the Collection and making it more user-friendly, all opinions have been presented in thematic cate- gories, such as: definitions of defamation and insult; public interest; polit- ical figures; facts and value judgments; sources of information; hate speech; journalistic ethics, etc. We believe the Collection will be a use- ful reference for judges, media representatives, lawyers and other inter- ested stakeholders. The Collection has been compiled by the Freedom of Information Center NGO, with the assistance of the OSCE Office in Yerevan. 6

Thematic Categories of IDC Decisions

1. Definitions of insult and defamation z Tatul Manaseryan vs "Skizb Media Kentron" Ltd. z Daniel Ioannisyan, Bayandur Poghosyan and Hasmik Simonyan vs "Mek Azg" Party

2. Public Interest z "Glendale Hills" CJSC vs "Skizb Media Kentron" Ltd. z Tigran Arzaqantsyan vs "Yerkir" Editorial House Ltd. z Tigran Arzaqantsyan vs "Iravunq Media" Ltd. z Robert Kocharyan vs "Hraparak daily" Ltd. z Ruben Hayrapetyan, Levon Sargsyan and Samvel Alexanyan vs "Dareskizb" Ltd. z "Ijevan RCE" CJSC vs "Ijevan Studio" Ltd. and journalist Naira Khachikyan

3. Political Figures z Tigran Arzaqantsyan vs "Yerkir" Editorial House Ltd. z Tigran Arzaqantsyan vs "Iravunq Media" Ltd. z Robert Kocharyan vs "Hraparak daily" Ltd. z Ruben Hayrapetyan, Levon Sargsyan and Samvel Alexanyan vs "Dareskizb" Ltd.

4. Facts and value judgments z Tigran Arzaqantsyan vs "Yerkir" Editorial House Ltd. z Robert Kocharyan vs "Hraparak Daily" Ltd. z Ruben Hayrapetyan, Levon Sargsyan and Samvel Alexanyan vs "Dareskizb" Ltd. z "Ijevan RCE" CJSC vs "Ijevan Studio" Ltd. and journalist Naira Khachikyan

5. Public Statement z Tatul Manaseryan vs "Skizb Media Kentron" Ltd. z Daniel Ioannisyan, Bayandur Poghosyan and Hasmik Simonyan vs "Mek Azg" Party

6. Source of Information

z Tatul Manaseryan vs "Skizb Media Kentron" Ltd. z Ruben Hayrapetyan, Levon Sargsyan and Samvel Alexanyan vs "Dareskizb" Ltd.

7. Humour and satirical style, cartoons z Tigran Arzaqantsyan vs "Yerkir" Editorial House Ltd. 7

z Paravon Mirzoyan vs "Koghmnaki andzants M" Ltd. and Sergey Gevorg Gasparyan z "Word of Life" religious organization vs "Iravunk Hetaqnnutyun" and "Argumenti Nedeli v Armenii" weeklies

8. Hate Speech z "Word of Life" religious organization vs "Iravunk Hetaqnnutyun" and "Argumenti Nedeli v Armenii" weeklies z Statement of the IDC on the above-mentioned case

9. The fair comment protection z Ruben Hayrapetyan, Levon Sargsyan and Samvel Alexanyan vs "Dareskizb" Ltd. z Paravon Mirzoyan vs "Koghmnaki andzants M" Ltd. and Sergey Gevorg Gasparyan z "Word of Life" religious organization vs "Iravunk Hetaqnnutyun" and "Argumenti Nedeli v Armenii" weeklies z Gevorg Hayrapetyan vs "Multi Media Kentron TV" CJSC

10. Refutation z Tigran Arzaqantsyan vs "Yerkir" Editorial House Ltd. z Gourgen Aghajanyan vs "Zhoghovurd" editorial house Ltd. z "Glendale Hills" CJSC vs "Skizb Media Kentron" Ltd. z "Yerevan State University" State Non-Commercial Organization and Ara Gabuzyan vs "Banadzev" Ltd. and Sirekan Yeghiazaryan z "Ijevan RCE" CJSC vs "Ijevan Studio" Ltd. and journalist Naira Khachikyan z Hayk Babukhanyan vs "Khmbagir" LTD and Journalists Edik Andreasyan and Abel Mikayelyan

11. Possibility for Response z Gourgen Aghajanyan vs "Zhoghovurd" Newspaper Editorial House Ltd. z "Glendale Hills" CJSC vs "Skizb Media Kentron" Ltd. z "Ijevan RCE" CJSC vs "Ijevan Studio" Ltd. and journalist Naira Khachikyan

12. Terms of Limitation of Court Actions z Chairman of the Board of Trustees of "Minas Avetisyan" Cultural Charitable Fund Arman Avetisyan vs Levon Barseghyan z Hayk Babukhanyan and "Iravunk Media" Ltd. vs "Khmbagir" Ltd. z Tatul Manaseryan vs "Skizb Media Kentron" Ltd. 8

13. Journalistic Ethics z Gourgen Aghajanyan vs "Zhoghovurd" Newspaper Editorial House Ltd. z Gevorg Hayrapetyan vs "Multi Media Kentron TV" CJSC z "Glendale Hills" CJSC vs "Skizb Media Kentron" Ltd. z Murad Asryan vs "Media Consult" Ltd. z "Yerevan State University" State Non-Commercial Organization and Ara Gabuzyan vs "Banadzev" Ltd. and Sirekan Yeghiazaryan

14. Internet and Social Networks z Arthur Grigoryan vs "Hraparak Daily" Ltd. z Murad Asryan vs "Media Consult" Ltd. z Daniel Ioannisyan, Bayandur Poghosyan and Hasmik Simonyan vs "Mek Azg" Party z Hayk Babukhanyan vs "Khmbagir" LTD and Journalists Edik Andreasyan and Abel Mikayelyan

15. Disproportional compensation claims z Tigran Arzaqantsyan vs "Yerkir" Editorial House Ltd. z Ruben Hayrapetyan, Levon Sargsyan and Samvel Alexanyan vs "Dareskizb" Ltd. z Gourgen Aghajanyan vs "Zhoghovurd" Newspaper Editorial House Ltd. z "Glendale Hills" CJSC vs "Skizb Media Kentron" Ltd.

16. Presumption of Innocence

z Gevorg Hayrapetyan vs "Multi Media Kentron TV" CJSC

17. Scopes and Methods of Court Examination z Ruben Hayrapetyan, Levon Sargsyan and Samvel Alexanyan vs "Dareskizb" Ltd. z Paravon Mirzoyan vs "Koghmnaki andzants M" Ltd. and Sergey Gevorg Gasparyan z "Word of Life" religious organization vs "Iravunk Hetaqnnutyun" and "Argumenti Nedeli v Armenii" weeklies z Statement of the IDC on the case of "Word of Life" religious organization vs "Iravunk Hetaqnnutyun" and "Argumenti Nedeli v Armenii" weeklies z "Ijevan RCE" CJSC vs "Ijevan Studio" Ltd. and journalist Naira Khachikyan

18. Pre-Emptive Censorship z Hayk Babukhanyan and "Iravunk Media" LTD vs "Khmbagir" LTD and Journalist Edik Andreasyan 9

Opinion 1. On the Court Case Filed by the RA Second President Robert Kocharyan vs. "Hraparak" Daily Published on 01.06.2011

T aking into consideration that the function of the Information Disputes Council is to develop and publish expert opinions of advisory nature about disputes involving defamation and insult, on its own initiative the Council studied the disputed articles published on 12.02.2011 in #25(695), 22.02.2011 #31(671), 12.03.2011 #45(685) editions of "Hraparak" daily, and presented its opinion. Evaluating the disputed articles and the expressions cited in the claim in the context of the Armenian Constitution, demands of the Case Law of Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights and of the European Court of Human Rights, the Information Disputes Council found that the articles pub- lished in "Hraparak" daily have to do with public interests, and the statements that they contain are value judgments and not factual data. Thus, we expect the Court to use much higher criteria when assessing the need to arbitrate free- dom of expression. Meanwhile, the Council finds some of the published value judgments not to meet the standards of responsible and diligent journalism. The media outlet could have expressed the same ideas using other, less offensive expressions. Therefore, in such circumstances the need to arbitrate the freedom of expres- sion will depend on the arguments that the respondent media outlet will bring during the court hearing. Moreover, the Council finds that the compensation amount claimed by the plaintiff does not meet the proportionality requirement of the freedom of expression arbitration, it supposedly exceeds the revenues of the media outlet, as well as the compensation claimed for legal services obviously does not meet the reasonability requirement of the Armenian legislation. 10

Opinion 2. On the Court Case Filed by the Member of Parliament of the RA Tigran Arzaqantsyan vs. "Erkir" Daily Published on 27.06.2011

T aking into consideration that the function of the Information Disputes Council is to develop and publish expert opinions of advisory nature about disputes involving defamation and insult, on its own initiative the Council studied the article published on 13.01.2011 in #3/2326 edition of "Erkir" daily with the headline "131 Faces and Masks" concerning Member of the Armenian National Assembly Tigran Arzaqantsyan, and published its profes- sional conclusion. Evaluating the disputed article and the expressions cited in the claim, in the context of the demands of case law of the Armenian Constitution, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights and of the European Court of Human Rights, the Information Disputes Council found that the disputed article presents some information about the MP's biography, information about his work duties, his possessions, lifestyle and some of his hobbies. These data indeed present public interest, first of all taking into consideration the claimant's situation, the nature of his activities as an elected person and a politician, as well as the fact that he is paid from the state budget. In general, the article is written in a humorous style and colouring, which suggest an extra protection for the freedom of expression, since this style by itself suggests some exaggeration. The Information Disputes Council finds that the expressions in the article are a statement of fact, which, as such, are not void of factual bases. They are based on sufficient factual data, such as that the MP T. Arzaqantsyan's own announcements, interviews, a number of articles and data published in other media, as well as some official information. As for the disputed expression "lakot" ("puppy"), the Council found that on the one hand it contains offensive expression, on the other hand this expression was published through direct citation in quotes, which means that the expres- sion is a direct quotation of someone else's statement. However, in the Court the journalist did not name any sources for the quotation. This means that the quotation was done without a good will. 11

At the same time, the Council finds that the amount demanded by the claimant (AMD 3,000,000) does not meet the interference proportionality and necessity principles. As for the AMD 200,000 charge defined by the Court for moral damage, this amount is not relevant to the circumstances of the case, and the court could have just obliged the media outlet to publish an apologizing article.Thus, a ver- dict for the MP's rights' violation would have been a sufficient punishment. Regarding the amount charged for court expenses, in terms of this case it can be considered realistic. 12

Opinion 3. On the Court Case Filed by Member of the RA Parliament Tigran Arzaqantsyan vs. "Iravunk" newspaper Published on 21 July 2011

T aking into consideration the fact that the function of the Information Disputes Council is to develop and publish expert opinions of advisory nature about disputes involving defamation and insult, the Council, on its own initiative, has studied and published its professional conclusion on the arti- cle published in No. 13 issue of "Iravunk" newspaper on 22.02.2011, entitled "Did he lose a handsome sum?", about Member of Parliament Tigran Arzaqantsyan. By examining the article in question and the court verdict made on 24.06.2011 (by the judge R. Apinyan), entirely rejecting the application because of being unjustified in the context of the requirements of the RA Constitution, Article 10 of the European Convention of Human Rights and the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights, the Information Disputes Council finds that the court verdict is entirely built on the principle of defining a balance between colliding legitimate interests, by attaching high significance to the role of the media in a democratic society. The Court has arrived to the conclusion that the political figures in office should expect less protection of their private life since their every word or action is in the center of public attention and the public, wishing to be informed about their political leaders, exercises its right to receiving information which is a legitimate right. The Court has recognized the public right to know as prevailing over the right to privacy, in this particular case over the right to protecting reputation which, we believe is a perfectly legitimate approach. The Information Disputes Council finds that the court verdict fully corre- sponds to the relevant principles of the local and international law, and the legality of statements made in the article in question is assessed by the court in accordance with the Armenian Constitution, Article 10 of the European Court of Human Rights, Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights and Article 1087.1 of the RoA Civil Code. 13

Opinion 4. On the Court Case Filed for the Article "Seven out of Eight are in the List" Published in the 14.10.2010 N188 (2623) Issue of "Haykakan Zhamanak ("Armenian Times") Daily Published on 21 October 2011

T aking into consideration the fact that the function of the Information Disputes Council is to develop and publish expert opinions of advisory nature about disputes involving defamation and insult, on its own initia- tive the Council has studied and published its professional conclusion on the article published on 14.10.2010 in N188 (2623) issue of "Haykakan Zhamanak" ("Armenian Times") daily with the headline "Seven out of Eight are in the List", accompanied with photos of eight people, including Members of the Armenian National Assembly Ruben Hayrapetyan, Levon Sargsyan, and Samvel Aleksanyan. On 08.11.2010 the abovementioned Armenian MPs turned to the First Instance Courts of General Jurisdiction of the Center and Nork-Marash administrative districts of Yerevan. On 07.02.2011 the court passed a verdict, obliging "Dareskizb" LLC to retract the information that was considered to be damaging the reputation and dignity of claimant R. Hayrapetyan, L. Sargsyan and S. Aleksanyan, and which was published in the center of the front page of the 14.10.2010 N188 (2623) issue of "Haykakan Zhamanak" daily. Also, the refu- tation had to be published in "Haykakan Zhamanak" daily under a heading "Refutation" and within one week after the verdict's entry into legal force. The verdict also anticipated that "Dareskizb" LLC pays AMD 2,044,000 (two million forty four thousand) fine to each of the abovementioned MPs, where AMD 2,000,000 (two million) was the compensation fine, and AMD 44,000 (forty four thousand) was the amount of prepaid state fees. "Haykakan Zhamanak" daily appealed the verdict, however, the Armenian Court of Appeal denied the appeal. The verdict of the Court of Appeal was appealed in the Court of Cassation, and the Armenian Court of Cassation returned the appeal. Evaluating the disputed article and the court verdicts, in the context of the Armenian Constitution, Case Law of Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights and of the European Court of Human Rights, the Information Disputes Council concluded that at present it is a widespread principle for cases of defamation and insult to provide extra protection for media outlets and 14

journalists in some cases even when untrue and slandering announcements have been made. This principle is expressed with a number of protective con- cepts, which are: fair comment, reasonable publication, restatement of others' statements. The European Court reiterates that "Punishing a journalist for assisting in the dissemination of statements made by another person would seriously hamper the contribution of the press to the discussion of matters of public interest and should not be envisaged unless there were particularly strong reasons for doing so." The Information Disputes Council finds that based on the experience of the European Court, it is necessary to discuss whether the media outlet had rea- sonable means to check the source of information, its reliability, the facts, whether the journalist conducted necessary investigations, whether the infor- mation was disseminated in a balanced way, and whether the defamed individ- uals were given a reasonable opportunity to protect themselves. After publish- ing the article the media outlet disclosed its source, by publishing in the 02.11.2010 issue of "Haykakan Zhamanak" daily a voluminous interview with the individual (source of information) who had provided the relevant informa- tion to the media outlet. Here the source did accept the fact that it had provid- ed the information and also stated other details regarding the abovementioned publication. It is worth noticing, that the media outlet had disclosed its source already in the pre-court stage, sending a letter to the claimants. The fact that the media outlet disclosed its source proves an act of fair journal- ism, presence of trust by the media outlet towards its source, absence of actu- al malice, and that the individuals offended by the media outlet were given a reasonable opportunity to protect themselves. Another important element of the "fair comment" criterion is whether the article presents public investigation. As for the criterion whether the article was disseminated in a balanced way, the author of the article has avoided using the expression "participation" in crimes, which would suggest a direct accusation of the abovementioned officials for committing those crimes. The Council believes that the courts did not use the abovementioned criteria in passing their verdicts. Moreover, the court procedure was carried out so that the representative of the media outlet was not given the chance to present his facts and documents in order to use the abovementioned protection. All of these caused unbalanced interference in the media outlet's freedom of expression. Also, the Council does not share the conclusion of the Court of Appeal, according to which "the Respondent could avoid a punishment only if in the article it had clearly referred to another person's public speech, which had taken place before the publication, and if that reference were the word-by-word or fair reproduction of another person's public speech". 15

The Council believes that such a court conclusion has a rather limiting nature. On the other hand, as a minimum condition, it is required that the journalist suf- ficiently separates him/herself from the context of slandering or insulting state- ments. The concept of "sufficiently" is determined within the circumstances of each case, particularly, whether the journalist or the media outlet, in the frame- work of the relevant circumstances, made the least efforts to check the correct- ness of the information. Although each case is unique with its factual circum- stances, in all cases the reader has to get an impression that the statement does not belong to the media outlet, but is the reproduction of the statement of a journalistic source, hence, avoiding misleading the reader. As for the established compensation fee, the Council finds that the AMD 6,000,000 (six million) demanded by the claimants obviously does not corre- spond to the proportionality and necessary intervention principle, because the media outlet appears under a rather unproportionally heavy financial burden that endangers the media outlet's smooth operation, which is in no ways relat- ed to the claimants' fair compensation claims. In cases of proportional interven- tion, according to the approach of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), when defining the amount of compensation the inter-state courts must take into consideration the limited means of those, against whom cases of slander or insult are charged. The judicial limitations, doubtlessly, have put the accused media outlet in unequal conditions in comparison with the claimants. Thus, the Information Disputes Council announces, that in light of the above-mentioned principles, analyses and standards, the courts have made an unproportional interference in the media outlet's freedom of expression. 16

Opinion 5. On the Article "Know the Pharaoh" Published on 09.04.2011 in NO. 322 Issue of "Chorrord Inqnishkhanutyun" (The Forth Sovereignty) Newspaper and its Website Published on 28 October 2011

1. The Facts On 09.04.2011 an article titled "Know the Pharaoh" was published in the No. 322 issue of "Chorrord Inqnishkhanutyun" newspaper. The article was about director of the Armenian National Gallery Paravon Mirzoyan. Paravon Mirzoyan turned to the First Instance Courts of General Jurisdiction of the Center and Nork-Marash administrative districts of Yerevan (from here on - the Court) demanding that "Chorrord Inqnishkhanutyun" newspaper, which belongs to "Koghmnaki Andzants M" ("Outsiders’ M") LLC, retracts the informa- tion that damages his reputation, and pays the claimant AMD 3,000,000 as com- pensation for the damage caused to his honour and dignity as a result of defama- tion and insult; and AMD 360,000 - as compensation for court expenses. The Court has not yet passed a verdict. 2. The Function of the Information Disputes Council Taking into consideration the fact that the function of the Information Disputes Council is to form and publish professional conclusions of advisory nature about disputes over defamation and insult, based on the request of "Chorrord Inqnishkhanutyun" newspaper the Council has studied the case and has pub- lished its professional conclusion on the disputed article. 3. The Relevant Principles of Local and International Right According to Article 27 of the Armenian Constitution: "Everyone has a right to express his/her ideas freely… Everyone has a right to freedom of speech, including the freedom to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas, with every information means, regardless of the state frontiers. The freedom of media outlets and other means of information is guaranteed…" 17

According to Article 43 of the Armenian Constitution:

"The basic human rights and freedoms established by Article 27 of the Constitution… may only be limited by law, if it is necessary in the democrat- ic society… for the protection of others' constitutional rights and freedoms, dignity and good reputation…The limitations of the basic human rights and freedoms may not exceed the framework established by the international obligations of the Republic of Armenia." According to Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights (from here on - the Convention): "1. Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers. This arti- cle shall not prevent States from requiring the licensing of broadcasting, tel- evision or cinema enterprises. 2. The exercise of these freedoms, since it carries with it duties and respon- sibilities, may be subject to such formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic soci- ety, in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, for the protection of the reputation or the rights of others, for preventing the dis- closure of information received in confidence, or for maintaining the author- ity and impartiality of the judiciary." It follows from Article 43 of the Armenian Constitution and from part 2 of Article 10 of the Convention that freedom of expression may be limited if the interven- tion

z “is anticipated by law"; z serves at least one of the "legitimate aims" listed in the article - in this case human "dignity and good reputation" or "protection of the morals or rights", and "is necessary for the democratic society". This last condition requires that the Convention decides whether intervention subject to com- plaint derives from "urgent social needs", whether it is proportional to the "legitimate aims", and whether the reasons, brought up by authorities in order to justify intervention, are "relevant and sufficient".

4. The Analysis of the Disputed Article The evaluation of the expressions mentioned in the claimant's application for the disputed article is based on the demands of the Armenian Constitution, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights, Article 1087.1 of the Armenian Civil Code, and on journalistic ethics. 18

The analysis of the disputed article shows that some of its expressions are value judgments and present the journalist's opinion which is protected by Article 10 of the Convention. When publishing these expressions the journalist used his/her right to create them in satiric style, which is also protected by Article 10 of the Convention. Article 10 not only protects information, but also the style and way in which it is presented. The remaining disputed expressions do not lack factual bases. Meanwhile, the expressions that the claimant qualifies as slandering were pub- lished by another media outlet before, and "Chorrord Inqnishkhanutyun" news- paper once again brought them up, with a relevant referral to the initial source media outlet. Evaluating things in their context, the Council finds that when hearing this case it is preferable to use high level legal protection for part 2 of Article 10 of the Convention. This is to say, that in every case the necessity to intervene in media outlets' freedom of expression ought to be assessed based on whether there is an acute public demand and whether such an interference is "neces- sary in the democratic society". It is preferable that the Court views this case not only as competing individual interests, but also from the point of view of public interests. So, when passing a verdict, the Court may leave the frame- work of narrow personal interests and pass such a verdict, which can create favorable consequences for the public as a whole. 5. Conclusion The Information Disputes Council finds that the disputed issue is not so much in legal field, as it is in the field of journalistic ethics. Hence, it would have been reasonable and effective if the claimant had granted the hearing of the case not to the Court, but to non-judicial bodies, particularly to the Media Ethics Observatory, in order to study and evaluate the disputed Article. 19

Opinion 6. On the Court Case Filed by Citizen Gurgen Aghajanyan vs. "Zhoghovurd" ("People") Daily Published on 08 February 2012

T he management of "Zhoghovurd" daily turned to the Information Disputes Council, requesting an opinion about Gurgen Aghajanyan's claim against the newspaper. Examining this case, Information Disputes Council publishes its professional conclusion. On 06 August, 2011 the editorial department of "Zhoghovurd" daily received an unsigned letter via post, which contained information about the unlawful acts of the former head of the State Property Management Department under the Government of the Republic of Armenia Karine Kirakosyan and former Deputy Head Ashot Markosyan. The envelope contained the following information about the sender: sender - Gurgen Aghajanyan, address - Tigran Metsi 4, Yerevan. The letter was sent as a receipt notification, where the return address was that of the State Property Management Department. For the sake of clar- ifications, the newspaper talked to Karine Kirakosyan and on 09 August, 2011 published an article titled "They Demand from Galust's Son". The article includ- ed the facts listed in the letter and Karine Kirakosyan's response. The next day Gurgen Aghajanyan arrived at the editorial department and insist- ed that he is not the author of the letter, that he had not written any letters about the listed facts and had not sent it to anyone. Then he presented a written response and demanded that it be published in the newspaper as a refutation. The Newspaper denied publishing the refutation text, reasoning that the con- textual requirements for refutations were not maintained in the text. Gurgen Aghajanyan took it to court, demanding that a refutation be published and that AMD 804 000 be compensated (AMD 500 000 for slander, AMD 300 000 for lawyer's fees and AMD 4 000 for the paid state duty fee). The Information Disputes Council finds that although from a legal perspec- tive the media outlet had the right to publish the content of the controversial let- ter, from a professional good-faith perspective it would have been preferable to publish the letter, without mentioning the name of the author (as information from an anonymous source), or, parallel to mentioning the name of the author, they could have also mentioned that the media outlet was not sure who the real 20

author of the letter was, because it was not possible to verify the sender's iden- tity. Because this was not done, in the situation created after publishing the arti- cle it was necessary to grant the citizen with a chance for refutation or response, as much as would be necessary to state that Gurgen Aghajanyan was not the author of the controversial letter. The Council also finds that the plaintiff's material compensation demands are not proportional and justified, because they do not serve their main purpose and as such are not necessary in a democratic society. 21

Opinion 7. On the Lawsuit Filed by the Religious Organization "Word of Life" and the Head of Organization Arthur Simonyan vs. "Iravunk Hetaqnnutyun" (Law and Investigation) and Argumenti Nedeli v Armenii" Periodicals Published on 08 February 2012

T he attorney of the Religious Organization "Word of Life" Church of Evangelical Christians of Armenia has applied to the Information Disputes Council, requesting to provide opinion on the lawsuit filed by the organization on 18.11.2011 against "Iravunk Hetaqnnutyun" and "Argumenti Nedelii v Armenii" weeklies. Examining the case, the Information Disputes Council publishes its professional conclusion. In October 2011 the afore-mentioned media published articles and photo- graphs, which, according to the Religious Organization "Word of Life" Church of Evangelical Christians of Armenia are of insulting and defamatory nature. In particular insulting are titles of the articles "Story with sectarianism and porn" and "The Theme of Sect-Mixed Photos "Bloomed" with Pedophile Charges"; and the prescription of the word "sect" to the religious organization. The reli- gious organization has deemed the titles of articles defamatory since with these titles a statement of fact is being made that the religious organization, with its belief and activities, propagates immoral values - pornography, as well as dissemination of pornographic materials, perpetration of pedophilia and sponsorship of such acts, as well as that Angela Sargsyan is a member of the religious organization, etc. In addition, the religious organization has deemed insulting and defamatory the photos edited through a computer programme, which, in the opinion of the claimants, create the impression that the members of the organization resort to the same behaviour as attributed to the woman in the photographs disseminated by the media - actress Angela Sargsyan. The Religious Organization "Word of Life" and its Head Arthur Simonyan have submitted a lawsuit against "Iravunk Hetaqnnutyun" and "Argumenti Nedelii v Armenii" periodicals, requesting that the court obliges the media to publicly apologize and publish the court verdict on the grounds of insult; to publish refu- 22

tation on the grounds of defamation and to charge 36000 AMD from the respondents as a compensation - 4000 AMD as a state duty and 32 000 AMD for translation and notary related expenses incurred. The Information Disputes Council finds that the dispute under discussion touches upon the media's right to free expression from the one side and the public right to the freedom of thought, conscience and belief, on the other. The word "sect" with its usual, daily applicable connotation can disturb, shock and in this sense be deemed as unacceptable for some religious groups. However, this circumstance is still not sufficient to claim that the media have circumvented the permissible limits of criticism, in accordance with today's democratic principles. Essential here is the context in which the word "sect" has been used. In this sense the Council finds that while the word "sect" itself does not contain a derogatory meaning, its continuous and accentuated use in light of the general context of the two articles is problematic. The Council finds that when expressing their assessments, opinions and judgments about the religious organization and the ideas it advocates, the media did not have factual data but based on just one factual data, i.e. a third party statement, with a number of generic and abstract conclusions and judg- ments stemming from this statement. And when factual circumstances are missing, the legal position of the Constitutional Court comes to the forefront stating that when factual data are absent, the intention to harm dignity becomes evident. The presence of this criterion is essential for deeming a statement as insulting and defamatory. The Council has assessed as well the photos accompanying the articles. Although as caricatures they are considered as a way of free expression and are under the protection of free speech, however the absence of factual data in the substantial part of articles makes meaningless the provocative depiction of the organization's attributes and its leader. As a result, such way of carica- ture presentation could insult the religious feelings of the members of the reli- gious organization. The Council finds that the general context of the article and the continuous and persistent use of the word "sect" therein transforms the information item into a speech cultivating or inciting religious hatred. The Council finds as well that the facts of the case utterly provide with an opportunity to resolve the case through extra-judiciary means and calls on the parties to use this opportunity. 23

Opinion 8. On the Court Case filed by attorney A. Grigoryan vs. "Hraparak" daily Published on 30 May 2012

O n 07 March 2012 the First Instance Court of General Jurisdiction of Kentron and Nork-Marash Administrative Districts of Yerevan made its verdict on the application submitted by attorney Arthur Grigoryan against "Hraparak" daily, expressing its legal position over a number of prob- lematic issues, which are currently subject of the journalistic community's dis- cussion in various countries. The subject matter pertains to the scope of pro- tection of information flows from social networks to the traditional media field, in circumstances where due to the development of media technologies, online media are in active conjunction with the print media. Taking into account the importance of the issue, the Council, on its own initiative, presents its com- ments on the positions expressed by Court. The application with regard to the afore-mentioned case was submitted follow- ing six comments made by a group of readers in response to an article published on "Hraparak"'s website, which, in the opinion of the plaintiff, contained insulting and defamatory statements. Since the persons having made comments were unknown, the application was filed against the media outlet, despite the fact that the problematic statements were not made by the media outlet. In the justification part of its verdict the court has defined that since the plain- tiff, before applying to court, did not demand that the media outlet deletes and removes comments, the media outlet then could not bear the responsibility of removing comments authored by other persons since by resorting to this it would have limited its readers' right to free expression, which is an interference to the right to freedom of speech, that is not necessary in a democratic socie- ty. The Court continued its conclusions by finding that since the authors of the comments were other persons and the media outlet has only provided with a forum for these comments, as well as since the media outlet deleted and removed the afore-mentioned comments after some time, there was no inten- tion of the media outlet to insult or defame. The Information Disputes Council welcomes the verdict issued by the Court on the present case, since the above-mentioned stance of the Court signifi- cantly enlarges the scope of protection of electronic media. At the same time the Council finds that it would be desirable if in its decision the Court would 24

have touched upon other important aspects of the subject matter as well. The study of the international law and practice shows that when examining media related cases the Courts and the regulating legal norms consider such circum- stances as the media's awareness of the comments and the distinct modera- tion of comments. In other words, it is important to take into account whether the media outlet is distinctly moderating the flow of comments placed on its news portal. Factual circumstances like, for instance, application of searching systems by the media through key-words, providing the readers with a possibility to underline insult- ing and defamatory comments, prior selection of comments subject to publica- tion by the media outlet (alternatively, introduction of some editorial activities) serve as an assessment feature in order to consider the fact of the media out- let's moderation of reader comments as confirmed, which in its turn serves as a basis when deciding the issue of a media outlet's liability. In this case the Court has taken into account the fact that before applying to court the plaintiff did not request the media outlet that problematic comments be removed and hence the media outlet was not made aware of the presence of comments with insulting and defamatory nature on its platform, however the court did not examine at all the availability of the second circumstance men- tioned above, i.e. to what extent the media outlet moderated (administered) the flow of comments on its electronic page. The Council finds that such scope of the court's fact-checking does not ensure possibility for effective legal protection. Moreover, such legal regulation contradicts point 9 of Article 1087.1 of the Civil Code, according to which if the information source is unknown, the responsibility for compensation shall be held by the presenter of insulting and defamatory statement in public. In this case the authors of the comments were not known, however to an extent that the com- ments were publicly disseminated from a domain provided by the media compa- ny, that company automatically becomes subject to legal relations. From this point of view the Council does not agree with the position of "Hraparak Daily" LLC expressed during court procedure, according to which the company does not bear any responsibility for the others' comments pub- lished on its website, as long as they flow from social networks and do not belong to the content producer. According to part 2 of Article 10 of the European Convention, the right to receiving and disseminating information and ideas is linked with obligations and responsibilities. Along with the right to free speech, everyone also has certain responsibilities. The notions of rights and responsibilities walk hand in hand. This format continues remaining unchanged, even in the current world of rapid development of media technolo- gies. Hence, the very fact that the media outlet provided a technical platform for the others' comments does not make the media exempt from obligations and responsibilities. 25

The Council finds that when being guided with the afore-mentioned legal reg- ulation, a reasonable balance will be achieved between public and individual rights, the right to freedom of expression and the right to human dignity. Considering the afore-said, the Council

z Finds that the legal positions expressed in the Constitutional Court's deci- sion No. ê¸à 997 is equally applicable also for the "comments" disseminat- ed from the platforms of electronic media; z Calls on all media to moderate reader comments, in light of the popular prin- ciples of the right to freedom of expression; z Calls on the electronic media to develop and place on their electronic pages, rules of moderation, to make them easily accessible for readers and there- by make the moderation rules' application clear and transparent. 26

Opinion 9. On the Lawsuit Filed by Arman Avetisyan, Chairman of the Board of Trustees of "Minas Avetisyan" Cultural Charitable Fund against Levon Barseghyan, Chairman of the Board of "Asparez" Journalists' Club Published on 11 May 2012

O n 09 August 2011 the Chairman of the Board of Trustees of "Minas Avetisyan" Cultural Charitable Fund Arman Avetisyan applied to Shirak Region's Court of General Jurisdiction against the Chairman of the Board of "Asparez" Journalists' Club and a human rights activist Levon Barseghyan, demanding public apology for the publications of insulting and defamatory nature published on the Club's website. He also demanded a com- pensation of 2 mln AMD for insult and defamation and 200 000 AMD for judi- cial expenses. According to the facts of the case, the articles in question have been published in the following sequence: The article entitled "There are things that can not be forgiven" was published on 11/06/2011; the article entitled "Arman Avetisyan lies for unknown reasons" was published on 15/06/2011; and the last article entitled "Could have caused harm to the "family business"?" was published on 16/06/2011. On 23/06/2011 Arman Avetisyan sent a letter to Levon Barseghyan demanding publication of a refutation or a publication of his letter as response. Levon Barseghyan published the text sent by A. Avetisyan on 30/06/2011. On 04/08/2011 Arman Avetisyan filed a court claim, which has been entered on 09/08/2011. During court trial, the respondent, amongst other assertions, has presented to the court an application "About Enforcing Limitation of Actions", claiming that the deadline for the limitation of actions has expired on 23.07.2011, while the lawsuit was filed on 04.08.2011. The Council finds that pre-conditions are in place for enforcing limitation of actions versus the present case, in accordance with part 13 of Article 1087.1 of the Armenian Civil Code, which states the following:

"A claim under the present article shall be submitted to the court within one month from the moment the person becomes aware of the dissemination of 27

the insult or defamation but no later than within 6 months from the moment of insult or defamation". It becomes obvious from the facts of the case that the plaintiff knew about the article in question at least on 23/06/2011, when the latter applied to Levon Barseghyan with a letter demanding refutation or response. In an open trial the plaintiff has accepted this fact. Thus the plaintiff was supposed to present the court claim within one month following the date of the letter, until 23/07/11, whereas the court claim has been filed on 04/8/2011. In such circumstances the plaintiff can not use the protection of the 6 months period limitation of actions defined under part 13 of Article 1087.1 of the Civil Code, since this provision actually stipulates not two but one period consisting of two elements. The violation of the period defined as per the first element makes the application of the period defined in the second element as null and void, since these two elements function in integrity. In other words, if a person has missed the opportunity to apply to the court within one month after becom- ing aware of the insult and defamation, then he/she can not rely on the second deadline for applying to the court within 6 months from the moment of insult and defamation. It is also not acceptable to claim that one can rely on the sec- ond deadline from the point of view of ensuring broader judicial protection. Otherwise, the legislator would have defined one general deadline of 6 months, offering a more simple legal regulation. Whereas the legislator, aimed at increasing the media's protection from lawsuits, has defined one primary con- dition with a limited period, i.e. a one month's period after becoming aware of the publication of defamation and insult. The second period is auxiliary to the first period and it does not have an independent implementation. This can be seen even from the verbatim interpretation of the text, where the two sentences are separated from each other by the conjunction "but" and not by an "or", i.e. the legislator defines a legal regulation which is not alternative to the primary regulation but is only auxiliary to it. Unfortunately the RoA Cassation Court has not clearly addressed this issue in its decision No: ºÎ¸/2293/02/10, in which it has expressed a number of legal positions considering the necessity to establish a unified jurisdiction with regard to Article 1087.1 of the Civil Code. The Constitutional Court has also not addressed the issue in its well-known decision No. ê¸à-997. However, even in these circumstances, considering the verbatim interpretation of the provisions under part 13 of Article 1087.1 of the Civil Code, the Council finds that the claim is subject to rejection on the grounds of the expired deadline. 28

Opinion 10. On the Decision fo the RA Court of Cassation of 27/04/2012 on the case Tatul Manaseryan vs "Skizb Media Kentron" LLC Published on 30 May 2012

O n April 27, 2012 the RA Court of Cassation, exercising its authorities stipulated by Article 92 of the RA Constitution, has made a precedent decision, where it expressed its legal positions regarding a number of problematic issues of judicial practice of insult and defamation. The Court of Cassation has commented on the application of a number of provisions of Article 1087.1 of the RA Civil Procedure Code, thus seeking to ensure a uni- fied judicial practice. The Council welcomes the decision of the Court of Cassation, considering that overall the decision suggests progressive legal regulation methods. By the decision, the framework of the interested parties - people making harm and those suffering - in the legal relationships arousing on the basis of insult and slander have been interpreted and clarified; evaluation criteria for making it clear whether or not a particular expression is of insulting or slandering character; the concepts of "public expression" and "supreme public interest" have been explained; a num- ber of general expressions found in part 5 of the Article and representing journal- ist protection systems have been interpreted. We believe that the above interpre- tations are important to ensure a unified judicial practice based on democratic principles. We are convinced that further comments by the Court of Cassation on the provisions of the Civil Procedure Code regulating insult and slander will con- tribute to further improvement in the judicial practice. The Council is at the same time concerned about a number of legal posi- tions expressed by the Court while interpreting the concept of "source of infor- mation" included in parts 6 and 9 of Article 1087.1 of the Civil Code. We believe that those positions, taking into account the functions and the special status of the RA Court of Cassation, can have an adverse effect on the journalist - source of information relationships, as a result of which the freedom of media outlets to using their sources and, consequently, their right to freely dissemi- nate information will be harmed. In the mentioned provisions, the Court has defined that sources of information are those "authors" or "information agen- cies" being physical persons and legal entities "who publish information through different means". Then commenting on the concept of "means", the 29

Court has defined that "public speeches by a person", "official documents" and "copyright works" are considered as such. In its further comment, the Court has mentioned that even if the one who disseminates information has reproduced any information received from a source word by word or in good faith, then the latter cannot be relieved of liability if he or she "refers to a source which is not considered to be a source of information …under Article 1087.1, i.e. is not an author or a source of information". Given that, as mentioned above, only those physical persons and legal entities are deemed as authors who publish the information only through specifically defined means (public speech, official document, copyright work), it turns out that in all those cases when a journalist's source has published the information in any other way, then the opportunity of such person of being considered as an author is in doubt. Thus, the mentioned interpretations cause a too narrow selection of "source of information" on which a media outlet could rely on to escape liability. Applying the above legal position on the facts lying in the basis of the case Tatul Manaseryan vs. "Skizb Media Kentron" LLC, the Court of Cassation has defined that although the media outlet has identified its source - the author named Anton Arakelov who had told the media outlet about the police having instituted a crimi- nal case against Tatul Manaseryan, and the media outlet had disseminated this information, nonetheless the Court has decided that the latter cannot be consid- ered as a source of information in the sense of Article 1087.1 of the RA Civil Code since it "is not an author of any means of information dissemination or is not involved in any news report activity". Then the Court of Cassation has made a generalized conclusion that referring to a slandering or insulting information pub- licized by a person who is not considered to be a source of information, cannot be deemed as identification of a source of information. The Council is concerned about the above developments since they intro- duce concepts like proper and improper sources and related legitimate and ille- gitimate sources of information, thus restricting the frameworks of the sources that the media could make use of. Such approach is contrary to the Recommendation No. R (2000) 7 of the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers "On the right of journalists not to dis- close their sources of information", according to which "any person who pro- vides information to a journalist" is considered a source of information". In the explanatory part of the same recommendation, where all the principles of the Recommendation are interprerted, while interpreting the above principle, it is mentioned that journalists should be provided the opportunity to receive infor- mation from "all kinds of sources", so "it is necessary to interpret this term more broadly" in domestic law and practice. Being led by the above statements, the Council considers it necessary to process the relevant precedent positions. 30

Opinion 11. On the verdict by the First Instance Court of General Jurisdiction of Ajapnyak and Davtashen Administrative Districts of Yerevan on the case of Gevorg Hayrapetyan vs. "Multi Media Kentron TV CJSC" Published on 08 June 2012

1. The Facts Gevorg Hayrapetyan was sentenced to jail on the basis of high treason on 25/10/2010 by the First Instance Court of General Jurisdiction of Avan and Nor Nork Administrative District. Before the verdict went into force, during the peri- od of November 14 through November 21, 2010, "Kentron" TV aired a program under the headline "Investigation", during which facts on the criminal case were presented; in particular, it was stated that the defendant, having a material interest, has provided information constituting a state secret and anti-Armenian campaign to the opponent country, with expected payment. This information was disseminated as proven circumstances in the form of statements on the fact and not as assumption or suspicion by the bodies of preliminary investiga- tion or the court. As of the moment when the program was broadcast, the verdict of the court had not been gone into force since the protesting time was not completed yet; the program was aired on November 14-21, 2010, while the verdict was pub- lished on 25/10/2010. According to the RA Criminal Procedure Code, the ver- dict of the first instance goes into force and becomes a final document during one month, unless it is appealed. As the facts have shown later, at the airing moment the lawyer of the defendant was preparing an appeal. The defendant's lawyer, Seda Safaryan, has applied to the court under a sep- arate lawsuit against "Kentron" TV seeking legal protection for the violation of the presumption of innocence by the TV as well as for dissemination of insult- ing and slandering information. The TV company has mentioned at the court that within the "Investigation" program the TV has disseminated an information which was provided to the TV by the RA Prosecutor General's Office and, therefore, the TV should be freed from the liability based on part 6 of Article 1087.1 since it is a conscientious reproducer of the information received from 31

the sources. The Courts of the First Instance, Appeal and Cassation have con- sidered it a proven fact that "the respondent Company has published excep- tionally the information set forth in the materials of the case and in the court verdict and has referred to the source of information", "has presented excep- tionally the reality reflected in the materials of the criminal case, without draw- ing any own conclusion and without expressing any personal opinion, has rightfully come to the conclusion that no information has been aired that is not reflected in the materials of the preliminary investigation". On similar grounds, the courts have considered that the TV company makes use of the protection provided by part 3 of Article 9 of the law of the RA "On Mass Information", according to which, an implementer of news reporting activ- ity shall be exempt from liability for dissemination of information, the informa- tion is a literal or conscientious reproduction of the information contained in a public statement, official documents of state bodies, other media product or work of authorship and contains a reference to that source. With this ground, the courts have exempted the media from liability and rejected the suit. As for the claim based on violation of presumption of innocence, the court has defined that such a claim is groundless since the RA Civil Code does not set out any legal protection against violation of presumption of innocence, nor any other legal act or law constituting the RA legal system sets out such a method of protection of civil rights. Therefore, the court has decided that the plaintiff's claim on violation of presumption of innocence does not meet the provisions of the RA Civil Code, lacks legal basis and is subject to be rejected. 2. Conclusion of the Council The Council agrees with the court's position that in this particular case the media outlet makes use of the protection ensured by part 3 of Article 9 of the RA law "On Mass Information" and part 6 of Article 1087.1 of the RA Civil Code (good faith reproducer) and therefore should be exempted from liability. Nonetheless, the Council views this issue from the point of view of journalism ethics. Regardless of the fact that the media outlet operates within the frame- work of protection ensured by the legislation, it could not help but knowing that before there is a verdict gone into legal force about a person being recognized guilty, any actual statement on guilt is a violation of the presumption of inno- cence. Respect to presumption of innocence must be maintained not only by criminal proceeding bodies but also by anyone and especially media, given their spe- cial role and mission in establishing democracy. The 2nd principle of the Recommendation (2003)13 of the "Declaration on the provision of information through the media in relation to criminal proceedings" of the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers states that "Respect for the 32

principle of the presumption of innocence is an integral part of the right to a fair trial. Accordingly, opinions and information relating to on-going criminal pro- ceedings should only be communicated or disseminated through the media where this does not prejudice the presumption of innocence of the suspect or accused." Therefore, regardless of the fact that the TC Company has reproduced in good faith the information received from a reliable source, it must respect the defen- dant's presumption of innocence while airing the news report. This is not in the best interest, among others, of the fact that regardless of the existance of leg- islative regulation, media have frequently stated that they prefer to work in con- ditions of self-regulation mechanisms. 33

Opinion 12. On the court case based on the lawsuit against "Skizb Media Kentron" LLC filed by "Glendale Hills" CJSC Published on 26 June 2012

1. The Facts The 136th edition of "Zhamanak" daily, a media outlet published by "Skizb Media Kentron" LLC, released on 26.08.2010 an article entitled "$1000 for silence" with the following content:

"…Sources familiar with the issue told that Gyumri representatives of Glendale Hills organization, after the self-collapse of one of the buildings built by Glendale Hills in Mush-2 quarter in Gyumri, attempted to convince the residents at any price not to inform the media about what had happened. Our source who preferred remaining unknown informed that Glendale Hills has suggested to residents 1,000 US dollars cash as well as has promised to rapidly renovate the apartment only to prevent the topic to appear in media, while in the opposite case the company has threatened not to reno- vate the apartment. The affected residents, however, have refused the shadow transaction with Glendale Hills." Glendale Hills CJSC (hereafter Plaintiff) on 23.09.2010 applied to the Nork- Marash Court of General Jurisdiction asking to oblige the "Skizb Media Kentron" LLC (hereafter Respondent) to deny the information published by Zhamanak daily damaging the Plaintiff's business reputation and charge 2,000,000 AMD for the Respondent in favor of the Plaintiff as compensation of the damage caused as a result of slander, as well as another 500.000 AMD as a sum paid to the lawyer. The plaintiff has considered that the media outlet has published imaginary infor- mation that does not match reality and is a slander, i.e. going public with such facts about the Plaintiff that do not match reality and damage his honor, dignity and business reputation. The Plaintiff has claimed that the information was dis- seminated for the purpose of damaging the business reputation of the Plaintiff, taking into account especially the nature and the content of the information not matching reality; in particular, dissemination of such disinformation could not pos- sibly be directed to other persons, in this case - residents or to the protection of the rights of the public or to the protection of other public interests. 34

The Respondent, invoking the right to case law of the European Court, has mentioned that the reporter has used the word "self-collapse" as an evaluating judgment, which has a specific practical demonstration. During the trial the reporter in his testimony has clarified that the purpose of using the word "self- collapse", stating that he used the word to present that the ceiling had fallen to pieces without any outside interference. This means that as a result of analy- sis of the facts following the interview by the reporter of the residents of Mush- 2 quarter and after seeing the scene (the apartment belonging the Anzhik Melikyan), as an evaluating judgment made by the reporter, the word "self-col- lapse" was published in the article, which did not pursue a goal of damaging the prestige and the honor of the Plaintiff but a goal of informing the public at large about what had happened. The Court has brought in a verdict on 30.01.2012, partially satisfying the appeal and obliging the Respondent to deny the information damaging (slan- dering) the Plaintiff's business reputation published under the title "$1,000 for silence" in issue 136 of August 26, 2010 of the Zhamanak daily. At the same time, the Court has decided to charge 200,000 AMD from the media outlet in favor of the Plaintiff as a compensation for slander. The verdict brought in by the Court on January 30 was appealed by Skizb Media Kentron LLC on May 2, 2012. On June 14, 2012 the appeal to the Court of Appeal was completely rejected, leaving the court act in legal force. 2. The function of Information Disputes Council Given that the function of the Information Disputes Council is to develop and publish professional conclusions in disputes on slander and insult, the Council at its own initiative has studied the court case on the basis of the lawsuit filed by Glendale Hills CJSC against “Skizb Media Kentron” LLC and has published its professional conclusion. 3. Relevant Principles of National and International Law This conclusion is based on the relevant provisions of RA Constitution, European Convention on Human Rights, RA Civil Code, RA Civil Procedure Code, RA law "On Mass Information", as well as decision ê¸à-997 of the RA Constitutional Court of November 15, 2011 and decision of the RA Court of Cassation of April 27 in civil case ºÎ¸/2293/02/10. 4. Legal Analysis of Dispited Case Public significance of the issues The RA Constitutional Court, examining the issue of counterbalance between the freedom of expression guaranteed by Article 27 of the RA Constitution and other interests protected by law, has suggested that the mentioned freedoms must always dominate in the case when disclosure of information has not been 35

ungrounded, has pursued a legitimate goal and the particular information refers to state activities and persons representing public interest . The Constitutional Court has recorded that from the perspective of supremacy of public interest, the preventing and counterweighting significance of a media outlet means more than the necessity of correcting the mistake through material means. Thus, in each specific case, depending on the facts of a particular case, it should be decided whether the interest of the society to be informed has been dominant as compared with the liability and responsibility of the person having reported information. According to the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, in such cases the frame of the discretion of national authorities is limited to the interest of a democratic society, meaning that the press should be allowed to perform its function of a "public control link" ("watchdog") and dis- seminate information on serious issues representing public interest. According to the position of the Court, in the legal practices, first of all, such "immediate public requirement" should be evaluated that is able to justify this interference in a balanced manner and dutifully, without any ill-natured, person-defaming premeditation. The study of the court's decision in this case indicates that the court in its legal position has recorded that the Respondent party itself has stated that the Plaintiff has acquired a wide public recognition as a result of its activity and is in the focus of attention of the society, and according to the facts acquired dur- ing the trial, the court has considered that it is confirmed that the Plaintiff has performed some deficiencies during the construction works of Mush-2 quarter in Gyumri. In addition, it is publicly known that the Plaintiff performs massive construction in Gyumri and in other settlements of the Republic of Armenia, with the information on the quality of construction obviously referring to wide public strata, while in this particular case the issue is considered important also by the sensible position of the population towards construction deficiencies in the disaster zone. Therefore, publication of the information on the case happened in Mush-2 quarter of the city of Gyumri is of public significance. However, given the fact that the media outlet has not presented to the court any evidence that one of the buildings has been self-collapsed, the Council is of the opinion that the publication on the deficiencies occurred during the construction works in Much-2 quarter in Gyumri cannot be completely observed as being presented in good faith. Availability of intention by the media outlet According to the resolution 1577(2007) of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe of October 4, 2007, statements arising from public interest, even if it is proven that they are not true, shall not be punishable, if they were performed without the knowledge of the fact of their being unverified, without any intention to cause harm, and relevant efforts have been made for verifica- 36

tion of the truthfulness thereof. The RA Constitutional Court has concluded also that one of the typical features of slander is an intentional and conscious dis- semination of unverified fact (or factual data) that insult a person's dignity. Paragraph 2 of Part 5 of Article 1087.1 of the RA Civil Code defines that pub- licly presenting the factual data set out by Part 3 of that article is not consid- ered to be slander, if the person having publicly presented the factual data proves that he/she has taken measures within reasonable efforts to verify the truthfulness and groundings thereof, as well as has presented those data in a balanced manner and in good faith. In other words, there is no presumption of intention. According to the decision of the court, in this case, the Respondent in his legal position has mentioned that the reporter, while interviewing the residents, has reasonably taken measures to verify the truthfulness of the fact, and only then has published the article. In response to the position of the Plaintiff that the Respondent party should have clarified from the Plaintiff the size of the money suggested to the resident and only then publish the article, the Respondent suggests that in this case this is not a reasonable requirement since the sug- gestion by the Plaintiff to the residents has been done in oral form, therefore there was no guarantee that the plaintiffs would provide true information to the reporter; in addition, the material was requiring a timely publication, while in case of making a request and receiving the answer thereof the material would lose its timeliness. The Council considers that the Court could have viewed among the critical facts for solution of the case also those measures taken by the Respondent to clarify the truthfulness and groundings of the pointed out facts, since in case of absence of intention, publications arisen from the public interest that even don't match real- ity cannot be punishable, which had essential significance for solution of this case. In this regard, it was appropriate to clarify, in particular, whether the facts about absence of intention presented by the Respondent (in this case, interviews with interested persons) can reasonably be considered satisfactory in order to clarify, prior to publication of the article, the truthfulness and groundings of the facts point- ed out by the Court. However, the Court has considered that expressions by cer- tain citizens available in records don't have any evidential value and has removed them from the composition of the evidences. Fulfilling the requirement of refutation The Plaintiff by letter No 894-27.08.10 has suggested the Respondent to refute the published disinformation and thus restore the Plaintiff's violated rights and freedoms in an extrajudicial procedure. The Respondent has published the let- ter sent by the Plaintiff in “Zhamanak” daily on 01.09.2010. However, the Plaintiff has considered that the direct publication of the mentioned letter can- not be viewed as refutation, given that refutation is not the formal publication of 37

the request of the person demanding refutation but publication of the content of the refutation by the refuting person on his/her own behalf. In the case under consideration, in Plaintiff's opinion, "Zhamanak" daily neither accepted nor denied the disinformation published by itself, but has published the letter by the Plaintiff requiring refutation. Study of letter 894-27.08.10 by the Plaintiff to the Respondent indicates that with that letter the Plaintiff has requested from the Respondent to publicly apol- ogize both to Plaintiff's employees and to the clients and the residents of Mush- 2 quarter in Gyumri. The Council places on record that there are expressions in the text of refuta- tion presented by the Plaintiff that can in no way be viewed as refutation of the factual inaccuracies. Moreover, those expressions appeared to prompt the Respondent to publish in this regard an article entitled "They still dare to speak", which in the particular situation has even further exacerbated the situ- ation thus making the judicial examination of the issue inevitable. However, in the event of more respectful attitude of parties to each other, it would be pos- sible also to solve the problem based in the principle of reaching peace which is the most preferable option in similar cases. Proportionality of cash compensation Against the damage caused as a result of defaming expressions (actions), forms of non-material compensation should be applied as a priority. Material compensation should be limited to compensating the direct damage caused to the honor, dignity and business reputation of a person, and it should be assigned only in cases when non material compensation is not sufficient to compensate the caused damage. In regard to this issue, the RA Court of Cassation has recorded that in case of assigning a material compensation it is necessary that the courts pay a great attention to defining the size of the money being compensated and request from the respondents financial and other documents on their incomes present- ed to state and other competent bodies (for instance, tax reports presented to the State Revenue Committee adjacent to the RA Government); otherwise compensations in large amounts can result in grave consequences in terms of continuing their normal activity. The Plaintiff has requested to charge 2,000,000 AMD from the Respondent in favor of the Plaintiff as compensation of the damage caused as a consequence of defamation. The Court has considered that the respondent media outlet should be charged 200,000 AMD as compensation, taking into account the method of the slander, the area of dissemination, as well as the material status of the Respondent. Taking into account the above conclusions of the RA Constitutional Court and 38

the RA Court of Cassation, the Counsil considers that applying in this case the measure set out by paragraph 1 of part 8 of Article 1087.1 of the RA Civil Code, i.e. refutation of factual data considered to be slander through the media outlet having published the information considered a slander, was a quite sufficient measure, especially as the availability of the fact of non-material damage caused to the business reputation of the Plaintiff has not been proven both by the Plaintiff and in any other way. The Council records also that in this particu- lar case the proportionality of the amount assigned by the Court, 200,000 AMD, and the size of damage caused to the business reputation of the Plaintiff is not grounded in any form whatsoever. 5. Conclusion The Information Disputes Council considers that:

1. The publication of the information by the media outlet had a public signifi- cance, and the disclosure of its information was justified. However, the pub- lished material cannot be considered as being presented completely in good faith and balanced; 2. It would be appropriate to observe as facts of essential significance for solu- tion of this case also those measures that were taken by the media outlet to reveal the truthfulness and groundings of the facts pointed out by the Court, since in case of absence of intention by the media outlet, publications arisen from public interest, even if they don't match reality, cannot be punishable; 3. For solution of this case, denial of the factual data considered as slander would be quite sufficient for compensation of the caused damage; 4. There are expressions in the text of refutation presented by the Plaintiff on 27.08.2010 that can in no way be viewed as refutation of the factual inaccu- racies. The text of Refutation and Answer presented to media outlets should refer only to actual inaccuracies present in the information subject to refuta- tion and/or answer and must not constitute any insulting expressions. They should meet the requirements regarding refutation and answer defined by the law of the RA "On Mass Information". 39

Opinion 13. On Murad Asryan vs "Media Consult" Ltd. Court Case Published on 04 July 2012

1. The Facts The General Jurisdiction Court of Ajapnyak and Davtashen Districts has under its proceedings the civil case No. º²¸¸/0231/02/11, as per the application filed by Murad Ararat Asryan (hereinafter referred to as "The Plaintiff") versus "Media Consult" Ltd (hereinafter referred to as "The Respondent") demanding protection of honor, dignity and business reputation. On 04 February 2011 the Respondent published in "news am" website an arti- cle entitled "Another court case filed against independent media: a perfect example of illiteracy". The article includes data, which, in the opinion of the Plaintiff, contain insult directed at him. According to application, these data are as follows: z "Meanwhile, the court has accepted under its proceedings an application, which amazes with how illiterate it is and with its violations of the law"; z "Edik Avetisyan had but to provide the plaintiff Murad Asryan, the represen- tative of the Armenian Arythmology and Cardiology Center, with some time”; z "The comment, by the way, was unexpected for Murad Asryan and the lat- ter one could not find any reasonable explanation. The judge Edik Avetisyan somehow "prompted to/explained" the lawyer that he should submit a motion and request some time from court, to properly mention the name of the respondent in the application". The Plaintiff has mentioned in the application that he, being a member of the Chamber of Advocates of the Republic of Armenia, has a certain perceivable public status, which obliges him to have an impeccable behavior and an exem- plary attitude, while the article disseminated by the Respondent provides the readers with misinformation which contains defamation, endangering the objective demonstration of public attitude towards the Plaintiff, as a member of the Chamber of Advocates of the Republic of Armenia. The Plaintiff also finds that the Respondent "did not undertake adequate and efficient means to check the truthfulness of the information and whether or not it corresponds to the real- ity before publishing the article, otherwise the article would not have been pub- lished since the information apparently does not correspondent to the reality". Taking into consideration the fact that the information included in the article contains defamation, and based on part 19 of Article 19 and parts 1, 8, and 12 40

of Article 1087.1 of Armenia's Civil Code, the Plaintiff has requested that the court obliges the Respondent to publish the Plaintiff's response on "news.am" website within 3 days following the publication of the verdict, as well as to pay the Plaintiff a compensation in the amount of 2000-fold minimum salary. The Plaintiff has also presented a motion to the court to change the subject of the application. The motion in particular mentions that "the article would not have been published if the Plaintiff, as a representative of "Arythmology and Cardiology Center of Armenia" Ltd., would not have submitted an application against the Respondent"; "the article contains 2 (two) photos. The photo of the Respondents' representative mildly speaking differs from the Plaintiff's photo"; "since 04 February 2011 till the motion's submission, the article has been placed on the Respondent's "news.am" website". By concluding that the article was aimed at humiliating him, the Plaintiff has changed the amount of the requested damage award, demanding that the Plaintiff's response to the article be published by the Respondent on "news.am" website within 3 days following the publication of the verdict and to charge in favour of the Plaintiff, one million drams each as amounts compen- sating for insult and defamation respectively. On 04 March 2011, the General Jurisdiction Court of Ajapnyak and Davtashen Districts of Yerevan adopted a decision to return the application submitted by the Plaintiff regarding honor, dignity and business reputation, as well as the attached documents. In accordance with the decision of the Republic of Armenia Civil Court of Appeal dated 29 March 2011, the Plaintiff's appeal regarding the Court's 04.03.2011 decision on "Returning the Application" was returned. In accordance with 25 May 2011 decision of the Republic of Armenia Cassation Court's Civil and Administrative Chamber, the Plaintiff's application to the Cassation Court regarding the Court of Appeal's 29.03.2011 decision on "Returning the Application" regarding the civil case º²¸¸/0231/02/11 was returned. In accordance with 06 July 2011 of the Republic of Armenia Civil Court of Appeal, the Plaintiff's appeal regarding the Court's 04.03.2011 decision on "Returning the Application" was rejected. In accordance with 31 August 2011 decision of the Republic of Armenia Cassation Court's Civil and Administrative Chamber, the Plaintiff's application to the Cassation Court regarding the Court of Appeal's 06.07.2011 decision on "Returning the Application" regarding the civil case º²¸¸/0231/02/11 was turned down. 2. The Mandate of the Information Disputes Council Taking into account that the mandate of the Information Disputes Council is to develop and publish expert opinions and recommendations concerning dis- putes involving defamation and insult, the Council, on its own initiative, has 41

studied the available materials concerning the civil case º²¸¸/0231/02/11 and published its professional opinion. 3. Relevant Principles in the National and International Law The present expert opinion is based on the relevant provisions of the Republic of Armenia Constitution; the European Convention on Human Rights; Civil Code of the RoA; Civil Procedural Code of the RoA; Law on "Mass Media" of the RoA, as well as the decision of the Cassation Court of the RoA dated 27 April 2012 concerning civil case No. º²¸¸/2293/02/10. 4. Legal Analysis of the Case in Question The pre-history of the case starts from 23 November 2010 when an article enti- tled "A patient with heart disease was cheated in the Arythmology and Cardiology Center by placing an inappropriate device" was published on "news.am" website. According to this article, "one of the readers, Hovhannes Katrjyan, having approached the news resource, told that he was meanly cheated by the Center for Arythmology and Cardiology of Armenia, as during surgery he underwent, instead of placing an electro-cardio stimulator for a 10 year use, they placed a different device produced by the same brand but for 6- 7 year use". The Center of Arythmology and Cardiology of Armenia (henceforth referred to as "The Center"), found that the article published in "news.am" damages its business reputation and presented an application to the court, demanding 2 million Armenian drams from the media outlet. The Plaintiff has submitted the court application as the Center's representative. On 04 February 2011 the "news.am" website published the article entitled "Another court application against an independent media: a perfect example of illiteracy". In this article the following statements made about the Plaintiff con- sequently served as a basis for the Plaintiff to apply to the court: z "On 04 February a preliminary session was held hearing the court case filed against "NEWS.am" news agency. However it came to an end very soon since the judge Edik Avetisyan had but to provide the Plaintiff Murad Asryan, the representative of the Center for Arythmology and Cardiology of Armenia, with some time to remedy the application's obvious illiteracy". z "The application has been submitted against the website which is not a legal person and not against the media outlet's founder "Media Consult" Ltd, while it's a common knowledge even for a first year student of a Law Department that such omission, mildly speaking, can not be made by a lawyer who has self-respect". z "The application actually does not involve a Respondent, since only legal and physical persons can act as Respondents in a case, while the case has been filed against the website". z "The company does not bear responsibility for the publication, since it dis- 42

seminated a statement made by some person and this can not be qualified as a infringement upon honour, dignity and business reputation". z "Firstly the application does not mention a proper Respondent, claims 2 mil- lion drams but presents state duty in the amount of 4 thousand drams while it was to present a state duty in the amount of at least 48 thousand drams". Considering this, the Council places on record that the statements made about the Plaintiff in "news.am" website were largely due to the circumstance that the application submitted to the Court by the Plaintiff with an aim to protect the interests of the Center was incomplete or contained violations. Another proof that the application contained violations is the decision of 04.03.11 made by the General Jurisdiction Court of Ajalnyak and Davtashen Districts of Yerevan, according to which the application submitted by the Plaintiff, as well as the attached documents were returned. The reason for turning down the application was that the application included two claims: to oblige the Respondent to publish the Plaintiff's response and to pay the latter compensation. Whereas the Plaintiff paid a state duty of 4000 AMD envisaged for one non-pecuniary demand as defined in the Law "On State Duty", when he was supposed to pay for two claims combined in one application. In particular, the sub-point "a" of point 1 of the part 1 of Article 9 of the law "On State Duties" defines that for the applications containing pecuniary awards, the state duty shall be charged in the amount of two percent of the requested award but for no less that the 150 percent of the baseline duty. Thus the Plaintiff was to also pay in the amount of 2 percent of 2000 times minimum salary as a state duty. However the Plaintiff did not pay the state duty amount defined by law and did not submit to the court any motion with regard to post- poning or extending the state duty payment or reducing it, which served as a basis for turning the application down. The Plaintiff has appealed the First Instance Court's decision on returning the application, with the Republic of Armenia Civil Court of Appeal, which, by ana- lyzing the legal norms in part 8 of Article 1087.1 of the RoA Civil Code, arrived to the conclusion that the demand to refute factual data that were considered defamatory and(or) to publish response concerning these, is a non-pecuniary demand, whereas the demand for the payment of a compensation in the amount of 2000 times minimum salary is a pecuniary demand. Thus according to the RoA Civil Court of Appeal, the First Instance Court had rightly returned the application since the state duty amount had been paid only for the non- pecuniary demand and as for the pecuniary, i.e. versus the compensation in the amount of 2000 times minimum salary, the Plaintiff did not pay state duty. Hence the RoA Civil Court of Appeal upheld the First Instance Court's decision regarding turning down the application. Afterwards the Plaintiff has appealed the decisions of the RoA Civil Court of Appeal with the Cassation Court, which, after discussing the justification of the person who submitted the application with regard to accepting it under the Cassation Court's proceedings, arrived to the conclusion that the appeal is 43

subject to being returned since it does not coincide with the requirements of Article 231 and point 1 of Article 234 of the RoA Civil Procedural Code. With this, as the First Instance Court's decision, which was upheld by the RoA Court of Appeal and the latter one was not revoked by the RoA Cassation Court, it is actually confirmed that the application submitted by the Plaintiff with an aim to protect the interests of the Center, contains violations. While agree- ing with the above-mentioned decisions of the courts with regard to turning the application down, the Council at the same time places on record that the Plaintiff had a fundamental position on this. In his justification to the Court of Appeal, the Plaintiff has mentioned in particular that "Although the moral dam- age caused to a person can be defined in a concrete monetary sum, however the law deems it as a non-pecuniary damage and the state duty should be levied towards the non-pecuniary demand" and that "he has actually present- ed one claim about honor, dignity and business reputation". As for the publica- tion of the response and compensation, these are not individual demands". That is to say, the Plaintiff was convinced that in this case his demand was non- pecuniary, thus in accordance with point "b", part 1 of Article 9 of the RoA Law "On State Duty" he paid a state duty in the amount of four times of baseline duty (4000 AMD). Thus the Council finds that taking into consideration that the article apparent- ly discredits the Plaintiff's professional abilities, the "news.am", before publish- ing the article, could have requested a clarification from the Plaintiff. Most like- ly, after becoming aware of the Plaintiff's fundamental position, the "news.am" would have abstained from assessing his legal knowledge. Besides, part 1 of the RoA Civil Procedural Code's Article 92 "On Turning an Application Down" lists 8 cases, when the judge returns an application. The list includes also those cases when there was no compliance with the rules defined under the same Code's Article 87 concerning the form and content of an application (point 1 of part 1 of Article 92); when documents confirming the payment of state duty as per defined order and amount have not been submit- ted, and when there was possibility for postponing or extending the state duty's payment or reducing its amount but no motion has been submitted or the motion has been rejected (the 5th point, part 1 of Article 92). According to part 3 of Article 92 of the RoA Civil Procedural Code, in case of fixing the violations in an application and re-submitting it to the court within a 3 day period, the application shall be considered as having been accepted by court on the day of its original submission. Thus, based on the afore-mentioned provisions as well as on other grounds, the procedure of returning an application and accept- ing the application after violations have been remedied is a normal procedure. Thus, the Council finds that the implementation of this normal procedure of returning the application and accepting it again, as defined by law, should not have been deemed as a motivation for assessing the professional knowledge of the person involved in the procedure. As regards the legality of filing the case against "news.am", it should be first of 44

all mentioned that according to part 3 of Article 29 of the RoA Civil Procedural Code, the respondents are those citizens and legal persons against whom an application has been filed. According to the last paragraph of point 2 of Article 3 of the RoA Law on Mass Media, the "news.am" is an online media, since it disseminates information through public telecommunication network as an information resource which has its own address and is available to an unlimit- ed number of persons. In accordance with the same Article's point 3, media can disseminate information only on behalf of a legal or physical person who shall be the implementer of a media activity. Thus the Council finds that before applying to court, it would have been appropriate to find out who was the legal or physical person on behalf of whom "news.am" was disseminating information (in this particular case it was "Media Consult" Ltd.) and then file a case against the company. But at the same time the Council places on record the fact that the "news.am" website does not mention the name of the legal person who disseminates that media outlet, which is a violation of point 2 of part 1 of Article 11 of the RoA Law "On Mass Media", according to which any issue of a media product should also include the full name of the legal person implementing media activity, its orga- nizational-legal status, location, the number of state registration by a legal per- son (or the number of the registration of the detached branch acting on its behalf), the date of issue and if the implementer of media activity is s physical person then the name, surname, address and if he or she is a private entrepre- neur, then the state registration certificate number and the date of issue. Online media are issued through an electronic document which is considered a material carrier in the sense of paragraph 3 of Article 3 of the Law on Freedom of Information, which according to Article 2 of the RoA Law on "Electronic Documents and Electronic Digital Signature" is an information or message presented in electronic format. According to the last paragraph of Article 3 of the Law on Electronic Documents and Electronic Digital Signature, online media, as electronic documents are presented externally, which is the result of the reproduction of electronic document on the display screen, paper or on any other material object that differs from electronic carrier, in a visually available and easily perceivable format. Thus, the Information Disputes Council finds that the online medium (in this case the "news.am") is a medium published through a material carrier (elec- tronic document), which is also covered by point 2 of the part 1 of Article 11 of the Law "On Mass Media". However the Council acknowledges as well that Article 11 of the RoA Law "On Mass Media" needs clarification in terms of its covering online media since the online media's being "media published on a material carri- er" can be subject to interpretations other than the one mentioned above. Besides, some requirements listed under Part 1 of the afore-mentioned Article, for instance, "the total number of issues" are not applicable for online media. In this Expert Opinion the Council considers it appropriate to also address the court cases ºÎ¸/2707/02/10 and ºÎ¸ 0392/02/11 since these are distinct- 45

ly related with the present case. In connection with the article entitled "What about the Hippocrates Oath?" published in "Aravot" daily on 01.12.2010, the Center has filed a court case against "Aravot" demanding protection of honor, dignity and business reputation (case ºÎ¸/2707/02/10). The Center's repre- sentative in Court was again the Plaintiff. The information concerning the Center's activities published in the article were quite similar with the one pub- lished by "news.am" in its article entitled "A patient with heart disease was cheated in the Center of Arythmology and Cardiology by placing an inappropri- ate device". Probably it was because of this similarity that an article entitled "Aravot" and "news.am" are being sued for the same thing" was published in the 05 February 2011 issue of "Aravot" daily, as well as in "Aravot" online on the same day, becoming a reason for the Plaintiff to apply to court filing a case against "Aravot" demanding protection of honor, dignity and business reputa- tion (case ºÎ¸ 0392/02/11). It is characteristic that both cases filed against "Aravot" have been concluded with an agreement of conciliation. Particularly: 1. In terms of the first case "Aravot" daily has accepted that the article entitled "What about the Hippocrates Oath" published on 01.12.2010 included unchecked information. As a result, the article has damaged the Center's business reputation and honor and dignity of the staff and Director Smbat Jamalyan. Besides, the newspaper, before reaching conciliation agreement, has published refutation and the Center's response. 2. In the second instance the newspaper has committed to publish refutation, particularly mentioning that the article "Aravot" and "news.am" are being sued for the same thing "was written one-sidedly, since it did not present the position of attorney Murad Asryan, the Plaintiff of one of the sides of the case. Moreover, the journalist's opinion about the case has damaged the lawyer's honor and dignity and business reputation, in the connection of which the newspaper presents its apologies to the lawyer". Thus the Council places on record that in the case similar to this one, a con- ciliation agreement has been reached between the Plaintiff (the person repre- sented by him) and another media, i.e. "Aravot" daily, moreover in this case the newspaper has acknowledged that with its similar publication it has damaged the Plaintiff's honor, dignity and business reputation. Thus the Council prefers the conciliation option in this case as well. The preference of conciliation has been also stressed by the Cassation Court, noting that when hearing cases about the issue in question, the courts should make efforts towards solving the case via conciliation (see the Cassation Court's decision on civil case, dated 27 April 2012). At the same time the Council finds that in case of non-possibility of reaching conciliation, it is appropriate to uphold the application partially by publishing refutation about the article and(or) the Plaintiff's response in "news.am". 46

5. Conclusion Taking into consideration the above-said, the Council finds that: 1. Considering that the article obviously undermines the Plaintiff's profession- al capacities, the "news.am" could have solicited clarifications from the Plaintiff, before publishing the article (for instance, by calling him on the phone). By being aware of the Plaintiff's substantial position, the "news.am" would have most likely abstained from assessing his legal knowledge. 2. The normal procedure of returning the application and re-accepting it, as per a procedure defined by law, should not have become a reason for assess- ing the professional knowledge of a person involved in the process. 3. Before applying to court it would have been appropriate to find out the legal or physical person on whose behalf "news.am" is disseminating information (in this particular case it was "Media Consult" Ltd.) and then file a case. However at the same time the Council acknowledges that the "news.am" website does not mention the name of the legal person, which is violation of point 2 of part 1 of Article 11 of the Law "On Mass Media". 4. The Council finds the conciliation option preferable as far as this case is concerned. At the same time the Council finds that in case of non-possibili- ty of reaching a conciliation agreement between parties, it is relevant to sat- isfy the application partially, by publishing refutation about the article in "news.am" and(or) the Plaintiff's response. 47

14. S tatement about the verdict on the case filed by "Word of Life" and the Head of Organisation Arthur Simonyan vs. "Iravunk Hetaqnnutyun" and "Argumenti Nedeli v Armenii" Weeklies Published on 14 August 2012

I n an open trial on July 31, 2012, the Court of General Jurisdiction of Kentron and Norq-Marash administrative districts in Yerevan made a verdict on the lawsuit filed by the "Religious Organization "Word of Life" Church" of the Armenian Evangelical Christians and the Head of the organization Artur Simonyan vs. "Iravunq hetaqnnutyun" and "Argumenti Nedeli v Armenii" week- lies, represented by "Iravunq Media" LLC that implements information activity, requesting to refute and oblige to apologize for information defaming the honor, dignity and good reputation of the organization. On May 11 the Council has addressed this court dispute, by stating in its con- clusion that the statements made by respondent media outlets directed at the religious organization lacked factual grounds, and as such, it was not possible to qualify the disputable announcements as fair comment.The Council also believed that the general context of the article, including the continuous and persistent use of the word "sect", had turned the information speech into a speech that prompts and fuels hatred. The Council is deeply concerned over the Court's decision since the Court has not ensured complete and efficient frameworks for judicial test. The Court has not paid attention to the fact that, as the Court has mentioned, having set the goal of covering and criticizing the activities of the religious organization and its leader and thus provoking feedback among the society, which by itself is a legitimate goal, the media outlet has prepared an information material, completely and without reservation, based on a third party public statement, without performing its own examination. As repeatedly mentioned, although such method of reporting does not contradict the formal requirements of the law, however this method of reporting is challenging from the perspective of journalism ethics and responsible journalism. 48

While performing a judicial test to check the application of the Convention, the Court should have revealed whether the reporter had made one’s own good- faith examination prior to publishing the disputable materials and whether in this sense it could be said under the particular circumstances that the reporter was freed from the normal reporter responsibility of checking the factual cir- cumstances of his statements. Finally, mentioning about responsible reporting, the Council means not legal but social and professional responsibility frameworks, the first of which sug- gests that any reporter must demonstrate great cautiousness when the report- ed material is associated with the social values of all society members, includ- ing not only the freedom of expression and voicing critical opinions about mat- ters representing public interest but also the right to respect everybody's reli- gious beliefs, and secondly, a reporter's professional duty of disseminating cor- rect and impartial information. 49

Opinion 15. On the Court Case "Yerevan State University" State Non-Commercial Organization and Ara Gabuzyan vs "Banadzev" LTD and Sirekan Yeghiazaryan Published on 05 September 2012

1. The Facts On 11 June 2011, the "Yerevan State University" State Non-Commercial Organization (YSU) and Ara Gabuzyan have submitted an application to Yerevan's Kentron and Nork-Marash Administrative Districts' General Jurisdiction Court against "Banadzev" LTD and Sirekan Yeghiazaryan, demanding compensation for damage caused to honour, dignity and business reputation, public apology and obliging to publish refutation. On 22 October 2012, the respondent Sirak Yeghiazaryan took part in a Criminal Law exam to enter YSU's Law Department's Master's Degree Programme but the exam results came unsatisfactory. On 28 May 2011 this case was discussed during a programme called "Akanates" (eye-witness) pre- pared by "Banadzev" and broadcast by H1 TV channel. During this programme the programme host Sirak Yeghiazaryan and the lawyer/expert made several statements, which, in the opinion of the plaintiffs, discredit the honour, dignity and business reputation of the YSU, its Law Department's Criminal Law Chair, as well as of Ara Gabuzyan, professor, Doctor of Law, and were insulting and defamatory. The plaintiffs YSU and Ara Gabuzyan have legally challenged the title of the relevant issue of "Akanates" programme - "The Lawbreaker Lawyer", as well as a number of statements made during that programme. On 11 June 2011, the YSU and Ara Gabuzyan have applied to court, demand- ing to oblige the respondents "Banadzev" and Sirekan Yeghiazaryan to the fol- lowing: z To publicly, verbally apologize to the YSU and Ara Gabuzyan, Chairman of the Criminal Law Department, during "Akanates" programme, which will fol- low the court verdict's entry into force, by also placing the video on the pro- gramme's website and on the www.youtube.com. This claim however has changed, since "Akanates" is no longer broadcast on H1. The plaintiffs have thus requested the court to oblige the respondents to publicly apologize at another programme broadcast by H1. 50

z To publish the court verdict on the first page of "Banadzev" website, in a vis- ible location, as well as on http://akanates.banadzev.com website's home- page and under 28.05.11 program pages, in a visible place, with the inclu- sion of the following note: "By the decision of Yerevan's Kentron and Nork- Marash Administrative Districts' Court of General Jurisdiction, "Banadzev" LTD and Sirak Yeghiazaryan have been obliged to apologize to the Yerevan State University and YSU's Criminal Law Chairman Ara Gabuzyan for the insult and defamation made during the program "The Lawbreaker Lawyer". The complete text of the court verdict is presented here". It should be noted that according to Artak Alexanyan, President of "Banadzev", as per the requirements of the law on Mass Media, the text of refutation has been broadcast by the Armenian Public Television's "Akanates" programme and the text's paper version has been shown on the screen as well. The respondent assumes that the plaintiff has missed the programme containing refutation and this is why went to the court. According to the plaintiff Ara Gabuzyan, an agreement had been reached regarding the day and time for broadcasting the refutation text but "Banadzev" did not publish the refutation at the agreed time and as a result very few per- sons could watch the program broadcasting the apology and the plaintiffs did not see this program. Thus the plaintiffs do not agree that the refutation was published properly. As claimed by Ara Gabuzyan, they would not have resort- ed to a court application if there was a proper refutation. Besides, the respon- dent did not appear in court and the case was heard without the presence of the respondent party. 2. Conclusion When assessing facts, the Council takes into account that every member in a democratic society should have an opportunity to freely express his/her ideas pertaining to the fields that are important for the state and society, including on the events and phenomena in the education field, irrespective of the level of negativity of these ideas. The Council takes into account that part 2 of Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights stipulates that in any case the necessity for inter- ference into the media's right to free expression should be assessed by taking into account whether or not there was an acute public demand for the interfer- ence and whether such interference is "necessary in a democratic society". The Council takes into account the media's role in a democratic society and the media's mission to keep in the center of the public attention all areas and phenomena that are of public importance and also considers that education is one of the most important areas of a state's internal policy and has a public sig- nificance. The European Court of Human Rights has expressed its position with this regard in the case "Sunday Times vs the United Kingdom" by noting that the media's responsibilities are not limited to the mere presentation of facts but expand to the interpretation of facts and events, making the public aware 51

of these and promoting the discussion of issues that are of public resonance. The Council takes into account that along with the mentioned above, the ECHR notes that the media have the responsibility to impart information and ideas that are of public importance, although the media should not pass the limits set for the protection of other persons' reputation. The Council arrives to the following conclusion: 1. Considering the TV programme from the point of view of journalistic behav- ior, the Council finds that the principle of good-faith and responsible journal- ism which provides pluralistic and balanced information has been violated during the program. In particular, the strong criticism about professor Ara Gabuzyan has been voiced by using statements, views and opinions, which could have harmed the person's honour and dignity. The information provid- ed during programme was to be balanced, i.e. by ensuring that the positions and opinions of the YSU and Ara Gabuzyan about the subject under discus- sion were also presented, whereas the program organizers not only did not provide them with this opportunity but also did not undertake relevant meas- ures to ensure such opportunity. 2. Before going to court a verbal agreement has been reached between the two parties about the day and time of publishing the refutation text, however the respondent party, violating the agreement, broadcast it on a different day.

The Council finds that the refutation does not meet the requirements defined in Article 8 of the RA Law on Mass Media, thus the party did not provide with an adequate opportunity for legal protection. The plaintiffs did not demand any financial compensation. The Information Disputes Council welcomes this approach when present- ing court applications for defamation and insult related cases, irrespective of the court's decision. 52

Opinion 16. On the Court Case Filed by Daniel Ioannisyan, Bayandur Poghosyan and Hasmik Simonyan vs "Mek Azg" Party Published on 07 September 2012

1. The Facts Civic activists Daniel Ioannisyan, Bayandur Poghosyan and Hasmik Simonyan have submitted a court application against "Mek Azg" Party, demanding mon- etary compensation for discrediting the honour, dignity and business reputation of plaintiffs and a public apology. The application stems from the following statements about plaintiffs dissemi- nated by "Mek Azg" Faction of organizations in the Facebook social network. The following has been said about Daniel Ioannisyan: z "A defender of homosexuals, who condemns the fight of "Mek Azg" Faction against homosexuals…He is a member of Raffi Hovhannisyan's youth wing…, an active member. Armenians, get to know who are resorting to immorality….Your pro-western pro-Levon and pro-Rraffi camps will be sent to the hell…along with your immoral ideas…only powerful Armenia, only Armenian Apostolic Church. This harlequin is not even Armenian by nationality". The following has been said about Bayandur Poghosyan: z "This ideological bastard from Levon's youth wing cannot imagine Armenia with- out homosexuals and throws stones at our fight against homosexuality…". The faction stated the following about Hasmik Simonyan: z "This madam, condemning the struggle of "Mek Azg" faction against the phenomenon of homosexuality, places on record only one thing that she is an ardent advancer of sexual revolution and can see Armenia only with a big army of homosexuals".

2. Conclusion This is the first court precedent in Armenia's inter-state practice when the court has accepted under its proceedings the question of the legality of information disseminated in a social network. From this perspective it can be said that the court's decision had a precedent value, especially taking into account the extensive debates on whether or not the right to free expression in the social networks should be regulated in the same way as in the usual public domain. 53

z With this regard the Council finds that the social networks have stopped being a closed environment since the users are using numerous channels to communicate and exchange information with parties in public domain. From this point of view, in terms of both legal and social consequences, there is no difference between cases when a person is raising complaints by making a statement in his/her personal page status or, for instance, expresses the same complaint by placing it on a poster and displaying in an active part of the city. In both cases the information is available to all. The court has applied this very new criterion when determining whether or not the information had a public nature. By referring to the "third party" criterion established in the precedent law, the court at the same time has introduced "available to all" criterion, which, we believe, will have a more appropriate application in terms of information disseminated on the internet. The Council welcomes the Court's conclusions mentioned above. z Amongst statements under question the court has considered the word "har- lequin" addressed to Daniel Ioannisyan and "ideological bastard" addressed to Bayandur Poghosyan as insulting with an intention to damage reputation. The afore-mentioned expressions, which in the given context have been used as value judgments, can receive various connotations in various con- texts. In this particular context the Court has found them objectively damag- ing and insulting based on its inner conviction. Taking this into account the Council abstains from assessing if the statements mentioned in this context are insulting and of damaging nature or not. z As far as the remaining general statements are concerned, the court has found them neither insulting nor defamatory, since the court found that these are abstract statements that are not objectively damaging. According to the Court, belonging to a particular party, defending someone, holding or dis- seminating ideas, not being Armenian by nationality or disseminating infor- mation about all this, even if this does not correspondent to the reality, can- not damage a person's honour, dignity or business reputation. The Council welcomes such position since it ensures wide scopes of political speech. z We think that the court showed a reasonable approach as well when solv- ing the issue of compensation. First, following the Cassation Court's prece- dent law, in particular that in all cases when the award amount is to be deter- mined it is necessary to take into account the financial state of the person who insulted or defamed and that compensation amounts and forms that can have a decisive impact on the respondent party should be excluded, the court has satisfied the demand for non-pecuniary damage, which makes a symbolic 10 drams each for every plaintiff. With this regard the Council notes again that there is consistent approach in the application of the Cassation Court's precedent law. z As for court expenses, this demand has been completely rejected since the plaintiffs could not justify with a documentary proof that such expenses have 54

been actually incurred. Regarding this the Council abstains from expressing its opinion since the application is under the court discretion. As far as the method of legal protection is concerned, the court has obliged the respon- dent organization to apologize to the plaintiffs by placing the text of apology on Facebook social network. We believe that in the present circum- stances the court has been able to fairly counterbalance the interests of the parties.

3. Recommendation Considering that the present case is the first case heard by Armenian courts concerning the right to free expression on internet, as well as taking into account that this topic is gaining high popularity in the Armenian internet domain, the Council finds that it is time for broad discussions on issues pertain- ing to the adoption and application of self-regulation norms on internet and for this purpose invites all active users to debate. 55

Opinion 17. On the Court Case filed by Hayk Babukhanyan and "Iravunk Media" LTD vs "Khmbagir" LTD and Journalist Edik Andreasyan, Demanding Protection of Honour, Dignity and Business Reputation Published on 18 September 2012

1. The Facts On 31.08.2010, a voluminous article entitled "Iravunq's" (means "right", TN) Right is at the Edge of Hayk Babukhanyan's Sword" and authored by journal- ist Edik Andreasyan was posted in www.report.am website, published by the respondent "Khmbagir" LTD. The plaintiff went to court on 11.11.2010 and informed that the article entirely contains insulting and defamatory statements and the facts narrated therein do not correspondent to reality, requesting the court to oblige the company and the journalist to refute the published insulting and defamatory statements, to apol- ogize to plaintiffs and to publish the complete text of the court verdict in the same media outlet. Furthermore, the plaintiff demanded that each respondent be obliged to pay 1 mln. AMD and 2 mln. AMD for insult and defamation respectively, in total amounting to 6 mln. AMD. On 27.02.2012 the General Jurisdiction Court of Kentron and Nork-Marash Administrative Districts of Yerevan fully rejected the application, based on part 13 of the RoA Civil Code's Article 1087.1, which defines that a person can sub- mit an application to court on the basis of the mentioned Article within one month after becoming aware of the insult and defamation but no later that with- in 6 months after insult and defamation have been made. In this particular case, the Court has reasoned that in his application or during verbal court hear- ings, the plaintiff has presented no arguments that he became aware of the article published on 31.08.2010 later than the day when the article was pub- lished, which is why the plaintiff party applied to court on 11.11.2010, thereby missing the 1 month period defined under part 13 of Article 1087.1 of the Civil Code. In addition to rejecting the application, the First Instance Court decided to charge the plaintiffs 236 000 AMD as a compensation of an unpaid state duty amount. The Court of Appeal entirely rejected the appeal, by leaving the First Instance Court's decision into force and in its turn, decided to charge 390 000 Armenian AMD, as an amount of unpaid state duty for filing the appeal. The 56

Court of Cassation returned the appeal, actually rejecting the issue of accept- ability of the appeal. As per the decision of the Cassation Court from 25.07.2012, the case's adjudication was concluded. 2. Conclusion Prior to the decision of the Cassation Court on 27.04.2012, the Courts were applying point 13 of Article 1087.1 of the RoA Civil Code by providing various types of interpretation to it, thereby creating ambiguity and confusion when solving the issue of the limitation of court actions in defamation and insult relat- ed cases. For instance, in the case ºÎ¸/1708/02/10 (Susanna Baghdasaryan against "Hayq" newspaper), the Court of General Jurisdiction of Kentron and Nork-Marash Administrative Districts of Yerevan defined a three year period for the limitation of actions and based on this accepted an application submitted after 2 years, 6 months and 11 days following the newspaper article's publica- tion, based on Article 332 of the Civil Code. In another case, ºÎ¸/2479/02/10 (Bella and Sedrak Kocharyans vs "Skizb Media Kentron" LTD), the First Instance Court defined a six month period for the limitation of court actions, by deriving an absolute rule from the meaning of part 13 of Article 1087.1 of the Civil Code, according to which when determining the period of the limitation of court actions, it is necessary to select the longest among the two periods defined in the article, i.e. the six month period. In its Opinion No. 9, the Council has already expressed its position concerning this issue by stating that point 13 of Article 1087.1 actually defines only one and not two periods for the limitation of court actions, with that one period consist- ing of two elements, which, nevertheless work in one unity. This means, if a person has missed the first period for the limitation of court actions, i.e. the pos- sibility for filing an application with court during one month period after becom- ing aware about defamation and insult, then that person can not use the sec- ond period defined for applying to court within 6 months following the moment of insult and defamation. In its Opinion the Council also noted that it is not acceptable to claim that with a view to defining wider legal protection one can focus only on the second period. Contrary to afore-mentioned controversial developments, which were subject for concern for lawyers and journalistic community for long time, the Council notes with satisfaction that there has been a more unified court practice for the application of the afore-mentioned article during last months in terms of a uni- form application of point 13 of Article 1087.1 of the Civil Code. In particular, with regard to the Case No. 1469/02/11, on 11 July 2012 the Court of General Jurisdiction of Shirak Region rejected the application, finding that the plaintiff had violated the need for submitting application within one month after becom- ing aware of the problematic publication, irrespective of the fact that the 6 months period defined under the same Article had not expired yet. The Court commented that "simultaneous observance of the two periods men- tioned above is necessary: first, not more than a one month period should have passed after becoming aware of defamation and insult and second, not more 57

than six months should have passed from the moment when defamation and insult are made" (the Council had arrived to a similar conclusion in its Opinion No. 9). The First Instance Court and the Court of Appeal have arrived to simi- lar conclusions in their decisions concerning the same case, by rejecting the application which was submitted by violating the requirement for applying to court within one month period, even when as of the day of applying to court, the six month period from the moment of defamation and insult had not expired. It is also important to note that in this case the Court of Appeal made a reference to the conclusions made in the Cassation Court's precedent deci- sion of 27.04.2012, which were as follows: "The legislator has provided an opportunity to apply to court, at any rate, no later than after the expiry of 6 months period from the moment of defama- tion and insult, thereby including as well the 1 month period for demanding a refutation from mass media. It is also worth mentioning that the period for limitation of court actions starts from the moment when a person has become aware of the insult and defamation. Thus in all cases when a per- son becomes aware of defamation and insult after the expiry of six months period, he/she misses the period of the limitation for court action". z Based on the afore-mentioned legal acts, the Council finds that finally a consistent court practice has been developed in terms of the application of point 13 of Article 1087.1 of the Civil Code. z The Council notes as well that when rejecting the application, the First Instance and Appeal Courts have decided to charge plaintiffs a rather con- siderable amount - 236 000 AMD as a compensation of a state duty amount unpaid in the first instance court and 390 000 AMD, as a state duty amount unpaid for appeal compliant, in total amounting to 626 000 AMD, which makes more than 10% of the compensation amount requested in the appli- cation. The Court's decision stems from Article 9 of the State Duty Law of the RoA according to which in case an application is rejected, the plaintiffs shall be charged a state duty in the amount of 2 percent of the pecuniary demand for applications submitted to first instance courts, and in case of an appeal - in the amount of 3 percent of the pecuniary demand. z The Council finds that such legal demand, in this particular case concern- ing defamation and insult related cases, contributes that the citizens abstain from irrelevant and unpromising legal complaints which include unjustifiably high monetary demands. 58

Opinion 18. On the Court Case Filed by "Ijevan Road Construction Enterprise" CJSC vs. "Ijevan Studio" Ltd and journalist Naira Khachikyan Published on 03 October 2012

1. The Facts On 21.06.11 a video material titled "Where are the Destroyed Flagstones?" prepared by Ijevan TV company was broadcast by "Lraber" news programme of Armenian Second TV Channel. The video pertained to the renovation works of "Ijevan RCE" Closed Joint Stock Company in a number of streets of Ijevan. The video material criticized the Company for removing flagstones of the Ijevanyan street of Ijevan, without having the relevant permission and urban construction documents, which resulted in the street's becoming impassable for people and public transportation. In particular the broadcast material includ- ed the following statements: "Real destroyers having one name - Ijevan Road Construction Enterprise, are disguised under a business mask"; "perhaps it is the lack of quality and fairness which caused such consequences"; "has destroyed and secretly sold the flagstones"; "were sold with the uncaring hand of Ijevan road construction company"; and "after heavy rains it is about how 36 million drams for Metaghagortsneri 36 street were spent and wasted that peo- ple would be talking about". On 27.06.2011 Ijevan TV company broadcast a video material entitled "The Flagstones in a Safe Destination", where the Director and staff of "Ijevan RCE" CJSC provided clarifications about the earlier information. The Company applied to Court on 19.07.2011 against Ijevan TV Company and journalist Naira Khachikyan who prepared the video material, demanding apol- ogy for damaging business reputation and a compensation of 3 000 000 AMD for pecuniary and non-pecuniary damage (including 200 000 for the fee paid to the lawyer and 64 000 AMD for state duty as a court expense) to be charged from the Respondents. In its verdict from 27/04/2012 the Court arrived to the conclusion that the first 2 statements "Real destroyers having one name - Ijevan Road Construction Enterprise, are disguised under a business mask" and "perhaps it is the lack of quality and fairness which caused such consequences" are value judgments which can not be deemed as insulting. While the journalist went for exaggera- tion, with this style she expressed an opinion which is not injurious. By assess- ing the remaining expressions as statements about facts, the Court concluded 59

that the expressions "has destroyed and secretly sold the flagstones"; "were sold with the uncaring hand of Ijevan road construction company" and "of 36 million drams' spending and wasting" do not correspondent to the reality as factual data and damage the company's business reputation. With this regard the Court defined that the video material damaged the plaintiff company's busi- ness reputation. When determining the compensation amount the court con- cluded that the damage incurred by the plaintiff has been partially compensat- ed by the fact that the latter one received a possibility to present its views dur- ing the programme broadcast by Ijevan TV company on 27.06.2011 and there- fore decreased the compensation amount to 50 000 AMD. The Court of Appeal entirely reversed the First Instance Court's decision and sent the case to the First Instance Court to be entirely heard anew. The Court reasoned its decision by referring to the Cassation Court's precedent decision of 27.04.2012, in the following way: "It is necessary to assess the issue of the prompt and available to all distri- bution of information by a mass medium ….The distribution of information by the media is much quicker that if the publication was made among a small circle of persons. At the same time it is necessary to take into account the scope of information's coverage: the media that are for local consump- tion have a much smaller coverage that the media that have a nation-wide coverage. When awarding a pecuniary compensation it is necessary that the Courts attach high attention to how the compensation amount is defined, demand financial documents submitted by plaintiffs to relevant state bodies and other documents….otherwise high compensation amounts can result in severe con- sequences in terms of the plaintiffs' ability to continue their activities. …In this particular case it is not clear under which circumstances the court has arrived to the conclusion that the compensation amount should be 50 000 AMD when the Second Armenian TV Channel has a nation-wide cover- age, i.e. the damaging information voiced by a nation-wide TV company became available among all stakeholders who are in business relations with that company. The case does not include any relevant evidence on N. Khachikyan's mate- rial situation…, based on which the court could find out the respondent's material situation and define a reasonable compensation amount commen- surate with the damage caused by insult and defamation. The Court itself has placed on record the fact that there is no evidence concerning the respondent's material situation and nevertheless defined 50 000 AMD as a compensation amount". The information material entirely concerns a problem which is of high public interest. During court examination it is indeed necessary that the courts take into account the "watchdog" responsibility of the media in democratic society which enables citizens to scrutinize the activities of public bodies. When exer- 60

cising this responsibility, the media have the right to present their subjective assessments, use acute criticism and exaggerated expression means. According to the Constitutional Court of the RoA this right of journalists is lim- ited at a point when "it is no longer possible to argue that they are making their contribution to the open debate over issues that are important for the society". This can be deemed as the distinction line which separates responsible jour- nalism from non-responsible journalism. In this particular case the media had an aim to invite public attention to the alleged breaches during construction works carried out with the community means and thereby generate open public debate. When doing this the journal- ist raised acute issues and went for exaggerated statements. All this was taken into account by First Instance and Appeal Courts with regard to the first and second statements in question. Such approach is indeed welcome. A different attitude was shown to the remaining 3 statements, which the court deemed as statements of facts. The Council also finds that these are state- ments of facts that are subject to a different legal regulation, i.e. they are sub- ject to being proved. This circumstance should oblige journalists to remain very vigilant. In such circumstances a statement will be referred to the person hav- ing publicly presented the factual data and ultimately this person will bear responsibility for proving the truthfulness of such statement. Since it is the rou- tine responsibility of a journalist to check facts, very serious circumstances must be in place in order for this responsibility to be lifted. The presence of such circumstances depends on the nature and level of the defamatory state- ment , way of its distribution and to what extent the source of information was reliable for the medium at that moment . A relevant feature also is the presump- tion of innocence. In this particular case the media outlet and the journalist have not provided any evidence for justifying the statements and just stated that the mentioned state- ments "are heard from people during video shooting". The Council finds that the statements in question were too serious and dam- aging in order for the underlying facts be justified just with such vague evi- dence. Thus no good-faith was exercised in checking the facts of the state- ment. In the same context the Council considers the circumstance that the statement was disseminated several times by the Second Armenian and "Yerkir Media" TV channels which have a nation-wide coverage. The distribu- tion of information via such means is much wider from the point of view of its impact than via other types of media. As far as the conclusion of the Court of Appeal that when determining the com- pensation amount the First Instance Court did not assess the circumstance that the information was distributed by a TV company which has a nation-wide cov- erage, as well as that the First Instance Court did not take into consideration the material situation of the respondents, the Council, in principle concurring with the approach of the Cassation Court, for now abstains from expressing an opinion since the court hearing over the mentioned two basis is still ongoing. 61

As for the respondent's position that the second programme broadcast on 27.06.2011 can be deemed as a refutation by the respondent and thus the plaintiff should not have requested a court protection, the Council agrees with the Cassation Court's approach that when reversing the First Instance Court's decision, it instructed the First Instance Court to find out in the course of the new examination of the case, whether the plaintiff company, before seeking court protection, requested the respondents to refute the published information in the same means as it was distributed. The Council finds that the clarification of this issue can have a crucial impact on the result of the outcome of the case. The Council also appreciates the fact that the first instance court has notably reduced the amount of the monetary compensation defined against the media outlet with the justification that with the possibility of expressing their views dur- ing the second programme, the violated right of the plaintiffs was partially restored. It is also commendable that the reversing of the court decision by the Court of Appeal was based on the omission of the First Instance Court, accord- ing to which without demanding any evidence concerning the damage caused by the plaintiff, the Court, exclusively based on its inner conviction, defined the amount of the damage incurred by the plaintiff company. The Court has instructed to examine this circumstance as well in the course of the new exam- ination of the case. 62

Opinion 19. On the Court Case Filed by Hayk Babukhanyan vs "Khmbagir" Ltd. (report.am), Edik Andreasyan and Abel Mikayelyan Published on 10 October 2012 1. The Facts On 25 March 2011, a material (hereinafter referred to as the Article) entitled "When what can not be prompted is forcedly prompted", authored by Edik Andreasyan and publications (comments) made by unknown persons on the same material were published on www.report.am website by "Urbat" Club "Khmbagir" Ltd. Considering the Article and comments as containing insulting statements which violate the rights set forth in the Armenian legislation, Hayk Babukhanyan (hereinafter: the Plaintiff) in his application of 21 April 2011 submitted to court, has requested to oblige "Khmbagir" Ltd., Edik Andreasyan and Abel Mikayelyan to publicly apologize in the same media outlet in accordance with the format decided by court, as well as to oblige the respondent company to publish the full version of the court verdict in the same media outlet, i.e. report.am website, where the article and comments on the article were pub- lished, at the same time requested to solve the issue of distribution of legal expenses. At the pre-investigation stage of the case the Plaintiff has made a supplement to the claim, requesting as well 1 000 000 AMD as a compensa- tion amount for insult. The First Instance Court of Kentron and Nork-Marash Administrative Districts of Yerevan (chaired by the judge A. Melkumyan) hearing the civil case No. ºÎ¸/0790/02/11, in its decision of 12 March 2012 entirely rejected the applica- tion because of finding it unjustified. 2. Conclusion The Plaintiff's mediation was upheld with the decision of 22.04.2011 of the First Instance Court of Kentron and Nork-Marash Administrative Districts of Yerevan and for the purpose of securing the claim, the Respondents "Khmbagir" Ltd., Edik Andreasyan and Abel Mikayelyan were prohibited from publishing any material about the Plaintiff in www.report.am website and placing statements made by other persons on the material or allow the posting of such statements, re-publishing or maintaining in the website a published material which contains 63

an insult to the honour, dignity and business reputation of the Plaintiff and (or) defamatory statements. In this particular case the court is led by Article 98 of the RoA Civil Code, which, in its point 2 of part 1, stipulates that one of the means to secure a court claim is to forbid the Respondent from resorting to certain actions. Although the Armenian legislation does not clearly define the list of actions which can be prohibited by court as a means to secure a claim, however, the Council finds that prohibiting the respondent to perform certain actions as a means to secure the claim can be applied only versus such actions which are legal or not pro- hibited by law, whereas in this case the court has forbidden an action, for which there is legal liability. As well, taking into account that according to part 2 of the European Convention and Article 43 of Amenia's Consitution, a number of human and civil rights and freedoms, including the freedom of expression guaranteed by Article 27 of the Constitution, can be limited only by law if this necessary in a democratic society, for the national security, protection of public order, crime prevention, public health and morality, for the protection of other persons' con- stitutional rights and freedoms, honour and reputation. The Council finds that with its decision the Court was not to limit freedom of expression (as it actually did by satisfying the Plaintiff's mediation during investigation of the case), since according to Article 43 of Armenia's Constitution, the freedom of expression can be limited exclusively in accor- dance with the law. Besides, according to part 1 of Article 4 of Armenia's Law on Mass Media, the implementers of media activities and journalists act freely, based on the princi- ples of legal equality, legality, freedom of speech (expression) and pluralism, and points 1 and 2 of part 3 of the same Article prohibit: 1. censorship; 2. actions that are aimed at or can lead to forcing the implementer of media activity and journalists to disseminating an information or refusing to dis- seminate that information. Hence, the Council places on record that by satisfying the Plaintiff's mediation, the Court has actually applied censorship, as well as an action which was aimed at or could lead to forcing the implementer of media activity and journalist to dis- seminating an information or refusing to disseminate that information, which are forbidden by points 1 and 2 of part 3 of Article 4 of the Law on Mass Media. The Council finds it important to note as well that it is only under certain strict- ly special circumstances that a well-justified and necessary demand will objec- tively occur to suspend the further publication of problematic information before the conclusion of a court examination. Such limitation however should be defined by law, secondly such limitation should have really small scopes. In this perspective the Council concurs with the opinion of "Article 19" reputable 64

organization according to which a court ban should be practiced provided the below mentioned two conditions are in place: first, the Plaintiff should justify that the further publication of the problematic information can lead to an irreversible damage, which can not be fixed through a favorable court act later on, and sec- ond, the Plaintiff should be able to show that the statement is obviously of defam- atory nature and with regard to this no protection will make any sense. As for the anonymous materials published on the website, which, in the opin- ion of the Plaintiff, also contain insult, the Court concluded that the Plaintiff's claims with this regard are not justified as well since in this particular case the Court deems the statements in the unsigned and anonymous materials to be a result of value judgments of the members of the society, since all significant pre-conditions are in place for finding it proven that these were value judg- ments. In particular the above-mentioned persons have expressed opinions on the material, having certain factual circumstances and expression of goodwill, which was the material published on the website. The court has also noted with regard to the case that before the Plaintiff's writ- ten or verbal request the media outlet could not have limited its readers' right to free expression (for instance, by deleting, removing the comments) since this would have been deemed unnecessary in a democratic society, hence the media outlet did not bear responsibility for the comments made by other per- sons, because first of all, the latter's deliberate intention for what happened with the Plaintiff was not in place and it is not possible to find out the identity of those persons since they were using their nicknames when leaving comments on the material. Besides, the Court has also noted that the comments made by anonymous persons concerning the article were subjective assessments or opinions which were conditioned by a prevailing public need, related with the published article's public and political resonance. By concurring with the Court's conclusions with regard to the user comments, the Council also finds it appropriate to mention that in its Opinion published on 30 May 2012 concern- ing the verdict of the First Instance Court of General Jurisdiction of Kentron and Nork-Marash Administrative District on the case filed by Arthur Grigoryan vs "Hraparak" daily, the Council already addressed the comments' issue and found that the legal positions expressed in the Constitutional Court's decision No. ºÎ¸-997, dating from 15 November 2011 are equally applicable for the user comments made on online media platforms. With this regard the Council once again calls on: z All media outlets to moderate user comments by following the popular prin- ciples of the right to free expression; z Online media to develop and place on their websites moderation rules to be visible for readers and to thereby guarantee the clarity and transparency of the use of moderation rules. The Council also finds it necessary to address the issue that according to the Respondent, "if the Plaintiffs found that their rights were violated with the prob- lematic article, they were obliged to request refutation of the disseminated 65

information within the timeframes and order defined by the RA Law on Mass Media. The fact of not using their rights as per the timelines and procedures set forth by the law…, deprives the Plaintiffs of the possibility to use the protection means defined by points 7 and 8 of Article 1087.1 of the RA Civil Code". As a result of examining the Court's decision on the case under discussion, the Council placed on record that the Court has addressed the issue in detail, jus- tifying its groundlessness. Agreeing with the Court's position, the Council places on record that the statement of the Respondent's representative that not using their rights as per the timelines and procedure set forth by the law deprives the Plaintiffs of the possibility to use the protection means defined by points 7 and 8 of Article 1087.1 of the RA Civil Code or, in other words, a per- son can go to the court, only after having requested refutation, does not corre- spond to the legislation, since it is a person's right and not obligation to demand refutation before going to court. Taking into account the afore-mentioned, the Council arrives to the fol- lowing conclusion: 1. Banning the Respondent from performing certain actions as a means to secure the court claim can be applied only versus an action which is legal or not forbidden by law, whereas for the current case the Court has banned an action, for which there is legal liability. 2. The court was not to limit freedom of expression (as it actually did by satis- fying the Plaintiff's mediation during investigation of the case), since accord- ing to Article 43 of Armenia's Constitution and part 2 of Article 10 of the European Convention of Human Rights freedom of expression can be limit- ed exclusively in accordance with the law. 3. In its Opinion published on 30 May 2012 concerning the verdict of the First Instance Court of General Jurisdiction of Kentron and Nork-Marash Administrative District on the case filed by Arthur Grigoryan vs "Hraparak" daily, the Council addressed the comments' issue and arrived to conclusions that are also applicable for this particular case. 4. The statement of the Respondent's representative that not using their right to refutation as per the timelines and procedure set forth by the law deprives the Plaintiffs of the possibility to use the protection means defined by points 7 and 8 of Article 1087.1 of the RA Civil Code or, in other words, a person can go to the court, only after having requested refutation, does not corre- spond to the legislation, since it is a person's right and not obligation to demand refutation before going to court. 66

Information Disputes Council Members

Shushan Doydoyan - Secretary of the Council, President of the Freedom of Information Centre of Armenia; Manana Aslamazyan - Director of Alternative Resources in Media program; Boris Navasardyan - President of the Yerevan Press Club; Aram Abrahamyan - Chief Editor of "Aravot" newspaper; Ara Ghazaryan - Deputy Director of "Arni Consult" Law Firm 67

Key facts

Organisation Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)

Document type book

Adoption date December 17, 2012

Source OSCE