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Combating Trafficking and Exploitation: Human Rights, Social Justice and the Rule of Law

December 19, 2013 OSCE

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SEC.GAL/195/13/Rev.1 19 December 2013

ENGLISH only OfÄce of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating TrafÄcking in Human Beings

COMBATING TRAFFICKING AND EXPLOITATION: HUMAN RIGHTS, SOCIAL JUSTICE AND THE RULE OF LAW

2013 Annual Report of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating TrafÄcking in Human Beings ISBN: 978-92-9234-443-6

Published by the OSCE Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings

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Cite as: OSCE Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings, Combating Trafficking and Exploitation: Human Rights, Social Justice and the Rule of Law (December 2013).

The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is a pan-European security body whose 57 participating States span the geographical area from Vancouver to Vladivostok. Recognized as a regional arrangement under Chapter VIII of the United Nations Charter, the OSCE is a primary instrument for early warning, conflict prevention, crisis management and post-conflict rehabilitation in its area. Its approach to security is unique in being both comprehensive and co-operative: comprehensive in that it deals with three dimensions of security – the human, the politico-military and the economic/environmental. It therefore addresses a wide range of security-related concerns, including human rights, arms control, confidence- and security-building measures, national minorities, democratization, policing strategies, counter-terrorism and economic and environmental activities.

The materials in this publication are for general information purposes only, provided on an “as is” basis, without warranties of any kind, including fitness for any particular purpose. The OSCE, specifically, does not make any warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the information in this publication. The views, findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official position of the OSCE and/or its participating States. To the extent permitted by law, the OSCE does not accept any liability for any loss, damage, liability or expense incurred or suffered, which may arise as a result of, or in connection with, the use of information contained in this publication. COMBATING TRAFFICKING AND EXPLOITATION: HUMAN RIGHTS, SOCIAL JUSTICE AND THE RULE OF LAW

2013 Annual Report of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings

presented to the Permanent Council, 19 December 2013 4 Foreword 2013 was an important year in the fight against human traffick- ing for the OSCE. It marked the 10th Anniversary of the adoption of the OSCE Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Be- ings. Commemorating this event allowed my Office to assess where we stand, what we have achieved, and what we need to do to enhance our efforts in the future. This year was also an important one from my perspective as Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Traf- ficking in Human Beings. It marked the fourth and final my mandate and therefore provided a good opportunity to look back and, at the same time, look forward and ascertain where our work has had the most impact in recent years and where we must increase our efforts in order to achieve our goals. 2013 has been an extremely busy and fruitful year. My Office has published four major reports: the Policy and legislative recom- mendations towards the effective implementation of the non- punishment provision with regard to victims of trafficking, the Occasional Paper Trafficking in Human Beings Amounting to Torture and other Forms of Ill-Treatment, the Occasional Paper Trafficking in Human Beings for the Purpose of Organ Removal in the OSCE Region: Analysis and Findings and the report on Enhancing Co-operation to Prevent Trafficking in Human Be- ings in the Mediterranean Region. All these publications are the result of co-operation with experts from governments and civil society in participating States as well as the Partners operation. I am particularly proud of the fact that our publica- tions have already given impetus to numerous discussions and follow-up activities across and beyond the OSCE region. My Office has also, in co-operation with participating States, continued its pioneering work on preventing domestic servitude in diplomatic households. We have organized two workshops for staff of the Protocol Departments of Ministries of Foreign Af- fairs this year, one in Kyiv and one in The Hague, turnout from the participating States. I would like to thank all participating States for the interest and commitment they have shown in moving this sensitive yet important topic forward. My Office will continue to work on this topic – a handbook will be published in 2014 - ensuring that the OSCE is in the vanguard of organizations working to ensure that diplomatic immunity is not abused for the purpose of exploiting domestic workers. I would also like to use this opportunity to highlight some is- sues that I have personally tried to drive in my four years as OSCE Special Representative. I have made significant progress on some topics, while in other areas there is a need for renewed attention and action. Also, we must ask, what are, ten years after the adoption of the OSCE Action Plan to Combat Traf- ficking in Human Beings by participating States, the important lessons learned in the OSCE region in the fight against human trafficking? year of In my experience, country visits are a highly valuable tool in our work with participating States to enhance the implementation of OSCE commitments. They allow for an in-depth dialogue with governments and civil society over how the commitments have been implemented in practice, which particular challenges have been encountered and how these have been overcome, taking into account the national context relevant to the specific coun- try visited. All country visits I conducted provided impetus for follow-up at the national level and, importantly, also enhanced co-operation with my Office, feeding into new policy priorities and activities relevant for the whole OSCE region. I have paid enhanced attention to country visits since taking up office. Dur- ing my mandate, I have conducted 11 country visits across the OSCE region, travelling to the UK, Canada, Moldova, Ireland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Azerbaijan, Portugal, Italy, Kazakh- stan, Romania and Uzbekistan. for Co- The fight against human trafficking is part of our common ef- fort to ensure security in the OSCE region. People need to feel secure from fear of violence, slavery and exploitation, even in times of economic constraints. And if they end up exploited, they need to be given the tools to reclaim their rights. Protection of human rights and promotion of the rule of law are most ef- fective strategies to prevent and combat human trafficking and exploitation. with a strong In recent years, we have learned that prevention is a crucial component of a long-term strategy against human traffick- ing. Prevention does not mean telling people not to migrate. Moreover, prevention goes far beyond awareness-raising ac- tivities. Sustainable and human rights-based prevention strate- gies must target systemic factors that create vulnerabilities and protect the rights of those who are vulnerable to exploitation.

5 Prevention needs to be built into our societies and systems in all Access to justice is key to combating trafficking in human be- spheres - social, health and legal. In the end, it means ensuring ings. Criminal justice responses to human trafficking have im- human rights protection for all and prioritizing decent opportuni- proved in recent years. There are now prosecutions and con- ties, the rule of law and actively working towards social justice. victions in cases of trafficking for labour exploitation. We are It also means understanding that justice must not be limited also starting to see compensation claims awarded to victims of to our own nationals, but must be applied to all and viewed human trafficking in the context of criminal proceedings against from a global perspective. We will only be able to prevent hu- their traffickers. But this is still a drop in the bucket if we look at man trafficking if we address the continuum of exploitation and estimates of victim numbers and the amount of money made empower all people trapped along this continuum to claim their from the exploitation of victims. We need to reinforce criminal rights as well as hold all those who exploit them accountable. justice responses and we need to complement criminal justice Only if we create such a deeper awareness and consciousness with responses in other areas of justice - be it labour, civil or within society, state actors, civil society and the private sector, administrative. When States use all the tools they have at their will we succeed. In this context, it is very important to engage disposal to serve justice, hold exploiters accountable and en- with the private sector so ensure the supply chain is free from sure victims’ rights, vulnerability to exploitation will be limited exploitation, forced labour and trafficking. and the rule of law re-affirmed.

The non-punishment of victims of trafficking for offences linked The OSCE Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings to them while they were trafficked is still ineffective throughout of 2003 remains a comprehensive and strategic document that the OSCE region – one of the issues that for me as a judge has been guiding practitioners in their fight against modern-day has been a leading concern during my mandate. Currently, vic- slavery over the past ten years. Nevertheless, taking into ac- tims are put in the front-line by traffickers and obliged to com- count the experience gained by participating States, interna- mit crimes and other offences to bring them profit. As a result, tional organizations and civil society, the Ukrainian Chairman- the victims are often those who ultimately are punished for an ship encouraged the participating States to update the OSCE unlawful act they have not committed voluntarily. We have to Action Plan, valid as ever, to ensure that its recommended punish the traffickers and exploiters, not the victims. Victims measures meet current and emerging challenges posed by traf- of crime, including victims of human trafficking, are entitled to ficking networks and trends. I am delighted that my Office was assistance and rights protection – without discrimination. Un- provided with an opportunity to support the CiO and offer its fortunately this has not yet become the norm throughout the technical support for the elaboration of the “Addendum to the OSCE region. The application of the non-punishment provision OSCE Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings: One to victims of trafficking is key to identification and assistance, Decade Later” that was adopted by the Permanent Council in and I am glad that my Policy and legislative recommendations its Decision PC.DEC/1107 and endorsed by the Kyiv Ministerial towards the effective implementation of the non-punishment Council in its Decision MC.DEC/07/13 on 6 December 2013. provision with regard to victims of trafficking published this year This consensus Decision reiterated the OSCE’s pioneering role are now enabling awareness-raising among, and guidance to, in the prevention of and fight against all forms of trafficking in national stakeholders throughout the OSCE region. human beings.

An area of anti-trafficking policy that I believe needs a review Fostering such a proactive and innovative role, including by and revision of laws is trafficked persons’ access to assistance. bringing together all the relevant partners especially in the con- We need to ensure victims have access to assistance, support text of the Alliance against Trafficking in Persons, has been my and remedies, regardless of whether they are able or willing constant aim during the four years of my mandate. I wish to to co-operate with law enforcement and the prosecution and thank Ambassadors, members of delegations, colleagues and regardless of whether investigations are initiated or charges partners for the enriching and inspiring work we have done to- pressed against their traffickers and exploiters. A person is a gether. victim and deserves access to justice and fair treatment, restitu- tion, compensation and assistance without discrimination and regardless of whether the perpetrator is identified, apprehend- ed, prosecuted or convicted by the authorities.

Maria Grazia Giammarinaro OSCE Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings

6 2013 Annual Report Acknowledgements

I wish to express my gratitude to the Ukrainian OSCE Chairmanship and to the previous Chairmanship of Ireland, as well as the incoming Swiss Chair, which also carried out the 2013 Chairmanship of the Contact Group of the Mediterranean Partners, the incoming Serbian Chair, which was also the 2013 Chair of the Human Dimension Committee, as well as to all participating States and Partners for Co-operation for their support and co-operation during 2013.

My sincere thanks also go to Secretary General Lamberto Zannier, and each and every one of our colleagues working on anti- trafficking in the OSCE structures at the Secretariat, the other institutions and the field presences, without which the OSCE anti-trafficking mechanism, headed by the SR/CTHB and her Office, would not function. I would like to thank in particular my colleagues from the OCEEA, the TNTD/SPMU and the TNTD/Borders Unit, from the Gender Section, from ODIHR and the field operations. This report is testimony to the excellent co-operation and co-ordination we have established together and been able to mainstream into all our activities over the years. As in previous years, this report contains contributions from other OSCE struc- tures, institutions and field operations engaged in the fight against trafficking in human beings, providing a substantial record of how extensive this co-operation has become.

I also wish to thank the international organizations, NGOs and other expert practitioners who partnered with us especially in the Alliance against Trafficking in Persons. I look forward to continuing to work closely with governments, parliaments, judiciary, civil society and international organizations in the OSCE region to prevent and combat trafficking in human beings.

My warmest thanks go to each and every colleague in my talented and dedicated Office, who have worked tirelessly and diligently to support my work throughout this year in Office and to prepare this Annual Report: Teresa Albano, Alberto Andreani, Aimée Comrie, Muriel Ethvignot, Vera Gracheva, Claire Jessel, Alfred Kueppers, Cristina Mukhtashova, Szilvia Okolicsanyi, Ruth Pojman, Georgina Vaz Cabral, as well as our interns, temporary staff and JPOs who worked with us in different periods during 2013: Rosalia Bollen, Nathalie Haefele, Daliborka Jankovic, Mélodie Sahraie and Maryana Sukhorukova. I wish to thank in particular my former adviser, Astrid Ganterer, the main drafter of the report.

On this occasion, I wish to especially thank my Co-ordination Adviser Vera Gracheva, who is leaving the OSCE after many years of service, for her outstanding contributions to my Office. Her work was instrumental in the founding of our unit, and she served with great distinction under all three Special Representatives.

And last but not least, I wish to extend my thanks to the following donors that have supported the work of my Office with their generous extra-budgetary contributions, including secondments: Andorra, Austria, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States of America.

Maria Grazia Giammarinaro OSCE Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings

7 Table of Contents

Acronyms 9 PART II: INTERNAL CO-ORDINATION AND CO-OPERATION: 10th Anniversary of the adoption of the OSCE Action OSCE INSTITUTIONS, STRUCTURES AND FIELD Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings and the OPERATION ACTIVITIES 33 creation of a Special Representative 10

Executive Summary 12 1. Highlights of internal co-operation and co-ordination 34

2. Office of the Co-ordinator for Economic and Environmental Activities 36 PART I: 13 3. Gender Section 36 OSR/CTHB ACTIVITIES: OVERVIEW AND FOCUS AREAS 4. Transnational Threats Department 37

5. Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights 39 1. Supporting the work of the Ukrainian Chairperson- 6. Field Operations 40 in-Office, participating States and Partners for Co-operation 14

2. Country visits 16 PART III: EXTERNAL CO-OPERATION 51 3. The 13th Alliance Against Trafficking in Persons conference: “Stolen Lives, Stolen Money: The Price of Modern-Day Slavery” 18 1. Co-operation with international inter-govermental organizations and agencies 52 4. Ensuring the non-punishment of victims of trafficking 20 2. Co-operation with civil society, trade unions and other non-state partners 58 5. Preventing domestic servitude in diplomatic households 22 3. The Alliance against Trafficking in Persons 59

6. Trafficking in human beings for the purpose of organ removal 24 ANNEXES 61 7. Trafficking in human beings amounting to ANNEX 1: TABLES OF EVENTS 62 torture and other forms of ill-treatment 26 ANNEX 2: ADDENDUM TO THE OSCE ACTION PLAN 69 ANNEX 3: REFERENCES 74 8. Working with participating States and the Mediterranean Partners for Co-operation to prevent human trafficking 28

9. Human rights and business 30

10. Working with the media to raise public awareness 32

8 2013 Annual Report Acronyms

AECT Alliance Expert Co-ordination Team IPA Inter-Parliamentary Assembly AML/CFT Anti-Money Laundering / Countering Financing of ITUC International Trade Union Congress Terrorism MC Ministerial Council BiH Bosnia and Herzegovina MPCs Mediterranean Partners Countries BiH/EUSR European Union Special Representative in Bosnia MS Member States and Herzegovina NAP National Action Plan BMSC Border Management Staff College NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization CAHTEH Ad Hoc Committee on Action against Trafficking in NFP National Focal Points Human Beings NGO Non-Governmental Organization CBSS Council of the Baltic Sea States NRM National Referral Mechanism CCME Churches‘ Commission for Migrants in Europe OCEEA OSCE Office of the Co-ordinator for Economic and CiO OSCE Chairperson in Office Environmental Activities CIS Commonwealth of Independent States ODIHR Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights CIS EC CIS Executive Committee OiT OSCE Office in Tajikistan CIS IPA CIS Inter-Parliamentary Assembly OSG Office of the Secretary General CoE Council of Europe OSR/CTHB Office of the Special Representative and Comp.Act European Action for Compensation for Trafficked Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Persons Beings CPC OSCE Confliction Prevention Centre PA Parliamentary Assembly CRC UN Convention on the Rights of the Child PC Permanent Council CRIC Child Rights Information Centre PCU OSCE Project Co-ordinator in Ukraine CSCE Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe PCUz OSCE Project Co-ordinator in Uzbekistan CSDP Common Security and Defense Policy PICUM Platform for International Cooperation on CSR Corporate Social Responsibility Undocumented Migrants CSTO Collective Security Treaty Organization PfP Partnership for Peace CTHB Combating Trafficking in Human Beings RUJ Russian Union of Journalists DC/CTHB OSCE Deputy Co-ordinator for Combating SEE South-Eastern Europe Trafficking in Human Beings SOCA United Kingdom Serious Organized Crime Agency ECPAT End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and the SOPs Standard Operating Procedures Trafficking of Children SR Special Representative and Co-ordinator for EC European Commission Combating Trafficking in Human Beings EC3 Europol Cyber Crime Centre SR/CTHB Special Representative and Co-ordinator for EEAS European Union External Action Service Combating Trafficking in Human Beings EEC Economic and Environmental Committee THB Trafficking in Human Beings EU European Union THB/OR Trafficking in Human Beings for the purpose of EurAsEC Eurasian Economic Community organ removal Eurojust European Union‘s Judicial Cooperation Unit TIP Trafficking in Persons Europol European Police Office TNTD OSCE Transnational Threats Department ExB Extra Budgetary TNTD/BU OSCE Transnational Threats Department / Borders FBiH Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Unit FIU Financial Intelligence Unit TNTD/SPMU OSCE Transnational Threats Department / FRA Fundamental Rights Agency Strategic Police Matters Unit Frontex EU Agency for Integrated Border Management ToT Training of Trainers GRETA Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in UK United Kingdom Human Beings UN United Nations HBF Helen Bamber Foundation UNDP United Nations Development Programme HDC Human Dimension Committee UN.GIFT United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human HDIM Human Dimension Implementation Meeting Trafficking ICMEC International Centre of Missing & Exploited Children UNFPA UN Population Fund ICMPD International Centre for Migration Policy UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Development UNICEF United Nations Children‘s Fund ILO International Labour Organization UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Interpol International Criminal Police Organization UN OHCHR United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for IO International Organization Human Rights IOE International Organisation of Employers US United States of America IOM International Organization for Migration USAID United States Agency for International Development

9 10th Anniversary of the adoption of the OSCE Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings and the creation of a Special Representative

emphasizing that a comprehensive approach required “a focus “What can we do? We must learn on bringing to justice those responsible for this crime, and on from our experience and review carrying out effective measures to prevent it, while maintain- ing a humanitarian and compassionate approach in rendering policies and measures that have not assistance to its victims”5. Remarkably, already a decade ago, worked or have indeed caused further participating States recognized the need for both countries of damage. […] We need a second wave destination and origin to take action, reflected in several recom- of commitments aimed at ensuring mendations to both respectively. that the globalization process is built The process of developing and adopting the OSCE Action Plan on respect for human rights, labour also went hand in hand with broadening and reinforcing the standards, accountability and justice – OSCE’s institutional response to human trafficking. The Action Plan targeted recommendations from stakeholders at the na- nationally and globally.” tional level, the participating States, as well as OSCE institu- tions and bodies. In its decision of 2 December 2003, which Special Representative Maria Grazia Giammarin- endorsed the Action Plan, the Ministerial Council established aro at the opening of the 13th Alliance Against the OSCE mechanism to provide assistance to participating Trafficking in Persons conference, 25 June 2013. States to combat THB, which importantly created the function of Special Representative. This ensured that the fight against human trafficking remained high on the political agenda of the The year 2013 marks the tenth anniversary of the adoption of OSCE and a priority for the relevant OSCE institutions and bod- the Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings by the ies. It also helped all stakeholders to join efforts in implementing OSCE. The OSCE was one of the first regional multilateral or- the Action Plan and other commitments related to combating ganizations to adopt an Action Plan on Combating Trafficking in THB. In 2006, the OSR/CTHB became an integral part of the Human Beings (Action Plan).1 OSCE Secretariat, headed by the SR/CTHB.6

On 24 July 2003, the OSCE Permanent Council adopted the Since 2003, the OSCE has adopted numerous Ministerial OSCE Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings, Council decisions and declarations on human trafficking that which was later endorsed by the Ministerial Council on 2 De- reinforce the Action Plan and update OSCE commitments cember 2003.2 On 7 July 2005, the Permanent Council adopted in this area in line with lessons learned and new develop- an Addendum to the Action Plan addressing the special needs ments, in particular with a view to tackling trafficking for labour of child victims of trafficking for protection and assistance.3 exploitation and enhancing the criminal justice response to hu- man trafficking7. The 2003 Action Plan’s comprehensive, multidimensional, hu- man rights-based and victim-centred approach to combating In 2013, importantly, the Ukrainian OSCE Chairmanship initi- THB was particularly innovative and of added value to the fight ated the development of an Addendum to the OSCE Action against human trafficking at the regional level.4 It highlighted Plan which would complement the existing commitments and that the fight against human trafficking required attention and recommendations of the Action Plan adopted in 2003 and sup- action in and across the OSCE’s three dimensions, the politico- plemented in 2005 and provide participating States with an military, the economic and environmental as well as the human updated toolkit to combat all forms of THB. To set the ground dimension. Importantly, the Action Plan addressed the three for the adoption of an Addendum to the Action Plan, one dec- Ps – protection, prevention, prosecution – on an equal footing, ade after its adoption, the Ukrainian OSCE Chairmanship in –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 1 Other early regional anti-trafficking initiatives and Action Plans include For the addendum to the Action Plan, see: OSCE Ministerial Council, the Multiyear Anti-Trafficking Action Plan for South Eastern Europe by Decision No. 7/13 Combating Trafficking in Human Beings, MC.DEC/7/13 the Stability Pact for South-Eastern Europe and the Initial Plan of Action (6 December 2013), <http://www.osce.org/mc/109341>, accessed 12 against Trafficking in Persons by the Economic Community Of West African December 2013, and OSCE Permanent Council, Decision No. 1107 Adden- States (ECOWAS), both adopted in 2001, as well as the European Union dum to the OSCE Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings: One Council Framework Decision on Combating Trafficking in Human Beings of Decade Later, PC.DEC/1107 (6 December 2013). 2002/629/JHA of 19 July 2002. For more information on the initiatives of the 4 At the international level, in 2002 the UN Office of the High Commissioner Stability Pact for South-Eastern Europe see <http://www.stabilitypact.org/ for Human Rights (OHCHR) developed the Recommended Principles and trafficking/>, accessed 23 November 2013. For an overview of regional anti- Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking, which were presented trafficking policy initiatives, see <http://www.unodc.org/documents/human- by the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Mary Robinson, to the trafficking/Toolkit-files/08-58296_tool_2-9.pdf>, accessed 23 November 2013. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) in her report to the ECOSOC on 2 OSCE Ministerial Council, Decision No. 2/03 Combating Trafficking in Human 20 May 2002. See: UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights Beings (Maastricht, 2 December 2003). (OHCHR), Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and 3 For the Addendum, see: OSCE Permanent Council, Decision No. 685 Human Trafficking, E/2002/68/Add.1 (2002). Addendum to the OSCE Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings: 5 OSCE Permanent Council, Decision No.557/Rev. 1 OSCE Action Plan to Addressing the Special Needs of Child Victims of Trafficking for Protection Combat Trafficking in Human Beings (Vienna, 7 July 2005), para. I. 3. and Assistance (Vienna, 7 July 2005). For the revised Action Plan including 6 OSCE Ministerial Council, Decision No. 3/06 Combating Trafficking in Human addendum, see: OSCE Permanent Council, Decision No.557/Rev. 1 OSCE Beings (21 June 2006). Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings (Vienna, 7 July 2005). 7 See all references in Annex 3 of this Report.

10 2013 Annual Report co-operation with the OSR/CTHB, organized the High-level In the months following the Kyiv Conference, participating Conference “Strengthening the OSCE Response to Trafficking States, led by the Ukrainian Chairmanship and, upon request, in Human Beings” on 10-11 June 2013 in Kyiv.8 Also, the 2013 assisted by the OSR/CTHB, intensified the work on the Ad- OSCE Human Dimension Implementation Meeting (HDIM) in dendum. Finally, on 6 December 2013, the Permanent Council Warsaw, organized by ODIHR, dedicated its working session adopted the Addendum to the OSCE Action Plan to Combat on CTHB on 30 September 2013 to taking stock of the imple- Trafficking in Human Beings: One Decade later and, later on mentation of the Action Plan and was, at the same time, an the same day, the Ministerial Council endorsed this adoption.11 opportunity to discuss the outcome of the High-Level Confer- The Addendum will help the OSCE address current and emerg- ence in Kyiv.9 The session, which had all three OSCE Special ing trends and developments in human trafficking as well as Representatives on Combating Trafficking in Human Beings to challenges related to the prosecution and prevention of human date – Helga Konrad, Eva Biaudet and the current SR Maria trafficking, as well as to the protection of trafficked persons. It Grazia Giammarinaro - provided an opportunity to reflect on the re-affirms the OSCE’s leading role in the fight against human beginnings and development of the OSCE’s response to hu- trafficking and paves the way to a more effective response. The man trafficking and areas that require a review of laws, policies Addendum, which is considered to be an integral part of the and measures. On the occasion of the HDIM working session OSCE Action Plan, builds on the prosecution – prevention – on human trafficking, the SR/CTHB organized and chaired a protection structure of the Action Plan and adds a fourth ‘P’, side event with legal experts from OSCE participating States, a chapter on partnerships, highlighting the need for enhanced ranging from lawyers to judges, to reflect on “Ten years after international co-operation including law enforcement co-oper- the adoption of the OSCE Action Plan to Combat Trafficking ation, co-operation between origin and destination countries, in Human Beings: Victims’ rights’ protection – Where do we co-operation between NRMs, and co-operation between public stand?”, an issue that has been key to the OSCE’s anti-traf- institutions and the private sector. ficking approach which has, from the beginning, aimed to be victim-centred and human rights-based.10

On 6 December 2013, the OSCE Ministerial Council in Kyiv en- dorsed the adoption of the Addendum to the OSCE Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings: One Decade Later.

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 8 For more details, see <http://www.osce.org/cio/101883>, accessed 11 OSCE Ministerial Council, Decision No. 7/13 Combating Trafficking in Hu- 24 November 2013. man Beings, MC.DEC/7/13 (6 December 2013), <http://www.osce.org/ 9 For the consolidated summary of HDIM, including on working session mc/109341>, accessed 12 December 2013; OSCE Permanent Council, 10 on trafficking in human beings, see <http://www.osce.org/odihr/elec- Decision No. 1107 Addendum to the OSCE Action Plan to Combat Traffick- tions/107773>, accessed 23 November 2013. ing in Human Beings: One Decade Later, PC.DEC/1107 (6 December 2013). 10 For more information, see OSCE press release: <http://www.osce.org/ For the full text of the Addendum, see Annex 2 of this Report. cthb/106271>, accessed 23 November 2013.

11 Executive Summary

This is the eighth Annual Report produced by the OSCE Spe- Part II provides an overview of the anti-trafficking work of the cial Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking OSCE institutions, structures and field operations, as well as in Human Beings (SR/CTHB) according to the requirements more details on our co-operation. This includes the Office of of OSCE Ministerial Council Decision No. 13/05 on Combat- the Co-ordinator of Economic and Environmental Activities ing Trafficking in Human Beings. This 2005 Decision tasks the (OCEEA), the Gender Section, and the Transnational Threats SR/CTHB to report annually on the progress achieved over the Department (TNTD) at the OSCE Secretariat; the Office for preceding year’s anti-trafficking work carried out throughout the Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) in Warsaw; OSCE region.12 This report covers the period from January to and the OSCE field operations in South Eastern Europe, East- early December 2013, which corresponds roughly to the fourth ern Europe, the South Caucasus and Central Asia. and final year of the term of Maria Grazia Giammarinaro. This report will be updated and printed in February 2014 when the Part III provides an overview of the external co-operation efforts SR/CTHB will formally end her mandate as the third OSCE Spe- that the OSR/CTHB has been engaged in throughout 2013. It cial Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking includes chapters on co-operation with international organiza- in Human Beings. tions, co-operation with civil society, trade unions, and other non-state partners and, finally, on the Alliance against Traffick- Part I of the Annual Report presents the work carried out by the ing in Persons. SR/CTHB and her Office. It consists of a first chapter providing a general overview of the OSR/CTHB’s work in support of the The Annual Report also includes three annexes. Annex I pro- Ukrainian Chairperson-in-Office, participating States and Part- vides two tables of events, with weblinks to the event agenda, ners for Co-operation. Part I then offers nine chapters which re- list of participants and reports whenever available: the first one port in more depth on key areas of the work of the OSR/CTHB is a table with OSCE events organized or attended by the SR/ in 2013. These include chapters on: country visits, the 13th CTHB in 2013, the second one is a table with events at which Alliance Against Trafficking in Persons conference, ensuring the the OSR/CTHB participated with its expertise throughout 2013. non-punishment of victims of trafficking, preventing domestic Annex II includes the “Addendum to the OSCE Action Plan to servitude in diplomatic households, trafficking in human beings Combat Trafficking in Human Beings: One Decade Later”. An- for the purpose of organ removal in the OSCE region, traffick- nex III provides provides a list of references for THB-related ing in human beings amounting to torture and other forms of documents and publications issued by the OSCE and other ill-treatment, working with participating States and the Mediter- leading international organizations, academics and national ranean Partners for Co-operation to prevent human trafficking, stakeholders. human rights and business; and working with the media to raise public awareness. The Annual Report also includes a foreword by the OSCE SR/ CTHB and a special section on the 10th Anniversary of the adoption of the OSCE Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings.

The Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings, Vienna

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 12 OSCE Ministerial Council, Decision No. 13/05 Combating Trafficking in Human Beings, MC.DEC/13/05 (Ljubljana, 6 December 2005).

12 2013 Annual Report PART I: OSR/CTHB ACTIVITIES: OVERVIEW AND FOCUS AREAS

OSR/CTHB Activities: Overview and Focus Areas 13 1 PART I Supporting the work of the Ukrainian Chairperson-in-Office, participating States and Partners for Co-operation Working with the Chairperson-in-Office prevent human traﬃcking, adequately protect traﬃcked persons Close co-operation with the OSCE Chairperson-in-Oﬃce (CiO) is and prosecute traﬃckers.17 crucial for the eﬀective implementation of the OSR/CTHB’s work throughout the year. From the beginning of its tenure, the Ukrain- Supporting the work of participating States ian Chairmanship included the ﬁght against human traﬃcking in The SR/CTHB is tasked with raising the public and political pro- its “Priorities for Action”. The Chairmanship recognized that the ﬁle of the ﬁght against traﬃcking in human beings in the OSCE time had come, 10 years after the adoption of the OSCE Action region; assisting participating States, in a spirit of co-operation, in Plan to Combat Traﬃcking in Human Beings in 2003, to review the implementation of OSCE commitments; providing and facili- developments and good practices and embark on discussions on tating advice and technical assistance in the ﬁeld of legislation as how to supplement the existing anti-traﬃcking commitments and well as policy development; and being ready to oﬀer advice to sen- recommendations.13 To this end, the Chairmanship, in co-oper- ior level authorities representing the legislative, judicial, and ex- ation with the OSR/CTHB, organized a High-Level Conference ecutive branches in participating States and discuss with them the on “Strengthening the OSCE Response to Traﬃcking in Human implementation of the OSCE Action Plan to Combat Traﬃcking in Beings,” which took place on 10-11 June 2013 in Kyiv. The OSR/ Human Beings, including its 2005 Addendum, and commitments CTHB provided support to the CiO with the organization, con- in the ﬁeld of CTHB.18 duct and follow-up to the High-Level Conference, including the preparations of the Conference proceedings.14 Throughout 2013, the SR/CTHB and her Oﬃce engaged in a va- riety of activities with participating States in order to further her The Kyiv High-Level Conference prepared the ground for an mandate. This included the organization of high-level conferences OSCE-wide discussion on the elaboration of an Addendum to the and expert meetings at the international level, participation at na- OSCE Action Plan to Combat Traﬃcking in Human Beings. The tional anti-traﬃcking conferences and seminars; country visits; OSR/CTHB has been providing technical assistance to the CiO meetings with members of national parliaments; capacity building and all participating States during the drafting process and dis- events for various state actors, including law enforcement, pros- cussions amongst participating States of a PC and MC decision ecutors and judges; providing support to national projects through on the Addendum to the OSCE Action Plan to Combat Traﬃck- funding and or partnership with local actors; research; and aware- ing in Human Beings: One Decade later. This included participa- ness-raising.19 Throughout the year, the Special Representative tion at the specially formed, cross-dimensional informal working maintained a constructive dialogue with the participating States group on the draft Addendum in the run-up to the Ministerial through bilateral meetings with delegations and senior oﬃcials in Council meeting in Kyiv on 6-7 December. The Addendum was the participating States and participation in, and presentations for, adopted by the Permanent Council Decision PC.DEC/1107 and the three Committees (Security Committee, Economic and Envi- endorsed by the Kyiv Ministerial Council Meeting in its Decision ronmental Committee, and Human Dimension Committee). She MC.DEC/07/13 on 6 December 2013.15 also continuously promoted the OSCE’s anti-traﬃcking work and approach and kept the OSCE’s anti-traﬃcking proﬁle high across The OSR/CTHB also provided regular input to the CiO in rela- and beyond the OSCE region.20 tion to the OSCE Helsinki+40 Process, including to the Chairman- ship food-for-thought paper for the Kyiv Ministerial Council “A The main areas of work of the OSR/CTHB throughout 2013 and Framework for Decisions”. Importantly, throughout 2013, the CiO related activities and achievements are detailed in the thematic supported numerous initiatives on human traﬃcking organized by sections of Part I of this Report: country visits; the 13th Alliance the OSR/CTHB. This included the opening of the Seminar on Co- against Traﬃcking in Persons conference; the implementation of operation to Prevent Traﬃcking in Human Beings in the Mediter- the non-punishment provision for victims of traﬃcking in hu- ranean Region, held on 8 February in Rome and the hosting of a man beings; the prevention of domestic servitude in diplomatic workshop on the prevention of domestic servitude in diplomatic households; traﬃcking in human beings for the purpose of organ households on 12-13 June in Kyiv.16 removal in the OSCE region; traﬃcking in human beings amount- ing to torture and other forms of ill-treatment; the prevention of On the occasion of European Anti-Traﬃcking Day on 18 October traﬃcking for human beings in the Mediterranean Region; hu- 2013, OSCE Chairperson-in-Oﬃce, Ukrainian Foreign Minister man rights and business; and work with the media to raise public Leonid Kozhara, underlined the urgency of strengthening co- awareness. operation within the OSCE, stepping up international eﬀorts to

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 13 See Concept paper of the High-level Conference “Strengthening the OSCE 16 For details on these two initiatives, see Part I, Chapter 5 (p. 22) and Part I, Response to Trafficking in Human Beings” (Kyiv, 10 and 11 June 2013) Chapter 8 (p. 28) of this Report. organized by the 2013 Ukrainian OSCE Chairmanship, CIO.GAL/35/13/ 17 The full text of the press release can be found here: <http://www.osce.org/ Rev.1 (26 April 2013). cio/107200>, accessed 10 November 2013. 14 For details on the conference, see: <http://www.osce.org/cio/101883>, 18 See OSCE Ministerial Council, Decision No. 2/03 Combating Trafficking in accessed 20 November 2013. Human Beings (2 December 2003), para. 2; and OSCE Ministerial Council, 15 OSCE Permanent Council, Decision No. 1107 Addendum to the OSCE Decision No. 3/06 Combating Trafficking in Human Beings (21 June 2006). Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings: One Decade Later, 19 For a full list of OSCE events as well as non-OSCE national and international PC.DEC/1107 (6 December 2013) events organized and/or attended by the SR and her Office in 2013, see Annex 1 of this report. 20 Ibid.

14 2013 Annual Report Throughout 2013, the OSR/CTHB also worked with experts from Traﬃcking in human beings has been identiﬁed as one of the areas law enforcement, prosecutors’ oﬃces and courts as well as practic- for possible OSCE engagement in the process of consultations with ing lawyers to underscore the importance of protecting traﬃcking the Delegations of the Mediterranean Partners for Co-operation victims’ rights and enabling vulnerable groups, and exploited and initiated by OSCE Secretary General Lamberto Zannier in the im- traﬃcked persons to have eﬀective access to information about their plementation of Ministerial Council Decision 5/11.27 Throughout legal rights as well as legal assistance and representation to claim 2013, the SR/CTHB and her Oﬃce developed numerous initiatives their rights, be it in administrative, civil or criminal proceedings. with the Mediterranean Partners for Co-operation, the OSCE par- ticipating States on the Northern rim of the Mediterranean and Parliamentarians have always been an important partner for the with the Swiss Chair of the Mediterranean Contact Group to en- SR/CTHB in enhancing the implementation of anti-traﬃcking hance co-operation for the prevention of human traﬃcking in the commitments at the national level. In 2013, she provided testimo- Mediterranean region. This included the Seminar on Co-opera- ny on the human traﬃcking situation and related recent develop- tion to Prevent Traﬃcking in Human Beings in the Mediterranean ments in the OSCE region during a number of hearings and panel Region, organized in co-operation with and hosted by the Italian discussions at national parliaments: on 18 July in Rome, she spoke Chamber of Deputies in Rome on 8 February; two expert meet- at a panel discussion on human traﬃcking at the Italian Parliament ings on the prevention of human traﬃcking in the Mediterranean organized by the President of the Chamber of Deputies of Italy21 held in Vienna on 10 May and 7 October respectively; and – as a and held a restricted hearing with the Committees for Equal Op- follow-up to these events a session on “The Social and Economic portunities and Security at the Senate’s Commission for Constitu- Impact of Traﬃcking for Labour Exploitation, and the Role of the tional Aﬀairs22; on 17 September she addressed the U.S. Helsinki Business Sector” at the 2013 OSCE Mediterranean Conference Commission in Washington D.C.23; and, on 2 December spoke at held on 28-29 October in Monaco.28 Following the Conference, the evidence session of the Modern Slavery Bill Evidence Review the Swiss Chair of the Mediterranean Contact Group elaborated a at the UK House of Commons in London, organized by the Home perception paper which includes the outcomes of the discussions, Secretary’s Special Adviser on Modern Slavery, Anthony Steen, the including areas for enhanced co-operation for 2014.29 Human Traﬃcking Foundation and the Centre for Social Justice. In close co-operation with Israel’s Ministry of Justice and its Agen- cy for International Development Cooperation (MASHAV), the Working with Partners for Co-operation UNODC and the IOM, the OSR/CTHB also organized an Inter- The OSR/CTHB’s work with the OSCE Partners for Co-operation national Seminar for Judges on the Critical Role of the Judiciary in is of fundamental importance in the context of the ﬁght against Combating Traﬃcking in Human Beings. The seminar was held on human traﬃcking.24 Human traﬃcking is often a transnational 5-8 August at the Golda Meir Mount Carmel International Train- phenomenon with victims and groups vulnerable to exploitation, ing Center in Haifa, Israel. It allowed judges from across the globe, as well as perpetrators from or transiting through countries out- including from OSCE participating States such as Moldova, Mon- side the OSCE region, including the countries of the Asian and tenegro, the Netherlands, Serbia and the United States to discuss Mediterranean Partners for Co-operation. new developments, challenges and good practices related to hu- man traﬃcking and criminal justice responses. Throughout 2013, the OSR/CTHB participated regularly at the meetings of the Contact Groups of both the Mediterranean and Finally, on 30-31 October, in co-operation with the UNODC and the Asian Partners for Co-operation. Also, on 19 March, the SR/ the IOM, the OSCE - represented by the OSR/CTHB and TNTD CTHB spoke at the 2013 OSCE-Australia Conference on Improv- (SPMU and Borders Unit), launched a joint project at the Hof- ing the Security of Women and Girls, held in Adelaide, Australia.25 burg in Vienna on the link between irregular migration and traf- The 13th Alliance against Traﬃcking in Persons conference, held ﬁcking in human beings with a focus on migration routes through on 25-26 June in Vienna was entitled “Stolen Lives, Stolen Money: the Eastern Mediterranean region to Central and Western Europe. The Price of Modern-Day Slavery”. Very relevant to both the Asian The launch seminar brought together migration and criminal jus- and Mediterranean Partners for Co-operation, participants at the tice experts from national authorities, civil society and interna- Conference explored the nexus between human traﬃcking and tional organizations from participating States and Partners for Co- inequalities in the time of globalization, with particular focus on operation. The project also aims to facilitate an informal network inequalities linked with migration and the labour market.26 of experts between countries of origin, transit and destination.30 –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 21 For the official video of the entire panel discussion in Italian, 27 See OSCE Ministerial Council, Decision No. 5/11 Partners for Co-operation see: <http://webtv.camera.it/archive>, accessed 20 November 2013, and (7 December 2011), <http://www.osce.org/mc/86081>, accessed insert “Giammarinaro” in the search engine. 11 November 2013. 22 See the OSCE press release: <http://www.osce.org/cthb/103751>, 28 For details on the 2013 OSCE Mediterranean Conference, accessed 20 November 2013. see: <http://www.osce.org/ec/103342>, accessed 20 November 2013. 23 For more details on the SR’s testimony to the U.S. Helsinki Commission, 29 See the consolidated summary of the 2013 OSCE Mediterranean Confer- see <http://www.osce.org/cthb/105156>, accessed 20 November 2013. ence, SEC.GAL/189/13 (14 November 2013) and the Conference’s conclud- 24 For details on the OSCE Partnership for Co-operation, ing remarks by Ambassador Greminger, Chairperson of the Mediterranean see <http://www.osce.org/ec/77951>, accessed 11 November 2013. Contact Group, PC.DEL/862/13 (30 October 2013). For more details see 25 For more information on the Conference, see: <http://www.osce.org/ also this report’s thematic chapter on working with pS and the Mediterra- ec/98417>, accessed 20 November 2013. nean Partners for Co-operation to prevent trafficking in human beings in the 26 For details on the 13th Alliance Conference, see the conference webpage at: Mediterranean Region (Part I, Chapter 8, page 28). <http://www.osce.org/event/alliance13>, accessed 20 November 2013. 30 For more details on the mapping seminar and project, see: <http://www.osce.org/spmu/107660>, accessed 20 November 2013.

OSR/CTHB Activities: Overview and Focus Areas 15 2 PART I Country visits

Country visits are at the core of the work of the SR/CTHB. Coun- Country visits include meetings with Government and civil socie- try visits are an excellent tool to assist participating States, in a ty stakeholders in the capital and whenever possible also in at least spirit of co-operation and consultations, in the implementation of one region. Since the creation of the position of country visit oﬃc- OSCE commitments and to make full usage of the OSCE’s Action er with the OSR/CTHB in 2013, the SR/CTHB is generally accom- Plan to Combat Traﬃcking in Human Beings and its recommen- panied during her country visits by the country visit oﬃcer and dations; to discuss with authorities from all sectors of governance another member of her staﬀ. Country visits are being conducted the implementation of anti-traﬃcking commitments and provide in an atmosphere of open and constructive dialogue and exchange and facilitate advice and technical assistance in the ﬁeld of legis- of information and knowledge. Speciﬁc features are common to all lation and policy development; to co-operate with National Rap- country visits, such as a civil society meeting, meeting with high- porteurs or other mechanisms established by participating States level representatives of all lead ministries and institutions in the to co-ordinate and monitor anti-traﬃcking action at the national ﬁght against human traﬃcking, meetings with parliamentarians as level, and to put the ﬁght against human traﬃcking high on the well as the judiciary, in particular prosecutors and judges. Wher- political agenda. 31 ever possible, the SR during country visits always tries to hold an event with university students and academics and journalists in Country visits serve to establish and strengthen a direct and con- order to maximize the awareness-raising eﬀect during country vis- structive dialogue with participating States on anti-traﬃcking pol- its and enhance national public attention to, and understanding of, icy and measures and to share knowledge and good practices. The human traﬃcking in the OSCE region. information collected during country visits and the related ﬁnd- ings and recommendations developed by the SR/CTHB are ﬁrst In 2013, the SR/CTHB conducted country visits to four OSCE par- and foremost relevant for the country visited. The concise over- ticipating States: Italy, Kazakhstan, Romania and Uzbekistan. view of policies and measures included in country reports, and in particular good practices can, however, be of added value also for Italy, 17-18 June and 15-19 July 2013 state and civil society stakeholders in other countries within and During her country visit to Italy on 17-18 June and 15-19 July, the beyond the OSCE region. Special Representative met with Pietro Grasso, President of the Senate; Laura Boldrini, President of the Chamber of Deputies; Emma Bonino, Minister of Foreign Aﬀairs; Anna Maria Cancel- “The country visits of the Special lieri, Minister of Justice32; Enrico Giovannini, Minister of Labour Representative are very important. and Social Policies; Cecilia Guerra, Vice Minister of Labour and They represent high-level technical Social Policies who is in charge of the co-ordination of anti-traf- ﬁcking activities; Cécile Kyenge, Minister for Integration; the Act- expertise and support for a country’s ing National Anti-Maﬁa Prosecutor; and high-level representa- action in the fight against human tives of the Italian Presidency, oﬃcials of the Ministry of Interior trafficking.” and municipal and provincial authorities from across Italy, includ- ing the Mayor of Rome. The SR/CTHB also held a joint meeting with district anti-maﬁa prosecutors and law enforcement agencies Manuel Albano, Portuguese National Rapporteur specialized in the ﬁght against organized crime, labour inspections for Human Trafficking and economic crime. In addition, she held a meeting with civil so- ciety organizations and trade unions and paid a visit to a Centre for Identiﬁcation and Expulsion (CIE). Finally, the SR/CTHB was also Importantly country visits are able to have an impact on all four a panel speaker at a discussion on human traﬃcking organized by Ps – prosecution, protection, prevention and partnership – and the President of the Chamber of Deputies and held a hearing with thus across all three dimensions of the OSCE. Country visits are the Committees for Equal Opportunities and Security at the Sen- also able to impact on the political and operational level of partici- ate’s Commission for Constitutional Aﬀairs.33 pating States. The fact that the SR/CTHB’s country visits include high-level political meetings with key decision makers in the ﬁght Kazakhstan, 1-4 July 2013 against human traﬃcking and related policy areas maximizes their During her country visit to Kazakhstan from 1-4 July, the SR/ possible impact. At the same time country visits allow for direct CTHB met with high-ranking Government oﬃcials, including dialogue with civil society actors, including NGOs, active in the Justice Minister Berik Imashev, Ambassador at-large at the Min- ﬁeld. Country visits also help to promote and strengthen dialogue istry of Foreign Aﬀairs, Usen Suleimen, and representatives of the and exchange of information and expertise between government Prosecutor General’s Oﬃce, the Criminal Police Committee at the and civil society, including victim support NGOs and victim advo- Ministry of Internal Aﬀairs, the Ministry of Labour and Social Pro- cates. During her country visits, the SR/CTHB also meets, when- tection, the Supreme Court, the National Human Rights Centre ever possible, the key international organizations working in the and the Academy of Public Administration. The SR/CTHB also country, in an eﬀort to enhance co-operation and avoid duplication. visited a rehabilitation Centre run by the NGO Korgau-Astana.

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 31 OSCE Ministerial Council, Decision No. 2/03 Combating Trafficking in Human 33 For more details on the SR/CTHB’s country visit to Italy, Beings (Maastricht, 2 December 2003), para. 2. see: <http://www.osce.org/cthb/103751>, accessed 14 November 2013. 32 The meeting with the Minister of Justice originally scheduled in July was postponed and took place on 5 September 2013.

16 2013 Annual Report The SR/CTHB also met the OSCE Centre in Astana and discussed practices of the country as well as challenges discussed and contain the Centre’s activities supporting Kazakhstan’s stakeholders in concrete recommendations to support the country in enhancing implementing the OSCE commitments related to preventing and the implementation of OSCE anti-traﬃcking commitments. Feed- combating traﬃcking in human beings and addressing labour mi- back from government and civil society stakeholders in countries gration.34 that the SR/CTHB visited conﬁrms the immediate positive impact country visits have by bringing all stakeholders together to focus Romania, 9-12 September 2013 on achievements and challenges and emphasize the importance of During her country visit to Romania from 9-12 September, the SR/ government and civil society partnerships in anti-traﬃcking ac- CTHB met with high-level Government oﬃcials as well as rep- tion. For national and local stakeholders the country visit is also resentatives of leading NGOs including Terre des Hommes, and an excellent opportunity to get familiar with new developments, oﬃcials from UNICEF, the UNHCR and the IOM. As part of her challenges and good practices across the OSCE region and an op- country visit, the SR/CTHB also met with Valeriu Zgonea, Presi- portunity to share ideas and experiences. Country visits create dent of the Chamber of Deputies, as well as State Secretary Flo- momentum for all national stakeholders to take a step back, take rea Oprea of the Internal Aﬀairs Ministry, State Secretary Simona stock and reinvigorate their anti-traﬃcking eﬀorts. They also allow Maya Teodoriu of the Justice Ministry, State Secretary Bogdan Lu- for the identiﬁcation of new possible areas for co-operation be- cian Aurescu of the Foreign Ministry and a range of oﬃcials at tween participating States and OSCE institutions, structures and other institutions. The SR/CTHB also had the opportunity to visit ﬁeld operations. the Governmental Center for Protection and assistance to victims of traﬃcking newly built in Bucharest.35 “The OSCE Special Representative’s Uzbekistan, 5-9 November 2013 country visit to Italy was essential in During her country visit to Uzbekistan from 5-9 November, the this challenging time. It allowed to SR/CTHB met with Prosecutor General Rashidjon Kadyrov as reinvigorate national anti-trafficking the Chair of Interagency Commission on Combating Traﬃcking in Human Beings, with First Deputy Minister of Labor and Social efforts and to strengthen the link Protection, Batir Alimukhamedov, and Anvar Usmanov, Deputy between the Italian government and Minister of Justice. She also held meetings with representatives of non-governmental organizations.” the Ministry of Foreign Aﬀairs and the Ministry of Internal Aﬀairs. Furthermore, the SR/CTHB met with the Chairperson of the Ju- dicial Collegium on Criminal Cases of the Supreme Court, Gairat Vincenzo Castelli, President of the Italian NGO Khidoyatov, the Chair of the Committee on Legislation and Judi- On the Road and Project Manager for the cial-Legal Issues in the Senate (upper chamber) of the Oliy Majlis National Co-ordination of Reception Centers of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Svetlana Artykova, the Chair of the (CNCA) Committee on Defence and Security in the Legislative chamber (lower chamber) of the Oliy Majlis, Kodirjon Juraev, as well as the Chair of the Women’s Committee, Elmira Basitkhanova. During In 2013, the OSR published three country visit reports, i.e., the her country visit, the SR/CTHB also visited the State Rehabilita- country visit reports on Ireland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and tion Center for Rendering Assistance and Protection to the Vic- Portugal. Throughout 2013, the OSR/CTHB also worked with par- tims of Human Traﬃcking. The SR/CTHB also held a meeting ticipating States on follow-up to earlier country visits, including with representatives of NGOs coming from various regions of the participation at national events and dialogue with national au- Uzbekistan and met with the Federation of Trade Unions of Uz- thorities and civil society on how to implement the recommenda- bekistan. Finally, she had the opportunity to meet local authori- tions of the country report. Follow-up to country visits includes ties in Samarkand, including Samarkand’s Mayor and Head of the amendments in law and policy; the development or review of na- Samarkand Territorial Anti-traﬃcking Commission as well as the tional action plans and other policy guidance on anti-traﬃcking; Oblast Prosecutor.36 invitations to participate at national anti-traﬃcking events and the active involvement of national actors in OSCE initiatives. Country Country reports, follow-up and impact visits also raise public awareness on human traﬃcking as they have The OSR/CTHB writes a country report on each country visit, regularly been reﬂected in the national media.37 which includes concrete recommendations and is shared with the Government of the country visited for comments. The report is subsequently published, and if the participating State so desires, its comments are included. The country reports underline promising

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 34 For more details on the SR/CTHB’s country visit to Kazakhstan, 37 For more information on the SR/CTHB’s country visits conducted so far see: <http://www.osce.org/cthb/103309>, accessed 14 November 2013. and related follow-up, as well as the full text of the country reports, including 35 For more details on the SR/CTHB’s country visit to Romania, the Government’s response, where available, see <http://www.osce.org/ see: <http://www.osce.org/cthb/104867>, accessed 14 November 2013. cthb/88717>, accessed 14 November 2013. 36 For more details on the SR/CTHB’s country visit to Uzbekistan, see <http://www.osce.org/cthb/108291>, accessed 14 November 2013.

OSR/CTHB Activities: Overview and Focus Areas 17 3 PART I The 13th Alliance Against Trafficking in Persons conference: “Stolen Lives, Stolen Money: The Price of Modern-Day Slavery” 38

The 13th Alliance against Traﬃcking in Persons conference entitled Jan Eliasson, United Nations Deputy “Stolen Lives, Stolen Money: The Price of Modern-Day Slavery” Secretary-General took place on 25-26 June 2013 at the Hofburg in Vienna. The high- level Alliance conference attracted over 350 participants from OSCE participating States and Partners for Co-operation, mem- bers of the Alliance against Traﬃcking in Persons, civil society, trade unions, the private sector as well as experts and academics. Every year, the Alliance against Traﬃcking in Persons conference provides an excellent forum for gathering expertise, exchanging good practices and enhancing dialogue between national authori- ties, civil society and other stakeholders in the OSCE region with a view to advancing the implementation of OSCE anti-traﬃcking commitments and other relevant international standards. “The fight against human trafficking is a battle for justice, equality and digni- Joy Ngozi Ezeilo, ty. It is a battle for human rights and UN Special Rapporteur on Trafficking in per- human decency. [...] Human Traffick- sons, especially women ing demands a coordinated response and children at every level. We must take action on all fronts: criminal justice, victim as- sistance and victim protection, human rights, migration policy and labour market regulation.”

United Nations Deputy Secretary-General “In today’s globalized world the risks Jan Eliasson in his Welcoming Remarks at the of human trafficking in business Alliance Conference. supply chains are significant in many economic sectors, and have not been The 13th Alliance Conference focused on the nexus between hu- adequately dealt with, either by man traﬃcking and globalization, in particular human traﬃcking States or by businesses themselves. and inequalities related to migration and the labour market. The Challenges in integrating a human economic, social and political costs of modern-day slavery, both rights-based approach in addressing in terms of human rights violations and in terms of the erosion of healthy and legitimate businesses and the rule of law were at the demand side of trafficking in the centre of the discussions during the two-day conference which persons include obstacles such as brought together policy makers, practitioners from state bodies ensuring labour rights, ensuring and civil society, academics, diplomats and international organiza- tions from across the OSCE region and Partners for Co-operation. the respect and implementation The importance and timeliness of the conference’s topic was also of children’s rights, and other conﬁrmed by the high-level participation it received from Alliance fundamental human rights while in Traﬃcking in Persons member organizations, including Jan Eli- conducting business.” asson, UN Deputy Secretary-General; Yury Fedotov, UNODC Ex- ecutive Director; Sergey Lebedev, Chairman of the CIS Executive Committee; Laura Thompson, IOM Deputy Director General; and Joy Ngozi Ezeilo, UN Special Rapporteur on Moussa Oumarou, Director of the Governance and Tripartism Trafficking in persons, especially women and Department at the ILO. children, during her opening remarks at the Alliance Conference The link between inequalities and migration is manifold. Inequali- ties are push factors for migration. This can be extreme poverty or the lack of opportunities for a work and life project for the indi- vidual and the family. Inequalities can also be the outcome of a mi- –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– gration process, due to the lack of adequate assistance for migrants 38 This chapter is based on the SR/CTHB’s Opening Address at the 13th Alliance conference and contributions from other speakers at the and ineﬀective integration policies. conference. For the agenda and speeches of the Conference, see <http://www.osce.org/event/alliance13>, accessed 13 November 2013.

18 2013 Annual Report The debate on human traﬃcking, and in particular the question of Human traﬃcking has reached massive proportions, according to how to put in place eﬀective measures to prevent and ﬁght THB ILO estimates, amounting to 3 million traﬃcked persons at any needs to be placed in the context of these fundamental questions given time in the OSCE region. The whole spectrum of exploi- about globalization and migration, taking into account that migra- tation needs to be addressed in order to make traﬃcking visible tion is, and will remain, an essential component of a globalized and also to ﬁght it eﬀectively. The criminal justice response to traf- economy. ﬁcking remains essential, but it cannot be the only response if we want to combat such pervasive and severe exploitation at its root. Poverty, a lack of job opportunities, violence, discrimination and Access to justice for all exploited workers, including irregular mi- marginalization in their country of origin are among the root grants, also in relation to civil and labour law courts and out-of- causes that make individuals and communities vulnerable to hu- court litigation, is crucial – in terms of protection, prevention and man traﬃcking and exploitation. Moreover, regulations govern- deterrence. ing migration and labour markets create vulnerabilities and make certain migrants, in particular undocumented migrants, easily ex- Ten years after the adoption of the OSCE Action Plan to Combat ploitable and this can often be carried out with impunity. Migrants Traﬃcking in Human Beings in 2003, there is a need to ensure face restrictions regarding access to legal migration channels and that the globalization process is built on respect for human rights, to residence status. They often also bear unjustiﬁed restrictions labour standards, accountability and justice; be rooted in a broader regarding access to the labour market in regular conditions, to vision of a fair society which respects the dignity of all persons healthcare, and even to education for children. These last restric- and does not allow exploitation to ﬂourish and mainstream human tions result in inequalities with respect to nationals, creating a sort rights-based anti-traﬃcking measures need to be mainstreamed of second class person. Such migration policies make migrants into all related policy areas. socially vulnerable and expose them to exploitation and traﬃck- ing. In this context, what happens in practice is that vulnerable migrant workers can fall prey to traﬃckers and exploiters, be used Teresa Morais, Portuguese State and abused as cheap labour, not paid at all, or paid the minimum Secretary for Parliamen- that is needed for their mere survival. tary Affairs and Equality

Traﬃcking is a phenomenon of severe exploitation aﬀecting peo- ple – men, women and children – who are deprived of any pro- tection, be it social protection in the form of unionization, the protection of a familiar social and cultural environment, and, im- portantly, the protection of the rule of law. In fact, laws and regula- tions increase their vulnerability, while xenophobic and discrimi- natory attitudes in the society are at the same time the cause and the eﬀect of norms restricting their rights. “The law [in Portugal] treats The social costs of the exploitation that pervades societies are not obvious to all. So far the advantages of this de facto slavery have differently situations related to illegal been a hidden and concurrent driving force fostering traﬃcking immigration and trafficking in human in human beings. In fact, criminal groups and businesses, espe- beings but, in both cases, there is a cially in certain sectors, have taken advantage of cheap labour on a vast scale, thereby dramatically decreasing the costs of production. clear option for the protection of the Governments and other stakeholders including the private sector victims. I think that our law achieved and trade unions, have started to understand that there are other a good balance between the protection sides to this pervasive exploitation, and that the outcome of such of victims and their integration, the a system ultimately undermines security, stability, democratic de- velopment, the rule of law and human rights, as well as sustainable promotion of legal migration and the economic development in our societies. fight against illegal immigration. We must look after the fragile situation in However, only a very limited number of victims are identiﬁed which these people live, even if they and almost none are able to access eﬀective remedies, including compensation. The oﬃcial number of identiﬁed victims – at the do not fulfill the conditions of legal national, regional and global level – is clearly not commensurate stay in the country.” with the dimension and the gravity of the problem. It is neces- sary to review policies and measures that have not worked or have indeed caused further damage, such as the criminalization of mi- Teresa Morais, Portuguese State Secretary for grants without permission to enter or stay, which has only played Parliamentary Affairs and Equality during her into the hands of criminal networks and exploitative employers opening remarks at the Alliance and made migrants even more vulnerable and less likely to escape their exploiters.

OSR/CTHB Activities: Overview and Focus Areas 19 4 PART I Ensuring the non-punishment of victims of trafficking Detained and investigated as suspects and prosecuted as oﬀend- ers, imprisoned for having committed a crime, ordered to pay “In these appeals we are dealing with the problems raised ﬁnes for administrative contraventions or as criminal penalties by four [...] cases in which three children and one adult who and deported and otherwise punished for irregular entry or stay, were trafficked by criminals for their own purposes have these are still realities for many victims of traﬃcking - while their been prosecuted and convicted. Unfortunately the criminals exploiters and traﬃckers escape criminal, civil and administrative who trafficked them, have escaped justice.” [...] liability. Victims of traﬃcking are punished for oﬀences such as il- legal entry/stay, irregular work, illegal activities, possession of false “Women and children, usually girls, are trafficked into pros- documents, false testimony. titution: others, usually boys, but sometimes young adults, are trafficked into cannabis farming: yet others are trafficked Against this background, the SR/CTHB, in consultation with the to commit a wide range of further offences. Sometimes Alliance against Traﬃcking in Persons Expert Co-ordination Team, they are trafficked into this country from the other side of developed Policy and legislative recommendations towards the the world: sometimes they enter into this country unlawfully, eﬀective implementation of the non-punishment provision with and are trafficked after their arrival: sometimes they are traf- regard to victims of traﬃcking. The SR/CTHB’s policy and legal ficked within the towns and cities in this country where they recommendations were published in April 2013 and launched on live. Whether trafficked from home or overseas, they are all 25 April at the 22nd session of the UNODC Commission on Crime victims of crime. This is how they must be treated and, in Prevention and Criminal Justice in Vienna.39 the vast majority of cases they are: but not always.”

The paper examines the principle of non-punishment in interna- Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, on behalf of the Court, 21 June 2013 tional law, explores the scope of its application and discusses the Source: [2013] EWCA Crim 991, paragraphs 1 and 2 challenges in its practical implementation. It includes a number of practical examples and court cases which were made available by national agencies, NGOs and legal professionals who have been and Human Rights Commission and the foresight of the judges. examining these issues extensively, in particular the Belgian Cen- The judgement cites the SR’s policy and legal recommendations as tre for Equal Opportunities and Opposition to Racism, the Bureau a source considered in the reasoning of the judgment.41 It is hoped of the Dutch National Rapporteur on Traﬃcking in Human Be- that the reasoning behind this judgement is of guidance to justice ings, as well as UK courts and lawyers. The paper concludes with sector actors across the OSCE region. the provision of practical guidance, and the formulation of policy and legislative recommendations, towards the eﬀective implemen- The non-punishment principle is an essential element of a human tation of the non-punishment provision with regard to victims of rights-based approach in the ﬁght against traﬃcking in human be- traﬃcking (see the adjacent box with key recommendations). ings. Over the past decade, the non-punishment principle in rela- tion to victims of traﬃcking has evolved from a soft law standard In practice, victims who have escaped their exploiters and traf- – ﬁrst enunciated in the UN Recommended Principles and Guide- ﬁckers often ﬁnd themselves in a subsequent ordeal, charged with lines on Human Rights and Human Traﬃcking – into a legally crimes by a justice system which ought to protect their rights. The binding provision in Art. 26 of the Council of Europe Convention cases of R. v. L., HVN, THN, and T v R, heard by the Court of on Action against Traﬃcking in Human Beings and in Art. 8 of the Appeal of the judiciary of England and Wales in June 2013, are EU Traﬃcking Directive. It also has been aﬃrmed in numerous examples of this.40 This case, however also shows that there are OSCE commitments since 2000.42 In essence, the principle says initial signs that the non-punishment provision in relation to vic- that States must ensure that victims are not punished for oﬀences tims of human traﬃcking is starting to be understood and applied directly linked to their having been traﬃcked. by justice system actors in the OSCE region. In the case, the Court of Appeal quashed the convictions of the four victims of traﬃcking A direct link between the commission of an oﬀence by a victim who had been prosecuted for oﬀences related to their status, i.e., (usually of a criminal or administrative nature) or the compulsion possession of a false identity document and production of a con- to commit such oﬀence, are the generally established tests for the trolled Class B drug (cannabis). This is thanks to the courage of the application of the principle. In the case of children, a link only victims, the expertise and commitment of their lawyers, interven- needs to be established.43 The shield of the non-punishment provi- tions by the Children’s Commissioner for England and the Equality sion should also be used to prevent that other sanctions and pun-

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 39 See Royal Courts of Justice, Court of Appeal, Criminal Division, Case of R.v. Council, Ministerial Declaration on Combating All Forms of Human L, HVN, THN and T, EWCA Crim 991 (2013), para. 1, <http://www.judiciary. Trafficking, MC.DOC/1/11/Corr.1 (7 December 2011) gov.uk/Resources/JCO/Documents/Judgments/l-hvn-thn-t-v-r-judgment. 43 For a detailed analysis of the principle, including its scope and recent pdf>, accessed 15 November 2013. judicial interpretation, see: OSCE Office of the Special Representative and 40 Ibid. Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings (OSR/CTHB) 41 Royal Courts of Justice, Court of Appeal, Criminal Division, Op. Cit. in consultation with the Alliance against Trafficking in Persons Expert 42 OSCE Permanent Council, Decision No. 557/Rev.1 OSCE Action Plan to Co-ordination Team, Policy and legislative recommendations towards the Combat Trafficking in Human Beings, PC.DEC/557/Rev.1 (Vienna, 7 July effective implementation of the non-punishment provision with regard to 2005), Chapter IV, para. 5.2.; OSCE Ministerial Council, Decision No. 1 victims of trafficking (Vienna, April 2013), pp. 8-13, <http://www.osce.org/ Enhancing the OSCE’s Efforts to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings, cthb/43587>, accessed 3 November 2013. MC(8).DEC/1 (Vienna, 28 November 2000), para. 9; OSCE Ministerial

20 2013 Annual Report Policy and legislative recommendations towards the effective implementation of the non-punishment provision with regard to victims of trafﬁcking

in consultation with the Alliance against Trafﬁcking in Persons Expert Co-ordinatio

ishments are unjustly imposed on traﬃcked persons. For example, rated into all capacity building activities on THB. To help achieve States should take measures to ensure that the traﬃcked person this goal, the implementation of the non-punishment principle is will not have a criminal record as a consequence of having com- mainstreamed in all relevant OSR/CTHB activities, including the mitted an oﬀence directly related to their being traﬃcked. Moreo- SR/CTHB’s country visits and capacity building for law enforce- ver, a conviction of a victim of traﬃcking for a traﬃcking-related ment and the judiciary. Importantly, the non-punishment provi- oﬀence should not be considered a reason not to grant or extend sion will, if applied correctly, equally and fairly, enable States to a residence permit, nor to declare the person an undesirable alien improve their prosecution rates whilst ensuring critical respect for (through e.g., issuing a non-entry ban). the dignity and safety of all victims of traﬃcking.

A State’s obligation to adhere to the principle of non-punishment of victims is intrinsically tied to its obligation to identify, assist and KEY RECOMMENDATIONS protect victims, and also to a State’s duty to investigate THB with due diligence and to bring the perpetrators to justice. It includes 1. Non-punishment is a legal right: States should therefore negative obligations, such as the non-detention and non-imposi- consider adopting an open-ended list of oﬀences typically re- tion of penalties by state actors, but also positive obligations, such lated to traﬃcking in human beings, with regard to the com- as enabling eﬀective access to assistance, including legal assistance, mission of which victims of traﬃcking will not be punished and rights; enacting laws and issuing guidance, including common or penalized so long as the necessary link with traﬃcking is indicators and mandatory interview questions, to implement the established. Non-punishment applies to oﬀences of a criminal principle at the national level across the regimes governing the and administrative nature. work of all involved stakeholders. 2. No limitation on the scope: States have an obligation to keep victims immune not only from the application of a Only when victim identiﬁcation and referral for assistance is com- penalty but also from prosecution and detention, where their prehensive and eﬀective, and all justice actors know what their re- crime was caused or directly linked to their having been traf- sponsibilities in this context are and implement them as a matter ﬁcked. It is then for States to exercise their discretion regard- of course, will it be possible to prevent victims from being pun- ing how to implement this requirement in their national legal ished and re-victimized by the state. The SR/CTHB’s policy and systems. legislative recommendations aim at being a ﬁrst such guidance 3. Special considerations for children: Where a child is in- that can be easily adapted to the needs of the national legal sys- volved as a suspect and possible victim, compulsion needs to tems and policy processes. The positive feedback and interest re- be understood in light of the child’s vulnerability on account ceived in relation to the paper since its publication, from state and of their age alone, and of the irrelevance of consent in the legal civil society stakeholders, policy makers and practitioners across deﬁnition of child traﬃcking. Also, the authorities’ response the OSCE region shows the relevance of the topic and also the must be speedy, their best interests shall be considered para- prospects for positive impact. The SR/CTHB’s policy and legisla- mount at all times, and they must be immediately provided tive recommendations have already been translated into several with appropriate assistance and protection. languages and published by OSCE ﬁeld operations in co-operation 4. Effective identification and referral systems as a with the OSR/CTHB, and translations into additional languages prerequisite of non-punishment principle: As soon as are planned for next year.44 Equally, a number of follow-up activi- there is a reasonable suspicion that the criminal suspect is a ties have already taken place in 2013, including during a side event possible victim, State authorities are under a duty to act pro- at this year’s Alliance against Traﬃcking in Persons conference on actively to uncover potential THB. Legal counselling and as- 25 June in Vienna, a side event at the Human Dimension Imple- sistance should be immediately provided to the person and mentation Meeting in Warsaw on 30 October, an international any deportation order should be suspended while the victim seminar for judges from 5-8 August in Haifa, Israel, the Annual identiﬁcation process is ongoing. At the same time, the pub- Conference of the Association of Prosecutors from the Federation lic prosecutor and/or judge should provisionally suspend the of BiH on 9-11 October in Neum, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and in proceedings on their own initiative. Baku on 26-27 November in a workshop for justice sector profes- 5. Stay of proceedings once reasonable grounds sug- sionals organized by the OSCE Oﬃce in Baku.45 More follow-up gest victim of trafficking: Once a reasonable grounds indi- events are planned for 2014. cation has been reached that the suspect is a victim of traﬃck- ing, any prosecution against them for a crime that is directly The OSR/CTHB will continue to work with participating States linked to their traﬃcking should not be initiated or at least and civil society to develop national strategies and measures to im- be discontinued without delay (or as soon as possible) by the plement the non-punishment principle and to ensure it is incorpo- competent judicial authority.

Source: SR Policy and legislative recommendations towards the effective imple- mentation of the non-punishment provision with regard to victims of trafficking.

Read the SR Policy and legislative recommendations –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 44 So far it has been translated into Armenian, Azerbaijani, Bosnian and towards the effective implementation of the non-punish- Macedonian. See also Part II of this report (page 33) for more information. ment provision with regard to victims of trafficking on 45 For more details, see the tables of events in Annex 1 of this report. <http://www.osce.org/cthb/43587>

OSR/CTHB Activities: Overview and Focus Areas 21 5 PART I Preventing domestic servitude in diplomatic households The 2008 OSCE Ministerial Council Decision No. 5/08 encourages “Domestic servitude is no less serious participating States to ensure that all forms of traﬃcking in human or harmful than other forms of traf- beings, as deﬁned in the OSCE Action Plan, are criminalized in their ficking; it is simply another way in national legislation and that perpetrators of human traﬃcking do not enjoy impunity. The OSR/CTHB has been working to enhance which people are subjugated. Domestic States’ responses to traﬃcking for domestic servitude for the last servitude is modern-day slavery, and it three years, with a special focus on employers enjoying diplomatic is an appalling violation of the dignity immunities and privileges since the beginning. In 2010, the OSR/ and rights of thousands of people. It is CTHB dedicated its 10th Alliance against Traﬃcking in Persons conference to the issue of traﬃcking for domestic servitude47 and both painful and shameful that it also published its fourth Occasional Paper entitled Unprotected Work, occurs within the diplomatic commu- Invisible Exploitation: Traﬃcking for the Purpose of Domestic Servi- nity. [...] We are the diplomatic com- tude.48 This, together with the adoption of the ILO Convention 189 on Decent Work for Domestic Workers in June 2011, paved the way munity and we have the responsibility for enhanced action on the topic also in the OSCE region. to sensitize our community to this hidden form of exploitation and to the The OSR/CTHB used the momentum to develop some activities existing good practices to prevent it.” and a project to mobilize greater political will to tackle this hidden form of labour exploitation. The OSR/CTHB partnered with the German Human Rights Institute in the organization of an expert- Maria Grazia Giammarinaro, OSCE Special level seminar. A variety of perspectives ranging from foreign min- Representative, at the opening of the second istries, non-governmental organizations, lawyers and academia workshop on prevention of THB for domestic to international organizations were discussed at the International servitude in diplomatic households on 12 June Roundtable on “Rights Violations and Access to Justice of Domes- 2013 in Kyiv. tic Workers in the Context of Diplomatic Immunity” in Berlin on 2-3 May 2011.49

Until recently, the issue of domestic servitude in diplomatic house- To follow up on the OSR/CTHB’s path-breaking work, a project was holds was taboo within the diplomatic community. It is thanks to designed to prevent situations of abuse or exploitation of domestic the hard work of civil society organizations and victim advocates workers hired by diplomats as well as to sensitize them to the fact and the courage of the victims themselves to come forward as well that the international community should take its responsibilities and as the commitment of a few Ministries of Foreign Aﬀairs, that act proactively. The extra-budgetary project consists of a series of States have started to take action and to react to cases of abuse workshops targeting Protocol Departments within the Ministries of and exploitation at the hands of diplomats. While the vast majority Foreign Aﬀairs of OSCE participating States.50 The workshops aim of victims are women, employed as housekeepers, cooks or nan- at promoting the establishment of concrete measures to prevent nies, there are also documented cases of male victims, employed as traﬃcking in human beings for domestic servitude in diplomatic cooks, gardeners or chauﬀeurs.46 households based on existing good practices. The innovative aspect of this project is that the target group which eﬀectively can prevent Victims of traﬃcking for domestic servitude in diplomatic house- situations of abuse or exploitation is directly addressed. holds are particularly vulnerable. The privileges and immunities provided to diplomats in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Protocol Departments of OSCE participating States are central ac- Relations (1961) and the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations tors in the prevention of this invisible form of traﬃcking. Firstly, (1963) can be abused and can pose a challenge to ensure rights based on the Vienna Conventions they are responsible for issuing protection and access to justice for domestic workers in diplomatic visas/residence permits to domestic workers employed in diplo- households. As a result, preventive measures are often the only matic households, and secondly, they are the guardians of good measures available for victims of domestic servitude in diplomatic international relationships between States. Therefore, they play households. It is, therefore, even more important to sensitize the a pivotal role in preventing any abuse of diplomatic immunities diplomatic community and disseminate good practices aimed at for the purpose of exploiting domestic workers. During the work- preventing it and protecting domestic workers. shops, high-level representatives of Protocol Departments have –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 46 See OSCE Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for <http://www.institut-fuer-menschenrechte.de/en/project-forced-labour- Combating Trafficking in Human Beings (OSR/CTHB), Unprotected Work, today/events-and-trainings.html>, accessed 20 November 2013; German Invisible Exploitation: Trafficking for the Purpose of Domestic Servitude, Institute for Human Rights, Domestic Workers in Diplomats’ Households Occasional Paper Series no. 4 (Vienna, December 2010), Rights Violations and Access to Justice in the Context of Diplomatic Im- <http://www.osce.org/cthb/75804>, accessed 6 November 2013. munity. Analysis of Practice in Six European Countries (Berlin, 2011), <http:// 47 For details on the conference, including agenda and speeches, www.institut-fuer-menschenrechte.de/uploads/tx_commerce/domestic_ see: <http://www.osce.org/cthb/69736>, accessed 6 November 2013. workers_in_diplomats_households_03.pdf>, accessed 6 November 2013. 48 OSCE Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating 50 This work is being undertaken within the framework of the OSR/CTHB extra- Trafficking in Human Beings (OSR/CTHB), Op. Cit. budgetary (ExB) project “Workshops on Prevention of Trafficking of Human 49 See the meeting report of the International Roundtable “Violations of domes- Beings for Domestic Servitude in Diplomatic Households”. tic workers’ rights in the context of diplomatic immunity” at

22 2013 Annual Report OCCASIONAL PAPER SERIES NO. 4 Unprotected Work, Invisible Exploitation: Trafﬁcking for the Purpose of Domestic Servitude

Research Paper on Trafﬁcking in Human Beings for Domestic Servitude in the OSCE Region: Analysis and Challenges

Report of the Tenth Alliance against Trafﬁcking in Persons Conference - “Unprotected Work, Invisible Exploitation: Trafﬁcking for the Purpose of Domestic Servitude”, Vienna, 17-18 June 2010

the opportunity to exchange good practices, lessons learned, to accredited domestic workers, which remains an at-risk population. discuss how to tackle existing challenges as well as how to develop In addition to scaling down the current scope and number of do- and implement concrete and eﬀective measures to further pre- mestic workers that foreign representatives can employ, the policy vent the phenomena. A handbook on good practices, guidelines, is more than ever linked to Canada’s ongoing work to prevent traf- challenges and recommendations discussed during the four work- ﬁcking in persons in all its forms. In addition, Canada’s Deputy shops, as well as concrete follow-up developed in participating Chief of Protocol gave a presentation on 7 September 2012 to all States as a result, will be published in 2014. provincial and territorial chiefs of protocol raising their awareness regarding the revised policy. So far, three workshops have taken place: on 21-22 June 2012 host- ed by Switzerland in Geneva, including a side event at the UN Hu- Ireland announced that the Government will consider a poten- man Rights Council organized in co-operation with the Permanent tial ratiﬁcation of ILO Convention No. 189 on Decent Work for Mission of Austria to the United Nations and other International Domestic Workers, the review of the implementation of the Code Organisations in Geneva and the Permanent Mission of Switzer- of Practice for Protecting Persons Employed in Other People’s land to the United Nations Oﬃce and to the other international Homes, and the development of measures to address the par- organisations in Geneva; on 12-13 June 2013 in Kyiv, hosted by ticular vulnerabilities attached to domestic workers in diplomatic the Ukrainian CiO, and on 8-9 October 2013 in The Hague hosted households to prevent their exploitation.51 by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Aﬀairs, complemented by a side event for local authorities organized in co-operation with the Oﬃce of the Dutch National Rapporteur on Traﬃcking in Human Beings. KEY RECOMMENDATIONS

More and more participating States, such as the United States, 3 Consider ways to allow migrant domestic workers to Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands and Switzerland, have already change employer in order to reduce their dependency on taken action and developed and implemented a number of eﬀec- the original employer, at least in cases of abuse and ex- tive measures to prevent domestic servitude in diplomatic house- ploitation; holds. The United States recently also developed a new initiative 3 Put in place preventive measures and special arrange- to convene a brieﬁng for all domestic workers employed in dip- ments to ensure that diplomatic immunity does not hamper lomatic households – an opportunity which has shown eﬀective access to assistance and support to victims; both in terms of reaching out to the workers and raising awareness 3 Regulate and monitor the delivery procedure of visas/resi- and engaging with the employers. Equally Belgium bolstered its dence permits for migrant domestic workers employed by preventive measures by establishing, in May this year, a mediation members of the diplomatic corps; commission to amicably resolve disputes. 3 Require that an employer member of the diplomatic corps submits the working contract, proof of salary and proof of Other participating States – such as Portugal, Canada and Ire- the provision of adequate living conditions for his or her land – have announced or taken measures to prevent domestic employed domestic worker; servitude in diplomatic households as a result of the OSR/CTHB 3 Take responsibility for the behaviour of nationals who are workshops. members of the diplomatic staff abroad, and to ensure waiving the diplomat’s immunities where there are reason- As a follow-up to the participation of a representative of the Por- able grounds to believe that he or she is involved in traffick- tuguese Observatory on Traﬃcking in Human Beings at the Ge- ing and exploitation; neva workshop, the Ministry of Interior where the Observatory 3 Ensure as a host country that domestic workers in the em- is located, organized a conference on 18 September 2012 at the ployment of the diplomatic corps are informed about their Parliament in Lisbon focusing especially on domestic servitude. rights when they take up their position and have effective Furthermore, Portugal introduced a section on domestic workers access to support, including legal assistance, in the case employed by persons enjoying diplomatic privileges and immuni- of exploitation and abusive treatment; ties in its 2013 manual for accredited diplomats in Portugal. 3 Consider taking diplomatic measures, including waiving the immunity, in cases where a diplomatic is suspected of Canada has taken steps to enhance the monitoring function of the exploitation and trafficking; domestic worker’s programme and expand diagnostic capabilities, 3 Ratify ILO Convention 189 on Decent Work for Domestic both of which are key to the prevention of abuse. It has ﬁne-tuned Workers. its Domestic Worker Accreditation Program with a view to en- hancing and increasing measures to prevent labour exploitation of Source: OSCE Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings (OSR/CTHB), Unprotected Work, –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Invisible Exploitation: Trafficking for the Purpose of Domestic Servitude, Oc- 51 The newspaper Irish Independent addresses the concerns of the Depart- casional Paper Series no. 4 (Vienna, December 2010), <http://www.osce.org/ ment of Foreign Affairs over the issue. The article “Gardai probe diplomats cthb/75804>, accessed 6 November 2013. over people trafficking” issued on 21 October 2013 announces that the MFA is proposing measures compelling diplomats to provide staff with written contracts and to pay wages electronically. Under the proposals, a diplomat’s visa could be cancelled if they failed to abide by the conditions. See full text Read the 4th Occasional Paper Unprotected Work, Invis- here: <http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/gardai-probe-diplomats-over- ible Exploitation: Trafficking for the Purpose of Domestic people-trafficking-29676186.html>. Servitude, at <http://www.osce.org/cthb/75804>.

OSR/CTHB Activities: Overview and Focus Areas 23 6 PART I Trafficking in human beings for the purpose of organ removal Traﬃcking in human beings for the purpose of organ removal as anaesthetists, surgeons, nurses, and nephrologists. The chal- (THB/OR) is encompassed within the international deﬁnition of lenges arising from the complex and clandestine nature of THB/ traﬃcking, set out in the Palermo Protocol to the 2000 UN Con- OR are exacerbated by the transnational dimension of the network vention against Transnational Organized Crime and the 2005 and the sheer number of national jurisdictions involved. Council of Europe Convention on Action Against Traﬃcking in Human Beings. Until recently, however, little has been document- The exact dimensions of the global industry of traﬃcking for organ ed about THB/OR since the little that was known was based on an- removal, which primarily engages in kidney transplants, remains ecdotes and investigative reports by journalists, as concrete details unknown due to its clandestine nature. What is clear, however, is of investigations and prosecutions were unavailable. that it is a highly lucrative industry.

The OSR/CTHB’s sixth Occasional Paper Traﬃcking in Human A case which stands for many across the OSCE region and beyond: Beings for the Purpose of Organ Removal in the OSCE Region: In 2010, a young man responded to an advertisement oﬀering cash Analysis and Findings, launched in Vienna on 9 July at the OSCE to anyone willing to donate a kidney. It was the start a harrow- Human Dimension Committee, sheds light on this phenomenon ing journey that saw him traﬃcked abroad and locked in a hotel drawing on data obtained from oﬃcial sources.52 The paper is room where his life was threatened if he refused to proceed with based on actual reported cases of THB/OR that have been investi- the operation. The man went through with the operation, receiv- gated, and in some cases, fully prosecuted in the OSCE region. The ing USD 10,000 for selling his kidney, according to an investigation paper outlines the scale, nature and scope of this organized crime, by police. in which vulnerable victim-donors are exploited, and provides concrete recommendations and guidance on how to strengthen The case provides a rare example of a victim-donor coming for- the legislative framework, increase prosecutions, improve victim ward to publicize their story, shining a light on the murky and ex- assistance and victims’ access to eﬀective remedies and on how to panding global phenomenon of traﬃcking in human beings for the develop preventive measures. purpose of organ removal. In many other cases victim-donors are recruited with false promises of ﬁnancial reward, but in fact do not The report conﬁrms that nationals of many countries in the OSCE receive any payment. region are involved in this form of traﬃcking in one or the other way, including as countries of origin for victims, so-called brokers, In one case uncovered by law enforcement authorities, operations local recruiters, facilitators, and organ recipients and/or as sites of at a medical facility provided revenues of about USD 18 million transplant centres, clinics, or hosts of medical professionals such annually to a network of traﬃckers for organ removal. Recipi-

Alternative diagram for basic modes of THB/OR with a transnational dimension

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 52 OSCE Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings, Trafficking in Human Beings for the Purpose of Organ Removal: Analysis and Findings, Occasional Paper Series no. 6 (Vienna, July 2013).

24 2013 Annual Report ents in that case paid between USD 100,000 to USD 150,000 for donor-victims to work again, taking into consideration that often a kidney, while surgeons earned USD 15,000 to USD 20,000 per they will be unable to work for long hours or perform heavy jobs. transplant. Organ donors were promised just USD 10,000. It is not Therefore, it is very important to pay special attention to victims known whether this small amount was actually paid to all of them. and vulnerable groups. The OSR/CTHB Occasional Paper dedi- In all cases, the victim-donors were deceived about the health im- cates a chapter to addressing victims’ rights and needs in practice pacts of organ removal. Left in a situation of destitution, without (chapter VII). It also includes recommendations with regard to any post-surgery and long-term health care, they were not able to preventive measures, such as public awareness raising campaigns perform any heavy work and their health deteriorated. about risks connected with illegal organ removal. Equally, a pub- lic discussion of relevant ethical and legal obligations for medical Generally, very little has been done to reach out to the victims of professionals and health oﬃcials may contribute to rendering this THB/OR in terms of understanding their needs and providing ad- group less available for THB/OR networks and more likely to no- equate assistance, including long-term physical and psychological tice and report suspicious incidents. care, legal assistance and representation to access eﬀective rem- edies including compensation; and vocational training that allows No country is immune from becoming – in one or the other way and role - involved or aﬀected by THB/OR. It is encouraging, as documented in the Occasional Paper, that in some countries, law Maria Grazia enforcement and judicial authorities in the OSCE region have start- Giammarinaro, ed to investigate and prosecute this crime. What is needed now is OSCE Special a concerted and systemic approach to combating traﬃcking for the Representative and Co-ordinator for Trafficking purpose of organ removal across the OSCE region and across all in Human Beings 4 Ps, prevention, protection, prosecution and partnership.

RECOMMENDED NEXT STEPS

3 Examine the national criminal code to ensure that it includes trafficking for organ removal as per the Palermo Protocol and sensitize criminal justice actors to the full range of ac- “We know that corruption is an tors and abuses associated with this crime; important factor in all forms of 3 Assess the specific health, social and legal needs of victims of THB/OR and develop specialized and/or adapt existing trafficking. This is perhaps even more services to meet these needs; pronounced in cases of trafficking 3 Ensure that all victim support measures are gender and for organ removal because of the culturally sensitive, non-discriminatory and in line with in- ternational human rights standards; important role of ‘white collar 3 Support training for law enforcement and medical profes- criminals’ – here I am referring to the sionals on trafficking for organ removal, including relevant administrators, medical professionals laws, penalties and ethical obligations and guidelines; and in some cases, official 3 Expand international co-operation to increase investiga- tions and prosecutions and ensure that countries where representatives [...]“ most organ recipients live understand their responsibility in prevention and prosecution and develop measures ac- “Persons trafficked for organ removal cordingly; also face particular challenges, both 3 Develop partnerships with health care and medical pro- fessionals, ethical associations of doctors, transplant during and after the organ removal. organizations and NGOs to raise awareness, promote [...] They are often unaware of the ethical behaviour and encourage reporting the crime. long-term and debilitating medical consequences of organ removal and Source: OSCE Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings, Trafficking for the Purpose of Organ lack of post-operative care as well Removal, Occasional Paper Series no. 6 (Vienna, July 2013).

as the psychological impact of the operation.“ Read the full Sixth Occasional Paper Trafficking in Human Beings for the Purpose of Organ Removal in the Maria Grazia Giammarinaro, OSCE Special OSCE Region: Analysis and Findings on: Representative and Co-ordinator for Trafficking <http://www.osce.org/cthb/103393> in Human Beings

OSR/CTHB Activities: Overview and Focus Areas 25 7 PART I Trafficking in human beings amounting to torture and other forms of ill-treatment In June 2013, the OSR/CTHB published its ﬁfth Occasional Paper Firstly, to better understand the nature and gravity of the methods Traﬃcking in Human Beings Amounting to Torture and other Forms used by traﬃckers. Violence which may be endured throughout or of Ill-treatment, in co-operation with the UK’s Helen Bamber Foun- at various stages of the traﬃcking experience, shares the same fun- dation and Austria’s Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Human Rights, damental components of torture. It is a situation whereby a perpe- which conﬁrmed that traﬃcking in human beings can amount to trator exerts control over a victim who is psychologically and/or torture and other forms of ill-treatment.53 The paper aims at rais- physically entrapped, and the victim therefore is forced into a posi- ing awareness about the fact that the violence suﬀered by victims tion of isolated helplessness. Secondly, to explore which principles of traﬃcking is often analogous to that suﬀered by victims of tor- and safeguards concerning torture and other forms of ill-treat- ture and other forms of ill-treatment. It also spells out the legal and ment are applicable to traﬃcking in human beings and therefore clinical implications that ﬂow from this characterization in terms of can strengthen the framework currently used for the protection of victim support and rehabilitation as well as entitlements and state the rights of traﬃcked persons and the prosecution of the traﬃck- obligations. It is important to acknowledge this link between traf- ers. Thirdly, to understand what this link implies in clinical terms ﬁcking in human beings and torture for three reasons. for eﬀective assistance and sustained recovery of the victims, both taking into account the nature (physical and psychological) of the injuries from torture and ill-treatment and the impact of traﬃck- Helen Bamber, ing on victims. Founder and Director of the Helen Bamber Foundation (HBF) Obstacles to Memory, Recall and Providing Chronological Account Many victims of trafficking suffer from difficulties with memory and the ability to accurately recall traumatic events or organize them into chronological sequence. Despite this, they may be expected to answer ques- tions that would test any non-traumatized person in terms of requiring them to provide exact dates, times and places for events that happened months or years “Torture consists of the stripping away ago. of the dignity of one human being A man trafficked as a child for sexual exploitation by others, asserting total power and speaking at his asylum interview: “The problem is I control over mind and body, inflicting don’t remember, I can say something to you right now pain, causing despair and destroy- and two minutes later I forgot.” ing a person’s identity and sense of In addition to difficulties of recall, victims of trafficking self. Our clinicians work to address may suffer memory loss which is caused by psycho- the psychological consequences of this logical problems and in some cases, brain injury from experience in victims of human traf- beatings to the head. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is suffered by many victims of trafficking and ficking: loss of trust in others, loss this is characterized by reduced attention, concentra- of hope, disturbed sleep and violent tion and short and long-term memory. PTSD is associ- nightmares, flashbacks, panic attacks, ated with irritability, hyper-arousal, re-experiencing of the destruction of identity and sexual- traumatic memories, intrusive memories and distract- ity and the constant presence of fear.” ing thoughts, as well as general memory problems.

Helen Bamber, Founder and Director of the Source: OSCE Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Helen Bamber Foundation (HBF) Combating Trafficking in Human Beings (OSR/CTHB) in partnership with the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Human Rights and the Helen Bamber Foundation, Trafficking in Human Beings Amounting to Torture and other Forms of Ill-treatment, Occasional Paper Series no. 5 (Vienna, June 2013), p. 80.

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 53 OSCE Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings (OSR/CTHB) in partnership with the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Human Rights and the Helen Bamber Foundation, Trafficking in Human Beings Amounting to Torture and other Forms of Ill-treatment, Occasional Paper Series no. 5 (Vienna, June 2013).

26 2013 Annual Report OCCASIONAL PAPER SERIES NO. 5 Trafﬁcking in Human Beings Amounting to Torture and other Forms of Ill-treatment Part I: Trafﬁcking in Human Beings Amounting to Torture and other Forms of Ill-treatment – Legal Analysis Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Human Rights

Part II: Clinical Links Between Human Trafﬁcking and Torture Helen Bamber Foundation

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

The research builds on the important work of the former UN Spe- The SR/CTHB launched the ﬁfth Occasional Paper on 25 June cial Rapporteur on torture and other, cruel, inhuman or degrading 2013 on the occasion of the Alliance against Traﬃcking in Persons treatment or punishment, Manfred Nowak54, and the strong and conference. Participating States have since started to acknowledge long-standing clinical policy experience of the Helen Bamber Foun- the importance of this link and raise awareness about its ﬁnd- dation55, founded by Helen Bamber who is also its Clinical Director ing for policy and practical work. On 9 October, the Paper was and was awarded the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1997. launched in the UK where one of the two partner organizations for this research, the Helen Bamber Foundation, is based. The OSR The paper is based on desk research, ﬁeld work and case study will continue to raise awareness about the practice of torture as a analysis. Its ﬁndings are important guidance to state actors - in method used by traﬃckers to subjugate, control and exploit vic- particular law enforcement, the judiciary and policy makers -, civil tims of traﬃcking in all its forms and assist participating States in society and the international community and, if applied, will con- understanding this link and its legal and practical implications for tribute to the improvement of relevant policy and practice, and States’ positive and negative obligations to investigate, protect and critically to aﬀord better protection and justice to victims of hu- prevent with due diligence. man traﬃcking. KEY RECOMMENDATIONS

Manfred Nowak, 3 Include a specific offence of torture in domestic legislation Co-director of the Lud- to facilitate prosecution, and regulate a mechanism of pro- wig Boltzmann Institute fessional monitoring and investigating of torture; of Human Rights and 3 Develop interpretative guidelines on the links between traf- former UN Special ficking in human beings and torture or cruel, inhuman and Rapporteur degrading treatment for law enforcement officials, the judi- ciary and NGOs/lawyers representing trafficked persons; 3 Apply the non-refoulement principle to victims of traffick- ing who may face the risk of being tortured in the country of origin and, in order to be able to fulfill this obligation, guarantee and establish procedures for victim identification in centres for detention pending deportation and refugee centres and grant NGOs and lawyers providing services to “Depending on each individual case, trafficked persons access to these facilities; 3 Effectively implement the non-punishment provision, in trafficking and re-trafficking can particular ensure that trafficked persons are not detained or amount to torture. For victims of imprisoned. Incarceration further to a trafficking experience trafficking, unconditional residence can result in cumulative trauma, self-harming behaviours, suicidal ideation, anxiety or have other negative health im- is essential for having access to pact; reparation including compensation 3 Conduct individual risk assessments prior to return; and rehabilitation.” 3 Support training and awareness-raising on complex trau- ma for all professionals who encounter victims of trafficking Manfred Nowak, Co-director of the Ludwig in the general and mental health sectors; Boltzmann Institute of Human Rights and former 3 Guarantee victims of trafficking access to integrated/co- UN Special Rapporteur on Torture and other ordinated healthcare services and effective specialist ser- Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment at the vices. This often implies also access to residence permits; launch of the Fifth Occasional Paper 3 Issue practical guidelines for all healthcare professionals on the identification of victims of trafficking.

Source: OSCE Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Com- bating Trafficking in Human Beings (OSR/CTHB) in partnership with the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Human Rights and the Helen Bamber Foundation, Traf- ficking in Human Beings Amounting to Torture and other Forms of Ill-treatment, –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Occasional Paper Series no. 5 (Vienna, June 2013), p. 80. 54 See United Nations Human Rights Council (UN HRC), Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment, Manfred Nowak, A/HRC/7/3 (2008), paras. 31, 44. For a detailed analysis of the early work of the UN on the topic, see: OSCE Office Read the full findings and recommendations of the of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking Fifth Occasional Paper Trafficking in Human Beings in Human Beings (OSR/CTHB) in partnership with the Ludwig Boltzmann Amounting to Torture and other Forms of Ill-treatment Institute of Human Rights and the Helen Bamber Foundation, Trafficking in at <http://www.osce.org/cthb/103085> Human Beings Amounting to Torture and other Forms of Ill-treatment, Occasional Paper Series no. 5 (Vienna, June 2013), pp. 13-16. 55 For details on the work of the Helen Bamber Foundation, see: <http://www.helenbamber.org>, accessed 12 November 2013.

OSR/CTHB Activities: Overview and Focus Areas 27 8 PART I Working with participating States and the Mediterranean Partners for Co-operation to prevent human trafficking including the European Union and EU agencies, the IOM, the UN- “Every year hundreds, if not thousands of HCR, the UNODC, Interpol as well as PICUM. people, die while attempting to reach the 8 February Seminar on Co-operation to Prevent northern Mediterranean. Those who survive Trafficking in Human Beings in the Mediterranean are often trapped in exploitative situations, Region, in Rome. and obliged to work for no or very little This enhanced dialogue led to a high-level Seminar on Co-oper- salary.” ation to Prevent Traﬃcking in Human Beings in the Mediterra- nean Region, organized in partnership with the Italian Chamber of Deputies on 8 February 2013 at the Chamber of Deputies, Palazzo “We need enhanced joint responsibility and Montecitorio, in Rome. The seminar, which was attended by over better co-operation to bring perpetrators to 100 participants, brought together oﬃcials, civil society represent- justice, and protect the rights of trafficked atives and trade unions. Importantly, with experts from Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia, all six OSCE Mediter- and exploited migrants.” ranean Partner Countries were represented. Also, 21 OSCE par- Maria Grazia Giammarinaro, OSCE Special ticipating States participated at the high-level seminar in Rome, Representative and Co-ordinator for Trafficking in Hu- including key participating States from the Mediterranean re- man Beings gion, such as Portugal, Spain, France, Italy and Greece. High-level speakers included the then Italian Foreign Minister Giulio Terzi, Portuguese State Secretary for Parliamentary Aﬀairs and Equality On 7 December 2011 in Vilnius, the OSCE Ministerial Council Teresa Morais, the then President of the OSCE Parliamentary As- decided to enhance Partnerships for Co-operation by broadening sembly Riccardo Migliori, and Ukraine’s Permanent Representa- dialogue, intensifying political consultations, strengthening practi- tive and Chairman of the Permanent Council, Ihor Prokopchuk.58 cal co-operation and further sharing best practices and experience The Mediterranean Partner Countries contributed with expert gained in the development of comprehensive, co-operative and speakers to the seminar, including Kaci Amrane, Deputy Director indivisible security, in the three OSCE dimensions, according to for Foreigners and Consular Conventions at the Ministry of Inte- the needs and priorities identiﬁed by the Partners.56 It encouraged rior of Algeria; Khalil Amiri, Senior Advisor at the Cabinet of the OSCE executive structures to engage in action-oriented co-opera- Secretary of State on Immigration and Tunisians abroad; and Sana tion with the Partner countries in all three dimensions and invited Bouzaouache, Under-Director at the Ministry of Human Rights the Partners to increase the level of their participation in the OSCE and Transitional Justice in Tunisia. activities. In the process of consultations with the Delegations of the Mediterranean Partners for Co-operation initiated by OSCE A recurring key issue raised by governments, civil society and Secretary General Lamberto Zannier in the implementation of international organizations was the need to ensure that migrant Ministerial Council Decision 5/11, traﬃcking in human beings workers are able to access justice and remedies, regardless of was identiﬁed as one of the areas for possible OSCE engagement.57 whether they are regular or irregular in a country. Many speak- In 2013, the OSR/CTHB’s work with the Mediterranean Partners ers underlined the need to address a broader area of exploitation for Co-operation on human traﬃcking received an impetus. The compared to what is now the number of victims of traﬃcking iden- Mediterranean Partner Countries (MPCs), the OSCE participat- tiﬁed. The discussions acknowledged that only once the rights of ing States on the Northern rim of the Mediterranean and the all undocumented migrants are eﬀectively protected, the number Swiss Chair of the Mediterranean Contact Group enhanced their of cases of exploitation reported and successful prosecutions of dialogue on traﬃcking in human beings, and particularly, human exploitative employers and traﬃckers will increase. rights protection in the context of mixed migration ﬂows. The Rome seminar concluded with a general agreement among The main aim of the dialogue and series of initiatives is to provide and support of all participants to take concrete steps to continue a platform for constructive dialogue, information and experience- and extend this dialogue and also to discuss joint action-oriented sharing with a view to raise awareness about developments, chal- activities in the following priority areas: access to justice, including lenges and possible solutions and jointly develop action that will compensation for traﬃcked and exploited migrants; the conﬁsca- enhance co-operation for the prevention of human traﬃcking in tion of assets of exploiters as a resource to pay for compensation the Mediterranean region. On both sides of the Mediterranean, and as deterrence measure; and domestic servitude. A fourth is- what might appear on the surface as irregular migration is in fact sue of interest that was highlighted by many participants was the the exploitation of individuals by organized crime and unscrupu- need to engage with businesses to ensure they do not engage in or lous employers. Many key partners from the Alliance against Traf- tolerate exploitative patterns, but become partners in the ﬁght for ﬁcking in Persons contributed with their expertise to this dialogue, decent work and workers’ rights protection and access to justice. –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 56 OSCE Ministerial Council, Decision No. 5/11 Partners for Co-operation 58 For more details on the Rome seminar, see <http://www.osce.org/ (7 December 2011), <http://www.osce.org/mc/86081>, accessed cthb/99741>, accessed 1 October 2013. See also: OSCE Office of the 11 November 2013. Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human 57 Ibid. Beings, Enhancing Co-operation to Prevent Trafficking in Human Beings in the Mediterranean Region (2013), <http://www.osce.org/cthb/108481>, accessed 20 November 2013.

28 2013 Annual Report Tunisia Morocco Israel ENHANCING CO-OPERATION Jordan TO PREVENT TRAFFICKING Algeria Egypt IN HUMAN BEINGS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION

10 May and 7 October expert meetings in Vienna At the Conference, the SR/CTHB highlighted that both sending As a direct follow-up to the Rome seminar, the OSR/CTHB or- and receiving countries beneﬁt from migrant work and that both ganized two expert meetings for government representatives, civil sides need to share responsibility in order to protect the rights of society, expert practitioners and academics – on 10 May and 7 Oc- migrant workers. She also reiterated that the OSCE, and in par- tober in Vienna - on the key issues identiﬁed in Rome. The 10 May ticular her Oﬃce, stands ready to facilitate and promote enhanced expert meeting focused on how to promote access to justice, and co-operation between governments, and co-operation between in particular the speciﬁc needs and challenges in the context of international co-operation in the ﬁeld of access to justice for traf- “[...] we heard about the relationship ﬁcked and exploited migrants in the Mediterranean region. Par- ticipants included expert practitioners from Belgium, France, Italy, between restrictive migration policies Morocco, Spain, PICUM, the International Trade Union Confed- in destination countries, on the one eration (ITUC), Anti-Slavery International, the IOM and the FRA. hand, and trafficking in human be- Discussions included the sharing of legal and practical obstacles as ings on the other. This link must drive well as positive experiences in relation to outreach mechanisms, rights information, legal assistance and representation, access to co-operation and greater partnership court and non-judicial proceedings, residence status, compensa- on two levels: firstly, between countries tion and accountability of oﬀenders and access to justice in the of origin and destination; secondly context of return. between the public authorities and the The 7 October expert meeting represented a very fruitful occasion private sector.” to gather experts from the capitals of the Mediterranean Partner Concluding remarks by Thomas Greminger, Countries, including representatives of Ministries of Labour from Chairperson of the Mediterranean Contact Group, Egypt, Jordan and Morocco, Ministry of Justice from Israel, and at the 2013 OSCE Mediterranean Conference, the Minister of Human Rights from Tunisia. Discussion at the ex- Monaco, 29 October 2013. pert meeting focused on the role of the private sector in prevent- ing traﬃcking and exploitation of the labour force, including in the supply chain; recruitment and job placement of the migrant work- governments and civil society in the Mediterranean region – based force; access to justice for traﬃcked and exploited migrant work- on common values within the framework of the OSCE’s Partner- ers, including compensation for lost wages and other damages; as ship for Co-operation and a spirit of shared responsibility and joint well as the enhancement of the role of civil society, in particular eﬀort.60 The discussions and outcomes of the session contributed the diaspora, in the ﬁght against human traﬃcking. to a perception paper with areas for enhanced co-operation elabo- rated by the Swiss Chair of the Mediterranean Contact Group and The consultation process during both expert meetings contributed the Mediterranean Contact Group at the OSCE, which will serve to a heightened joint awareness and understanding among par- as a basis for further consultations and action in 2014. ticipants from both rims of the Mediterranean of emerging trends, connected challenges and possible areas for enhanced co-opera- IDEAS FOR ENHANCED CO-OPERATION DISCUSSED tion, at the bilateral, sub-regional and regional level. AT THE 2013 OSCE MEDITERRANEAN CONFERENCE: 3 Compiling existing data on the flows of irregular migrants 28-29 October OSCE Mediterranean Conference across the Mediterranean Sea; in Monaco 3 Exploring the role of the private sector to prevent labour On 28-29 October, the annual OSCE Mediterranean Conference exploitation, through e.g., establishing codes of conduct was held in Monaco, focusing on enhancing the role of women in and State-led initiatives particularly in the field of public pro- public, political and economic life. As a follow-up to the consul- curement; tations with the Mediterranean Partners for Co-operation within 3 Enhancing knowledge about and regulation of recruitment the framework of the SR/CTHB initiative to enhance co-operation and job placement agencies, particularly of the migrant la- to prevent traﬃcking in human beings in the Mediterranean, a ses- bour force and including an analysis of the use of social sion at this year’s Mediterranean Conference was devoted to the media and the internet for fraudulent recruitment and job topic of the social and economic impact of traﬃcking for labour placement, particularly of foreigners; exploitation and the role of the business sector. The Mediterra- 3 Enhancing measures to facilitate access to justice for irreg- nean Conference was attended by over 100 representatives from ular migrants, particularly to claim compensation, including 28 OSCE participating States, six Mediterranean Partners for Co- unpaid salaries; operation and eight international organizations.59 3 Enhancing the involvement of civil society, exploring further –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– the role of trade unions, employers’ associations and the 59 For the consolidated summary of the 2013 OSCE Mediterranean Confer- diaspora. ence, see SEC.GAL/189/13 (14 November 2013). See also the concluding remarks by Ambassador Greminger, Chairperson of the Mediterranean Contact Group, at the 2013 OSCE Mediterranean Conference, Monaco, 29 –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– October 2013, PC.DEL/862/13 (30 October 2013). For details on the 2013 60 For the full text of the SR/CTHB’s speech at the 2013 OSCE Mediterranean OSCE Mediterranean Conference, see <http://www.osce.org/ec/103342>, conference, see SEC.GAL/184/13 (1 November 2013). accessed 15 November 2013.

OSR/CTHB Activities: Overview and Focus Areas 29 9 PART I Human rights and business

The key role that the private sector can play in preventing traf- tice” (20-21 June 2011) and the 13th Alliance conference: “Stolen ﬁcking in human beings has received more attention in recent Lives, Stolen Money: The Price of Modern-Day Slavery” (25-26 years, at a time when more and more cases of traﬃcking for labour June 2013) – have contributed to raising awareness about how exploitation have been identiﬁed. The demand for cheap labour, the private sector can become more engaged and accountable in and thus for people who are easily exploitable, is endemic across guaranteeing exploitation-free supply chains and decent work.63 many sectors of the economy throughout the OSCE region and Participants at both conferences agreed that human traﬃcking can elsewhere. Demand for cheap and unprotected labour is fostering only be prevented eﬀectively if there is zero tolerance for any form human traﬃcking worldwide. Further, too many supply chains are of exploitation and if international labour standards are guaran- found that use shady entrepreneurs involved in recruiting workers teed to all workers, whatever their migration status. The discus- or keeping them working in abusive circumstances. sions also highlighted the need for more self-regulation within the private sector – for example by individual businesses adopting a Globalization brought with it, along with enormous achievements, code of conduct – and have contributed to an OSR/CTHB paper the relocation of production and employment to places where on the Implementation and Enforcement of Codes of Conduct in wages were low, leading to the migration of workers to places the Private Sector to Reduce Demand for the Services of or Goods where business proﬁts can be maximized, often at the expense of Produced by People Who Have Been Traﬃcked, which is due to be human rights and human life. The Bangladesh factory ﬁre which published in 2014. killed over 1,000 workers trapped in a factory earlier this year is just one sad example of this – and has become the latest symbol for The 2011 Alliance conference was also an excellent opportunity the failure to provide workers with decent work conditions along to focus on the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human the global supply chain.61 Rights, endorsed by the UN Human Rights Council just a few weeks earlier. The UN Guiding Principles, which implement and operationalize the “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework “What we need is voluntary initiatives adopted by the UN in 2008, provide an authoritative global frame- such as codes of conduct applying work and standard on the issue of business and human rights.64 also to suppliers of goods and They are based on the recognition of States’ obligations to respect, services, complemented by regulations protect and fulﬁl human rights and fundamental freedoms, the ob- ligation of business enterprises to comply with all applicable laws that establish basic obligations for and to respect human rights and the need for eﬀective remedies businesses to take action to clean when human rights are breached.65 the supply chain from trafficking and In 2013, the OSCE region has seen a number of valuable initiatives, forced labour.” which aim at enhancing accountability and transparency in supply Maria Grazia Giammarinaro, OSCE Special chains and provide guidance to the business sector on how to en- Representative for Combating Trafficking for sure compliance with its obligation to respect human rights. This Human Beings includes a roundtable discussion on Combating human traﬃcking: business and human rights, organized by Wilton Park in associa- tion with the United Kingdom’s Foreign and Commonwealth Of- The OSR/CTHB has taken numerous initiatives to strengthen the ﬁce, held in London on 10 October.66 The purpose of the meeting involvement of the business sector in OSCE anti-traﬃcking action, was to raise awareness about human traﬃcking and exploitation including by inviting the International Organisation of Employers and facilitate the sharing of good practice both internationally and (IOE) and the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) in the UK. Speakers included British Minister of State Hugo Swire, to join the Alliance against Traﬃcking in Persons, an international the Executive Director of the Institute for Human Rights and forum convened by the OSR/CTHB, which aims to promote a uni- Businesses, John Morrison, and the Group Head for Corporate ﬁed approach to preventing and combating human traﬃcking by Responsibility for ArcelorMittal, Charlotte Wolf. The roundtable all the relevant stakeholders.62 discussion came in the wake of the adoption, in September 2013, by the UK Government of a national plan on business and human Two high-level Alliance Conferences – the 11th Alliance against rights, Good Business, Implementing the UN Guiding Principles on Traﬃcking in Persons conference “Preventing Traﬃcking in Hu- Business and Human Rights.67 The UK plan to implement the UN man Beings for Labour Exploitation: Decent Work and Social Jus- Guiding Principles is an example of how governments can actively –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 61 See also: Opening Remarks by M.G. Giammarinaro at the OSCE Alliance 65 See UN OHCHR, Guiding Principles on business and human rights, Imple- Conference “Stolen Lives, Stolen Money: The Price of Modern-Day Slavery”, menting the UN “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework (Geneva and Vienna, 25-26 June 2013, <http://www.osce.org/cthb/103460>, accessed New York, 2011), General Principles, <http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ 20 November 2013. Publications/GuidingPrinciplesBusinessHR_EN.pdf>, accessed 20 Novem- 62 For more information on the Alliance against Trafficking in Persons, see: ber 2013. <http://www.osce.org/cthb/43587>, accessed 8 November 2013. 66 For more information on the event, 63 For more details on both Alliance Conferences, see <http://www.osce.org/ see <http://www.osce.org/cthb/107034>, accessed 8 November 2013. cthb/44714>, accessed 8 November 2013. 67 HM Government, Good Business, Implementing the UN Guiding Principles 64 For more information on the UN Guiding Principles and the UN “Protect, on Business and Human Rights (September 2013), <http://www.gov.uk/gov- Respect and Remedy” Framework, see: <http://www.business-humanrights. ernment/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/236901/BHR_Ac- org/UNGuidingPrinciplesPortal/Home>. tion_Plan_-_final_online_version_1_.pdf>, accessed 8 November 2013.

30 2013 Annual Report promote the engagement of businesses based or registered in their the ﬁeld of prevention of traﬃcking for labour exploitation. She country. noted that the real challenge was monitoring and “cleaning” sup- ply chains. Business codes of conduct should be made applicable The three pillars of the UN “Protect, Respect and to subcontractors, and their implementation should be monitored Remedy” Framework carefully. If not, codes of conduct or other social corporate re- 1. The state duty to protect against human rights abuses sponsibility tools can potentially amount to no more than “win- by third parties, including business, through appropriate dow dressing”. The SR/CTHB emphasized that at the same time policies, regulation, and adjudication; the public sector needed to take a proactive role and that voluntary 2. The corporate responsibility to respect human rights, initiatives should be complemented by targeted state laws and pol- that is, to act with due diligence to avoid infringing the icies aimed at establishing basic obligations on businesses to take rights of others and address adverse impacts with which action to promote transparency and decent work in their supply they are involved; and chain and eliminating traﬃcking for labour exploitation. 3. The need for greater access by victims to effective remedy, both judicial and non-judicial. A good practice in this context is the California Transparency in Supply Chains Act, which came into eﬀect in January 2012, and Source: UN Human Rights Council, Protect, Respect and Remedy: a Framework for Business and Human Rights, Report of the Special requires mid-size and large retailers and manufacturing compa- Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and nies with worldwide annual revenues of USD 100 million or more transnational corporations and other business enterprises, John Ruggie, to disclose information on their initiatives to eradicate slavery and A/HRC/8/5 (7 April 2008). human traﬃcking from their supply chains.71 The role of govern- ments in ensuring an exploitation-free private sector goes even Another policy initiative, the US Government’s Ending Traﬃcking further in relation to public procurement where they have direct in Government Contracting Act, signed by President Barack Obama inﬂuence on business practices when contracting others to provide in January 2013, aims at disqualifying companies from public pro- goods and services. curement, when they have been found to allow or tolerate exploita- tive working conditions in their supply chain. It prohibits contrac- KEY RECOMMENDATIONS tors and subcontractors from engaging in acts that directly support 3 Engaging with the private sector, including national and or advance traﬃcking, such as conﬁscating or denying access to multinational corporations subcontracting other compa- identity documents, charging unreasonable recruitment fees, and nies, to promote “due diligence” in the implementation of soliciting employees through materially false representations about the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights; the terms and conditions of employment. The Ending Traﬃcking 3 Depriving businesses found to have exploited workers from in Government Contracting Act also strengthens the reporting ob- access to government-backed loans, subsidies or tenders ligation of contracting oﬃcials with regard to information about a for public contracts; contractor’s or subcontractors’ involvement in human traﬃcking.68 3 Promoting codes of conduct aimed at preventing exploita- tive situations by ensuring better protection of workers’ In the EU, Directive 2009/52/EC of the European Parliament and of rights throughout the supply chain, with particular attention the Council of 18 June 2009 on providing for minimum standards to vulnerable groups of irregular migrant workers, in co- on sanctions and measures against employers of illegally staying operation with trade unions, worker coalitions, and con- third-country nationals (the Employer Sanctions Directive), in ad- sumer groups; dition to enacting criminal sanctions for natural and legal persons 3 Establishing clear criteria for registration and qualification of illegally employing and exploiting migrant workers, also obliges EU recruitment and placement agencies for labour migrants, and Member States to ensure that such employers are excluded from monitoring their activities to prevent abuse and exploitation; entitlements to public beneﬁts, aid or subsidies, including EU fund- 3 Ensuring that inappropriate recruitment fees or costs are not ing managed by Member States, and from participation in public charged, directly or indirectly, to workers in line with the 1997 contracts. The Employer Sanctions Directive also foresees the clo- ILO Private Employment Agencies Convention (No. 181); sure of establishments used to commit infringements and the with- 3 Providing legal counselling and legal assistance to all traf- drawal of licences to conduct the business activity in question.69 ficked and exploited persons, free of charge, to enable them to access justice and effective remedies, and in particular Importantly also the 2013 OSCE Mediterranean Conference “En- to receive compensation for material and moral damages hancing the Role of Women in Public, Political and Economic Life”, they have suffered, and the restitution of unpaid salaries. held in Monaco on 28-29 October 2013, dedicated a session to Source: Maria Grazia Giammarinaro, Speech at the Conference Combating “The Social and Economic Impact of Traﬃcking for Labour Ex- human trafficking: business and human rights, 10 October 2013, Wilton Park, ploitation, and the Role of the Business Sector”. 70 In her speech, London. the SR/CTHB highlighted the pivotal role of the private sector in –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 68 For more information on the Act, see: <http://www.steptoe.com/publica- 70 For details on the 2013 OSCE Mediterranean Conference, tions-8618.html>, accessed 8 November 2013. see <http://www.osce.org/cio/107508>, accessed 8 November 2013. 69 European Union (EU), Directive 2009/52/EC of the European Parliament 71 See California Senate Bill No. 657, <http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/09-10/ and of the Council of 18 June 2009 providing for minimum standards on bill/sen/sb_0651-0700/sb_657_bill_20100930_chaptered.pdf>, accessed sanctions and measures against employers of illegally staying third country 20 November 2013. nationals (18 June 2009), in Official Journal L 168/24, 30/6/2009.

OSR/CTHB Activities: Overview and Focus Areas 31 10 PART I Working with the media to raise public awareness In 2013, the SR/CTHB continued to pursue her eﬀorts to build support for the anti-slavery movement to eliminate all forms of human traﬃcking through the establishment of partnerships with intellectuals, opinion leaders, academia, arts practitioners, cultural innovators and the media to raise awareness about the realities of modern-day slavery, and to commit them to its abolition.

The SR/CTHB paid particular attention to the development of close co-operation with the media and believes that the inﬂuence of the “fourth power” in the prevention of modern-day slavery, awareness raising and in decreasing the vulnerability of most dis- advantaged groups of the population, is as crucial as the media’s engagement in the creation of a climate of zero tolerance towards human exploitation in any society. The launch of the manual Media against Human Trafficking at the Moscow Journalists’ Club on 28 March 2013. The SR/CTHB continues to take an active role in promoting in- depth, balanced and comprehensive coverage of human traﬃck- ing, notably through continued dialogue with the media, facili- Information about the SR/CTHB’s anti-traﬃcking work has been tating media access to research and expertise, disseminating best disseminated by important international and national agencies, practices in reporting on the phenomenon, taking the lead in con- newspapers, and information services, and also by broadcast me- tributing to feature articles, and promoting opportunities and re- dia, including radio and TV interviews.73 sources for media education on the issue. In this context, the OSR/ CTHB in co-operation with the Russian Union of Journalists (RUJ) The SR/CTHB also highlights her work through opinion pieces in implemented an extra-budgetary project with the aim to develop The Huﬃngton Post74 , which are published on a regular basis in and implement a special university course on “Traﬃcking in Hu- order to focus attention on issues including the importance of not man Beings: the Global Perspective and the Role of the Media” punishing victims of human traﬃcking in court, traﬃcking for the for students of the Faculty of Journalism at Moscow State Univer- purpose of organ removal and the link between human traﬃcking sity. The project included a series of lectures, seminars, a study and torture and other forms of ill-treatment. tour and publications in youth media. On 28 March 2013, the manual, Media against Human Traﬃcking, developed within the The SR/CTHB also gives in-depth interviews to broadcasters and framework of the project, was launched at the Moscow Journalists’ documentary ﬁlmmakers, and appears on webinars75 and video clips Club.72 The manual was jointly drafted by the Russian Union of produced by the OSCE’s Press and Public Information Section.76 Journalists, Moscow State University, OSR/CTHB and prominent Russian journalists and professors. Moscow State University has The SR/CTHB seeks to promote the work done by OSCE ﬁeld op- included the course on human traﬃcking into the curriculum of its erations and institutions, making it more visible by working closely Journalism Faculty since 2012. At the launch of the manual, which both with press oﬃcers and also with anti-traﬃcking focal points was also the project’s concluding event, representatives of Russian in ﬁeld operations to illustrate and promote their activities. This Journalism Faculties from the universities in Tomsk, Petrozavodsk allows for widespread media coverage of visits by the SR/CTHB, and Ryazan, participated. These faculties, and others such as Eka- such as the country visit to Italy in June-July that was covered by terinburg and St. Petersburg, have indicated their intention to in- national radio station RAI, or the September country visit to Ro- clude the manual as part of their course oﬀerings in the future. mania that was covered by Le Petit Journal.77 –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 72 For the full manual in Russian, see <http://www.osce.org/ru/cthb/100483>, 74 Please see: <http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/maria-grazia-giammarinaro/>, accessed 14 November 2013. accessed 20 November 2013. 73 Examples of interviews and articles include: H. Grant, “Human trafficking 75 Please see: <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xfwj_Aa9z0k>, victims tell of drug factory ordeal”, The Observer (7 April 2013), <http://www. accessed 22 November 2013. theguardian.com/law/2013/apr/07/human-traffic-victims-drug-factories>, 76 Please see: <http://www.osce.org/cthb/multimedia> and accessed 17 October 2013; “Human trafficking a new form of slavery”, <http://freedomcenter.org/journey-to-freedom>. ANSA News Agency (18 July 2013), <http://www.ansa.it/ansamed/en/news/ 77 L. Couderc, “Maria Grazia Giammarinaro – Experte de l’OSCE dans la lutte nations/egypt/2013/07/18/Human-trafficking-new-form-slavery-says-Laura- contre les traffics humains”, Le Petit Journal (13 September 2013), <http:// Boldrini_9041597.html>, accessed 17 October 2013; T. McClure, “Stopping www.lepetitjournal.com/bucarest/societe/163541-maria-grazia-giammarin- human trafficking in the Mediterranean”, Vatican Radio (2 August 2013), aro-experte-de-l-osce-dans-la-lutte-contre-les-trafics-humains>, accessed <http://en.radiovaticana.va/storico/2013/02/08/stopping_human_traffick- 17 October 2013. ing_in_the_mediterranean/en1-663017>, accessed 17 October 2013.

32 2013 Annual Report PART II: INTERNAL CO-ORDINATION AND CO-OPERATION: OSCE INSTITUTIONS, STRUCTURES AND FIELD OPERATION ACTIVITIES

OSR/CTHB Activities: Overview and Focus Areas 33 1 PART II Highlights of internal co-operation and co-ordination The OSCE’s approach to human traﬃcking is cross-dimensional, tion in regular OSCE Heads of Mission meetings. The year 2013 comprehensive and based on co-operation. This is also reﬂected in also saw a number of joint projects between the OSR/CTHB and the OSCE’s internal co-ordination of its eﬀorts in the ﬁght against the TNTD, in particular its Special Police Matters Unit (SPMU). In human traﬃcking. The OSCE mechanism to provide assistance April 2013, the TNTD/SPMU launched the OSCE Resource Police to participating States to combat THB, headed by the SR/CTHB, Training Guide for police oﬃcers in OSCE participating States and plays an important role in enhancing internal co-ordination of Partners for Co-operation. The OSR/CTHB has contributed both anti-traﬃcking eﬀorts across all three dimensions of the OSCE in the planning and drafting of this training guide – which is avail- - the politico-military, economic and environmental, and human able in English and Russian – and will also work with the TNTD/ dimension. In line with its mandate, the OSR/CTHB closely co- SPMU with regard to possible launches of the training guide with- operated, in a co-ordinating role and in full respect of their man- in the framework of its co-operation with the Commonwealth of dates, with other OSCE institutions and relevant structures of the Independent States (CIS). Secretariat, in particular the Oﬃce of the Co-ordinator of OSCE Economic and Environmental Activities (OCEEA), the Strategic A particular highlight in this year’s co-operation on anti-traﬃcking Police Matters Unit (TNTD/SPMU) and the Borders Unit of the activities among OSCE institutions, structures and ﬁeld operations Transnational Threats Department (TNTD/Borders Unit), the is the translation and publication of the SR/CTHB’s Policy and leg- Senior Advisor on Gender Issues and her Section, the Oﬃce for islative recommendations towards the eﬀective implementation of Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) and the the non-punishment provision with regard to victims of traﬃcking OSCE ﬁeld operations.78 by several ﬁeld operations in the respective local languages (OSCE Oﬃce in Baku, OSCE Oﬃce in Yerevan, OSCE Mission to Bosnia The SR/CTHB’s work in 2013 has conﬁrmed her important role and Herzegovina, and the OSCE Mission to Skopje) and the joint as the high-level focal point within the organization in promoting development and implementation of national follow-up activities human traﬃcking as a political priority across the OSCE. 2013 has on the topic. More OSCE ﬁeld operations are planning to translate also seen a number of joint activities across dimensions and struc- this publication as guidance for local policy makers and practition- tures within the OSCE that created opportunities to draw upon ers and in support of activities that promote the application of the and maximize each other’s expertise, and helped to avoid duplica- non-punishment provision at the national level.80 tion, and to ensure complementarities as well as coherence in pro- viding technical assistance at the policy and practice levels. Part Additionally, in 2013 the ﬁeld operations participated in the OSR/ II of this report provides valuable insight into the wide-ranging CTHB’s workshops on the prevention of THB for domestic ser- co-operation that takes place among all stakeholders within the or- vitude in diplomatic households for Protocol Departments of ganization and is testimony to their joint commitment to promote participating States (12-13 June 2013 in Kyiv and 8-9 October in the implementation of OSCE commitments. The Hague). They also facilitated participation by national repre- sentatives from their host countries at these workshops. For many Internal co-operation begins with regular contact between the governmental participants this was the ﬁrst opportunity to learn anti-traﬃcking focal points of all structures and institutions and about this topic and discuss how to respond to it in line with OSCE takes on many forms.79 It includes: co-operation between OSCE commitments. The ﬁeld operations’ support of national policy ﬁeld operations and the OSR/CTHB in conducting and follow- makers in developing policies and measures at the national level is ing up to country visits and other visits to a host country; mutual therefore particularly crucial.81 support in identifying and facilitating participation of experts for OSCE high-level conferences, training seminars and expert meet- Annual OSCE Anti-Trafficking Focal Point Meeting ings at the national and regional levels and OSCE-wide; the OSR/ The annual OSCE Anti-Traﬃcking Focal Point Meeting is both a CTHB expert contributions to national events in host countries; backbone of, and a driving factor for dynamic and fruitful internal joint development and implementation of research and other pro- co-operation, bringing together anti-traﬃcking focal points from jects; translation of OSCE publications into languages spoken in all relevant OSCE institutions, structures and ﬁeld operations. the ﬁeld operation’s host country and development of national and OSCE Anti-Traﬃcking Focal Point Meetings were initially insti- regional capacity building activities for policy makers and practi- tuted by ODIHR’s Anti-Traﬃcking Programme and, since the es- tioners from governments and civil society; ad hoc meetings on a tablishment of the OSR/CTHB have been organized by the OSR/ particular issue between the SR/CTHB and Heads of structures CTHB and ODIHR, jointly or on an alternating basis. In 2013, the and institutions, including Heads of Missions as well as participa- annual OSCE Anti-Traﬃcking Focal Point Meeting was organized

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 78 For the OSR/CTHB mandate, see OSCE Ministerial Council, Decision No. punishment provision with regard to victims of trafficking (Vienna, April 2013), 2/03 Combating Trafficking in Human Beings (Maastricht, 2 December <http://www.osce.org/cthb/101002>, accessed 2 November 2013. You can 2003), para. 2. See also OSCE Ministerial Council, Decision No. 3/06 find more details about the OSR/CTHB’s work on the issue in Part I, Chapter Combating Trafficking in Human Beings (21 June 2006), para. 1. 4 (page 20) of this report. 79 For a table of OSCE anti-trafficking events organized by OSR/CTHB and/or 81 For more details about the OSR/CTHB’s work on preventing domestic ser- to which OSR/CTHB contributed in 2013, including events with OSCE field vitude, including in diplomatic households, see: OSCE Office of the Special presences and other institutions and structures, see Annex 1 of this report. Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings 80 OSCE Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating (OSR/CTHB), Unprotected Work, Invisible Exploitation: Trafficking for the Trafficking in Human Beings (OSR/CTHB) in consultation with the Alliance Purpose of Domestic Servitude, Occasional Paper Series no. 4 (Vienna, De- against Trafficking in Persons Expert Co-ordination Team, Policy and legisla- cember 2010), <http://www.osce.org/cthb/75804>, accessed 2 November tive recommendations towards the effective implementation of the non- 2013, and Part I, Chapter 5 (page 22) of this report.

34 2013 Annual Report by the OSR/CTHB in Vienna on 27-28 June. Focal points from 14 gion in an internal setting, and to jointly take stock. They also cre- OSCE ﬁeld operations in South-Eastern Europe, Eastern Europe, ate a forum for in-depth dialogue on selected priority issues and the South Caucasus and Central Asia, ODIHR’s Anti-Traﬃcking allow participants to identify areas where co-operation and co- Programme, the anti-traﬃcking focal points from the TNTD/ ordination can be strengthened as well as priority areas for future SPMU and the TNTD/Borders Unit, as well as from the OCEEA co-operation. In addition, these meetings enhance the capacity of and the Secretariat’s Gender Section participated. Besides sessions anti-traﬃcking focal points in the relevant OSCE ﬁeld operations, on mutual updates and ideas for co-operation in 2013/2014, the enabling participants to discuss new developments, methodolo- meeting focused on three key issues, National Referral Mecha- gies or challenges that are of relevance beyond a particular host nisms (NRMs), access to justice, and the non-punishment of traf- country or speciﬁc region. Focal Points also have an important role ﬁcked persons. in contributing to eﬀective internal OSCE co-ordination and co- operation in the ﬁght against human traﬃcking. The Annual Anti- Focal point meetings allow all OSCE stakeholders to share devel- Traﬃcking Focal Point Meetings reinforce this important function opments, challenges and achievements in their work and the re- and further strengthen a sense of common purpose.

OSCE anti-trafficking focal points meeting, hosted by the OSR/CTHB on 27-28 June 2013 at the Hofburg in Vienna.

Internal Co-ordination and Co-operation: OSCE Institutions, Structures and Field Operation Activities 35 2 PART II Office of the Co-ordinator for Economic and Environmental Activities In 2013, the Oﬃce of the Co-ordinator for Economic and Environ- mental Activities (OCEEA) continued to promote a comprehen- sive approach to migration management, which aims at assisting OSCE participating States in improving their migration legislation. This included assisting participating States in implementing more eﬀective and gender-sensitive national policy frameworks that fa- cilitate the development of more legal channels for migrant work- ers, thus contributing to the prevention of traﬃcking of male and female migrant workers.

Evidence-based policy making on migration can enhance the impact of eﬀective and gender-sensitive labour migration poli- cies as a preventative measure in CTHB. In response to country requests, the OCEEA is currently implementing an OSCE-IOM project that supports the establishment of a harmonized data col- lection process in the countries of the Eurasian Economic Com- An Afghan businesswoman examines jewellery at a production centre in Istanbul as part of a training programme for munity (EurAsEC) region.82 Within the framework of this project, female jewellery and textile producers conducted by OCEEA on 25-26 March 2013, the OCEEA held a seminar in Moscow on in September 2012. improving the collection, usage and exchange of comparable data on migration in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Russian Federation proceeds from human traﬃcking activity.84 OSCE activities in the and Tajikistan. The seminar, organized together with the Moscow- AML/CFT arena have included public and private sector train- based Higher School of Economics, was attended by 40 partici- ings, international co-operation workshops and assistance build- pants, including government oﬃcials from the Russian Federation, ing national capacity, largely within and between national insti- Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan, representatives of the tutions such as ﬁnancial intelligence units (FIUs). Currently, the CIS Interstate Statistical Committee, Russian academia, and inter- OCEEA, together with the OSR/CTHB and the TNTD/SPMU, is national experts. At the end of 2013, the OCEEA expects to pub- ﬁnalizing a publication entitled Leveraging Anti-Money Launder- lish a Handbook on Migration Data Collection and Sharing, where ing Regimes to Combat Traﬃcking in Human Beings. the conclusions and recommendations from the assessments car- ried out in the EurAsEC region will be published.

In order to facilitate the capacity building and training of policy- makers, experts, social partners and civil society representatives on gender and labour migration issues, the OCEEA, in co-oper- ation with ODIHR, organized two regional training seminars this year. The ﬁrst seminar took place on 8-9 July 2013 in Warsaw, and 3 Gender Section

the second on 7-8 October in Almaty. Both seminars aimed at sup- Throughout 2013, the Gender Section continued to support the porting OSCE participating States in integrating a gender-sensi- OSCE’s work on combating traﬃcking in human beings. The Sec- tive approach in labour migration policies which can help prevent tion focuses its eﬀorts on integrating gender in security discussions the traﬃcking of female labour migrants.83 In addition, using its and addressing women’s security issues. Empowering vulnerable expertise on gender-sensitive labour migration management, the women and improving their security can have a direct impact on OCEEA also supported the “Regional seminar on improving the reducing vulnerability to human traﬃcking and is an important regulation of migration policies at the local level”, which was or- contribution to anti-traﬃcking eﬀorts. ganized by the OSCE Centre in Astana on 14-15 May 2013 in Shy- mkent, Kazakhstan. The seminar brought together 65 participants Throughout 2013, the Gender Section continued to raise aware- representing government authorities and non-governmental or- ness among OSCE delegations and OSCE executive structures ganizations from Kazakhstan, international and local experts, and about women, peace and security issues. On 24 October 2013, migration oﬃcials from several Central Asian countries. at Sabanci University in Istanbul, the Gender Section launched a Guidance Note on Gender-Responsive Mediation.85 The Guidance In the area of anti-money laundering and countering the ﬁnancing Note provides background on how an inclusive settlement process of terrorism (AML/CFT), in 2013 the OSCE continued to support in conﬂict resolution can have an important impact on improving participating States in adopting and implementing the Financial gender equality outcomes after a conﬂict or dispute. Importantly, Action Task Force’s Recommendations on AML/CFT, including it also provides a practical guide for mediators engaged in formal those calling for the identiﬁcation and conﬁscation of criminal peace negotiations on how to include women in the dialogue, as well as how to gender mainstream the mediation process. –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 82 For background information and documents on the Eurasian Economic 84 The Financial Action Task Force’s Recommendations on AML/CFT can be Community, see <http://www.evrazes.com/en>, accessed 28 October 2013. accessed at: <http://www.fatf-gafi.org/topics/fatfrecommendations/docu- 83 For more information on the seminars, see <http://www.osce.org/ ments/internationalstandardsoncombatingmoneylaunderingandthefinancin- eea/106823>, accessed 28 October 2013, and <http://www.osce.org/ gofterrorismproliferation-thefatfrecommendations.html>, accessed odihr/103421>, accessed 28 October 2013. 28 October 2013. 85 The Guidance Note and information on the launch can be accessed at <http://www.osce.org/gender/107534>, accessed 28 October 2013.

36 2013 Annual Report The Guidance Note is a

ing practical tool for actors in- Jointly with the Gender Section, the TNTD/SPMU is also imple-

Enhancr- volved in conflict resolution menting a project on “Enhancing the Knowledge of and Response

Gende nsive efforts, including peace to Domestic Violence”, which is part of a UNFPA project in the Re- negotiations. public of Belarus since 2012. The main project activity is a regional

Respo ion workshop to enhance the capacity of the community policing

Mediat structures in Belarus, Ukraine and Moldova. Project output rec- Em Empowering vulnerable ommendations are expected to improve the cross-sector response individuals in economically to addressing domestic violence in the respective counties in the and an socially is an impor- region. tant t step in reducing vul- nerability n to traﬃcking. In April 2013, the TNTD/SPMU launched the OSCE Resource Po- Throughout 2013, the lice Training Guide for police oﬃcers in the OSCE participating Gender Section there- States and Partners for Co-operation. The guide is also available fore worked with ﬁeld in Russian. Its aim is to strengthen law enforcement capacities for ation for Security Organiz ration in Euro Co-ope pe and operations to publish preventing and combating traﬃcking in human beings, facilitate a roadmap for estab- identiﬁcation of the emerging trends and new forms of human lishing mentoring networks for traﬃcking and serve as a minimum set standard for trainers.88

SECRETARIAT marginalized and vulnerable women.86 Within the framework of a joint project with the OSCE Project Combating violence against women has also been a priority of the Co-ordinator in Ukraine, the TNTD/SPMU is currently ﬁnalizing recently formed OSCE MenEngage Network, which brings to- a review of the legal provisions in the OSCE participating States gether leaders from the OSCE structures and delegations to act as criminalizing THB for the purpose of organ removal, as well as champions and role models for gender equality issues.87 criminalizing traﬃcking in organs, tissues and cells. Findings, con- clusions and recommendations contained in the experts’ ﬁnal re- The Gender Section also supports the gender focal points in the port will be shared with legislators in Ukraine as well as in other OSCE ﬁeld operations in carrying out projects on gender and se- OSCE participating States with a view to being further used to im- curity. Through capacity building seminars for OSCE ﬁeld opera- prove respective legal norms and to consider incorporating them tions, the gender section raises awareness of the linkages between into national legislation. gender inequality, security and vulnerability to traﬃcking among programme managers and policy advisors in the OSCE ﬁeld op- Throughout 2013, the TNTD/SPMU organized, co-organized erations. and contributed to a number of conferences, expert workshops and training seminars related to THB. This includes participating in the opening of the Europol Cyber Crime Centre (EC3) in The Hague, located within Europol, on 10-11 January 2013. Possibili-

4 Transnational ties of further co-operation in the area of preventing and combat- ing online sexual abuse of children were also discussed here.

Threats Department On 16-17 April 2013, the TNTD/SPMU organized jointly with the Anti-Traﬃcking Section of the OSCE Presence in Albania a semi- nar on THB-focused ﬁnancial investigation techniques for local Strategic Police Matters Unit (TNTD/SPMU) police, prosecutors, judges and members of the Financial Intelli- Throughout 2013, the Transnational Threats Department gence Unit (FIU). Experts from SOCA, the UK’s Serious Organ- (TNTD)/SPMU engaged in numerous activities relevant to the ized Crime Agency, and Liechtenstein’s FIU contributed to the ﬁght against human traﬃcking, partnering in many of them with seminar with international good practices on the topic. other OSCE anti-traﬃcking stakeholders, be they ﬁeld operations, the OSR/CTHB, the TNTD/Borders Unit or ODIHR. On 21-22 May 2013, the TNTD/SPMU participated in the round- table “Building National Referral Mechanisms: Gaps, Analysis and On 30-31 October in Vienna, the OSCE - with the SPMU leading Good Practices”, organized by ODIHR in Istanbul, Turkey, and at- - launched the project “Strengthening understanding of the link tended by representatives of government institutions and NGOs, between irregular migration and transnational crimes impacting as well as international experts, who shared experiences and iden- migrants in irregular situations”, a joint OSCE, IOM and UNODC tiﬁed possible gaps in the development of NRMs . project. The OSCE co-ordinated the project internally with the OSR/CTHB and the TNTD/Borders Unit in Vienna. The project, On 2-3 July 2013, the TNTD/SPMU, in co-operation with the which focuses on the East Mediterranean Migration Route, will OSCE Oﬃce in Tajikistan, organized the Regional Cybercrime develop a joint response to irregular migration by migration au- Conference in Dushanbe with speakers from the Turkish police, thorities and criminal justice institutions investigating crimes that the Russian company Group-IB ICT and the Europol Cyber Crime impact migrants in irregular migration situations. Migration and Center. The Conference approached THB as a traditional crime law enforcement authorities in countries of origin, transit and des- that is now facilitated by the use of the Internet and modern digital tination along the selected migration route will participate in the technologies and aimed at introducing representatives of relevant project activities, including a mapping seminar, desk research, ex- institutions in the Central Asian region to the concept of cyber- pert consultations and an international exchange conference. crime with due attention to regional priorities.89

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 86 For more information on the OSCE project to promote mentor networks 88 The OSCE Resource Police Training Guide can be accessed at: <http://polis. for women’s empowerment, see: <http://www.osce.org/home/99894>, osce.org/library/details?doc_id=4074&lang_tag=EN&qs=%2Flibrary%2Fresul accessed 28 October 2013. ts%3Fca%3DSPM>, accessed 28 October 2013. 87 For more details on the OSCE MenEngage Network, see <http://www.osce. 89 For more details on the Conference see: <http://polis.osce.org/library/ org/gender/106773>, accessed 28 October 2013. details?doc_id=4065&lang_tag=EN&qs=%2Flibrary%2Fresults%3Fca%3DE VT%26lang%3Dfr>, accessed 28 October 2013.

Internal Co-ordination and Co-operation: OSCE Institutions, Structures and Field Operation Activities 37 On 24-25 July 2013, the TNTD/SPMU, in co-operation with the traﬃcking. The study visit was co-ordinated through the Swed- OSCE Centre in Ashgabat, organized a training course for police ish delegation. The project is funded by the Swedish International oﬃcers on interviewing victims of human traﬃcking as a follow up Development Cooperation Agency and also includes the develop- to a course organized by the Centre in Ashgabat and ODIHR in De- ment, next year, of a handbook on the enhancement of the crimi- cember 2012. The TNTD/SPMU identiﬁed trainers for the course nal justice response to traﬃcking in persons in Ukraine with the (the Deputy Head of the Moldovan Anti-Traﬃcking Centre; the assistance of the OSCE Project Co-ordinator in Ukraine. Head of the Austrian Police Department for Combating Migrant Smuggling and Human Traﬃcking and ODIHR’s Anti-Traﬃcking Borders Unit (TNTD/Borders Unit) Adviser) and opened the training course, which was attended by 25 In 2013, the TNTD/Borders Unit continued to implement and members of Turkmenistan’s law enforcement authorities. support a number of training and capacity building activities that contributed to the ﬁght against traﬃcking in human beings. On 18-19 September 2013, the TNTD/SPMU participated at the 7th International Conference “Keeping Children and Young People Among the major activities which directly or indirectly contrib- Safe Online” organized by the Polish and German Safer Internet uted to enhancing the capacity of OSCE participating States to Centers (Nobody’s Children Foundation, NASK and Klicksafe). ﬁght THB were the training activities conducted in the OSCE Participants in the conference were representatives of the educa- Border Management Staﬀ College in Dushanbe, including the tion sector, NGOs, law enforcement, government and the private Staﬀ Course with modules on the ﬁght against THB, operative co- sector. operation and information exchange90 and a training on the ﬁght against corruption in border security and management.91 From 24-27 September 2013, the TNTD/SPMU participated in the UNODC Expert Group Meeting on Online Child Abuse and The TNTD/Borders Unit also supported the capacity-building ac- Exploitation in Vienna to revise the draft study Eﬀects of New In- tivities of OSCE ﬁeld operations on various aspects of border se- formation and Communication Technologies on the Abuse and curity and management, which resulted in an increased capacity to Exploitation of Children. In this context, the TNTD/SPMU par- combat THB at border crossings, such as the Patrol Programming ticipated in a training and technical assistance needs assessment and Leadership project in Tajikistan. survey circulated by the UNODC to map law enforcement capaci- ties of the Member States in investigation and prosecution. In the course of the 2013 Annual OSCE Border Security and Management National Focal Points (NFPs) Network Meeting, the On 18 October 2013, the TNTD/SPMU participated in the con- NFPs agreed to establish a Working Group on Countering THB ference “Exploring the Links between the Internet and Traﬃcking with interested NFPs and national experts nominated by partici- in Human Beings: Cyberspace for Prevention, not Recruitment”, pating States to meet multiple times and discuss the phenomenon organized by the Lithuanian EU Presidency and the European of THB at borders. This working group will further promote the Commission on the occasion of the 7th EU Anti-Traﬃcking Day in implementation of the OSCE Action Plan to Combat Traﬃcking Vilnius. The conference was attended by experts from EU Member in Human Beings. It will focus its work on the prevention of hu- States working in areas linking THB with the Internet, in particu- man traﬃcking and human smuggling at the borders, on analysing lar law enforcement and prosecution, civil society, international the implementation of the national anti-THB action plans, on the organizations, academia and other stakeholders. identiﬁcation of victims of traﬃcking at the border and on provid- ing all victims with access to legal support. Participants at the 2013 From 28-31 October, the TNTD/SPMU participated in the annual Annual Meeting agreed that in 2015 the OSCE should organize an meeting of the Interpol Specialists Group on Crime against Chil- event for working group members to discuss and/or compile na- dren at Interpol’s Headquarters in Lyon, France, to which all law en- tional experiences and strategies in the area of CTHB and to agree forcement agencies in member countries of Interpol, including cus- on further anti-traﬃcking activities within the NFP Network. toms and immigration services, were invited. The purpose of the meeting was to exchange information through the latest research, The TNTD/Borders Unit looks forward to continuing this co- best practices, lessons learned, case studies as well as practical ex- operation to support the OSR/CTHB and ﬁeld operations’ work perience, and to continue development of co-operation between in CTHB. member countries by identifying common areas of concern in the ﬁght against child exploitation.

Also related to the use of Internet, the TNTD/SPMU, in close co- operation with the OSCE Project Co-ordinator in Uzbekistan, or- ganized a training seminar for Uzbek law enforcement oﬃcers on the use of the Internet and other digital technologies to commit the crime of human traﬃcking from 9-11 December in Tashkent. The trainers were experts from the Interpol, Europol and the UK.

In December 2013, the TNTD/SPMU conducted a study trip for Ukrainian law enforcement representatives to visit Sweden to learn about Sweden’s good practice of a functioning criminal justice inter-agency co-operation in the area of combating human

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 90 More information on the Staff Course at the OSCE Border Management Staff 91 More on the project can be found at: College in Dushanbe can be found at: <http://www.osce.org/tajikistan/106680>, accessed 28 October 2013. <http://www.osce.org/tajikistan/107501>, accessed 28 October 2013.

38 2013 Annual Report 5 Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights Throughout 2013, ODIHR’s anti-traﬃcking activities focused on several priority areas: strengthening dialogue and co-operation among anti-traﬃcking actors nationally and internationally, build- ing eﬀective NRMs for the identiﬁcation of, and assistance to, traf- ﬁcking victims, raising awareness among participating States on diﬀerent forms of human traﬃcking and promoting traﬃcked per- sons’ access to justice and eﬀective remedies. ODIHR continued to promote a human rights-based and victim-centred approach in the anti-traﬃcking work of participating States and non-state actors across the OSCE region.

ODIHR Within the framework of its project on “Human Rights Protection for Traﬃcked Persons and Vulnerable Groups in Central Asia”, which started on 1 July 2012, ODIHR undertook NRM and com- pensation assessments in Kyrgyzstan (February–April 2013) and in Kazakhstan (May–August 2013). The assessments, carried out through interviews with governmental and non-governmental na- tional and international actors, aimed at identifying the current Ambassador Janez Lenarč ič, Director of the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (OSCE/ODIHR) stage of the development of NRMs in the two countries, at assess- ing opportunities available to victims of traﬃcking to claim com- pensation and at developing recommendations for all stakeholders since 2004: Helga Konrad (2004–2006), Eva Biaudet (2006–2009) to achieve further progress. The results of the assessments, together and Maria Grazia Giammarinaro (2010–present) to share their ex- with relevant recommendations, will be shared with national anti- perience in implementing the Action Plan and their vision of future traﬃcking actors. developments and needs to be addressed by the OSCE.93

As part of its anti-traﬃcking project in Central Asia, on 21-22 Throughout 2013, ODIHR continued to work closely with the May 2013, ODIHR organized a regional roundtable in Istanbul on OSCE ﬁeld oﬃces and institutions and provided its expert sup- “Building National Referral Mechanisms: Gaps Analysis and Good port on anti-traﬃcking issues. ODIHR contributed to the training Practices”92. The roundtable brought together participants from all course on Investigation and Prosecution of Suspected Traﬃcking ﬁve Central Asian participating States (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Oﬀenses, and Conviction and Punishment of Traﬃcking Oﬀenders Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), which were able to ex- for Law Enforcement Agencies, the Judiciary and Defense Lawyers, change their experiences with participants from Belgium, Moldo- organized by the OSCE Oﬃce in Ashgabat jointly with the TNTD/ va, and the Netherlands. The event was attended by experts from SPMU on 24-25 July in Ashgabat. ODIHR’s Anti-Traﬃcking Pro- governmental agencies dealing with anti-traﬃcking issues in the gramme also provided expertise to the roundtable “The Multi- context of law enforcement, protection and provision of assistance, disciplinary Approach to Combating Human Traﬃcking: referral as well as NGOs. The roundtable was an excellent opportunity to mechanisms and co-operation”, organized by the OSCE Mission to discuss good practices in building an NRM and its development as Moldova in Tiraspol. well as challenges encountered on the way and possible solutions. In August 2013, ODIHR launched a call for small projects for civil In 2013, ODIHR also promoted the strengthening of regional co- society actors in Central Asia aimed at empowering victims of traf- operation among anti-traﬃcking lawyers from the CIS region. On ﬁcking and potential victims of traﬃcking, promoting their right 23-24 October 2013, lawyers and legal practitioners from Azerbai- to access justice and eﬀective remedies, including compensation. jan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan Up to ten small projects, to be selected by the end of the year by gathered in Istanbul on the occasion of a regional seminar organ- ODIHR, will have the objective of developing and testing the func- ized by ODIHR to share good practices in providing accessible and tioning of the NRMs in Central Asia and at ensuring the participa- eﬀective legal assistance to traﬃcked persons. The legal experts and tion of civil society and the victims themselves in anti-traﬃcking practitioners developed recommendations for states, civil society, measures and strategies, as well as at promoting human rights pro- private lawyers, law ﬁrms and bar associations on improving access tection in the return of traﬃcked persons. to legal assistance and remedy for traﬃcking victims. The seminar built on ODIHR’s work in promoting access to justice, including On 30 September 2013, at its annual Human Dimension Imple- compensation to traﬃcked persons, and in supporting the crea- mentation Meeting (HDIM) ODIHR dedicated a working session tion of a network of anti-traﬃcking lawyers across the OSCE re- to the 10-year Anniversary of the OSCE Action Plan to Combat gion. It was the ﬁrst of three regional capacity-building events for Traﬃcking in Human Beings. On this occasion ODIHR invited all a core group of legal experts as part of a three-year ODIHR project three OSCE Special Representatives and Co-ordinators for Com- aimed at improving protection for traﬃcked persons and vulner- bating Traﬃcking in Human Beings, who have been in the oﬃce able groups in Central Asia.94

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 92 For more details on the roundtable, 94 For more information on the seminar, see <http://www.osce.org/odihr/101832>, accessed 28 October 2013. see: <http://www.osce.org/odihr/107399>, accessed 28 October 2013. 93 For more details on the working session, see <http://www.osce.org/odihr/106601>, accessed 31 October 2013.

Internal Co-ordination and Co-operation: OSCE Institutions, Structures and Field Operation Activities 39 6 PART II Field Operations tion. The Presence also participated in an expert working group convened by the Ministry of Interior to analyse the prosecution of human traﬃcking cases in Albania. In early 2014, the Presence plans to organize a national workshop with anti-traﬃcking police and prosecutors to present the working group’s recommendations and guidelines for future investigations of human traﬃcking cases.

OSCE Presence in Albania During 2013, the OSCE Presence in Albania continued to provide support to the Government and civil society in enhancing their anti-traﬃcking eﬀorts. While Albania remains a country of origin for THB, it has also become a country of destination and internal traﬃcking has become a concern. It has also become evident that human traﬃcking overlaps with forced labour and irregular migra- tion. The Presence has been engaged in activities that strengthen the national response to ﬁght all forms of human traﬃcking. The Presence has also supported policy-making, capacity building and awareness-raising in the ﬁeld of anti-traﬃcking in Albania and pioneered new anti-traﬃcking approaches.

Preventing forced labour through strengthened co-ordination and capacity building has been a priority of the Presence’s activi- ties since 2011 when the work of migration authorities and NGOs pointed towards cases of foreign nationals potentially exploited Networking in Albania at the Seminar on Identification, Seizure and Confiscation of Assets Arising from Human Trafficking, into forced labour in Albania. This led also to the establishment 17 April 2013. of co-operation with the State Labour Inspectorate (SLI), the key front-line agency for the identiﬁcation of traﬃcking for forced la- bor. In 2011-2012, the Presence held workshops on issues of forced Throughout 2013, the Presence has also been advocating to labour with labour inspectors, migration and anti-traﬃcking po- strengthen State support to anti-traﬃcking NGOs, especially lice. The workshops identiﬁed numerous problems related to the those working on the prevention of child traﬃcking. The Presence lack of capacity, knowledge and resources of the labour inspec- plans to continue supporting State agencies and NGOs working on tors to identify forced labour. As a result of the needs identiﬁed, children’s issues to ensure that child protection and prevention of in 2013, the Presence in co-operation with the SLI, developed an child traﬃcking are enhanced. interviewing format and guidelines on forced labour which allows labour inspectors to apply the EU and ILO indicators for victim OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina identiﬁcation. Country-wide training for labour inspectors on the Throughout 2013, the Mission has been working with BiH authori- use of the guidelines began in 2013, in co-operation with the SLI, ties on developing a comprehensive approach to combating traf- and will continue throughout 2014. ﬁcking in human beings with particular focus on legislative reform and victim protection. The seizure of human traﬃckers’ assets has been a new focus area for the Presence in 2013, based on best practices developed by the A particular milestone in BiH in 2013 was the adoption of amend- OSCE Secretariat. On 17 April 2013, the Presence in co-operation ments to traﬃcking-related criminal legislation in Brčko District with the TNTD/SPMU organized an expert seminar in Tirana on and the Republika Srpska (RS). These adoptions are in line with ﬁnancial investigation and seizure of criminal assets related to dif- recommendations and suggestions advocated by the Mission and ferent forms of human traﬃcking for Albanian police, prosecutors, help harmonize the existing criminal codes related to THB across judges and ﬁnancial investigators. The ground-breaking seminar the country. Brčko District and the RS also amended their crimi- served as a platform for the development of recommendations to nal codes to include provisions on THB as an oﬀence in its own enable ﬁnancial investigations in human traﬃcking cases. Impor- right. tantly, it also generated discussions on the use of assets conﬁscated from human traﬃckers to compensate victims of traﬃcking.95 While there are four criminal codes in BiH – at the State, FBiH, RS and Brčko District levels – prior to May 2013, only the State crimi- Other key in-country activities of the Presence included reviewing nal code deﬁned THB as a criminal oﬀence. Amended in 2010, the criminal legislation and operational framework relevant to the the criminal oﬀence of “Traﬃcking in Persons” (Art. 186)96 was ﬁght against human traﬃcking with the goal of ensuring a victim- harmonized and brought in line with relevant international stand- oriented approach. The Presence provided input for the drafting of ards.97 The provisions contained in the three other criminal codes the new anti-traﬃcking provision of the Criminal Code, adopted in did not criminalize THB as such, but did tackle some of the forms May 2013, to ensure its compliance with the OSCE anti-traﬃcking of THB through other oﬀences, such as soliciting for the purpose commitments and the Council of Europe Anti-Traﬃcking Conven- of prostitution.

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 95 For more details on the seminar, see: <http://www.osce.org/spmu/100796>, the removal of organs or other types of exploitation, shall be punished by accessed 29 October 2013. imprisonment of no less than three years”. 96 Pursuant to Article 186, paragraph 1, of the State Criminal Code of BiH, THB 97 It redefined the concept of THB; precisely defined forms of complicity; pre- is defined as follows: “whoever, by use of force or threat of use of force or scribed an array of aggravating circumstances in the commission of the of- other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud or deception, abuse of power or fence; under certain conditions, criminalized the use of services provided by influence or a position of vulnerability, or of the giving or receiving of THB victims. Importantly, the revised provision contains grounds for seizure payments or benefits to obtain the consent of a person having control over of the assets used to carry out criminal acts of trafficking, and prescribes the another person, recruits, transports, transfers, harbours or receives a person prospect of temporary or permanent closure of establishments and facilities for the purpose of the prostitution of that person or other forms of sexual used for the purposes of THB. exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or similar practices, servitude,

40 2013 Annual Report Following a formal request from the State Co-ordinator for Com- dations on non-punishment at the Association’s Annual Confer- bating THB, from 2010 to 2012, the Mission assisted a working ence from 9-11 October in Neum, attended by more than 100 group of authorities from the State, entity and Brčko District lev- participants, including prosecutors from BiH, Montenegro, Ser- els, led by the State Co-ordinator for Combating THB, in drafting bia, Croatia and Slovenia; judges, representatives of international a set of amendments to harmonize all four criminal codes’ traﬃck- organizations and academics. The paper’s translation into Bosnian ing and related provisions and to bring them in line with interna- will assist prosecutors and other law enforcement and justice ac- tional standards. The proposed set of amendments was ultimately tors throughout BiH to better protect the rights of victims in their agreed upon by the Ministries of Justice at all four levels. Notably, work. The paper will also be put at the disposal of justice profes- the amendments entrusted State-level bodies with jurisdiction for sionals throughout the Southeast Europe region. THB cases that have an international element, while the FBiH, the RS and the Brčko District would be responsible for internal THB Additionally, in 2013, the Mission participated in, and supported cases. The Mission then became heavily engaged in lobbying for representatives from BiH to participate in, a number of national the adoption of amendments to the respective criminal codes. and international anti-traﬃcking events. On 25 and 26 June, for example, the Mission attended and supported BiH participation at A key step in this lobbying process was a high-level conference the 13th Alliance against Traﬃcking in Persons conference entitled at the Parliamentary Assembly of BiH organized by the Mission “Stolen Lives, Stolen Money: The Price of Modern-Day Slavery”, in co-operation with the State Co-ordinator for Combating THB organized by the OSR/CTHB in Vienna. Also, on 27 and 28 June,

FIELD OPERATIONS on 23 January 2013.98 Participants included representatives of hu- the Mission participated in the Annual OSCE Anti-traﬃcking Fo- man rights committees from various parliaments in BiH, the State cal Points meeting organized by the OSR/CTHB in Vienna. In ad- Co-ordinator for Combating THB, the Head of the OSCE Mission dition, on 8-9 October 2013 in The Hague, the Mission attended to BiH, the U.S. Ambassador to BiH, the Head of the Council of the third workshop on the prevention of THB for domestic ser- Europe Oﬃce in BiH and the Head of the Home Aﬀairs and Public vitude in diplomatic households organized by OSR/CTHB and Security Section at the Delegation of the European Union to BiH/ hosted by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Aﬀairs. EUSR. All aforementioned speakers advocated for improvements in legislation and for harmonization of the four criminal codes. OSCE Mission to Montenegro The event received large coverage not only in the mainstream me- During 2013 the OSCE Mission to Montenegro facilitated a four- dia, but also in local print, electronic and online media outlets.99 day Training on “Human Smuggling and Traﬃcking in Persons Investigations” for members of Border and Crime Police, Customs Provisions on THB at the time of the conference were in the pro- and the National Co-ordinator’s Oﬃce for the Fight against Traf- cess of being incorporated into the criminal codes of the FBiH, the ﬁcking in Human Beings (NCO). RS and the Brčko District, using a wording similar or identical to that of the State criminal code. Shortly thereafter, the provisions Since the oﬃcers from the Border Police and Customs are ﬁrst re- were adopted at the RS and Brčko District levels.100 Although simi- sponders to cases of human traﬃcking, it is essential for them to be lar amendments to the FBiH criminal code were rejected in Sep- well-trained in recognizing and dealing with potential traﬃckers tember 2013, the amendments are currently back in parliamentary and victims. The training equipped participants with the neces- procedure and the Mission continues to lobby for their adoption. sary knowledge, skills, and abilities to eﬀectively and competently The BiH State Parliament has notably put their amendments on carry out criminal investigations of human traﬃcking and illegal hold until both entities and the Brčko District adopt their respec- immigration. The programme also emphasizes counterfeiting, tive amendments. which often accompanies the above-mentioned crimes. The Train- ers were from the Turkish International Academy against Drugs The Mission, upon request by the BiH Ministry of Security, has and Organized Crime (TADOC). On the last day of training, a also been providing technical assistance in drafting the Book of panel discussion was organized with senior managers from Police, Rules to reﬂect the 2012 amendments to the Law on the Move- Customs and Prosecution. The topics were related to present co- ment and Stay of Aliens and Asylum.101 Importantly, the amend- operation between state agencies involved in anti-traﬃcking and ments entitled victims of THB, amongst others, to access the steps to overcome potential problems faced in the ﬁeld. labour market under the same conditions that are applied to all foreigners in BiH. The Book of Rules was oﬃcially adopted on 26 The OSCE Mission assisted the NCO in preparing, and publish- June 2013 by the Ministry of Security, taking into account the Mis- ing, indicators for identifying victims of human traﬃcking. This sion’s recommendations on a number of issues – including the assistance improved existing mechanisms and helped authorities provision of non-residential assistance to victims, the best interest to identify victims more eﬃciently. The OSCE Mission facilitated determination for child victims as well as on the implementation and participated in the ceremony for the signing of the revised of the non-punishment provisions for victims. Agreement on Co-operation of State Institutions and NGOs to combat THB. Also in 2013, the Mission translated into Bosnian the Policy and legislative recommendations towards the eﬀective implementation In addition, the OSCE Mission also assisted the NCO in preparing of the non-punishment provisions with regard to victims of traf- and printing the Action Plan 2013-2014, which is based upon the ﬁcking which was previously issued by the OSR/CTHB in 2013.102 National Strategy for the Fight against Traﬃcking in Human Be- Upon invitation by the Association of Prosecutors from the FBiH, ings 2012-2018. the Mission supported the presentation of the OSR’s recommen-

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 98 For more information about the high-level conference, see <http://www. 100 Articles 198 and 207 respectively of the state Criminal Code of Bosnia and osce.org/bih/98875>, accessed 31 October 2013. Herzegovina. 99 <http://www.sarajevotimes.com/bih-has-made-progress-in-prescribing- 101 “Official Gazette of BiH” No. 36/08. sanctions-for-perpetrators-of-human-trafficking/>, accessed 3 November 102 Available online at: <http://www.osce.org/bs/cthb/106688>, accessed 2013; <http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/bosnia-asked-to-fight- 20 November 2013. human-trafficking>, accessed 3 November 2013.

Internal Co-ordination and Co-operation: OSCE Institutions, Structures and Field Operation Activities 41 OSCE Mission to Serbia Over the past years, the OSCE Mission to Serbia has actively sup- sentatives of key anti-traﬃcking stakeholders and service provid- ported Serbian authorities in advancing the institutional response ers, including new SOPs stakeholders (labour and health oﬃcers), to counter THB. The Mission assisted the Government in intro- introducing new reforms to promote the improved protection ducing a human rights perspective for addressing THB. This led, of traﬃcking victims’ rights. Furthermore, at the local level, the inter alia, to the setup of human rights standards in victim identiﬁ- Mission conducted two three-day training sessions on the newly cation and protection, and strengthening the legislative framework adopted SOPs for approximately 60 key anti-traﬃcking stakehold- and criminal justice response. ers and service providers such as social workers, victim advocates, representatives of the Kosovo Police, labour inspectors, health of- Anti-traﬃcking has become a priority for the Serbian Govern- ﬁcers, prosecutors and service providers. In additon to that, the ment. Most objectives related to the prosecution of anti-traﬃcking Mission supported the printing of 250 copies of the SOPs docu- cases, assistance and protection of victims, as well as prevention ment. 150 copies were distributed to participants of the training of traﬃcking have been achieved and consolidated in a sustain- and also to members of the inter-ministerial working group on able way. That was possible thanks to the participatory capacity- anti-traﬃcking. development approach in designing and implementing projects, policy-making eﬀorts in setting up a NRM, and drafting a compre- Lastly, in a series of six training workshops for health workers hensive Anti-Traﬃcking Strategy. The Mission also contributed to which were concluded on 16 May 2013 in Prishtinë/Priština, the strengthen the capacity of governmental and non-governmental Mission trained 180 health workers throughout Kosovo on identi- anti-traﬃcking stakeholders. fying, referring and treating survivors of traﬃcking and of domes- tic violence. Domestic violence has been identiﬁed as a push factor In 2013, the Mission participated in international OSCE events on for traﬃcking due to the fact that most of the identiﬁed victims THB. In June 2013, the OSCE Mission to Serbia participated in of traﬃcking, women and young girls, experienced domestic vio- the 13th Alliance against Traﬃcking in Persons conference: “Stolen lence. Lives, Stolen Money: the Price of Modern-Day Slavery.” In Sep- tember 2013, the OSCE Mission to Serbia supported the participa- In 2013, the Mission’s advocacy work resulted in the inclusion of tion of a Serbian judge as a panel expert during a side event of the a Kosovo Serb non-govermental human rights organization in the OSCE Human Dimension Implementation Meeting in Warsaw. inter-ministerial working group on anti-traﬃcking. Furthermore, In 2014, in particular after changes to the criminal justice system, the Mission’s training on reporting skills conducted for anti-traf- such as the introduction of prosecution-led investigations and ﬁcking helpline operators resulted in the ﬁrst quarterly report with the speciﬁc status of “especially vulnerable witness”, the Mission disaggregated data on reported cases being drafted by helpline op- is planning to conduct targeted initiatives to support legislative erators. It is expected that the helpline operators will be able to changes and capacity building for judicial actors. provide disaggregated data by the end of 2013, which will serve as a basis for the Kosovo Co-ordinator’s Oﬃce on Anti-traﬃcking OSCE Mission in Kosovo103 to draft an annual statistical report. The report will be a source Throughout 2013, the OSCE Mission in Kosovo continued to of information for the helpline itself, for the Mission’s monitoring monitor and support eﬀorts by Kosovo institutions and civil so- activities, as well as for other stakeholders in the ﬁeld of domestic ciety to respond adequately to THB and to develop eﬀective anti- violence and anti-traﬃcking. traﬃcking laws and policies. The Mission also supported the Kosovo Anti-traﬃcking Co-ordi- The Mission’s contribution included: support to the working group nator’s Oﬃce public awareness campaign, running from 15 June-15 on drafting a law on Preventing and Combating Traﬃcking in Hu- July 2013, by promoting the anti-traﬃcking helpline and reaching man Beings and Protecting Victims of Traﬃcking, as well as a rel- out to non-Albanian communities at the local level. During this evant administrative instruction to implement that law; support in campaign, billboards promoting the helpline were displayed across the revision of the current Strategy and Action Plan against Traf- Kosovo and 1,500 leaﬂets and 300 posters were distributed in the ﬁcking in Human Beings 2011–2014; and comments on the draft rural areas. After the media campaign, there was a 58 per cent in- Long Term Strategy for Reintegration for Victims of Traﬃcking. crease in people seeking advice through the helpline, with 38 calls The Mission’s engagement mainly aimed at ensuring that the legal received during the campaign period of only one month, in com- framework and respective policies are drafted in line with interna- parison to a total of 120 calls received from January to May 2013. tional human rights standards, as well as with the recommenda- tions of the EU Directive on preventing and combating THB and protecting its victims, and the 2003 OSCE Action Plan to Combat Traﬃcking in Human Beings. The Mission paid particular atten- tion to issues related to compensating traﬃcking victims and pro- tecting traﬃcking victims’ rights. Also, in the ﬁeld of promoting and protecting victims’ rights, the Mission supported the Victim Advocacy and Assistance Oﬃce/Prosecutor’s Oﬃce on draft- ing Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for Victim Advocates when dealing with victims of traﬃcking and of domestic violence.

As part of its capacity-building activities and co-operation with other international organizations working in the ﬁeld of CTHB in Kosovo, the Mission jointly with the European Union Oﬃce in Kosovo organized a four-day training of trainers workshop on the new SOPs for Victims of Traﬃcking for approximately 15 repre –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 103 All references to Kosovo, whether to the territory, institutions or population, Leaflet (English language version) distributed during an in this text should be understood in full compliance with United Nations anti-trafficking public awareness raising campaign in Kosovo. Security Council Resolution 1244.

42 2013 Annual Report Moreover, during Anti-Traﬃcking Month (18 September-18 Oc- The Mission will continue to monitor and encourage state and tober 2013), the Mission supported the Kosovo Anti-Traﬃcking non-state actors to endorse and apply a holistic, victim-centred Co-ordinator’s Oﬃce in implementing its fourth public aware- and human rights approach in dealing with all forms of human ness campaign. The purpose of the campaign was to increase the traﬃcking and further enhance their co-operation at the national general public’s knowledge about all forms of human traﬃcking, and regional levels. In this context, the Mission already translated with a special focus on forced child begging, by organizing three the SR’s Policy and legislative recommendations towards the eﬀec- outreach activities in secondary schools targeting more than 160 tive implementation of the non-punishment provision with regard students. Additionally, the Mission supported the printing of 4,000 to victims of traﬃcking into the local language. The translated ver- leaﬂets, 600 posters and 17 billboards which were distributed and sion of this publication will serve as the basis for next year’s in- displayed throughout Kosovo. depth analysis of national legislation and practices concerning the application of the principle in all programmes and actions address- OSCE Mission to Skopje ing human traﬃcking. Throughout 2013, the OSCE Mission to Skopje continued to assist national authorities and civil society in assuming full ownership OSCE Mission to Moldova over policies and actions against human traﬃcking in line with the In 2013, the OSCE Mission to Moldova closely co-operated with new four-year national strategy as well as international standards State institutions, NGOs and donors in the ﬁght against human and OSCE commitments. traﬃcking. The Mission’s anti-traﬃcking and gender programme

FIELD OPERATIONS continued to play a leading role in enhancing anti-traﬃcking co- With a view to eﬀectively tackling internal traﬃcking and to im- ordination through convening, in close co-operation with local prove protection of victims, the Mission supported the decentrali- stakeholders, monthly co-ordination meetings between the Gov- zation of anti-traﬃcking eﬀorts initiated by the National Com- ernment, NGOs and international organizations in Chisinau and mission for Combating Traﬃcking in Human Beings and Illegal the regions. They gathered over 150 representatives of State bodies Migration. Two local anti-traﬃcking commissions were estab- at the national and local level, NGOs and international organiza- lished covering regions and communities within the country that tions, and helped strengthen dialogue and exchange information are known as areas of origin and destination of traﬃcking victims. on local developments, ongoing projects and good national and The commission members were trained about the nature, scale, international practices. Co-ordination activities between Chisinau roots, tendencies and consequences of this modern-day slavery as and Tiraspol in 2013 included a “Roundtable on the Multidiscipli- well as about the existing mechanisms and procedures to deal with nary Approach to Combating Human Traﬃcking: referral mecha- victims and traﬃckers. The training took place on 3-4 October nisms and co-operation”, targeting the de facto Transdniestrian in Mavrovo, whereas the session devoted to drafting local action authorities engaged in combating traﬃcking in persons and aimed plans was held on 5-7 November in Gevgelija. A diverse group of to share experiences, lessons learned and case studies from OSCE 22 local commission members representing all relevant stakehold- participating States. Six roundtables were organized in the Trans- ers, including law enforcement, border police, social, health care dniestrian region where the local authorities showed an increasing and education institutions, labour inspectorates and civil society interest in activities to prevent and combat human traﬃcking at organizations, attended the event. As a result, their capacity to the local level. take necessary preventive and protective measures tailored to the local needs and priorities was strengthened, thus augmenting the Throughout the year, the Mission also provided support to the central government’s eﬀorts against traﬃcking in persons. Permanent Secretariat of the National Committee on Combat- ing Human Traﬃcking, in the form of capacity-building activities In 2013, the Mission also started to implement the second phase of for its staﬀ and the anti-traﬃcking focal points from all relevant the regional project aimed at ensuring eﬀective prevention, iden- Moldovan ministries and departments. These activities focused tiﬁcation and protection of child victims or those at risk of being on improving qualitative and quantitative indicators used in the traﬃcked in the Western Balkans, funded by the French Govern- elaboration of the National Action Plan (NAP) to Combat Human ment.104 Throughout 2013 (and to be continued in 2014), a network Traﬃcking, as well as budgeting for the future NAP. of grass-root organizations coming from the Former Yugoslav Re- public of Macedonia, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece, The Mission continues to link activities to combat domestic vio- Kosovo, Montenegro and Serbia has assisted in the implementa- lence with anti-traﬃcking eﬀorts, as domestic violence in Moldo- tion of the Set of Best Practices and Recommendations for Preven- va has been identiﬁed by NGOs as a push factor for traﬃcking in tion, Identiﬁcation and Protection of Children Victims and at Risk women. Thus, throughout 2013 the Mission supported capacity- of Traﬃcking. These practices and recommendations emerged building programmes on improving investigation, prosecution from the regional exchange and dialogue the Mission supported and court handling of human traﬃcking and domestic violence in 2011-2012. Within the framework of this project, three regional cases, for some 150 judges, prosecutors, public legal aid lawyers exchange programmes and two workshops across the region are (17-18 June 2013 in Chisinau) and paralegals (29-30 October 2013 planned for 2014. The exchange programmes, each with a duration in Chisinau). Moreover, on 22-24 May 2013, the Mission con- of ﬁve days, will support ﬁeld and case work of NGOs in a country ducted a workshop on how to interview child victims and wit- of the network other than their own jointly with a local counterpart nesses of traﬃcking, abuse and sexual exploitation for about 20 from the network, with a focus on cases of child traﬃcking and psychologists, judges and prosecutors, together with the Perma- exploitation with cross-border elements. Furthermore, the project nent Secretariat of the National Committee to Combat Traﬃcking will increase the advocacy skills of this informal regional network in Persons, National Justice Institute and International Centre “La and allow participating NGOs to pursue joint strategies and actions Strada” Moldova. in combating child traﬃcking. Also, co-operation and partnership with counterpart organizations and authorities in France as one of In the reporting period the Mission has also continued its activi- the destination countries will be developed. ties on empowering women and girls from vulnerable groups in –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 104 For more details on phase one of the project, see: <http://www.osce.org/ skopje/87154>, accessed 29 October 2013. See also: Presentation by O. Peyroux at the OSCE Alliance Conference “An Agenda for Prevention: Non-Discrimination and Empowerment”, Vienna, 11-12 October 2012, <http://www.osce.org/cthb/97465>, accessed 4 November 2013.

Internal Co-ordination and Co-operation: OSCE Institutions, Structures and Field Operation Activities 43 rural areas from both banks of the Nistru/Dniester River with whose regional component was launched in the Ukrainian regions the aim of preventing traﬃcking. In July-August 2013, the Mis- of Chernivtsi, Khmelnitsky, Vinnytsya, Luhansk, Donetsk, and sion in partnership with Winrock Moldova organized the Summer Kharkiv in July 2012. In 2013, over 2,000 social service providers, School of Leadership for young rural women from both banks of law enforcement oﬃcers, medical practitioners, teachers and me- the Dniestr/Nistru River, during which 50 young girls aged 16-19 dia specialists have been reached in the framework of the training learned about principles of leadership, business management and programme and other capacity-building project events, and teams job hunting. High-proﬁle women from various professional ﬁelds, of trainers made up of regional governmental stakeholders have including politics, business and diplomacy, shared their experi- been formed. Information campaigns aimed at raising awareness ences with them in panel discussions on career opportunities and among victims of traﬃcking about the scope of assistance to which challenges for young women, and prevention of gender discrimi- they are entitled are under way in the pilot sites of the above re- nation and harassment at work.105 gions, with the aim of widening the campaigns across the entire regions in the future. Other activities focusing on prevention included eight theatre performances of the play Casa M. in rural communities, targeting As a result of the above-mentioned activities, in 2013 eight people youth and vulnerable women106; and the International Women’s were granted the status of a victim of traﬃcking in human beings Tennis Tournament “Fed Cup 2013” organized on 8-11 May, which (VoT) while 85 people applied for the status and are awaiting a de- the Mission used to promote successful role models for young girls cision in project-supported regions. At the national level, in 2013 and women in Moldova, by supporting the distribution of leaﬂets, the Ukrainian Ministry of Social Policy approved 38 VoT statuses, banners, and T-shirts. including 12 women, 19 men and seven children; two are foreign nationals. The ratio of types of exploitation (79 per cent non-sexual exploitation) among these VoTs roughly corresponds to national trends identiﬁed by the NGOs. The victims are currently receiv- ing assistance; thus far, none of them have dropped out of service programmes provided by the State.

To facilitate the promotion of recently adopted anti-traﬃcking leg- islation and to contribute to the sustainability of such eﬀorts, on 17-19 June 2013 in Kyiv, the PCU in co-operation with the Minis- try of Social Policy conducted a training of trainers for local anti- traﬃcking NGOs and trainers from the State Institute for Family and Youth Policy.107 The State Institute for Family and Youth Policy, which is part of the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine, is the governmental body responsible for the improvement of qualiﬁca- tions of State social service employees. The trained trainers are expected to assist in the implementation of the State-led NRM in seven more regions of Ukraine, namely Kirovohrad, Kyiv, Rivne, Sumy, Volyn and Zhytomyr as well as the city of Kyiv. Scene from the Moldovan theatre play Casa M. At the national level, the PCU, in co-ordination with the Ministry of Social Policy, resumed support of the National NRM Monitor- The OSCE Mission to Moldova will continue to advocate for in- ing Group which consists of representatives of the NRM stakehold- creased state funding for prevention, protection services and ers at the national level as well as representatives of non-govern- prosecutions, including through compensation and shelters for mental and international organizations. The Monitoring Group’s survivors and improving laws, policies and training for judges, mandate is to monitor the implementation of the newly-adopted prosecutors and investigators. The Mission will continue to sup- anti-traﬃcking legislation at the regional level and provide recom- port capacity-building programmes and provide assistance to up- mendations to the Ministry of Social Policy on how to enhance im- grade training and curricula for judges, prosecutors, police and plementation. In 2013, the Monitoring Group undertook a series lawyers as part of state reforms in the justice sector, but also of of monitoring trips to the NRM multiplication regions, namely to social assistants and psychologists, both in the area of combating Kharkiv region on 15-17 May 2013, Chernivtsi and Khmelnytsky re- domestic violence and traﬃcking in human beings. gions on 1-5 July 2013, Donetsk and Luhansk regions on 15-19 July 2013, and to Vinnytsya region on 30 September – 1 October 2013. OSCE Project Co-ordinator in Ukraine Following the adoption, in 2012, of the comprehensive legal frame- Since the beginning of 2013, the Workbook on Assistance to Vic- work for assistance to victims of human traﬃcking, developed tims of Traﬃcking in Human Beings, whose publication had been with the OSCE Project Co-ordinator in Ukraine’s (PCU) assis- facilitated by the PCU at the request of the Ministry of Social Pol- tance, the PCU supported the implementation of this legislation icy, has been distributed among local governmental stakeholders in Ukraine through a number of capacity building and awareness across Ukraine responsible for granting victim status to traﬃcked raising activities. persons.

Throughout 2013, in co-operation with the Ukrainian Minis- To address new challenges related to THB and in order to prevent try of Social Policy, the PCU continued the implementation of a traﬃcking in children and women, the PCU assists the Ukrainian three-year ExB project on the multiplication of the state-led NRM Ombudsman in her/his Oﬃce’s eﬀorts to enhance national legisla-

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 105 For more information, see: <http://www.osce.org/moldova/104328>, 107 For more details on the training of trainers, see: <http://www.osce.org/ accessed 1 November 2013. ukraine/102877>, accessed 29 October 2013. 106 For more information, see: <http://www.osce.org/moldova/80972>, accessed 1 November 2013.

44 2013 Annual Report tion related to the use of reproductive technologies, particularly (UNHCR) in organizing a series of trainings for state oﬃcials work- surrogate maternity. While international debate on whether cer- ing at the international airport in Baku (19 April), and for oﬃcials tain forms of surrogacy fall under the scope of traﬃcking contin- in the northern and southern regions of Azerbaijan (1-2 August). ues, there are concerns that both surrogate mothers and children can be subjected to exploitation. Women can be coerced into sur- As a follow-up to the Oﬃce’s needs assessment of services avail- rogacy arrangements and can be exploited in that role. Children able to traﬃcked victims and referral mechanisms published in can be born through a surrogacy arrangement in order, for exam- 2012109, on 5-6 June 2013, the Oﬃce organized a training course ple, to get an organ transplant for a sick child of the commission- for Government agencies and civil society organizations on good ing parents. As an initial step, the PCU supported desk research practices from OSCE participating States on the rehabilitation and on international practices of legislative regulation of surrogate reintegration of traﬃcked victims. The training focused on referral maternity, which started in May 2013. The research ﬁndings will and assistance mechanisms, management of shelters and psycho- be translated into Ukrainian, published and distributed among logical aspects of assistance to traﬃcked victims. In an eﬀort to en- Ukrainian stakeholders, in particular parliamentarians, responsi- hance co-ordination of anti-traﬃcking activities in the country, on ble for the regulation of the issue of surrogate maternity. 1 March 2013, the Oﬃce hosted a roundtable discussion involving representatives from civil society and international organizations, In its eﬀorts to enhance prosecution of traﬃcking cases, in May focusing on referral mechanisms and the return of traﬃcking vic- 2013, the PCU, in co-operation with the Ukrainian Ministry of tims. The meeting resulted in the development of a set of recom-

FIELD OPERATIONS Interior, the General Prosecutor’s Oﬃce, and the High Special- mendations to improve the identiﬁcation and rehabilitation of vic- ized Court for Civil and Criminal Cases, conducted two regional tims as well as legal assistance mechanisms. roundtables (in Kyiv and Odessa). The roundtables gathered over 130 participants – representatives of specialized anti-traﬃcking Within the framework of its multi-year extra-budgetary project on police departments, investigators, prosecutors and judges from all “Comprehensive Support to Eﬀective Anti-traﬃcking and Forced regions of Ukraine – with a view to discuss challenges in the pros- Labour Response”, funded by the United States Agency for Interna- ecution of various forms of human traﬃcking. Particular focus tional Development (USAID), the Oﬃce also continued its support was on ensuring a co-ordinated and victim-centred approach to to civil society managed shelters for female, male and child victims prosecution of all forms of human traﬃcking, including traﬃcking of traﬃcking as well as to building the capacity of journalists. On for labour exploitation, and ways to address new trends, e.g., traf- 22-25 April 2013, the Oﬃce, in co-operation with Moscow State ﬁcking for the removal of organs. Special attention was paid to the University, conducted two training courses for representatives of speciﬁcs of the investigation and prosecution of human traﬃcking print and online media on investigative journalism and reporting cases under the new Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine. on human traﬃcking. Subsequently, the Oﬃce announced a com- petition among journalists for the best media articles on sexual and The PCU also supported the participation of representatives from labour exploitation as well as on child traﬃcking, with the win- the Ukrainian Ministry of Social Policy and the Ministry of Foreign ners announced on 21 October 2013. Three journalists from Radio Aﬀairs at the 13th Alliance against Traﬃcking in Persons confer- Liberty, Mingechevir Ishiglari newspaper and 1news Information ence organized by the OSR/CTHB on 25-26 June 2013 in Vienna. Agency, respectively, won the prize of AZN 1000 for investigative reporting on human traﬃcking for various types of exploitation.110 OSCE Office in Baku Throughout 2013, the OSCE Oﬃce in Baku (the Oﬃce) continued The Oﬃce also translated the OSR/CTHB Policy and legislative to provide expert support to the Government of Azerbaijan and recommendations towards the eﬀective implementation of the civil society organizations active in the ﬁeld of combating human non-punishment provision with regard to victims of traﬃcking into traﬃcking and forced labour. Upon the request of the Government Azerbaijani and is in the process of developing activities for na- of Azerbaijan, the Oﬃce provided recommendations for the devel- tional stakeholders, both in terms of awareness-raising about, and opment of the Government’s third National Action Plan to Fight implementation of, the recommendations at the national level. The against Human Traﬃcking (2014–2019), as well as for the develop- Azerbaijani version of the OSR/CTHB publication was launched ment of new standards for the Return of Traﬃcked Victims. on 26-27 November in Baku on the occasion of an international seminar on the role of the judiciary in combating human traﬃck- In 2013, the Oﬃce also continued supporting projects that raised ing organized by the Oﬃce. The event brought together judges, the knowledge and capacities of law-enforcement agencies and the prosecutors, attorneys and lawyers from countries of origin, judiciary regarding the eﬀective investigation, prosecution and ad- destination and transit and oﬀered a platform to discuss how to judication of human traﬃcking related cases. This included a se- strengthen the prosecution of human traﬃcking and forced labour ries of trainings organized for labour inspectors and immigration and the protection of traﬃcked victims. oﬃcers on forced labour in Baku on 25-26 February 2013, as well as roundtable discussions involving legal professionals on how to In the future, subject to the outcome of the discussions regarding improve the domestic legal framework in line with OSCE commit- its mandate as Project Co-ordinator, the Oﬃce plans to strengthen ments and other international standards.108 its support to the host Government in enhancing mechanisms for the ﬁnancial investigation of human traﬃcking as well as in devel- In addition, on 4-7 February 2013, the Oﬃce, in co-operation with oping capacity building activities for the protection of migrants’ the Foreign Ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany, organ- rights. The Oﬃce will also continue co-operating with the Anti- ized a four-day visit for high-level Government representatives and Traﬃcking Programme of ODIHR as well as with other ﬁeld op- NGOs to Berlin to exchange good practices in combating human erations to maximize the eﬀectiveness of the national Network of traﬃcking and protecting traﬃcked victims. The Oﬃce further co- Lawyers established to protect the rights of traﬃcking victims and operated with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees promote pro-bono legal aid. –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 108 For more details on the events, 110 For more details on the contest and its results, see: <http://www.osce.org/ see <http://www.osce.org/baku/99904>, accessed 4 November 2013. baku/101892> and <http://www.osce.org/baku/107267>, accessed 109 USAID and OSCE Office in Baku, Needs Assessment Report - Anti-traffick- 29 October 2013. ing response in Republic of Azerbaijan: Assistance and services available to victims of trafficking and forced labour (June 2012), <http://www.osce.org/baku/105274>, accessed 4 November 2013.

Internal Co-ordination and Co-operation: OSCE Institutions, Structures and Field Operation Activities 45 OSCE Office in Yerevan Throughout 2013, the OSCE Oﬃce in Yerevan continued to assist “Regional Roundtable on National Referral Mechanisms: Gaps Anal- the Government with its anti-traﬃcking activities, strengthening ysis and Good Practices”, organized by ODIHR in Istanbul, Turkey. the capacity of national stakeholders to identify, refer and provide assistance to victims of traﬃcking. This included, inter alia, a se- On 10-11 June, the Centre facilitated the participation of two rep- ries of capacity building exercises, focusing on labour and child resentatives from the Ministry of Internal Aﬀairs of Turkmenistan traﬃcking, the monitoring of the implementation of the NRM and the General Prosecutor’s Oﬃce of Turkmenistan in the High- through case analysis and eﬀorts to improve national anti-traﬃck- Level Conference “Strengthening the OSCE Response to Traﬃck- ing policy and legislation. ing in Human Beings”, organized by the OSCE Ukrainian Chair- manship in Kyiv, Ukraine. During 2013, the bulk of anti-traﬃcking activity focused on pro- viding trainings on victim identiﬁcation and the NRM, as well as On 25-26 June, the Centre facilitated the participation of two rep- strengthening the capacity of national stakeholders throughout resentatives from the Ministry of Internal Aﬀairs of Turkmenistan the country, assisting the Anti-Traﬃcking Interagency Working and the General Prosecutor’s Oﬃce of Turkmenistan in the 13th Group with the revision of the current NRM to make it more vic- Alliance against Traﬃcking in Persons conference entitled “Stolen tim-oriented and on discussing possibilities for the establishment Lives, Stolen Money: The Price of Modern Day Slavery”, organized of a victim compensation fund. by the OSR/CTHB in Vienna.

The Oﬃce also monitored the implementation of the national ac- On 23-24 July, the Centre, in co-operation with the OSCE Secre- tion plan on human traﬃcking for 2010-2012 and presented the tariat in Vienna and ODIHR, organized a two-day training course results to the Anti-Traﬃcking Interagency Working Group and the in Ashgabat for Turkmenistan’s law enforcement agencies, the ju- Anti-Traﬃcking Inter-ministerial Council in March 2013. Govern- diciary and criminal lawyers who work on the investigation and ment stakeholders discussed the recommendations and several prosecution of traﬃcking oﬀences, and the conviction and punish- were taken into consideration during the development of the new ment of traﬃcking oﬀenders. The event was attended by 20 rep- 2013-2015 NAP which was approved on 28 February 2013. resentatives from the Ministry of Interior, the Ministry of Justice, the Police Institute under the Ministry of Interior and the Gen- The Oﬃce prepares quarterly trial monitoring and victim assis- eral Prosecutor’s Oﬃce. Several case studies on good practices in tance reports based on the monitoring of human traﬃcking-relat- investigating and prosecuting human traﬃcking crimes in OSCE ed court hearings and provides recommendations for the improve- participating States with focus on diﬀerent kinds of exploitation ment of victim-oriented policy. The Oﬃce also drafted Guidelines were presented and discussed during the course.111 on the consular oﬃcers’ role for dealing with human traﬃcking cases in 2013. The paper was submitted to the Ministry of Foreign Also, on 25 July, the Centre, in co-operation with the OSCE Sec- Aﬀairs and is expected to be approved by the Ministry soon. retariat in Vienna and ODIHR organized a daylong seminar on Women’s Rights and Gender Issues for Representatives of Turk- Importantly, in May and June 2013, the Oﬃce conducted the ﬁrst menistan’s law enforcement bodies. The event was attended by 25 series of pre-deployment trainings on human traﬃcking for 100 representatives of Turkmenistan’s Supreme Court, the Ministry of peacekeepers, to be located in Kosovo and Afghanistan, in co- Interior, the Ministry of Justice, the Police Institute under the Min- operation with the Armenian Ministry of Defence. These train- istry of Interior and the General Prosecutor’s Oﬃce. The partici- ings held for the Peacekeeping Brigade in Yerevan will ensure that pants discussed issues such as contemporary problems related to Armenian military personnel understand and are able to respond women’s security, including traﬃcking in human beings. to instances of sexual violence and traﬃcking in human beings in conﬂict and post-conﬂict settings. OSCE Centre in Astana On 19-20 February, in Astana, the OSCE Centre in Astana in co- The OSR/CTHB report providing Policy and legislative recom- operation with the Academy of Public Administration, the Su- mendations towards the eﬀective implementation of the non-pun- preme Court and the US Embassy in Kazakhstan organized the ishment provision with regard to victims of traﬃcking was trans- ﬁrst of a series of seven training seminars on improving judicial lated into Armenian and shared with all the interested national practice in criminal cases related to human traﬃcking. The semi- actors in November 2013. nar brought together 30 heads of district and city courts from all regions of Kazakhstan to discuss best judicial practices and eﬀec- On 15 November 2013, the Oﬃce conducted training for three day- tive ways to use international and national legal tools in dealing care institutions for children based in Yerevan. This exercise fo- with criminal cases on traﬃcking in human beings for sexual, la- cused on how to address child traﬃcking and sexual abuse toward bour or other forms of exploitation. children and provided basic tools and general knowledge to social and health workers, psychologists, and lawyers of these institutions On 24 May, in Astana, the Centre co-organized a dialogue on “En- with regard to how to identify victims of human traﬃcking. suring access to special social services for victims of cruel treat- ment, including victims of human traﬃcking and domestic vio- Finally, on 12-14 December 2013 the Oﬃce organized a seminar, lence in Kazakhstan.” The event aimed to raise a range of questions conducted by an international expert, for judges and prosecutors to related to the current law “On Special Social Services” adopted in discuss speciﬁc issues surrounding the investigation and prosecu- December 2008, and to assist victims of cruel treatment. The dia- tion of human traﬃcking and exploitation-related cases in Yerevan. logue brought together members of the Parliament, representatives of executive bodies, international organizations and local NGOs. Ex- OSCE Centre in Ashgabat perts from the Czech Republic, the Republic of Serbia, the UK as well On 21-22 May, the Centre facilitated the participation of three repre- as Kazakhstan shared their experiences and the best practices of their sentatives from the Ministry of Internal Aﬀairs of Turkmenistan and respective countries. Participants developed a set of recommenda- the Ministry of Labour and Social Security of Turkmenistan in the tions during the event which were sent to the relevant national insti- –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 111 For more information about the training course, see: <http://www.osce.org/ ashgabat/103861>, accessed 29 October 2013.

46 2013 Annual Report tutions and to the Kazakh Parliament. The event was co-organized by the Legislation and Legal Reform Committee of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the IOM in Kazakhstan.

On 20-21 June, in Almaty, the Centre organized a two-day training seminar for police oﬃcers on best practices in CTHB. Participants discussed the detection and exposure of illegal organ transplants, child adoption for commercial purposes, and human traﬃcking for labour and sexual exploitation. The seminar was co-organized by the OSCE Centre in Astana, the Interior Ministry of Kazakh- stan, the IOM, and the US Embassy. More than 30 people took part in the event, including high-ranking judges, as well as local and international experts from Belarus, Moldova and Turkey.

On 1-3 July, the SR/CTHB visited Astana. She held high-level dis- cussions facilitated by the OSCE Centre in Astana to exchange views on advanced ways and means to meet the challenge of Local religious leaders from the south of Kyrgyzstan participate at a seminar in Osh aimed at expanding co-operation for the

FIELD OPERATIONS transnational and internal traﬃcking. During her visit, the SR/ prevention of human trafficking. CTHB met with high-ranking government oﬃcials, including Jus- tice Minister Berik Imashev and representatives of the Prosecutor public awareness about the risks associated with traﬃcking in hu- General’s Oﬃce, the Criminal Police Committee at the Ministry man beings, a video is being produced that is expected to be widely of Internal Aﬀairs, the Ministry of Foreign Aﬀairs, the Ministry broadcast on Kyrgyz TV during primetime at end of the year. The of Labour and Social Protection, the Supreme Court, the National video will also be disseminated among relevant state agencies and Human Rights Centre and other structures, including a NGO-run members of civil society as well as through social networks such rehabilitation centre. as Facebook and the popular Russian social networking site Od- noklassniki. On 18 July, in Almaty, the Centre contributed its expertise on NRM to a seminar on international standards of securing acces- Furthermore, the co-ordination council meetings initiated by the sibility and the quality of services for victims of traﬃcking and Kyrgyz State Border Service in 2012 gained further impetus during smuggled migrants organized by the UNFPA. The seminar was the second half of 2013. The OSCE supported a series of meet- held within the framework of the joint UNFPA-UNODC project ings in all three centres of the southern province to further the on “Strengthening the capacity of the Central Asian Republics to exchange of updates and opinions, as well as maintain better com- protect and assist victims of human traﬃcking and migrant smug- munication and co-operation eﬀorts among the Border Service, gling, especially women and children, in partnership with NGO police, prosecution, the Ombudsman Oﬃce and NGOs. This re- and civil society actors”. newed communication platform for key law enforcement struc- tures also aims at upholding and implementing NRMs for victims Finally, on 5 September, the Centre participated at the National of THB. One of the events was jointly organized with the Delega- Consultative Meeting organized by the UNODC’s Regional Oﬃce tion of the European Commission in Kyrgyzstan. for Central Asia in Astana. The meeting aimed at discussing co- operation mechanisms between the Government and NGOs with Further, as a ﬁnal step within the implementation of the project the aim to provide assistance and protection to victims of human “Expanding the co-operation for the prevention of traﬃcking in traﬃcking and smuggled migrants. human beings”, the ﬁndings of a baseline study on risk factors to traﬃcking and related trends in the south of Kyrgyzstan and the OSCE Centre in Bishkek local population’s vulnerability will be published at the end of 2013. Throughout 2013, the Centre in Bishkek continued to support the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic in implementing its national At the end of November, the OSCE Oﬃce organized a roundtable and international commitments in the sphere of CTHB. With its on the NAP on CTHB in the Kyrgyz Republic in Bishkek, gathering project “Expanding co-operation for the prevention of traﬃcking representatives of state institutions and civil society partners. The in human beings” launched in late spring 2013, the Centre aimed roundtable enabled national stakeholders to share information on at broadening the platform of anti-traﬃcking stakeholders for re- the status of the implementation of the NAP and also contributed newed eﬀorts of prevention. to enhancing inter-agency co-operation on prevention, protection and prosecution. Within the framework of the project, a series of interactive train- ing seminars were conducted in Osh for local religious leaders Finally, throughout the year, the Centre in Bishkek facilitated the from the south of Kyrgyzstan to increase their awareness of the participation of State oﬃcials at international events and co-op- phenomenon and thus contribute to its prevention, in particular erated with ODIHR within the framework of the project “Human in view of their outreach potential to various age groups. Similarly, rights protection for traﬃcked persons and vulnerable groups in capacity building activities were conducted in October for local Central Asia”.112 self-governing bodies in the southern regions; speciﬁcally for State oﬃcials working at the grass roots level in village and district com- OSCE Office in Tajikistan munities who are called upon to provide information to migrants During January 2013, the OSCE Oﬃce in Tajikistan (OSCE OiT) on a daily basis. monitored the anti-traﬃcking training courses taught at the Police Academy of Tajikistan and supported them with stationary and As part of the Centre’s continuous work in the area of increasing awareness-raising material. These training courses are the direct –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 112 See for example, the online announcement of the call for small projects within the ODIHR project at: <http://www.osce.org/odihr/104307>, accessed 1 November 2013.

Internal Co-ordination and Co-operation: OSCE Institutions, Structures and Field Operation Activities 47 outcome of an OSCE OiT anti-traﬃcking project initiated in 2009, formation about ongoing and planned activities and to discuss the when a common curriculum on investigation and prosecution of current state of aﬀairs, new tendencies and dynamics, emerging human traﬃcking cases was developed for the Police Academy challenges such as the kidnapping of children and transborder traf- of Tajikistan, through extra-budgetary support from Finland113. ﬁcking. During 2013, in consultation with the IOM, the OSCE OiT Within the framework of this project, a number of ToTs and re- also supported the translation of the book National Mechanism for freshment trainings have been conducted for Police Academy Referral and Support of Traﬃcked Persons in Bulgaria into Russian. instructors both by international and national training consult- This book is the result of three years of work by a multi-institu- ants. Innovative and interactive training methodologies have been tional group in Bulgaria, and it oﬀers step-by-step guidelines for issued to upgrade the eﬀectiveness of the courses, e.g., Student/ the establishment of a NRM for traﬃcking victims114. The trans- Participant Centered Approach, which includes cognitive, psycho- lated Russian version was provided to the Inter-Ministerial Work- motor and aﬀective learning skills. For 2013, 20 hours have been ing Group on NRM establishment in Tajikistan for reference and allocated in the curriculum of the Police Academy for training use during their working sessions on 29 August 2013. The Com- courses on investigation of human traﬃcking cases, covering in prehensive Programme on Combating Human Traﬃcking in Ta- total 59 cadets of the Academy. jikistan (2011-2013), and its associated Program Implementation Plan, tasks the working group on NRM with drafting, until the end On 16-17 May 2013, the OSCE OiT conducted a two-day train- of 2013, the legal normative document on operational procedures ing on the NRM for victims of traﬃcking for the Inter-Ministerial for all parties involved in the NRM. Working Group on the establishment of an NRM in Dushanbe. The training was attended by 10 members of the NRM Working On 2-3 December 2013 a practical workshop, entitled “Identiﬁ- Group, representing the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection cation and Referral of Victims of Human Traﬃcking”, was organ- of Population, the Ministry of Justice, the General Prosecutor’s ized by OSCE OiT for social workers and psychologists from lo- Oﬃce, the Directorate for Organized Crime Control of the Min- cal NGOs and State agencies that provide assistance to victims istry of Interior, the Ministry of Foreign Aﬀairs, the Ministry of of traﬃcking in Tajikistan. The purposes of the workshop was: Health and Ministry of Economic Development. The OSCE Oﬃce 1) strengthening the capacity of the local NGOs and state agencies in Tajikistan engaged an international expert from the NGO “La in identiﬁcation of victims of traﬃcking and sharing best practic- Strada” from the Republic of Moldova, and a national expert rep- es, 2) management and referral of victims of traﬃcking within the resenting the Tajik NGO “Imran”. Experts from the IOM, who are framework of the NRM and, 3) enhancing co-operation between also members of the NRM Working Group also contributed to the civil society and State structures operating in Tajikistan. The work- event. The training helped to identify resources, legal frameworks shop brought together representatives of 22 local NGOs and two and processes needed for the establishment of an NRM in Tajik- State agencies. istan. It also contributed to a review of new draft laws on CTHB and victims’ assistance and the development of recommendations, In February and October, the Gender and Anti-traﬃcking Unit of some of which were considered and enrolled into the draft law the OiT taught courses on human traﬃcking and border manage- which was submitted to the Majlisi Namoyandagon (Lower House ment at the Staﬀ Courses of the Border Management Staﬀ College. of Parliament) in September 2013. OSCE Project Co-ordinator in Uzbekistan After the NRM training session, the OSCE OiT supported the In the period between January-August 2013, the OSCE Project participation of two members of the Inter-Ministerial Working Co-ordinator in Uzbekistan (PCUz) continued assisting the Gov- Group on NRM, representing the Ministry of Labour and the ernment and civil society in increasing its eﬀorts to combat human Ministry of Interior as well as a civil society representative at the traﬃcking in two priority areas. 21-22 May roundtable in Istanbul entitled “Building National Re- ferral Mechanisms: Gaps Analysis and Best Practices” organized The ﬁrst priority area in 2013 was capacity building for the Inter by ODIHR within the framework of its regional project “Human Agency Anti-traﬃcking Commission and other governmental Rights Protection for Traﬃcked Persons and Vulnerable Groups agencies, including a series of specialized workshops for the ex- in Central Asia”. The roundtable gathered over 30 participants, in- ecutive secretaries of the territorial branches of the commission in cluding representatives of state agencies and ministries and civil January, April and November. All workshops aimed at promoting society institutions from all ﬁve Central Asian countries, as well as anti-traﬃcking co-ordination between the police, health and social experts from Moldova, Belgium, the Netherlands and the OSCE service providers, the women’s committee, the makhallas (local Secretariat. This event presented a platform for debates, exchange neighbourhoods) and NGOs. of experience and challenges for policy-makers and stake holders among the representatives of the state structures and civil society The Oﬃce’s second priority area was to work with the National organizations directly involved in institutionalization of the NRM. Federation of Trade Unions on preventing human traﬃcking by The participants also had a chance to learn best practices from empowering risk groups and eﬀectively preventing human traf- Moldova, Belgium and the Netherlands and work in groups to ﬁcking by facilitating job creation, promoting labour rights, social analyse and deﬁne the gaps associated with the process of NRM protection and social dialogue. Attention was paid to ensure that establishment in their respective countries. prevention addresses individual, community and societal factors. The PCUz carried out training courses for the Council of Trade On 20 June 2013, OSCE OiT organized an Anti-Traﬃcking Co- Unions, makhalla advisers and people dealing with and represent- ordination Meeting bringing together the main stakeholders in ing vulnerable groups from the Qibray district of Tashkent oblast. the ﬁght against human traﬃcking in Tajikistan from international The courses were designed to enhance the level of economic and organizations, civil society and the donor community to share in- legal education among the participants, with a special focus on life

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 113 See OSCE Press Release “OSCE Office in Tajikistan supports incorporation 114 Animus Association Foundation and La Strada Bulgaria, National Mecha- of anti-trafficking course in police academy curriculum”, <http://www.osce. nism for Referral and Support of Trafficked Persons in Bulgaria (2010), org/tajikistan/51575>, accessed 20 November 2013. <http://lastradainternational.org/?main=documentation&document=2584>, accessed 20 November 2013.

48 2013 Annual Report skills training. In addition the PCUz, jointly with the Council of the Federation of National Trade Unions, opened a sewing work- shop in Qibray, Tashkent region, oﬀering constant employment to its beneﬁciaries based on Government support.115 At least 30 vul- nerable women will obtain professional skills and employment in the region of Qibray through the project.

FIELD OPERATIONS Participants discussing key issues during a seminar on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Tashkent, 28-29 May 2013.

Prevention measures targeting the society level included two edu- cational seminars on 28-29 May 2013 and 3-4 April in Tashkent, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as a solution to tackle the problem of human traﬃcking at its root. On 31 October, the PCUz jointly with the Trade Unions federation held an exhibition of the products made by women from vulnerable groups of two makhal- las who had completed educational seminars conducted by the Women’s Rights NGO Civic Initiatives Supported Centre.

In addition, the PCUz, jointly with the Uzbek MFA, organized a study tour to Austria and Italy on 8-12 July for high-ranking rep- resentatives of the Council of the Federation of Trade Unions, the Cabinet of Ministers, the Ministries of Labour and Social Protec- tion of the Population and Foreign Aﬀairs, the Chamber of Trade and Commerce and the NGO Civic Initiatives Support Centre. In Austria, the Uzbek delegation studied the Austrian policy of pre- venting human traﬃcking through the development of social part- nership between Government, employers and the trade unions and how corporate social responsibility is being promoted in the country. In Italy, the Uzbek delegation exchanged views and ideas with the three big national trade union confederations and the Ministry of Labour. The focus of the meetings was the protection of labour rights, including through the creation of additional social beneﬁts for employees, ensuring non-discrimination of women and migrant workers, principles of corporate social responsibil- ity, social entrepreneurship and the beneﬁts of a social card for vulnerable groups of the population along with labour quotas for migrant workers.

Also, the OSCE Project Co-ordinator is currently translating the SR/CTHB’s Policy and legislative recommendations towards the eﬀective implementation of the non-punishment provision with re- gard to victims of traﬃcking into Uzbek. In December, the PCUz, jointly with the TNTD/SPMU, organized a three-day training for law enforcement investigators and operating agents, on challenges for investigation and prosecution related to the use of new ICT technologies in the commission of crime.

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 115 For more details, see <http://www.osce.org/sg/98883>, accessed 4 November 2013.

Internal Co-ordination and Co-operation: OSCE Institutions, Structures and Field Operation Activities 49 50 2013 Annual Report PART III: EXTERNAL CO-OPERATION

OSR/CTHB Activities: Overview and Focus Areas 51 1 PART III Co-operation with international inter-governmental organizations and agencies The SR/CTHB is tasked with strengthening co-ordination between Throughout 2013, the SR/CTHB worked closely with international the OSCE and other relevant organizations and to co-operate and and regional organizations, including: the United Nations, in par- co-ordinate with all relevant international actors in the ﬁeld of hu- ticular the United Nations Oﬃce on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), man traﬃcking.116 the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the United Nations Oﬃce of the High Commissioner for Hu- To this end, in 2004, upon the initiative of the ﬁrst SR/CTHB, the man Rights (OHCHR) and the International Labour Organiza- OSCE established the Alliance against Traﬃcking in Persons – an tion (ILO); the International Organization for Migration (IOM); informal platform for co-operation between the OSCE and other Interpol; the International Centre for Migration Policy Develop- major international organizations, both inter-governmental and ment (ICMPD), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); non-governmental, working in areas relevant to the ﬁght against the European Union, in particular the European Commission, the human traﬃcking.117 Besides co-operation within the framework European Union External Action Service (EEAS), its Fundamen- of the Alliance, the OSR/CTHB has also developed strong bilateral tal Rights Agency (FRA) and its Agency for the Management of links with numerous international organizations and regularly en- Operational Co-operation at the External Borders of the Members gages with them in expert consultations and joint events on spe- States (Frontex); Europol, Eurojust, the Council of Europe (CoE), ciﬁc topics.118 the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), in particular its Executive Committee and CIS Inter-Parliamentary Assembly; the On the occasion of the European Anti-Traﬃcking Day on 18 Octo- Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO); and the Council ber 2013, the SR/CTHB, together with two other key anti-traﬃck- of Baltic Sea States (CBSS).120 Below, please ﬁnd some highlights of ing mechanisms, called for a concerted and human rights-based inter-agency co-operation in 2013. global response to the ﬁght against human traﬃcking. In a joint statement, the UN Special Rapporteur on traﬃcking in persons, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) especially women and children, Joy Ngozi Ezeilo, the President of the Council of Europe Group of Experts on Action against Traf- The UNODC and the OSCE have a long history of ﬁcking in Human Beings (GRETA), Nicolas Le Coz, and the SR/ fruitful co-operation in the ﬁght against human traf- CTHB stressed that a universal human rights-based approach was ﬁcking which has been recognized as priority, also paramount to ending human traﬃcking in today’s world.119 reﬂected in a OSCE-UNODC Joint Action Plan, ﬁrst adopted in 2012 and renewed on 17 April this year.121 The Joint Action Plan reconﬁrms the two organizations’ partnership in the “Partnership is the backbone for effec- framework of the Alliance against Traﬃcking in Persons and the tive co-ordinated efforts to implement Alliance Expert Co-ordination Team. At the bilateral level the Ac- a human rights-based approach while tion Plan highlights co-operation in the mutual promotion of each organization’s standards and commitments relevant to the ﬁght addressing this multi-faceted phenom- against human traﬃcking, including the implementation of the enon. Co-operation between origin, UN Traﬃcking in Persons Protocol and the OSCE’s human rights- transit and destination countries, but based approach to human traﬃcking conﬁrmed in numerous anti- also with regional and international traﬃcking commitments adopted by OSCE participating States. The Joint Action Plan also foresees consultations on possible areas mechanisms, as well as private stake- of research and joint actions with a view to contribute to the imple- holders such as multinational corpora- mentation of the Global Plan of Action to Combat Traﬃcking in tions and civil society organizations, is Persons and the promotion (including through fundraising) of the essential for comprehensive responses United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund for Victims of Traﬃcking in Persons, Especially Women and Children. to trafficking in persons.” The OSR/CTHB has contributed to the United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human Traﬃcking (UN.GIFT) since 2007 by OSCE SR/CTHB, UN Special Rapporteur on providing input to the Expert Group Initiative Projects, as well Trafficking in Persons and CoE GRETA in a joint as subsequent conferences and projects. In 2013, the OSR/CTHB statement on the occasion of the European Anti- continued to support UN.GIFT jointly with the other members of Trafficking Day on 18 October 2013. the UN.GIFT Steering Committee.122

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 116 OSCE Ministerial Council, Decision No. 2/03 Combating Trafficking in 120 For a full list of events attended and/or (co-)organized by OSR/CTHB in Human Beings (Maastricht, 2 December 2003), paras. 2 (c) and (j). 2013, see Annex 1 in this report. 117 For more information on the work of the Alliance against Trafficking in 121 More background on the UNODC-OSCE Action Plan can be found Persons, see Part I, Chapter 3 in this report. here: <http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/speeches/remarks-unodc-and- 118 For a full list of external events attended or (co-)organized by the SR/CTHB osce-180413.html>, accessed 10 November 2013. in 2013, see Annex 1 of this report. 122 For background information and news about UN.GIFT as well as THB-relat- 119 For the full text of the joint statement, see: ed documents and publications, see: <http://www.ungift.org/>, accessed <http://www.osce.org/cthb/107232>, accessed 10 November 2013. 10 November 2013.

52 2013 Annual Report As a follow-up to a visit the SR/CTHB paid to Israel in May 2012, The UNODC and the OSR/CTHB co-operated on raising aware- the OSR/CTHB, in co-operation with the UNODC and the IOM, ness and building the capacity of stakeholders on the topic of traf- conducted an International Seminar for Judges on the Critical ﬁcking in persons for the purpose of organ removal. On 4-5 De- Role of the Judiciary in Combating Traﬃcking in Human Beings cember 2013, the OSR/CTHB participated at a UNODC expert at the Golda Meir Mount Carmel International Training Center in group meeting on traﬃcking in persons for the purpose of organ Haifa, Israel.123 The seminar, which was held on 5-8 August 2013 removal. The event brought together around 20 criminal justice, was organized in close co-operation with Israel’s Ministry of Jus- medical, and other experts from various regions of the world with tice and its Agency for International Development Co-operation the aim of reviewing and ﬁnalizing a draft assessment handbook (MASHAV). The event allowed judges from across the globe, in- on the topic currently being developed by the UNODC. The OSR/ cluding from OSCE participating States Moldova, Montenegro, CTHB’s sixth Occasional Paper Traﬃcking in Human Beings for the Netherlands, Serbia and the United States to discuss new de- the Purpose of Organ Removal in the OSCE Region: Analysis and velopments, challenges and good practices related to human traf- Findings, launched in July 2013 provided valuable background and ﬁcking and criminal justice responses.124 analysis for the ﬁnalization of the handbook.128

Also, in co-operation with the UNODC and the IOM, the The OSR/CTHB also contributed to the national workshop “Inter- OSCE, represented by the OSR/CTHB and the TNTD/SPMU national Standards to ensure the availability and quality of services and TNTD/Borders Unit developed a joint project “Strengthen- to protect and support victims of human traﬃcking and smuggled ing Understanding of the Link between Irregular Migration and migrants” organized by the UNODC and the UNFPA in Tashkent Transnational Crimes Impacting Migrants in Irregular Situations”. on 17-18 September 2013 within the framework of their regional On 30-31 October 2013, the project was launched at the Hofburg project on strengthening the capacity of Central Asian Republics in Vienna with a mapping seminar on “Enhancing co-operation to protect and support victims of human traﬃcking and smuggled among countries of origin, transit and destination in combating migrants in partnership with NGOs and civil society actors. The irregular migration and related transnational crimes”. The semi- OSR/CTHB was invited to share the OSCE’s experience and good nar brought together migration and criminal justice experts from practice on NRMs and the role of civil society in anti-traﬃcking national authorities, civil society and international organizations policies and measures. from participating States and Partners for Co-operation. The project, which focuses on migration routes through the Eastern United Nations Office of the High Commissioner Mediterranean region to Central and Western Europe, also aims for Human Rights (OHCHR) to facilitate an informal network of experts between countries of origin, transit and destination.125 During 2013, the SR/CTHB continued her close co-op- eration with the OHCHR, in particular with Joy Ngozi At a side event on 25 April 2013 during the 22nd session of the Ezeilo, the UN Special Rapporteur on traﬃcking in per- UNODC Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice sons, especially women and children. The SR/CTHB in Vienna, the SR/CTHB launched her Policy and legislative rec- spoke at a Consultative Meeting on Strengthening Partnerships ommendations towards the eﬀective implementation of the non- with National Rapporteurs and Equivalent Mechanisms organized punishment provision with regard to victims of traﬃcking.126 The by the United Nations Special Rapporteur on traﬃcking in persons, OSR/CTHB policy and legislative recommendations had been de- especially women and children, on 23-24 May 2013 in Berlin. On veloped in consultation with the UNODC and other partners of this occasion, the SR/CTHB shared the good practices and guid- the Alliance Expert Co-ordination Team. The UNODC also con- ance on National Rapporteurs and Equivalent Mechanisms devel- tributed as a key speaker to the side event.127 oped within the OSCE.129

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 123 For more details on the May 2012 visit of the SR/CTHB to Israel, see OSCE 127 For more information on the 22nd session of the Crime Commission and Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating the OSR/CTHB side event, see: <http://www.unodc.org/documents/ Trafficking in Human Beings (OSR/CTHB), Combating Trafficking as commissions/Side-events/22nd_CCPCJ_Side_Event_Programme_2.pdf>, Modern-Day Slavery: A Matter of Non-Discrimination and Empowerment. accessed 3 November 2013. 2012 Annual Report of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for 128 OSCE Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Combating Trafficking in Human Beings (Vienna, December 2012), p. 13. Trafficking in Human Beings, Trafficking for the purpose of Organ Removal, 124 For more information on the international seminar for judges in Haifa, see: Occasional Paper Series no. 6 (Vienna, July 2013), <http://www.osce.org/ <http://www.osce.org/cthb/104254>, accessed 10 November 2013. cthb/103393>, accessed 11 November 2013. 125 For more details on the OSR/CTHB’s work in the Mediterranean region, see 129 See, for example, OSCE Office of the Special Representative and Co- Part I, Chapter 8 (page 28) in this report. ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings (OSR/CTHB), Efforts 126 OSCE Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combat- to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings in the OSCE Area: Co-ordination ing Trafficking in Human Beings (OSR/CTHB) in consultation with the and Reporting Mechanisms, 2008 Annual Report of the Special Represent- Alliance against Trafficking in Persons Expert Co-ordination Team, Policy ative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings (Vienna, and legislative recommendations towards the effective implementation of November 2008), <http://www.osce.org/cthb/36159>, accessed the non-punishment provision with regard to victims of trafficking (Vienna, 11 November 2013. April 2013), <http://www.osce.org/cthb/43587>, accessed 3 November 2013. For more information on the 22nd session of the Crime Commission and the OSR/CTHB side event, see: <http://www.unodc.org/documents/ commissions/Side-events/22nd_CCPCJ_Side_Event_Programme_2.pdf>, accessed 3 November 2013.

External Co-ordination and Co-operation 53 In an eﬀort to join forces and maximize synergies, the OSR/CTHB ary 2013 in Rome.132 The OSR/CTHB will continue to include the and the United Nations Special Rapporteur on traﬃcking in per- UNHCR as a key partner in its eﬀorts to enhance co-operation to sons, especially women and children, also co-operated on two side prevent traﬃcking in human beings in the Mediterranean region. events within the framework of the work of the United Nations. On 7 November 2013, the OSR/CTHB addressed a side event on “The International Labour Organization (ILO) Right to Eﬀective Remedies for Traﬃcked Persons” organized by the UN Special Rapporteur, to discuss the procedural components The ILO is one of the OSR/CTHB’s key partners of the right to an eﬀective remedy. The side event was a follow-up in the ﬁght against human traﬃcking, in particular to a regional consultation held in Geneva on 1 March 2013 on the human traﬃcking for labour exploitation. The de- draft Basic Principles on the right to an eﬀective remedy, which velopment and enforcement of international labour the UN Special Rapporteur intends to present to the UN Human standards is crucial for an eﬀective ﬁght against human traﬃcking. Rights Council in 2014. Throughout 2013, the OSR/CTHB continued to closely co-operate with the ILO on a wide range of issues, including decent work and On 8 November 2013, the OSR/CTHB together with the UN Spe- social justice and the prevention of labour exploitation, including cial Rapporteur co-organized a side event on “Traﬃcking in Persons domestic servitude. for the Purpose of Organ Removal” during the Fifth session of the Open-ended Interim Working Group on the Protocol to Prevent, Promoting the rights of domestic workers, including domestic Suppress and Punish Traﬃcking in Persons, Especially Women and workers in diplomatic households, has been a particular focus of Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against the SR/CTHB’s work in recent years. Throughout 2013, the OSR/ Transnational Organized Crime. The side event raised awareness CTHB advocated for the ratiﬁcation of the ILO Domestic Work- about the nature and scope of this form of traﬃcking, challenges in ers Convention (C189), which was adopted in 2011 and entered the criminal justice response and the particular needs of its victims. into force on 5 September 2013. In his speech at the 13th Alliance The joint side event was a good opportunity to present and discuss Conference, Moussa Oumarou, ILO Director of the Governance the ﬁndings of the OSR/CTHB’s sixth Occasional Paper on traﬃck- and Tripartism Department, highlighted the signiﬁcant advocacy ing in human beings for the purpose of organ removal, which also and support the SR/CTHB and her Oﬃce have given, in particular, contributed to this year’s report by the UN Special Rapporteur to to enhance the rights of domestic workers.133 The OSR/CTHB and the General Assembly - presented on 2 August 2013 - which con- the ILO also established strong co-operation within the framework tains a thematic analysis of traﬃcking in persons for the removal of the OSR/CTHB’s extra-budgetary project on the prevention of of organs.130 domestic servitude in diplomatic households. Importantly, the ILO contributes to all workshops with its expertise on the rights of Finally, throughout 2013, the SR/CTHB also promoted the UN domestic workers and the ILO Domestic Workers Convention.134 Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework, ILO is also a key member The IL which was developed by the Special Representative of the UN of the Alliance Expert Co- Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational 03 IV (1) ordination ordin Team (AECT). At corporations and other business enterprises and endorsed by the Report IV (1) the AECT A meeting in March Human Rights Council in its resolution 17/4 of 16 June 2011.131 action 2013, 2013 the ILO briefed AECT hening our Strengt lab forced members mem on the ILO strat- to end United Nations High Commissioner egy for action towards mak- for Refugees (UNHCR) ing decent work a reality for domestic do workers world- The OSR/CTHB and the UNHCR continued their wi 135 At the AECT meet- wide. close co-operation on issues of asylum, refugee ing in in December 2013, status and non-refoulement in the context of vic- the th ILO’s Special Action tims of traﬃcking, including their access to asylum Programme P to Combat labour forced

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available, during her country visits. The UNHCR’s Regional Rep- recent and planned resentative for Southern Europe was one of the key speakers at standard setting eﬀorts the Seminar on Co-operation to Prevent Traﬃcking in Human Be- to supplement the ILO Forced ings in the Mediterranean Region organized by the OSR/CTHB Labour Convention (No. 29). in co-operation with the Italian Chamber of Deputies on 8 Febru- –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 130 The report of the UN Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, espe- 132 For more details on the Rome seminar, see the event webpage at: cially women and children, with a thematic focus on trafficking in persons <http://www.osce.org/cthb/98654>, accessed 11 November 2013; see for the removal of organs is available here: UN General Assembly, Report also: Presentation by L. Jolles, Regional Representative for Southern of the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and Europe, UNHCR, at the “Seminar on Co-operation to Prevent Trafficking children, A/68/256 (2 August 2013), <http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ in Human Beings in the Mediterranean Region”, Rome, 8 February 2013, Issues/Trafficking/A-68-256-English.pdf>, accessed 21 November 2013. <http://www.osce.org/cthb/99734>, accessed 22 November 2013. For For details on the fifth session of the Working Group on Trafficking in background to and follow-up of the Rome Seminar, see also: OSCE Office Persons which took place in Vienna, Austria from 6 - 8 November 2013, of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking see: <https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CTOC/working-group-on- in Human Beings, Enhancing Co-operation to Prevent Trafficking in Human trafficking-2013.html>, accessed 21 November 2013. Beings in the Mediterranean Region (Vienna, November 2013). 131 For more details see Part I, Chapter 9 (page 30) in this report on Human 133 For more details on the 13th Alliance Against Trafficking in Persons Confer- Rights and Business. For the UN Guiding Principles and the UN ‘Protect, ence, see <http://www.osce.org/event/alliance13>, accessed 13 Novem- Respect and Remedy’ Framework, see: <http://www.business-humanrights. ber 2013. org/UNGuidingPrinciplesPortal/Home>, accessed 21 November 2013. 134 See more on the project and the related workshops held in 2013 in Part I, Chapter 5 (page 22) of this report on domestic servitude in diplomatic households. 135 See <http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/domestic-workers/WCMS_210412/ lang--en/index.htm>, accessed 22 November 2013.

54 2013 Annual Report Council of Europe (CoE)

Human traﬃcking continues to be an area for en- The OSCE and the Council of Europe have also started the prepa- hanced CoE-OSCE co-operation. The CoE and rations for the CoE-OSCE Conference “Not for Sale – Joining the OSCE are co-operating in the ﬁeld of action Forces against Traﬃcking in Human Beings”, which will take place against human traﬃcking in order to promote the on 17-18 February 2014 in Vienna on the occasion of the Aus- widest possible ratiﬁcation of the CoE Conven- trian Chairmanship of the CoE and the Swiss Chairmanship of tion on Action against Traﬃcking in Human Beings, where ap- the OSCE. The Conference will take stock of the ﬁrst ﬁve years propriate, and encouraging full implementation of the OSCE anti- of implementation of the CAHTEH and also provide an opportu- traﬃcking commitments. The OSCE has an observer status with nity for exchanging good practices and tools developed within the the Committee of the Parties to the CoE Convention on Action OSCE since the adoption of its Action Plan to Combat Traﬃcking against Traﬃcking in Human Beings (CAHTEH) and the CoE is in Human Beings in 2003. The event will provide an opportunity a member of the Alliance against Traﬃcking in Persons under the to discuss how legally binding standards, monitoring mechanisms patronage of the OSCE. On 25 October 2013, in Vienna, the two and political commitments can mutually reinforce each other and organizations held their annual high-level Co-ordination Group lead to eﬀective anti-traﬃcking policies and measures. meeting to review co-operation during the past year and discuss future collaboration. European Union and EU Agencies

The OSR/CTHB is in regular contact with the CoE Group of Ex- In 2013, the OSR/CTHB continued to work perts on Action against Traﬃcking in Human Beings (GRETA) and closely with the EU, including with the Presiden- its Secretariat to co-ordinate work throughout the year. GRETA cies of the EU, the European Commission, in regularly participates in OSCE high-level conferences and expert particular the EU Anti-Traﬃcking Co-ordinator, seminars, both at the international and national level. A member Frontex, the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights of GRETA spoke at the OSCE High-Level Conference “Strength- (FRA), and the European External Action Service (EEAS). ening the OSCE Response to Traﬃcking in Human Beings” held in Kyiv on 10-11 June 2013 under the Ukrainian Chairmanship of In January, the SR/CTHB paid a visit to Brussels to discuss EU- the OSCE. Petya Nestorova, Executive Secretary of the CAHTEH, OSCE co-operation on the prevention of human traﬃcking in the moderated a session at the OSCE Alliance conference “Stolen Mediterranean region with the Irish EU Presidency and all relevant Lives, Stolen Money: The Price of Modern-Day Slavery” on 25-26 EU institutions and structures. The SR/CTHB met, amongst oth- June 2013 in Vienna. Members of the CAHTEH Secretariat also ers, with Mara Marinaki, Managing Director for Global and Mul- regularly participate at the OSCE Alliance Expert Co-ordination tilateral Issues, in charge of traﬃcking in human beings at the Ex- Team meetings. Within the framework of the Alliance against ternal Action Service; Myria Vassiliadou, the EU-Anti-Traﬃcking Traﬃcking in Persons, GRETA was also involved in consultations Co-ordinator at the European Commission; as well as the Human on the SR/CTHB’s Policy and legislative recommendations towards Rights Policy Guidelines division at the Human Rights and Democ- the eﬀective implementation of the non-punishment provision with racy Department, the Division for the European Neighbourhood regard to victims of human traﬃcking. Policy and the Regional Policies Southern Mediterranean Division. During the meetings, it was agreed that both organizations will As a follow-up to the 2012 Joint OSCE-CoE-CIS Roundtable on join eﬀorts, wherever possible, to contribute their distinct added Action against Traﬃcking in Human Beings, its proceedings were value and maximize synergies. As a result of the meetings, rep- jointly edited and published as a booklet (in English and Russian) resentatives of the EEAS and the Anti-Traﬃcking Co-ordinator’s in 2013.136 The booklet, which is also available online, was distrib- Oﬃce participated at the OSCE Seminar on Co-operation to Pre- uted at the annual meeting of the Uniﬁed Commission on Harmo- vent Traﬃcking in Human Beings in the Mediterranean Region on nization of Legislation on Combating Terrorism, Drug Traﬃc and 8 February 2013 in Rome. FRA also contributed to the Rome Semi- Organized Crime under the CIS Inter-Parliamentary Assembly nar and to the follow-up to the Seminar.137 The OSR/CTHB will held from 25-28 February 2013 in St. Petersburg, Russia as well as continue to work with the various European Union institutions in at the International Conference on Combating Traﬃcking in Hu- its eﬀorts to enhance co-operation to prevent traﬃcking in human man Beings organized by the Russian Presidency of the Council of beings in the Mediterranean region. Baltic Sea States on 15-16 April 2013 also in St. Petersburg. GRETA and the OSR/CTHB are looking for further opportunities for joint FRA is a key partner for the OSR/CTHB, helping to ensure that action, such as the OSCE-CoE-CIS roundtable in St. Petersburg. anti-traﬃcking policies and measures are human rights based. Throughout 2013, FRA contributed to a number of OSR/CTHB Also, during country visits, GRETA delegations consult the lo- initiatives, in particular in relation to the prevention of human cal oﬃces of the OSCE (where there are ﬁeld operations with traﬃcking in the Mediterranean Region.138 In 2013, the OSR/ anti-traﬃcking focal points). For instance, in 2013 such meetings CTHB provided its expertise for FRA’s project on “Severe Forms were held between GRETA and anti-traﬃcking focal points at the of Labour Exploitation in the EU” (SELEX) initiated in early 2013. OSCE ﬁeld presences in Azerbaijan, Serbia and the former Yugo- This included an expert meeting on 4-5 June 2013 to discuss the slav Republic of Macedonia. The OSR/CTHB and the Executive project’s methodology and share information with all participants Secretary will continue exploring ways to enhance the exchange – from government and civil society, on initiatives in the ﬁeld of of information relevant for the preparation of GRETA’s evaluation labour exploitation. The project is linked to FRA’s work relating to reports and the SR/CTHB’s country visits. victims’ rights and support and builds on previous FRA research,

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 136 Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), Interparliamentary Assembly of the Commonwealth of Independ- ent States (CIS) and CIS Executive Committee, Proceedings of the Round Table on Combating Trafficking in Human Beings (2012), <http://www.osce. org/cthb/100640>, accessed 11 November 2013: available in English and Russian.

External Co-ordination and Co-operation 55 in particular on its report on migrants in an irregular situation em- nars are to strengthen the civilian crisis management capacities of ployed in domestic work as well as the victim support project. It is the police forces of the participating countries, in particular with a focused on assessing which factors allow victims of criminal forms view to the needs of women, children, elderly people, indigenous of labour exploitation to access civil and criminal justice and what people, local authorities, refugees and displaced persons, and vic- impedes such access, while also looking at victim support.139 tims of conﬂicts.140

On 2-3 October 2013, the OSR/CTHB attended the Meeting of The training of trainer sessions for border guards organized by the EU Informal Network of National Rapporteurs and Equiva- Frontex in July and November 2013 aimed at sharing and re- lent Mechanisms organized by the Lithuanian Presidency of the viewing training activities for border guards implemented in the EU and the Anti-Traﬃcking Coordinator at the European Com- Member States based on the Trainers’ Manual on Anti-Traﬃcking mission in Brussels. The objective of the meeting was to discuss training for border guards. The OSR/CTHB contributed to the de- recent developments at the EU level including the implementation velopment of this manual, published by Frontex in 2012. of EU Strategy and the transposition of the EU Directive on THB. The meeting also provided opportunities for an update on recent Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) activities in the ﬁeld of THB by individual EU Member States and by the European Commission, in particular the co-operation of the In 2013, the OSR/CTHB further developed its close EU and its Member States with diﬀerent partners, such as civil co-operation with the Commonwealth of Independ- society organizations and the private sector. ent States Executive Committee and the CIS Inter- Parliamentary Assembly. The Chairman of the CIS In 2013, the OSR/CTHB also contributed to two major training Executive Committee, Sergey Lebedev, was invited to the high- projects for law enforcement organized and supported by the EU: level segment of the Alliance against Traﬃcking in Persons con- the fourth EU Police Services Training from 16-27 September 2013 ference “Stolen Lives, Stolen Money: The Price of Modern-Day at the International Peace Support Training Center (IPSTC) in Em- Slavery”, 25-26 June 2013, and addressed the participants of this bakasi – Nairobi and two Anti-Traﬃcking Trainings for Border forum as a keynote speaker. The participation of the CIS Executive Guards (Training of Trainers), organized by Frontex from 9-11 July Committee at Alliance events has become an extremely positive 2013 in Lübeck, Germany, and on 19-20 November 2013 in Madrid. and mutually beneﬁcial tradition, and will be further enhanced.

Upon the invitation of the Ukrainian CiO and the SR/CTHB, rep- resentatives of the CIS co-ordinating structures, also contributed to the CiO High-level Conference on “Strengthening the OSCE’s Response to Traﬃcking in Human Beings”, Kyiv, 10-11 June 2013. This was a valuable opportunity to share the CIS’s experience in the implementation of the CIS Programme of Co-operation in Combating Traﬃcking in Human Beings for 2011-2013 and pre- sent the draft Programme for 2014-2018.

The OSR/CTHB actively participated in the meeting of the Uniﬁed Commission on Harmonization of Legislation on Combating Ter- rorism, Drug Traﬃc and Organized Crime from 25-28 February 2013 in St. Petersburg, Russia at Tavricheskiy Dvoretz, the Head- quarters of the CIS Inter-Parliamentary Assembly. The event was a good opportunity to share and disseminate the proceedings of the OSCE-CoE-CIS Roundtable on Action against Traﬃcking in Italian Carabinieri uniform with the European Union Police Human Beings, held in April 2012 in St. Petersburg. Services Training (EUPST) patch during the 16-27 September 2013 training in Nairobi, Kenya. The proceedings were published jointly by the OSCE, CoE and CIS IPA - in Russian and English - and distributed at the meeting of the The training at the IPSTC in Nairobi was the ﬁrst African Ses- Uniﬁed Commission - CIS Parliamentarians and representatives sion within the framework of the EU Police Services Training. It of the CIS executive structures.141 The International Conference brought 59 Italian Carabinieri Oﬃcers and 387 police oﬃcers from on Combating THB, held on 15-16 April 2013 under the Russian Kenya, Rwanda, Cameroon, Uganda and Sudan (African Union), Presidency in the Council of Baltic Sea States in St. Petersburg, France, the Netherlands, Spain (EU), the USA (CSDP countries), Russia, by the Ministry of Foreign Aﬀairs of the Russian Federation and experts and observers from international organizations, in- and the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation, was cluding the OSCE. The training was part of a series of trainings, another opportunity to share the Roundtable proceedings with co-funded by the European Commission under the 2010 Action important stakeholders. Plan of the EU Instrument for Stability, which aims to train around 2,400 police oﬃcers from the EU, non-EU countries contributing On 29-30 May 2013, upon the invitation of the Minister of For- to Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP) mission, and Af- eign Aﬀairs of Belarus, the OSR/CTHB Deputy Co-ordinator rep- rican Union Countries. The main objectives of the training semi- resented the organization at the Workshop on Law Enforcement

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 137 OSCE Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating 140 For more background and details on the whole project and this training Trafficking in Human Beings, Enhancing Co-operation to Prevent Trafficking activity, see: <http://www.eupst.eu>, accessed 11 November 2013. in Human Beings in the Mediterranean Region (Vienna, November 2013). 141 Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe 138 Ibid. (OSCE), Interparliamentary Assembly of the Commonwealth of Independ- 139 For more information on the project, see <http://fra.europa.eu/en/ ent States (CIS) and CIS Executive Committee, Proceedings of the Round event/2013/fra-expert-meeting-severe-forms-labour-exploitation>, Table on Combating Trafficking in Human Beings (2012), <http://www.osce. accessed 11 November 2013. org/cthb/100640>, accessed 11 November 2013: available in English and Russian.

56 2013 Annual Report Aspects of Combating THB, held at the CIS International Training Centre on Migration and Combating Traﬃcking in Human Be- ings in Minsk. The workshop was organized in co-operation with the OHCHR and the UNDP, aimed at building the capacity of the law enforcement representatives of the Member States of the UN Group of Friends United against Human Traﬃcking.

International Organization for Migration

The OSR/CTHB maintained its strong co-operation with the IOM within the framework of the Alliance against Traﬃcking in Persons and on a bilateral level. Throughout 2013, the OSCE and the IOM partnered in a number of projects and activities. In particular, this includes: co-operation on the OSR/CTHB’s eﬀorts to prevent human traf- ﬁcking in the Mediterranean region142, an international seminar for judges on enhancing the criminal justice response to human traﬃcking in Haifa, Israel from 5-8 August 2013, and a joint OSCE-UNODC-IOM project on “Strengthening Understanding of the Link between Irregular Migration and Transnational Crimes Impacting Migrants in Irregular Situations” which was launched on 30 October 2013 at the Hofburg in Vienna.143

NATO

During 2013, the OSR/CTHB continued to contribute its expertise to the training course on “Combating Traﬃcking in Human Beings (CTHB)” regularly organized by the Turkish Partnership for Peace Training Center based in Ankara. The Turk- ish PfP Training Center was recognized by NATO on 12 February 1999 and has been actively contributing to Partnership initiatives by conducting courses, mobile training activities and seminars for NATO, PfP, Mediterranean Dialogue, Istanbul Cooperation Initia- tive (ICI) and global partners countries. The OSR/CTHB partici- pated as trainers at the training courses from 25 February-1 March 2013, and 7-11 October 2013.

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 142 OSCE Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings, Enhancing Co-operation to Prevent Trafficking in Human Beings in the Mediterranean Region (Vienna, November 2013). 143 For more details see also the complete table of events and related links in Annex 1 of the Report.

External Co-ordination and Co-operation 57 2 PART III Co-operation with civil society, trade unions and other non-state partners The main platform for co-operation with NGOs is the Alliance authority on this issue. On 25 June 2013, on the occasion of the against Traﬃcking in Persons, hosted by the SR/CTHB.144 Civil so- Alliance against Traﬃcking in Persons conference, the SR/CTHB ciety organizations and trade union representatives are key part- and the two partner institutions launched the research jointly as ners in all OSCE events on human traﬃcking and, whenever pos- the ﬁfth OSR/CTHB Occasional Paper. On 9 October 2013, the sible, the OSR/CTHB also contributes to civil society events at the research was launched in the UK where one of the two partner national level.145 As part of her country visits, the SR/CTHB hosts organizations for this research, the Helen Bamber Foundation, is an NGO meeting where the main anti-traﬃcking NGOs are in- based.147 vited to exchange good practices and experiences which will con- tribute to the recommendations of the country report. During her visit to the United States in September 2013, the SR/ CTHB met with a group of NGOs and pro-bono lawyers working The OSR/CTHB regularly invites civil society organizations, law- to combat THB for the purpose of domestic servitude, especially yers working with victims and support providers to contribute as in diplomatic households. Also, the OSR/CTHB’s Deputy Co- experts to reports and papers published by her Oﬃce as well as ordinator attended the 11th Annual Conference of the Freedom to the Alliance against Traﬃcking in Persons conferences, pro- Network USA, a network of US anti-traﬃcking NGOs, entitled jects and technical seminars and to side events organized by the “Confronting Human Traﬃcking: Deﬁning Priorities in 2013” held OSR/CTHB. In 2013, this importantly included also a side event on 17-18 April 2013 in Arlington, USA.148 dedicated to the launch of the SR/CTHB’s Policy and legislative recommendations towards the eﬀective implementation of the non- The OSR/CTHB also continued to promote the ﬁndings and tools punishment provision with regard to victims of traﬃcking; a side developed by the European Action for Compensation for Traf- event during the OSCE Human Dimension Implementation Meet- ﬁcked Persons (Comp.Act), including in country visits and when ing in Warsaw on the protection of victims of traﬃcking in human participating at national events, emphasizing the valuable contri- beings ten years after the Adoption of the OSCE Action Plan to bution of Comp.Act to the advancement of traﬃcked persons’ ac- Combat Traﬃcking in Human Beings; and a number of high-level cess to justice and compensation – not just in the 14 countries and expert seminars on preventing traﬃcking in human beings included in the project from the start (Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and and promoting victims’ access to justice in the Mediterranean Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Ireland, Italy, region at which civil society organizations and legal practition- the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Poland, ers from participating States and from the Mediterranean Partner Spain, Ukraine and the UK) but throughout the OSCE region. Countries (MPC) participated.146 Comp.Act has developed a number of practical tools that can be used and adapted for the whole OSCE region: a methodology for Furthermore, the OSR/CTHB provided assistance to NGOs work- compensation research, an analysis of state compensation funds ing with victims of human traﬃcking in a number of participat- for victims of crime in several countries, a scheme for practitioners ing States, including through supporting projects with funding or on the various national compensation mechanisms and guidance partnership declarations. For example, in 2013, the OSR/CTHB on how to do test cases and strategic litigation.149 continued to work with the NGO Child Rights Information Centre (CRIC) to implement the project “Prevention of Human Traﬃck- ing in Children without Parental Care in the Republic of Moldova”, Parosha Chandran, barris- ter and expert consultant aiming at the social and professional integration of children at risk. to the Policy and legislative The Project includes life skills education through ad hoc trainings, recommendations towards enrolment in vocational training courses, assistance in obtaining the effective implementation free of charge accommodation and material support, as well as of the non-punishment pro- support in ﬁnding appropriate employment. In 2013, more than vision with regard to victims 130 residential school students and graduates in the Moldovan dis- of trafficking, speaks during tricts of Bender, Orhei, and Leova were beneﬁciaries of the project. the OSR/CTHB side event on victim protection on 30 Sep- tember 2013 during the HDIM A research project undertaken by the OSR/CTHB with the Lud- in Warsaw. wig Boltzmann Institute for Human Rights and the Helen Bamber Foundation has also proven to be an important partnership initia- tive with civil society organizations and academia. The Occasional Paper Traﬃcking in Human Beings Amounting to Torture and oth- er Forms of Ill-treatment, was developed and issued together with the two institutions, which both have longstanding expertise and

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 144 For more information on the Alliance, please see Part I, Chapter 3 (page 18) 147 For more information, see Part I, Chapter 7 (page 26) in this report. or go to <https://www.osce.org/cthb/43587>. 148 For more information on the 11th annual Freedom Conference, see: <http:// 145 For a full list of external events at which the OSR participated, including freedomnetworkusa.org/news-events/annual-conference/>, accessed events organized by non-state actors, please see Annex 1. 14 November 2013. 146 For information on the HDIM, see the event webpage at <http://www.osce. 149 For more details on the Comp.Act initiative and the reports and tools devel- org/hdim_2013>, accessed 24 November 2013. On the OSR/CTHB’s ac- oped within its framework, please see: <http://www.compactproject.org/>. tivities with the Partners for Co-operation, see the publication: OSCE Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings, Enhancing Co-operation to Prevent Trafficking in Human Beings in the Mediterranean Region (Vienna, November 2013).

58 2013 Annual Report 3 The Alliance against Trafficking in Persons In 2004, upon the initiative of the ﬁrst SR/CTHB, the OSCE es- The Alliance Expert Co-ordination Team (AECT) meetings are tablished the Alliance against Traﬃcking in Persons – an informal convened by the OSR/CTHB twice a year and serve as a consul- and innovative platform for co-operation between the OSCE and tative forum for the Alliance partners. They provide an opportu- other major international organizations and civil society and other nity to exchange work plans, identify gaps, share emerging facts, non-state actors recognized for their active human rights stand in developments and challenges to determine priorities, review ap- the ﬁght against human traﬃcking. In 2011, reﬂecting the need proaches, share good practices and plan joint actions. The AECT to widen membership and include new anti-traﬃcking stakehold- meetings were held on 11 March 2013 and 13 December 2013. ers, the Alliance expanded to include trade unions and employers’ Throughout 2013, in the spirit of the original Alliance, exist- associations and migrant rights groups. In December 2012, the inter- ing partnerships were consolidated and eﬀorts to reach out to national NGO World Vision and, in December 2013, the Organi- new partners undertaken. The SR/CTHB also consulted with the zation of American States (OAS) became the latest members of AECT members on current developments in anti-traﬃcking ac- the Alliance.150 tion and shared with them her analysis of the situation and chal- lenges ahead. The regular meetings of the AECT helped advance With the aim of developing joint strategies and setting a common a common strategic approach, renew the reciprocal commitment agenda to eradicate modern-day slavery, the Alliance combines the to join eﬀorts, and secure synergies in advocacy and ﬁeld work. eﬀorts of its more than 30 partners. The Alliance’s annual high-lev- Particularly noteworthy in this context are the SR/CTHB’s Policy el conference and technical seminars held in Vienna provide par- and legislative recommendations towards the eﬀective implemen- ticipating States with cross-sector knowledge and analysis across tation of the non-punishment provision with regard to victims of and beyond the OSCE region and an insight into national, regional traﬃcking, which were developed in consultation with the Alliance and global anti-traﬃcking issues and action. against Traﬃcking in Persons Expert Co-ordination Team.151

THE ALLIANCE AGAINST TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS

International organizations and agencies * UNHCR * UNICEF * UNODC * UN OHCHR * UN WOMEN * ILO * IOM * IFRC * Interpol * Council of Europe * European Commission * ICMPD * Council of Baltic Sea States (CBSS) * Europol * NATO * Organization of American States (OAS)

Non-governmental organizations * Amnesty International * Anti-Slavery International * Churches Commission for Migrants in Europe (CCME) Elisa Trossero from the International Center for Migration * ECPAT * Human Rights Watch (HRW) * International Policy Development (ICMPD) speaking during the AECT on Centre for Missing and Exploited Children (ICMEC) 13 December 2013. * La Strada International * Platform for International Cooperation on Undocumented Migrants (PICUM) * Save the Children * Terre des hommes International Federation * World Vision

Social partners and others * International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) * International Organisation of Employers (IOE) * Bureau of the Dutch Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 150 The full list of the Alliance partners and references to the activities of the The Alliance Expert Co-ordination Team Meeting held at the relevant organizations are available at: <http://www.osce.org/cthb/43587>, Hofburg in Vienna on 13 December 2013. accessed on 11 November 2013. 151 OSCE Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings (OSR/CTHB) in consultation with the Alliance against Trafficking in Persons Expert Co-ordination Team, Policy and legislative recommendations towards the effective implementation of the non-punishment provision with regard to victims of trafficking (Vienna, April 2013).

External Co-ordination and Co-operation 59 60 2013 Annual Report ANNEXES: TABLES OF EVENTS, ADDENDUM AND REFERENCES

External Co-ordination and Co-operation 61 1 Annexes Tables of events

OSCE events organized or attended by the SR/CTHB and her office

Organizer Title Date Location Link OSCE Annual Heads of Mission Meeting 16–18 January Vienna

OSCE OSR/CTHB, Seminar on Co-operation to 8 February Rome http://www.osce.org/ the Italian Chamber of Deputies Prevent Trafficking in Human Beings cthb/98654 in the Mediterranean Region http://www.osce.org/ cthb/108481

OSCE OSR/CTHB Alliance Expert Coordination Team 11 March Vienna http://www.osce.org/ (AECT) Meeting node/44718

OSCE, Australia’s Department of Conference on Improving the 18-19 March Adelaide, http://www.osce.org/ Foreign Affairs and Trade Security of Women and Girls Australia ec/100186

OSCE, Delegation of the Republic Human Dimension Committee (HDC) 16 April Vienna of Serbia as Chair of the Human Meeting Dimension Committee

OSCE OSR/CTHB Expert meeting on Human Trafficking 10 May Vienna in the Mediterranean: promoting access to justice

OSCE 952nd Meeting of the Permanent 16 May Vienna Council

OSCE, Delegation of Switzerland Mediterranean Contact Group 17 May Vienna as Chair of the Mediterranean Meeting on THB Contact Group

OSCE Gender Section Annual Meeting of Focal Points for 27-28 May Baden, Austria Gender Issues

OSCE OSR/CTHB Evaluation / Monitoring Workshop for 31 May-2 June Chisinau http://childrights.md/index. the Project “Preventing Human Traf- php?option=com_content&view=ar ficking in Children without Parental ticle&id=255&Itemid=110 Care in the Republic of Moldova”

OSCE Chairmanship in Office in co- High-Level Conference 10-11 June Kyiv http://www.osce.org/ operation with OSR/CTHB “Strengthening the OSCE Response cio/101883 to Trafficking in Human Beings”

OSCE OSR/CTHB Second Workshop on Prevention 12-13 June Kyiv http://www.osce.org/ of Trafficking of Human Beings for cthb/102673 Domestic Servitude in Diplomatic Households La Civiltà Cattolica Lectio magistralis 17 June Rome http://www.laciviltacattolica.it/ it/incontri/

OSCE OSR/CTHB Side Event: Launch of Fifth Occa- 25 June Vienna http://www.osce.org/ sional Paper Trafficking in Human cthb/103004 Beings Amounting to Torture and http://www.osce.org/ other Forms of Ill-Treatment, cthb/103152 13th Alliance against Trafficking in http://www.osce.org/ Persons Conference cthb/103085 “Stolen Lives, Stolen Money: The Price of Modern-Day Slavery” OSCE OSR/CTHB Side Event: CIS Programme of 25 June Vienna http://www.osce.org/ Co-operation in CTHB: Implemen- cthb/103004 tation Experience, Good Practices, Challenges, Perspectives, 13th Alliance against Trafficking in Persons Conference “Stolen Lives, Stolen Money: The Price of Modern- Day Slavery”

62 2013 Annual Report Organizer Title Date Location Link OSCE OSR/CTHB 13th Alliance against Trafficking in 25-26 June Vienna http://www.osce.org/event/ Persons Conference “Stolen Lives, alliance13 Stolen Money: The Price of Modern- http://www.osce.org/ Day Slavery” cthb/103117 OSCE OSR/CTHB Side event: Presentation of the SR’s 26 June Vienna http://www.osce.org/ Recommendations on the Non- cthb/103004 Punishment Provision http://www.osce.org/ 13th Alliance against Trafficking in cthb/101002 Persons Conference “Stolen Lives, Stolen Money: The Price of Modern- Day Slavery”

OSCE OSR/CTHB Annual Meeting of OSCE 27-28 June Vienna Anti-trafficking Focal Points

OSCE, Delegation of the Republic Human Dimension Committee 9 July Vienna http://www.osce.org/ of Serbia as Chair of the Human Meeting: Launch of 6th Occasional cthb/103447 Dimension Committee Paper on Trafficking for the Purpose http://www.osce.org/ of Organ Removal cthb/103393

OSCE Mission to Moldova Combating Human Trafficking: Refer- 10-11 July Tiraspol http://www.osce.org/ ral Mechanisms and Co-operation moldova/43611

OSCE Chairmanship in Office OSCE Youth Summit 31 July-1 August Yalta, Ukraine http://www.osce.org/ cio/103774

OSCE Project Co-ordinator in Training on Human Trafficking for 19-20 September Tashkent http://www.osce.org/ Uzbekistan Diplomatic and Consular Personnel uzbekistan/93796

OSCE ODIHR Human Dimension Implementation 30 September Warsaw http://www.osce.org/ Meeting, Working Session 10, hdim_2013 Combating Trafficking in Human Beings – Implementation of the OSCE Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings

OSCE OSR/CTHB HDIM Side Event: Ten Years after the 30 September Warsaw http://www.osce.org/ Adoption of the OSCE Action Plan to cthb/106271 Combat Trafficking in Human Beings: Victims’ Rights Protection – Where do we Stand? Cases, Challenges, the Way Forward

OSCE OSR/CTHB Expert Consultation Meeting on 7 October Vienna http://www.osce.org/ “Co-operation to Prevent cthb/108481 Trafficking in Human Beings in the Mediterranean Region”

OSCE OSR/CTHB Third Workshop on Prevention of 8-9 October The Hague http://www.osce.org/ Trafficking of Human Beings for cthb/106964 Domestic Servitude in Diplomatic Households OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Presentation of the Non-Punishment 9-11 October Neum, http://www.osce.org/ Herzegovina Paper at the Annual Meeting of Bosnia and cthb/101002 Bosnian Prosecutors Herzegovina http://www.osce.org/bs/ cthb/106688 OSCE OSR/CTHB, Ludwig Launch of Occasional Paper Traf- 9 October London http://www.osce.org/ Boltzmann Institute of Human ficking in Human Beings Amoun- cthb/103085 Rights and Helen Bamber ting to Torture and other Forms of Foundation Ill-treatment OSCE and Council of Europe 18th Meeting of the 25 October Vienna Co-ordination Group

Annexes 63 Organizer Title Date Location Link OSCE OSCE Mediterranean Conference 28-29 October Monaco http://www.osce.org/ “Enhancing the Role of Women in ec/103342 Public, Political and Economic Life” http://www.osce.org/ cthb/108481 OSCE, IOM, UNODC Mapping seminar “Strengthening co- 30-31 October Vienna http://www.osce.org/ operation among countries of origin, spmu/107660 transit and destination in combating irregular migration and related trans- national organized crimes”. Launch of the joint project “Strengthening understanding of the link between irregular migration and transnational crimes impacting migrants in irregular situations”

OSCE ODIHR Supplementary Human Dimension 7-8 November Vienna http://www.osce.org/odihr/ Meeting on the Implementation of 106276 the Action Plan on Improving the Situation of Roma and Sinti Amadeus International School Vi- Greetings from Moscow and Vienna. 10 November Vienna http://www.muth.at/en/ enna and Gnessin School of Music Young musicians against human programm/?show_id=206 Moscow, under the auspices of the trafficking OSCE

OSCE Office in Baku Regional Workshop on Non-punish- 26-27 November Baku http://www.osce.org/ ment and protection mechanisms for baku/108251 trafficked persons

OSCE Chairmanship in Office Ministerial Council 5-6 December Kyiv http://www.osce.org/event/ mc_2013

OSCE OSR/CTHB Alliance Expert Co-ordination Team 13 December Vienna http://www.osce.org/cthb/ Meeting 43587

OSCE 978th Meeting of 19 December Vienna the Permanent Council

Events attended by the SR/CTHB and her office in 2013

Organizer Title Date Location Link Superior Council of Magistrates The Regulation of Migration and 28 January Genoa, Italy (CSM), Italy Trafficking in Human Beings under the National, European and International Profile

Lex Operators, European Union, All Together for Women Victims of 22-23 February Bologna, Italy http://fra.europa.eu/en/ European Commission’s Daphne Intimate Partner news/2013/final-conference-all- Programme, University of Bologna together-women-victims-intima- te-partner-violence-project

CIS IPA, CIS IPA Permanent Com- Meeting of the Joint Commission on 26-27 February St. Petersburg mission for Security and Defence Harmonising Legislation for Combat- ing Terrorism, Crime and Narco- Business

NATO Partnership for Peace Combating Trafficking in Human 28 February Ankara Training Centre Beings (CTHB) Course

UN Office of the High Commissio- Regional Consultation on the Right 1 March Geneva http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issu- ner for Human Rights (OHCHR) to Effective Remedies for Trafficked es/Trafficking/Pages/FirstRegio- Persons nalConsultation.aspx

Superior Council of Magistrates of Towards a European Approach to 14-15 March Krakow, http://www.ja-sr.sk/files/an- Italy, Training and Study Centre for Judicial Training on Trafficking in Hu- Poland nouncement%20thb%20semi- the Judiciary of the Netherlands, man Beings, Seminar for Judges and nar%20amsterdam.pdf The Polish National School of Prosecutors of the Member States of Judiciary and Public Prosecution the European Union and Turkey

64 2013 Annual Report Organizer Title Date Location Link Center for the Study of Democracy Assisting and Reintegrating Children 20 March Sofia http://www.csd.bg/artShow. and the European Commission Victims of Trafficking / Improving php?id=16437 Policy and Practice in the Member States of the European Union

Russian Union of Journalists Presentation of a Manual “Media 28-29 March Moscow http://www.osce.org/ against Trafficking in Human Beings” cthb/100409 for Media Students and post- graduates by the OSCE, RUJ and Moscow State University

OECD Meeting of the OECD Task Force on 2-3 April Paris http://www.oecd.org/gov/risk/ Charting Illicit Trade (TF-CIT): oecdtaskforceonchartingillicitt- Sharing Data and Information radetf-cit.htm

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the International Conference 15-16 April St. Petersburg http://www.osce.org/ Russian Federation and the Inves- on Combating Trafficking in Human cthb/100764 tigative Committee of the Russian Beings Federation under the auspices of the Russian Presidency in the Council of the Baltic Sea States

Freedom Network USA Confronting Human Trafficking: Defi- 17-18 April Washington http://freedomnetworkusa.org/ ning Priorities in 2013 DC wp-content/uploads/2013/03/ Freedom-Network-AgendaX.pdf

International Institute of Economic Serfdom and slavery in the European 18 April Prato, Italy History F. Datini Economy 11th-18th Centuries

University of Teramo, Master in Lecture on International Co-opera- 18 April Teramo, Italy International Cooperation against tion in Financial Investigations and Transnational Organized Crime anti-money laundering measures

European Commission, TAIEX Multi Country Workshop on 17-18 April Podgorica http://ec.europa.eu/enlarge- the Fight Against Seasonal Sexual ment/taiex/dyn/taiex-events/ Exploitation detail_en.jsp?EventID=51376

University of Rome Supersfruttamento e lavoro paraschi- 19 April Rome avistico – Le politiche di contrasto della tratta di esseri umani

Ministry of Interior of the Czech Discovering Trafficking for the Pur- 22-23 April Prague http://ec.europa.eu anti- Republic and La Strada pose of Forced Labour and Labour trafficking/entity.action?path= Exploitation Events/Discovering_trafficking

Ministry of Interior of Italy, in co- Workshop on New Dynamics of 23 April Rome operation with CBSA Canada and Nigerian Organized Crime ICE USA

UNODC Commission on Crime Presentation of OSR Recommen- 25 April Vienna http://www.unodc.org/unodc/ Prevention and Criminal Justice dations on the Non-punishment of en/commissions/CCPCJ/sessi- Victims of Trafficking at the 22nd on/22.html session of the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice

EUROMED EUROMED Migration III Irregular 26 April Vienna Migration Training

McCain Institute for International The Sedona Forum 2013: How to 26-28 April Sedona, USA http://mccaininstitute.org/work/ Leadership Promote Freedom and Democracy the-sedona-forum/ Effectively

Jackson Hole Center for Global Global Business Roundtable 30 April Jackson Hole, http://www.jhcga.org/gbr.html Affairs USA

Ministry of Internal Affairs of Integrated approach for Prevention 14-15 May Bucharest http://ec.europa.eu/anti-traf- Romania, National Agency against of Labour Exploitation in origin and ficking/entity.action?path=Event Trafficking in Persons destination countries s%2FInternational_conference

Public Health Services Trieste Training Course “Delitti Intrafamiliari 17 May Trieste, Italy e Salute Mentale”

Russian Union of Criminologists Roundtable on Combatting 16-19 May Moscow Trafficking in Human Beings

Annexes 65 Organizer Title Date Location Link UN OHCHR Consultative Meeting on Strengthe- 23-24 May Berlin http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ ning Partnerships with National Issues/Trafficking/Pages/Con- Rapporteurs on Trafficking in Per- sultativeMeetingonStrengthe- sons and Equivalent Mechanisms ningPartnershipswithNational- RapporteursonTrafficking.aspx

Group of Friends United Against Workshop on Law Enforcement 29-30 May Minsk http://undp.by/en/undp/news/ Human Trafficking, CIS International Aspects of Combating Human belarus/29u.html Centre on Migration and Combating Trafficking Trafficking in Human Beings

International Centre for Migration Expert Seminar Capacity Building 3-4 June Vienna http://www.icmpd.org/News- Policy Development ICMPD for Combating Trafficking for Labour Detail.1668.0.html?&cHash=d Exploitation - Stepping Up the 858edb548&tx_ttnews%5Btt_ Fight against Trafficking for Labour news%5D=159 Exploitation

EU Agency for Expert meeting on Severe forms of 4-5 June Vienna http://fra.europa.eu/en/event/ Fundamental Rights (FRA) Labour Exploitation (SELEX) 2013/fra-expert-meeting-seve- re-forms-labour-exploitation

Solidarité Avec Les Enfants Table Ronde “La protection et 12 June Turin, Italy du Maghreb et Mashreq (SALEMM) l'inclusion sociale des jeunes: les synergies entre les pays de la Méditerranée“

Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS), EU-Asia Dialogue, Sharing Policy 13 June Vienna http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/ East Asian Institute (EAI), European Innovation and Best Practices in kas_30531-1522-1-30. Policy Centre (EPC), European Addressing Common Challenges, pdf?120320151906 Union Centre Singapore (EUC) International Workshop “Human Trafficking – Challenges to Europe and Asia”

La Civiltà Cattolica Lectio magistralis 17 June Rome http://www.laciviltacattolica.it/ it/incontri/

UK Foreign and Commonwealth Side event on Victim Return and Re- 26 June Vienna http://www.osce.org/ Office integration Care, 13th Alliance against cthb/103004 Trafficking in Persons Conference “Stoles Lives, Stolen Money: The Price of Modern-Day Slavery“

Austrian Institute for International Dialogue Forum in the framework of 27 June Vienna http://thbregionalinitiativeoiip. Affairs (oiip) the Regional Implementation Initiati- wordpress.com/ ve: Research goes Politics

President of the Chamber of Panel Discussion on Human 18 July Rome http://www.osce.org/ Deputies of Italy Trafficking cthb/103751

FRONTEX Anti-Trafficking Training for Border 9-11 July Lubeck, http://www.frontex.europa.eu/ Guards, Training of National Trainers Germany training/specialised-training

Israel’s Agency for International International Seminar for Judges: 5-8 August Haifa, Israel http://www.unodc.org/unodc/ Cooperation Development (MAS- The Critical Role of the Judiciary en/human-trafficking/2013/ HAV) in co-operation with OSCE, in Combating Trafficking in Human international-seminar-on-the- UNODC, IOM, the Institute of Beings critical-role-of-the-judiciary- Advanced Judicial Studies, and the in-combating-trafficking-in- Israeli Ministry of Justice human-beings.html

The Italian Carabinieri in Partnership European Union Police Services 16-27 September Nairobi http://www.eupst.eu/html/ with the European Police College Training 2011 – 2013 news.html (CEPOL), France, the Netherlands, Romania and Spain

UNFPA National Workshop “International 17-18 September Tashkent http://www.unfpa.org.tm/en/ UNODC standards to ensure the availability pressroom/news/local-news/ and quality of services to protect and unfpa-in-cooperation-with- support victims of human trafficking unodc-with-eu-funding-con- and smuggled migrants” duct-a-series-of-workshops- to-improve-social-services-for- victims-of-human-tr/

66 2013 Annual Report Organizer Title Date Location Link Commission on Security and OSCE Efforts to Combat 17 September Washington http://www.osce.org/ Co-operation in Europe Human Trafficking: Outlook and D.C. cthb/105156 (U.S. Helsinki Commission) Opportunities http://www.csce.gov/indexcfm ?FuseAction=ContentRecords. ViewDetail&ContentRecord_id= 1109&ContentRecordType=P& ContentType=P&CFI

Historians Against Slavery Crossing Boundaries, Making Con- 19-21 September Cincinnati, http://historiansagainstslavery. nections: American Slavery and Anti- USA org/confprogram.htm slavery Now and Then Conference

Austrian Institute for International Round Table on Preventing and 20 September Vienna http://thbregionalinitiativeoiip. Affairs (oiip) Combating Trafficking for Labour wordpress.com/ Exploitation from Theory to Practice – Tackling the Missing Components

European Commission Meeting of the Informal EU 2-3 October Brussels Network of National Rapporteurs or Equivalent Mechanisms

On the Road Violence in Transit Conference 4 October Rome

Unchosen Unchosen Human Trafficking Shorts 8 October London http://www.unchosen.org.uk/ Film Competition Awards Ceremony film-competition.html

French Embassy in Moldova and Regional Conference on Comba- 8–9 October Chisinau http://www.hamogelo.gr/4- the Committee for Combating THB ting Trafficking in Human Beings 2/1696/High-level-Conference- of the Republic of Moldova in South-East Europe: for a better puts-spotlight-on-trafficking protection of children

NATO Combating Trafficking in Human 10 October Ankara Beings / OSCE Perspective

Wilton Park Wilton Park Meeting “Combating 10 October London https://www.wiltonpark.org. Human Trafficking: Business and uk/conference/wp1270/ http:// Human Rights” www.osce.org/cthb/107034

Human Trafficking Foundation Human Trafficking Foundation 15 October London http://www.humantrafficking- Media Awards Ceremony foundation.org/events

Counter Child Trafficking Global Global Online Conference 16-18 October web-based http://counterchildtrafficking. Online Conference org/agenda/maria-grazia/

Caritas Italiana / On the Road EU Anti-Trafficking Day, Punto e 18 October Rome capo sulla tratta, presentazione del 1° Rapporto di ricerca sulla tratta di persone e il grave sfruttamento

Federal Ministry for European and EU-Anti-Trafficking Day, Panel Dis- 21 October Vienna https://www.da-vienna.ac.at/ International Affairs of Austria cussion: Combatting the Trafficking jart/prj3/diplomatische_akade- in Human Beings for the Purpose of mie/main.jart?rel=en&reserve- Labour Exploitation – The National mode=active&content-id=1280 and International Dimension 839495333&veranstaltungsart2 =open&date=2013-10-21

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of International Conference on 25 October Lisbon Portugal Trafficking in Human Beings

Special Services for National European Internal Security and 29-30 October Budapest Security, Hungary and the Geneva Migration Dynamics: Forced and Centre for the Democratic Control Irregular Migration in Schengen and of Armed Forces DCAF Geneva the European Neighbourhood

UNODC Conference of the Parties to the 7-8 November Vienna United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, Wor- king Group on Trafficking in Persons, Side Event on The Right to Effective Remedies for Trafficked Persons, Side Event on THB for the removal of organs

Annexes 67 Organizer Title Date Location Link Aspire. Manufactory of Change Manufactory of Change Seminar 9 November Vienna www.aspire.co.at 2013

FRONTEX Anti-Trafficking Training Border Gu- 19-20 November Madrid ards / Training of National Trainers

The Ministry of Interior of Putting Victims First: Conference on 26–27 November Warsaw http://www.victimsfirst.pl/ the Republic of Poland, Protecting and Promoting the Rights the Governments of Iceland, of Victims of Trafficking Liechtenstein and Norway, the Council of Europe and IOM

University of Vienna Lecture at the Master of Arts in 28 November Vienna Human Rights

House of Commons, Centre for Modern Slavery Bill Evidence Review 2 December London Social Justice, Home Secretary’s Special Adviser on Modern Slavery, Human Trafficking Foundation

UNODC Expert Group Meeting on trafficking 4–5 December Vienna in persons for the purpose of organ removal

68 2013 Annual Report 2 Annexes Addendum to the OSCE Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings: One Decade Later Permanent Council Decision PC.DEC/1107

The Permanent Council, 1.2 Enhancing the criminal justice responses to human traf- Reaﬃrming the relevant OSCE commitments of 2000–2008 and ﬁcking, including the prosecution of traﬃckers and their in particular the 2003 OSCE Action Plan to Combat Traﬃcking accomplices, while ensuring that victims are treated in a in Human Beings, manner that respects their human rights and fundamental freedoms and that they are provided with access to justice, to 3 Recalling the 2011 Vilnius Ministerial Declaration on Comba- legal assistance and to eﬀective remedies and other services ting All Forms of Human Traﬃcking, as applicable.

3 Deeply concerned by the signiﬁcant growth in all forms of 2. Financial investigations traﬃcking in human beings (THB), both transnational and 2.1 Promoting the use of ﬁnancial investigations linked with internal, seriously alarmed by the increase in child traﬃcking, THB-related oﬀences; enhancing the capacity of anti- traﬃcking for the purpose of sexual and labour exploitation, money-laundering authorities and other relevant structures for the removal of organs, forced begging, exploitation in to identify ﬁnancial activities linked to THB; enhancing forced criminality, and reiterating the particular need to take the capacities, where necessary, for tracing, freezing and more vigorous measures against all forms of THB, conﬁscating the instrumentalities and proceeds of THB, in accordance with national law; and considering, where ap- 3 Drawing on best practices developed by the OSCE participa- plicable, using conﬁscated proceeds to fund anti-traﬃcking ting States as well as by relevant international organizations, initiatives and victim support, including the possibility of obtaining compensation. 3 Recognizing the role of relevant NGOs in providing assistance and protection to the victims of traﬃcking in human beings, 3. Promoting transparency and accountability 3.1 Developing, where necessary, and promoting full implemen- 3 Taking note of the High-Level Conference on Strengthening tation of national legislation criminalizing corruption related the OSCE Response to Traﬃcking in Human Beings held in to THB, including by public oﬃcials; Kyiv in June 2013 under the Ukrainian OSCE Chairmanship, 3.2 Taking measures, in this respect, where appropriate, to 3 Decides to adopt the Addendum to the OSCE Action Plan to increase the transparency of investigation and prosecution of Combat Traﬃcking in Human Beings: One Decade Later; to all THB-related cases. attach the Addendum annexed to this decision to the OSCE Action Plan to Combat Traﬃcking in Human Beings as its 4 Capacity-building and training integral part; and to recommend the endorsement of the Ad- 4.1 Promoting regular training courses, as appropriate, in ac- dendum by the Kyiv Ministerial Council. cordance with national legal systems, for oﬃcials mentioned in Chapter III, paragraph 5.1 of the Action Plan to Combat Addendum to the OSCE Action Plan to Combat Traﬃcking in Human Beings, on all recent trends and as- Trafficking in Human Beings: One Decade Later pects of THB, including methods used by traﬃckers to abuse legal process and methods to coerce their victims, the use I. Purpose of the Addendum of the Internet and other information and communication 1. The Addendum complements the Action Plan adopted in technologies (ICTs) for committing THB related crimes, as 2003 and supplemented in 2005, and provides the partici- well as training on the use of ﬁnancial investigation tech- pating States with an updated toolkit to combat all forms of niques linked with THB related cases, and exchange of best traﬃcking in human beings (THB). The Addendum helps to practices. address the current and emerging THB trends and pat- terns, as well as the most pressing challenges related to the Action for OSCE institutions and bodies prosecution of the crime, its prevention, and protection of 1. The Oﬃce of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator traﬃcked persons. for Combating Traﬃcking in Human Beings (OSR/CTHB), in co-ordination with other relevant OSCE executive 2. In its structure the Addendum follows the example of the structures and in accordance with their respective manda- Action Plan by addressing the “three Ps” (Prosecution, Pre- tes, will continue to raise awareness in co-operation with vention and Protection) in three separate sections. In additi- participating States and to promote, upon their request, the on, it is complemented by a new section on Partnerships. exchange of best practices developed by participating States and relevant international organizations in the protection of II. Investigation, law enforcement and prosecution victims and prosecution of THB, including the use of THB- Recommended action at the national level related ﬁnancial investigations and anti-money-laundering 1. Criminalizing and prosecuting all forms of THB measures. 1.1 Taking necessary measures for the criminalization of all 2. Relevant OSCE executive structures, in line with their res- forms of traﬃcking, and for the full implementation of rele- pective mandates and upon the request of the participating vant national legislation; States, will give assistance, where appropriate, in the plan-

Annexes 69 ning and implementing of diﬀerent activities in the sphere of forms of traﬃcking in human beings, in particular for sexual awareness-raising and training in anti-traﬃcking strategies, exploitation of children; in particular in capacity-building for law enforcement eﬀorts 1.12 Promoting policies to raise awareness on THB, including for to prevent and combat THB. the purpose of organ removal, through developing partner- ships with health care and medical professionals, with asso- III. Prevention of trafficking in human beings ciations in the medical profession, with transplant organiza- Recommended action at the national level tions and with relevant NGOs, where necessary, and other 1. Prevention of all forms of traﬃcking relevant mechanisms; and as appropriate, developing in this 1.1 Taking further measures to eliminate discrimination against regard partnership with transplant organizations, promoting women in the ﬁeld of employment and to ensure equal legal organ donation methods/channels. opportunity for men and women for economic participation and equal access to social protection, thereby decreasing 2. Capacity-building and training their vulnerability to THB; 2.1 Encouraging the development and introduction of training 1.2 Promoting targeted awareness-raising and public education in programmes on THB-related issues for: order to ensure respect for the human rights and fundamen- tal freedoms of persons vulnerable to THB. Special attention • Social workers, labour inspectors and other government ser- should be put on children in child institutions/orphanages, vice providers; children in alternative care, runaway youth, unaccom- • Personnel employed by various commercial carriers, in par- panied and separated children, children with disabilities, ticular airline attendants and staﬀ working on other means children belonging to national minorities, children without of transportation by land and sea, aimed at the identiﬁcation any citizenship, children without birth registration, child of traﬃcked persons, as well as the introduction of measures asylum-seekers, refugees and IDPs, and children left behind designed to prevent THB, including co-ordination between by migrating parents; commercial carriers and the State law enforcement agencies or 1.3 Ensuring that all child victims of THB are provided with ac- through other appropriate mechanisms; cess to justice and remedies, including the possibility of ob- • Media professionals, including through modules on the use taining compensation, ensuring the protection of children’s of non-discriminatory language and countering stereotypes rights, promoting access to education and health care for and understanding the impact news reports have on victims of vulnerable children, and developing and implementing the THB while covering THB issues; appropriate programmes and measures taking into conside- • Medical professionals and social welfare services, aimed at ration the best interest of the child; assisting victims of traﬃcking, including victims of THB for the 1.4 Taking measures, where appropriate, to enhance capacities removal of organs as well as on the ethical principles related for monitoring, detecting, investigating and disrupting all to organ transplantation, traﬃcking victim identiﬁcation and forms of traﬃcking in human beings facilitated by ICTs, in trauma suﬀered by victims of traﬃcking; particular by the Internet, including traﬃcking for sexual • Personnel of the tourism and hospitality industry; exploitation; • Personnel of human resources units of private sector 1.5 Strengthening eﬀorts to address the root causes of all forms companies. of traﬃcking in human beings, in line with relevant OSCE commitments; Action for OSCE institutions and bodies 1.6 Considering incorporating, or, as applicable, implemen- 1. The SR/CTHB will continue to make use of country visits to ting, “zero-tolerance” policies or other similar standards in assist participating States, upon their request, in the implemen- government procurement of goods and services; tation of OSCE commitments and support them in the conduct 1.7 Encouraging the private sector, trade unions and relevant of their national anti-traﬃcking measures and activities. The civil society institutions, to promote codes of conduct to SR/CTHB will provide participating States with country visits’ ensure the protection of the human rights and fundamental reports and, upon their request, technical assistance and ex- freedoms of workers throughout the supply chain in order pertise, in co-operation with OSCE ﬁeld operations and other to prevent the exploitative situations that foster traﬃcking in OSCE executive structures, where appropriate. human beings; 2. The relevant OSCE executive structures will update, within 1.8 Encouraging accessible complaint mechanisms and relevant existing resources, the relevant internal regulations to ensure information for workers to enable them to notify the autho- that no activities of the OSCE executive structures, including rities on abusive practices that foster traﬃcking in human contracts for goods and services, contribute to any form of beings, and taking measures to prevent such abuses; THB. 1.9 Promoting clear criteria, in compliance with the national law, 3. The relevant OSCE executive structures will update the for the oﬃcial registration of recruitment and placement relevant internal regulations to ensure that the OSCE person- agencies, and monitoring the activities of such agencies in an nel understand their duties and responsibilities and receive eﬀort to prevent all forms of THB and exploring possibility relevant training, in particular with regard to the employment of removing the recruitement fees charged to employees; of domestic workers. 1.10 Promoting measures to prevent THB for domestic servitude, 4. The OSR/CTHB, in co-operation with relevant OSCE exe- inter alia in diplomatic households, to protect domestic wor- cutive structures, will continue to promote the exchange of kers and inform them of their rights as employees and how best practices aimed at the prevention of THB for domestic to report abuses; ensuring that the victims of THB receive servitude, inter alia in diplomatic households, and protection of relevant assistance regardless of the employer’s status; recog- the victims. nizing the responsibility of the participating States, that their 5. The Gender Section of the Secretariat will, where appropriate, own diplomatic personnel respect local laws, in particular assist participating States, upon their request, with promoting with regard to the employment of domestic workers; gender equality for men and women including through training 1.11 Developing and implementing policies and actions, including and the use of tools for raising public awareness thus contribu- law enforcement co-operation between participating States, ting to the prevention of all forms of THB. to prevent the tourism industry from being used for all 6. The relevant OSCE executive structures, within existing re-

70 2013 Annual Report sources, will propagate the OSCE Action Plan and its Adden- delay, granting temporary or, where applicable, permanent dums in order to raise the proﬁle of THB prevention amongst residence permits to victims of THB, as well as the possibi- the general public, in civil society, and in the government and lity of victims obtaining work permits during their stay and private sectors. raising awareness of such opportunities; 7. The relevant OSCE executive structures will provide assis- 2.4 Providing the safety of immediate family members of foreign tance to the participating States, upon their request and within citizens who have been victims of THB, in cases of criminal existing resources, in the development of training modules for prosecution of traﬃckers, in accordance with national law various stakeholders mentioned in Chapter III, paragraph 2.1. and where appropriate legal framework exists, and/or by 8. The OSR/CTHB, in co-ordination with other relevant OSCE using the existing channels of law enforcement co-operation; executive structures and in accordance with their respective 2.5 Ensuring that the necessary assistance is provided in the mandates, will contribute within available resources to the process of safe return and, through co-operation, where international eﬀorts aimed at providing evidence-based data possible, in the reintegration of former victims of traﬃcking on patterns, forms and ﬂows of THB for which a lack of reliable by the authorities, social services or NGOs, as appropriate, data persist. of the country of origin; 2.6 Taking adequate measures to ensure that, where appropriate, IV. Protection and assistance identiﬁed victims of THB are not penalised for their involve- Recommended action at the national level ment in unlawful activities to the extent that they have been 1. Identiﬁcation and assistance compelled to do so. 1.1 Recommending that relevant State authorities identify individuals as traﬃcked persons, who have suﬀered human Action for OSCE institutions and bodies rights abuses, as soon as there are reasonable grounds to be- 1. The relevant OSCE executive structures will continue, lieve that they have been traﬃcked, and, in accordance with within existing resources, to promote a comprehensive, national law, ensure that victims of THB are provided with including human rights-based, approach in the best interest assistance even before the investigation is initiated; ensuring of the victim to combating all forms of THB and will assist that this assistance is not made conditional on the victim’s participating States, upon their request, in the implemen- willingness to participate in legal proceedings, without tation of relevant commitments, taking into account the prejudice to the national regulations on the conditions of the United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish residence of the victim in the territory of the State; Traﬃcking in Persons, especially Women and Children, the 1.2 Taking appropriate measures, in accordance with national United Nations Global Plan of Action to Combat Traﬃcking legislation, so that relevant NGOs, trade unions and social in Persons, and, where appropriate, the Council of Europe welfare services, through a National Referral Mechanism Convention on Action against Traﬃcking in Human Beings. (NRM) or other relevant structures, may initiate referrals for 2. The TNTD/SPMU will facilitate, within existing resources, the assistance of victims of all forms of traﬃcking, regardless the exchange of best practices developed in the participating of their nationality, and co-operate with relevant authorities States regarding the protection of witnesses and traﬃcked by providing information in the victims of THB identiﬁca- persons before, during and after criminal proceedings. tion process; 3. The Oﬃce for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights 1.3 Ensuring that the process for decisions regarding all referrals (ODIHR), within existing resources, will collect and provide of the victims of traﬃcking is fair, transparent and respects participating States with relevant information on best the human rights and fundamental freedoms of the victims, practices related to identiﬁcation, assistance to and return of and that the decisions can be reviewed, in compliance with traﬃcked persons to the countries of origin. national law; 1.4 Facilitating, where appropriate, simpliﬁed procedures for V. Partnerships relevant NGOs to obtain permits from the competent Recommended action at the national level authorities to access State facilities, including social service 1. Acknowledging that while the primary responsibility for and immigration reception centres, prisons and detention fa- combating and preventing traﬃcking in human beings rests cilities, to contribute to the timely identiﬁcation of traﬃcked with participating States, the link of this phenomenon to persons; transnational organized crime requires co-operation at the 1.5 Enhancing the capacity of police, social workers and other international and regional level, involving the private sector public authorities who may come in contact with children and relevant NGOs. and other individuals traﬃcked and exploited in forced 2. Enlarging, where appropriate, multi-disciplinary partnership and organized begging to ensure prompt response to their in the framework of NRMs, such as national co-ordinator/ particular needs, with the objective to immediately remove, co-ordination mechanisms or other national structures, to where possible, victims from harmful and exploitative situa- facilitate dialogue and co-operation between public autho- tions. rities, NGOs, trade unions and other relevant institutions engaged in anti-discrimination programmes and protec- 2. Access to justice and appropriate remedies tion of the rights of women, children, members of ethnic, 2.1 Facilitating access for victims of traﬃcking, on an individual national and religious minorities, and migrants to contribute basis, to relevant legal counselling and legal assistance in or- to the identiﬁcation of traﬃcked persons and advance the der to enable them, in accordance with national laws, to use protection of the rights of potential, presumed and actual the opportunities of obtaining appropriate remedies, inclu- victims of THB. ding compensation for material and moral damage suﬀered; 3. Strengthening international co-operation between NRMs or 2.2 Establishing, where necessary, or facilitating access of victims other relevant national structures and continuing to work of THB, regardless of their legal status or nationality, to a towards an enhanced comprehensive and co-ordinated State compensation fund or other relevant mechanisms in approach to prevent and combat traﬃcking in THB and to accordance with national law; protect and assist victims of traﬃcking in cross border cases 2.3 Recognizing the need of victims of THB to have adequate through the appropriate national and international mecha- time to recover from trauma, and providing, in conformity nisms. with domestic law and international obligations, a reﬂection

Annexes 71 4. Encouraging co-operation between law enforcement autho- ning human tissue and cells. This reduces the eﬀectiveness of rities, other relevant State structures and the private sector the eﬀorts by OSCE participating States to confront new chal- to combat THB-related money-laundering activities. lenges and threats, develop appropriate policies and identify 5. Strengthening international co-operation between relevant suitable ways of reacting. agencies in countries of origin, transit and destination, including the OSCE Asian and Mediterranean Partners for 3 The Russian Federation is of the opinion that in combating all Co-operation, in compliance with the provisions of OSCE forms of traﬃcking in human beings the OSCE should give Ministerial Council Decision No. 5/11 “Partners for Co- due attention to the investigation, collection of information operation”, and in particular by establishing joint investigati- and exchange of eﬀective experience in preventing traﬃcking on teams, where appropriate. for the purpose of obtaining human tissues and cells. 6. Encouraging the private sector, including the banking sector, credit card companies, ICT companies and Internet service 3 We are also of the opinion that in preventing traﬃcking in providers, to contribute to the prevention of all forms of human beings additional vigorous measures are needed to THB and disrupting traﬃcking networks, inter alia, by pro- eliminate the demand for “human traﬃc” in countries that are viding THB-related information to the relevant authorities, main recipients of this traﬃc. and encouraging private legal sector entities to provide legal assistance to victims of THB, as applicable. 3 We request that this statement be attached to the Permanent Council decision and to the journal of the today’s meeting of Action for OSCE institutions and bodies the Permanent Council.” 1. The SR/CTHB will continue, within the existing mandate and resources, to strengthen the work of the Alliance against Interpretative statement under paragraph iv.1(a)6 of the Traﬃcking in Persons as a framework for the dedicated co- rules of procedure of the organization for security and operation of relevant major international organizations and co-operation in Europe NGOs. 2. The SR/CTHB will further promote and facilitate, within By the delegation of the Holy See: existing resources, all forms of co-operation among OSCE 3 “The consensual adoption of the Addendum to the ‘OSCE participating States, including at the bilateral and regional Action Plan to Combat Traﬃcking in Human Beings: One level, where appropriate, and collaboration with major inter- Decade Later’ does not mean that non-consensual publica- national bodies and entities engaged in combating traﬃcking tions or tools mentioned in the text are oﬃcial documents in human beings, as well as relevant NGOs. of the Organization. Therefore, they must not be considered 3. The SR/CTHB will further engage, within existing resources, endorsed by all participating States. in action-oriented co-operation with the Mediterranean and Asian Partners, in view of preventing all forms of traﬃcking 3 According to the above mentioned, the Holy See expresses its in human beings, of protecting victims of traﬃcking and reservation in regards to Article 5 under Chapter III entitled of contributing to better prosecution against traﬃckers in ‘Prevention of Traﬃcking in Human Beings’, subtitle ‘Actions countries of origin, transit and destination. for Institutions and Bodies’ and does not agree with each single tool or all their parts developed or used by the Gender Interpretative statement under paragraph iv.1(a)6 of the Section of the OSCE Secretariat.” rules of procedure of the organization for security and co-operation in Europe Interpretative statement under paragraph iv.1(a)6 of the rules of procedure of the organization for security and By the delegation of the Russian Federation: co-operation in Europe 3 “We join in the consensus concerning the Permanent Council decision on the Addendum to the OSCE Action Plan to By the delegation of the Republic of Azerbaijan: Combat Traﬃcking in Human Beings: One Decade Later and 3 “In connection with the Permanent Council decision adopted should like to make the following comments. on combating traﬃcking in human beings and in accordance with paragraph IV.1(A)6 of the Rules of Procedure of the 3 Traﬃcking in human beings for the purpose of sexual or OSCE, I would like to make the following interpretative state- labour exploitation, including traﬃcking in children and traf- ment: ﬁcking for the purpose of obtaining organs, tissues and cells, has taken on global proportions. A comprehensive approach is 3 Agreement achieved on PC decision on “Addendum to the required to combat this threat, including preventive measures, OSCE Action Plan to Combat Traﬃcking in Human Beings: eﬀective crime investigation, prosecution of the perpetrators, One Decade Later” required considerable eﬀorts and serious protection of victims and establishment of socio-economic concessions by some delegations, including by the delegation conditions that would make it impossible for traﬃcking in of Azerbaijan. human beings to take place. 3 In joining the consensus on this decision, the delegation of 3 We note that the draft Addendum to the Action Plan to Com- Azerbaijan emphasizes that, under Section III, paragraph 1.5 bat Traﬃcking in Human Beings will make it possible to broa- of the decision, while mentioning “root causes of all forms of den the scope of the OSCE’s commitments in this area, in the traﬃcking in human beings” the Republic of Azerbaijan refers ﬁrst instance with respect to combating forms of traﬃcking to the PC Decision No. 557, dated 24 July 2003 on “OSCE Ac- that involve sexual exploitation, including the exploitation of tion Plan to Combat Traﬃcking in Human Beings” which enu- children, and traﬃcking in human beings for the purpose of merates the agreed deﬁnition of the root causes of traﬃcking obtaining organs. in human beings inter alia as follows: poverty, weak social and economic structures, lack of employment opportunities 3 At the same time, it is regrettable that the decision does not and equal opportunities in general, violence against women reﬂect some new forms of traﬃcking that present a real threat and children, discrimination based on sex, race and ethnici- to health and life, notably traﬃcking for the purpose of obtai- ty, corruption, unresolved conﬂicts, post-conﬂict situations,

72 2013 Annual Report illegal migration and the demand for sexual exploitation and inexpensive, socially unprotected and often illegal labour.

3 I request that this statement be attached to the Permanent Council decision adopted and included in the journal of today’s meeting”.

Interpretative statement under paragraph iv.1(a)6 of the rules of procedure of the organization for security and co-operation in Europe

By the delegation of Armenia: “Mr. Chairperson, 3 Upon adoption of the Permanent Council decision on the Addendum to the OSCE Action Plan to Combat Traﬃcking in Human Beings the delegation of the Republic of Armenia would like to state the following:

3 Armenia considers root causes of traﬃcking mentioned in the decade long documents non-inclusive and not entirely reﬂecti- ve of the current realities particularly in the light of new forms of human rights violation and lack of rule of law.

3 The factual evidence of the last ten years does not suggest that the unresolved conﬂicts contribute to the traﬃcking in human beings in our region.

3 This decision tasks the SR/CTHB to promote bilateral and regional co-operation on THB-related issues. We see that the contribution of SR/CTHB can be particularly useful in addres- sing co-operation among those countries that do not have consular representation.

3 We would like to request that this interpretative statement be attached to this decision and included in the journal of the Permanent Council.

Thank you.”

Annexes 73 3 Annexes References

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Purpose of Domestic Servitude, Occasional International Labour Organization (ILO), Paper Series no. 4 (Vienna, December 2010). Private Employment Agencies Convention, International Labour Organization (ILO), C181 (1997). United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and OSCE Gender Section, WOMEN’S ECONO- UN Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking MIC EMPOWERMENT - Trends & International Labour Organization (ILO), (UN.GIFT), Training manual to fight trafficking Good Practices on Women’s Entrepreneur- Private Employment Agencies Recommenda- in children for labour, sexual and other forms ship in the OSCE Region (Vienna, December tion, R188 (1997). of exploitation (Geneva, 2009). 2010). International Labour Organization (ILO), International Labour Organization (ILO), La- OSCE Gender Section, The Gender Monitor, Declaration on Fundamental Principles and bour inspection in Europe: undeclared work, Issue No. 4 (May 2011), <http://www.osce. Rights at Work and its Follow up (1998). migration, trafficking (Geneva, 2010). org/gender/77399>. International Labour Organization (ILO), Worst International Labour Organization (ILO), OSCE Gender Section, MENDING INEQUALI- Forms of Child Labour Convention, C182 Concealed chains: Labour exploitation and TIES. Men and Gender Equality in (1999). Chinese migrants in Europe, Gao, Y. (Geneva, the OSCE Region (Vienna, June 2011). 2010). International Labour Office (ILO), Decent work OSCE Strategic Police Matters Unit (SPMU), and the informal economy (Geneva, 2002). International Labour Organization (ILO), Trafficking in Human Beings: Identification of Convention Concerning Decent Work for Potential and Presumed Victims. A Commu- International Labour Office (ILO), Trafficking Domestic Workers (June 2011). nity Policing Approach, SPMU Publication for Labour and Sexual Exploitation in Germa- Series Vol. 10 (Vienna, June 2011). ny, Cyrus, N. (Geneva, 2005). International Labour Organization (ILO), International Programme on the Elimination OSCE Office of the Special Representative International Labour Office (ILO), A Global of Child Labour (IPEC), IPEC Action against and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Alliance against Forced Labour (Geneva, child labour: Highlights 2010 (Geneva, 2011). Human Beings (OSR/CTHB), Combating Traf- 2005). ficking as Modern-Day Slavery: A Matter of International Labour Organization (ILO), Non-Discrimination and Empowerment. 2012 International Labour Office (ILO), Multilateral Equality at Work: The Continuing Challenge Annual Report of the Special Representative Framework on Labour Migration (Geneva, (Geneva, 2011). and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in 2006). Human Beings (Vienna, December 2012). International Labour Organization (ILO), International Labour Office (ILO), Trafficking Ending Child Labour in Domestic Work and OSCE Office of the Special Representative for forced labour - how to monitor the recruit- Protecting Young Workers from Abusive Wor- and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in ment of migrant workers (Geneva, 2006). king Conditions (Geneva, 2013). Human Beings (OSR/CTHB) in consultation with the Alliance against Trafficking in Persons International Labour Office (ILO), Guide to Pri- United Nations (UN), Universal Declaration of Expert Co-ordination Team, Policy and legis- vate Employment Agencies (Geneva, 2007). Human Rights (10 December 1948). lative recommendations towards the effective implementation of the non-punishment International Labour Office (ILO), ILO Action United Nations (UN), Convention relating to provision with regard to victims of trafficking against Trafficking in Human Beings (Geneva, the Status of Refugees (28 July 1951). (Vienna, April 2013). 2008). United Nations (UN), International Convention OSCE Office of the Special Representative International Labour Organization (ILO), on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Discrimination (21 December 1965). in Human Beings (OSR/CTHB) in partnership Globalization (Geneva, 2008). with the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Human United Nations (UN), International Covenant Rights and the Helen Bamber Foundation, International Labour Office (ILO), Human Traf- on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Trafficking in human beings amounting to ficking and Forced Labour - Case studies (16 December 1966). torture and other forms of ill-treatment, Occa- and responses from Portugal, Pereira, sional Paper Series no. 5 (Vienna, June 2013). S.,Vasconcelos, J. (Geneva, 2008). United Nations (UN), Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees, A/RES/2198 OSCE Office of the Special Representative International Labour Office (ILO), Forced (16 December 1966). and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in labour and trafficking in Europe: how people Human Beings, Trafficking for the purpose of are trapped in, live through and come out, United Nations (UN), Optional Protocol to the Organ Removal, Occasional Paper Series no. Andrees, B. (Geneva, 2008). International Covenant on Civil and Political 6 (Vienna, July 2013). Rights, No.14668 (19 December 1966).

Annexes 75 United Nations (UN), Convention on the cial and cultural rights” (art. 2, para. 2, of the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination International Covenant on Economic, Social Implementation Handbook for the Convention against Women (18 December 1979). and Cultural Rights) (May 2009). on the Rights of the Child (Geneva, 2008).

United Nations (UN), Convention against United Nations Committee on the Elimination United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or of Racial Discrimination, General Recom- Risks and Realities of Child Trafficking and Degrading Treatment or Punishment (10 mendation No. 30 “Discrimination against Exploitation in Central Asia (UNICEF Regional December 1984). non-citizens” (2004). Office for CEE/CIS, Geneva, 2009)

United Nations (UN), Convention on the United Nations Committee on the Elimination United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Rights of the Child (20 November 1989). of Discrimination Against Women, General (UNODC), Toolkit to Combat Trafficking in recommendation No. 26 on women migrant Persons (Vienna, 2008). United Nations (UN), International Convention workers, CEDAW/C/2009/WP.1/R (5 Decem- on the Protection of the Rights of Migrant ber 2008). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Workers and Their Families (18 December (UNODC), Globalization of Crime. A Transna- 1990). United Nations Economic and Social Council, tional Organized Crime Threat Assessment Specific Groups and Individuals: Minorities – (Vienna, 2010). United Nations (UN), United Nations Conven- Report of the independent expert on minority tion against Transnational Organized issues, Gay McDougall, 62nd Session, Item United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Crime (15 November 2000). 14(b) (2006). (UNODC), Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2012 (Vienna, 2012). United Nations (UN), United Nations Protocol UN Office of the High Commissioner for to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking Human Rights (OHCHR), Recommended United Nations World Health Organization in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights (WHO), London School of Hygiene and Supplementing the United Nations Conventi- and Human Trafficking (2002). Tropical Medicine and Daphne Programme of on against Transnational Organized Crime (15 the European Commission, WHO ethical November 2000). UN Human Rights Council, Report of the and safety recommendations for interviewing Special Rapporteur on torture and other trafficked women (Geneva, 2003). United Nations Division for the Advancement cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or of Women et al., Gender and racial discrimi- punishment, Manfred Nowak, A/HRC/7/3 (15 Council of Europe nation - Report of the Expert Group Meeting January 2008). (Zagreb, 21-24 November 2000). Council of Europe (CoE), Convention on the UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Compensation of Victims of Violent Crimes, United Nations (UN), Optional Protocol to the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, CETS No. 116 (1983). Convention on the Rights of the Child on the especially women and children, Joy Ngozi sale of children, child prostitution and child Ezeilo, A/HRC/17/35 (13 April 2011). Council of Europe (CoE), Convention on pornography, A/RES/54/263 (25 May 2000). Action against Trafficking in Human Beings, United Nations High Commissioner for Refu- CETS No. 197 (Warsaw, 16 May 2005). United Nations, Review of Reports, Studies gees (UNHCR), Guidelines on Determining and other Documentation for the Prepara- the Best Interests of the Child (Geneva, Council of Europe (CoE): Commissioner for tory Committee and the World Conference 2008). Human Rights, Follow-up Report on Cyprus [against Racism, Racial Discrimination, (2003 - 2005) - Assessment of the Progress Xenophobia and Related Intolerance], A/ United Nations High Commissioner for Refu- Made in Implementing the Recommendations CONF.189/PC.3/5 (27 July 2001). gees (UNHCR), The Identification and of the Council of Europe Commissioner for Referral of Trafficked Persons to Procedu- Human Rights, CommDH (2006)12 (29 March United Nations (UN), Report of the Special res for Determining International Protection 2006). Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants, Needs (Geneva, 2009). Jorge Bustamante, A/65/222 (4 August Council of Europe (CoE): Commissioner for 2010). United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Europe must respect the Refugees (UNHCR), Trees only move in the rights of migrants, Thomas Hammarberg, United Nations (UN), Resolution Global Plan wind: A study of unaccompanied Afghan CommDH/ Speech (2009)7 (September of Action to Combat Trafficking in Persons: children in Europe (Geneva, 2010). 2009). resolution / adopted by the General Assem- bly, A/RES/64/293 (12 August 2010). UN Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking Council of Europe (CoE): Commissioner for (UN.GIFT), Combating trafficking in children Human Rights, Criminalisation of Migration in United Nations (UN) Committee on the Rights for labour exploitation: A resource kit for poli- Europe: Human Rights Implications (February of the Child (CRC), CRC General Comment cymakers and practitioners (Geneva, 2008). 2010). No. 6 (2005): Treatment of Unaccompanied and Separated Children outside their Country United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), of Origin, CRC/GC/2005/6 (1 September Inter-parliamentary Union (IPU), Combating Case of Rantsev v. Cyprus and Russia, 2005). child trafficking: Manual for parliamentarians Application no. 25965/04 (Strasbourg, 7 (New York, 2005). January 2010). United Nations (UN) Committee on the Rights of the Child, CRC General Comment No. 7: United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Council of Europe (CoE), Combating Discri- Implementing child rights in early childhood Reference Guide on Protecting the Rights of mination on Grounds of Sexual Orientation or (2005). Child Victims of Trafficking in Europe (Geneva, Gender Identity (Strasbourg, 2011). 2006). United Nations (UN) Committee on the Rights European Union of the Child, CRC General Comment No. 12: United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), The right of the child to be heard (2009). Guidelines on the Protection of Child Victims European Union (EU), Directive 96/71/EC of of Trafficking (New York, 2006). the European Parliament and of the Council United Nations (UN) Committee on Economic, of 16 December 1996 concerning the posting Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, Child of workers in the framework of the provision No. 20 “Non-discrimination in economic, so- Trafficking in Europe: A Broad Vision to Put of services (16 December 1996), in Official Children First (Florence, 2008). Journal L 018, 21/01/1997.

76 2013 Annual Report European Union (EU), Charter of Fundamen- Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), (UN.GIFT), London School of Hygiene & tal Rights of the European Union (2000/C Programme of Co-operation to Combat Tropical Medicine, Caring for trafficked per- 364/01) (18 December 2000). Trafficking in Human Beings 2011-2013 sons: Guidance for health providers (Geneva, (2010). 2009). European Union (EU), Council Directive 2004/80/EC of 29 April 2004 relating to ICMPD International Organization for Migration (IOM), compensation to crime victims (6 August Taking Action against Violence and Discri- 2004), in Official Journal L 261/15, 6/8/2004. International Centre for Migration Policy mination Affecting Migrant Women and Girls Development (ICMPD), Guidelines for the (Geneva, 2013). European Union (EU): Council of the Euro- Development and Implementation of a pean Union, Council Framework Decision Comprehensive National Anti-Trafficking International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2001/220/ JHA on the Standing of Victims Response (Vienna, 2006). Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Measures in Criminal Proceedings (15 March 2001), in for Integration of Trafficked Persons (Paris, Official Journal L 82/1, 23/3/2001. International Centre for Migration Policy Deve- 2013). lopment (ICMPD), Anti-Trafficking Training European Union (EU), Directive 2009/52/ Material for Judges and Prosecutors in EU Other Sources EC of the European Parliament and of the Member States and Accession and Candi- Council of 18 June 2009 providing for mini- date Countries. Background Reader (Vienna, ACCEM, La Trata de Personas con Fines mum standards on sanctions and measures 2006). de Explotación Laboral. Un estudio de against employers of illegally staying third- aproximación a la realidad en España country nationals (18 June 2009), in Official International Centre for Migration Policy (Madrid, 2006). Journal L 168/24, 30/6/2009. Development (ICMPD), Anti-Trafficking Training Material for Frontline Law Enforce- Accompagnement, Lieu d’accueil, Carrefour European Union (EU), Directive 2011/36/ ment Officers (Vienna, 2006). educatif et social (ALC), Feed-back: La EU of the European Parliament and of the perception des modèles d’assistance et de Council of 5 April 2011 on preventing and International Centre for Migration Policy protection de la part des victimes de la traite combating trafficking in human beings and Development (ICMPD), Listening to Victims. qui en bénéficient (Nice, 2008). protecting its victims, and replacing Council Experiences of identification, return and Framework Decision 2002/629/JHA (5 April assistance in South-Eastern Europe AIM for human rights et al., The RighT Guide. 2011), in Official Journal L 101, 15/04/2011. (Vienna, 2007). A tool to assess the human rights impact of anti-trafficking policies (The Netherlands, European Commission, Report of the Experts International Centre for Migration Policy 2010). Group on Trafficking in Human Beings Development (ICMPD), Guidelines for the (Brussels, 2004). Development of a Transnational Referral B. Anderson, J. O’Connell Davidson, Is Mechanism for Trafficked Persons in Europe: Trafficking in Human Beings Demand Driven? European Commission, Measuring Respon- TRM-EU (Vienna, 2010). A Multi-Country Pilot Study, IOM Migration ses to Trafficking in Human Beings in the Research Series No. 15 (Geneva, 2003). European Union: An Assessment Manual, International Centre for Migration Policy Deve- Dottridge, M. (Brussels, 2007). lopment (ICMPD), Study on Post- Trafficking Anti-Slavery International, Kalayaan, Britain’s Experiences in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Secret Slaves, An Investigation into the Plight European Commission Directorate-General Italy and Portugal (Vienna, 2010). of Overseas Domestic Workers in the United for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Op- Kingdom, Anderson, B. (London, 1993). portunities, Tackling Multiple Discrimination: International Centre for Migration Policy Deve- Practices, policies and laws (2007) lopment (ICMPD), Transatlantic Journeys.An Anti-Slavery International et al., Protocol for Exploratory Research on Human Trafficking Identification and Assistance to Trafficked European Union Agency for Fundamental from Brazil to Italy and Portugal (Vienna, Persons and Training Kit (London, 2005). Rights (EU FRA), Child Trafficking in the 2011). European Union. Challenges, perspectives Anti-Slavery International, Trafficking for and good practices (Vienna, July 2009). International Centre for Migration Policy Forced Labour in Europe. Report on a study Development (ICMPD), Stepping Up the Fight in the UK, Ireland, the Czech Republic and European Union Agency for Fundamental against Trafficking for Labour Exploitation Portugal (London, 2006). Rights (EU FRA), Migrants in an irregular (Vienna, 2013). situation employed in domestic work: Anti-Slavery International, Opportunities and Fundamental rights challenges for the IOM Obstacles: Ensuring access to compensation European Union and its Member States for trafficked persons in the UK (London, (Vienna, July 2011). International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2009). Direct Assistance for Victims of Trafficking European Union Agency for Fundamental (Geneva, 2007). Anti-Slavery International, Transparency Inter- Rights (EU FRA), Handbook on European national, United Nations Office on Drugs Non-Discrimination Law (Luxembourg 2010). International Organization for Migration (IOM), and Crime (UNODC), The Role of Corruption Handbook on performance indicators for in Trafficking in Persons (November 2009). Europol, Trafficking in Human Beings in the counter-trafficking projects. A handbook for European Union (The Hague, 1 September project managers, developers, implementers, Anti-Trafficking Monitoring Group, Wrong kind 2011). evaluators and donors working to counter of victim? - One year on: an analysis of UK trafficking in persons (Geneva, 2008). measures to protect trafficked persons (June Europol, Children Trafficked and Exploited 2010). inside Europe by Criminal Gangs (The Hague, International Organization for Migration (IOM), 11 January 2011). Trafficking of men – a trend less considered: Anti-Trafficking Monitoring Group, All Change The case of Belarus and Ukraine, Surtees, R. – Preventing Trafficking in the UK (April 2012). CIS (Geneva, 2008). Association for Women’s Rights in Develop- ment (AWID), “Intersectionality: A Tool for Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), International Organization for Migration (IOM), Gender and Economic Justice”, in Women’s Model Law on Providing Assistance to the UN Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking Rights and Economic Change, No. 9 (August Victims of Trafficking (2008). 2004).

Annexes 77 ASTRA, Manual for Work on SOS Hotline for Council of the Baltic Sea States Child Centre, German Institute for Human Rights, Domestic (Potential) Victims of Human Trafficking Expert group for Cooperation on Children Workers in Diplomats’ Households. Rights (Belgrade, 2009). at Risk, Children trafficked for Exploitation in Violations and Access to Justice in the Begging and Criminality (2013). Context of Diplomatic Immunity, Kartusch, A. ASTRA, Human Trafficking – Trauma and (Berlin, 2011). Psychotherapy – Collection of paper Crenshaw, K., “Demarginalizing the Intersec- (Belgrade, 2013). tion of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Cri- Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women tique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist (GAATW), Collateral Damage. The Impact of Young Women Christian Association of Theory and Antiracist Politics”, in University of Anti-Trafficking Measures on Human Rights Belarus (BYWCA), La Strada Belarus, Chicago Legal Forum (1989). around the World (Bangkok, 2007). Compensation for trafficked persons in the Republic of Belarus (Minsk, 2010). Crenshaw, K., “Mapping the Margins: Inter- Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women sectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence (GAATW), Feeling good about feeling bad… Box, H., “Human Trafficking and Minorities: against Women of Color”, Stanford Law A global review of evaluation in anti-trafficking Vulnerability Compounded by Discrimination”, Review, Vol. 43, No. 6 (1991). initiatives (Bangkok, 2010). in Topical Research Digest: Minority Rights, University of Denver (2012). Equality and Human Rights Commission, In- Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking quiry into recruitment and employment in the in Human Beings (GRETA), Report concer- Breen, C., Age Discrimination and Children’s meat and poultry processing sector (London, ning the implementation of the Council of Eu- Rights: Ensuring Equality and Acknowledging 2010). rope Convention on Action against Trafficking Difference (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers: Leiden in Human Beings by Cyprus, First evaluation 2006). European NGOs Observatory on Trafficking, round, GRETA (2011)8 (12 September 2011). Exploitation and Slavery (E-notes) et al., Brunovskis, A., Surtees, R., Out of Sight? Ap- Report on the implementation of anti-traf- Haugen, G., Boutros, V., And Justice for All: proaches and challenges in the identification ficking policies and interventions in the Enforcing Human Rights for the World’s Poor, of Trafficked Persons, FAFO, Nexus Institute 27 EU Member States from a human rights Foreign Affairs, Volume 89, Number 3 (Coun- (2012). perspective (2008 and 2009) (Litografica cil on Foreign Relations: May/June, 2010). COM: Fermo, 2011). Brunovskis, A., Balancing Protection and International Commission of Jurists, Prosecution in anti-trafficking polices, FAFO, European Institute for Crime Prevention and Yogyakarta Principles - Principles on the Nordic Council of Ministers (2012). Control (Heuni), Trafficking for Forced Labour application of international human rights law and Labour Exploitation in Finland, Poland in relation to sexual orientation and gender Carchedi, F., Schiavitù di ritorno. Il fenomeno and Estonia, Jokinen, A., Ollus, N., Aromaa, identity (2007). del lavoro gravemente sfruttato: le vittime, K.(Helsinki, 2011). i servizi di protezione, i percorsi di uscita, il International Trade Union Confederation quadro normative (Maggioli Editori: European Network against Racism (ENAR), (ITUC), Never work alone. Trade Unions and Sant’Arcangelo di Romagna, 2010). European Women’s Lobby (EWL), Platform for NGOs joining forces to combat forced labour International Cooperation on Undocumented and trafficking in Europe (Brussels, 2011). Central America Women’s Network (CAWN), Migrants (PICUM) and SOLIDAR, Employers’ Exploitation and trafficking of women. Criti- sanctions directive: Migrant workers, not La Strada Express, Reintegration Plan for quing narratives during the London Olympics employers, will pay the price of their Victims of Trafficking in Human Beings. Good 2012 (London, 2013). exploitation (February 2009). Practice and Recommendations (Chisinau, 2008). Child Rights Information Network (CRIN), European Roma Rights Centre, Breaking the Discrimination: Global report on laws protec- Silence: Trafficking in Romani Communities La Strada International, Feasibility and ting children from age discrimination (London, (Budapest, 2011). Assessment Study on a European Hotline 2009). for Victims of Trafficking in Human Beings Financial Action Task Force (FAFT), Grouped’ (Amsterdam, 2009). Child Rights Information Network (CRIN), action financiere (GAFI), Money Laundering Guide to Non-Discrimination and the CRC Risks Arising from Trafficking in Human La Strada Moldova, The Practical Guide to (London 2009). Beings and the Smuggling of Migrants (July Telephone-Based Counselling (Chisinau, 2011). 2008). Churches’ Commission for Migrants in Euro- pe (CCME), Combating Trafficking for Forced Fredman, S., “Double Trouble: Multiple Makkonen, T., Multiple, Compound and In- Labour in Europe, Moritz, T., Tsourdi, L. Discrimination and EU Law”, in European tersectional Discrimination: Bringing the Expe- (Brussels, 2011). Anti-Discrimination Law Review, Issue No. 2 riences of the Most Marginalized to the Fore, (2005). Institute for Human Rights, Abo Akademi CLANDESTINO Project, Undocumented University (2002). Migration: Counting the Uncountable. Data Friesendorf, C., Strategies against Human and Trends across Europe - Final Report Trafficking: The Role of the Security Sector, Migrants Rights Centre Ireland (MRCI), (2009). (Vienna and Geneva, September 2009). The Mushroom Workers Support Group, Harvesting Justice. Mushroom Workers Call Committee on the Rights of the Child, Report Gallagher, A., Pearson, E., Detention of Traf- for Change (Dublin, 2006). on the Twenty-ninth Session (January/Febru- ficked Persons in Shelters: A Legal and Policy ary 2002). Analysis, AusAID (2008). Migrants Rights Centre Ireland (MRCI), Trafficking for Forced Labour in Ireland and Contemporary Slavery Research Centre Gallagher, A., The International Law of the United Kingdom: Issues and Emerging (CRSC), The Wilberforce Institute for the Trafficking (Cambridge University Press: Good Practice (Dublin, 2010). Study of Slavery and Emancipation, University Cambridge, 2010). of Hull, Forced labour in the UK and the Nexus Institute, King Baudouin Foundation, Gangmasters Licensing Authority, Wilkinson German Institute for Human Rights, Human Re/integration of trafficking persons: M., Craig G., Gaus, A. (2010). trafficking in Germany: Strengthening Victim’s developing monitoring and evaluation mecha- Human Rights, Follmar-Otto, P., Rabe, H. nisms (Brussels and Washington, 2009). (Berlin, 2009).

78 2013 Annual Report Nexus Institute, King Baudouin Foundation, Separated Children in Europe Programme Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Internationale Zu- (SCEP), Position Paper on Age Assessment in sammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Ethical Principles the Context of Separated Children in Europe in the re/integration of trafficked persons. (2012). Experiences from the Balkans (Brussels and Washington, 2013). Terre des hommes, European Commission, In pursuit of good practice in responses to child Oak Foundation, Terre des hommes, United trafficking: Experiences from Latin America, Nations Children’s Found (UNICEF), The Southeast Europe and Southeast Asia, trafficking of Albanian children in Greece Dottridge, M. (The Netherlands, 2010). (Lausanne, 2003). Terre des hommes, Exploring methods to Oliva, D., La Tratta delle Persone in Italia. protect children on the move. A handbook Vol. 4. La Valutazione delle Politiche, degli for organisations wanting to prevent child Interventi, dei Servizi (Franco Angeli: Milano, trafficking, exploitation and the worst forms of 2008). child labour, Dottridge, M. (The Netherlands, 2011) Patel, P., Notes on Gender and Racial Discrimination: An urgent need to integrate Tomaševski, K., Human Rights Obligations: an intersectional perspective to the examina- Making Education Available, Accessible, tion and development of policies, strategies Acceptable and Adaptable, Raoul Wallenberg and remedies for gender and racial equality Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian (2000). Law (Lund, 2001).

Piotrowicz, R., States’ Obligations under United States Agency for International Human Rights Law Towards Victims of Traf- Development (USAID), Methods and Models ficking in Human Beings: Positive Develop- for Mixing Services for Victims of Domestic ments in Positive Obligations, International Violence and Trafficking in Persons in Europe Journal of Refugee Law (2012). and Eurasia (December 2008).

Platform for International Cooperation on United States Agency for International Deve- Undocumented Migrants (PICUM), Undocu- lopment (USAID), Trafficking of Adult Men in mented Children in Europe: Invisible Victims the Europe and Eurasia Region, Rosenberg, of Immigration Restrictions (Brussels, 2008). R. (September 2010).

Platform for International Cooperation on U.S. Department of State, Trafficking in Per- Undocumented Migrants (PICUM), Strategies sons Report 2010 (June 2010). to End Double Violence Against Undocumen- ted Women. Protecting Rights and Ensuring U.S. Department of State, Trafficking in Per- Justice (Brussels, 2012). sons Report 2011 (June 2011).

Project Mario, Vulnerability to exploitation U.S. Department of State, Trafficking in Per- and trafficking of Bulgarian children and sons Report 2012 (June 2012). adolescents in Greece. A case study of street based survival strategies in Thessaloniki, U.S. Department of State, Trafficking in Per- Invernizzi, A. (Budapest, 2011). sons Report 2013 (June 2013).

Raffaelli, R., The European Approach to the Woolfson, C., Thornqvist, C. and Herzfeld Protection of Trafficking Victims: The Council Olsson, P., Forced Labour in Sweden? The of Europe Convention, the EU Directive, and Case of Migrant Berry Pickers. A Report to the Italian Experience, 10 German Law Jour- the Council of Baltic Sea States Task Force nal 205-222 (2009). on Trafficking in Human Beings: Forced Labour Exploitation and Counter Trafficking in Ravnbø, C.I., Intersectional Discrimination the Baltic Sea Region (2010). against Children: Discrimination against Ro- mani Children and Anti-Trafficking Measures Young Equals, Making the case: why children to Address Child Trafficking, UNICEF Inno- should be protected from age discrimination centi Research Centre (Florence, 2009). and how it can be done. Proposals for the Equality Bill (London 2009). Rijken, C., Combating Trafficking in Human Beings for Labour Exploitation (Wolf Legal Zimmerman, C. et al., London School of Publishers: Nijmegen, 2011). Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, The Health of Trafficked Women: A Survey of Women Save the Children, Demystifying Non-discrimi- Entering Posttrafficking Services in Europe, nation Effective Child Rights Programming in American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 98, South and East Asia (Kathmandu, 2006). No.1 (January 2008).

Separated Children in Europe Programme (SCEP), Save the Children, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Statement of Good Practice (Geneva, 2009).

Annexes 79 Photo captions Photos on page 5: Photos on page 32: (top boxes) from left to right Maria Grazia Giammarinaro, OSCE (top boxes) from left to right, Vera Gracheva, OSR/CTHB Co-ordination Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Advisor speaking at the launch of the manual Media against Human Human Beings, the OSCE flags in front of the Hofburg in Vienna, the Trafficking, at the Moscow Journalists’ Club, media coverage during an OSCE Conference Centre. OSCE event at the Hofburg, Vienna, OSR/CTHB Deputy Co-ordinator Ruth Freedom Pojman speaking at the launch of the manual Media Photos on page 11: against Human Trafficking, at the Moscow Journalists’ Club. (top boxes) from left to right, Helga Konrad, first OSCE Special Rep- resentative for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings (2004-2006), Photo on page 33: Maria Grazia Giammarinaro, current OSCE Special Representative and Map with OSCE Secretariat and structures, other institutions and field Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings (2010 - ) and presences Eva Biaudet, second OSCE Special Representative and Co-ordinator Photos on page 35: for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings (2006-2009). (top boxes), from left to right SR/CTHB Maria Grazia Giammarinaro, Photo on page 13: the flags of the OSCE in front of the Hofburg in Vienna. The OSCE Secretariat in Vienna Photo on page 51: Photos on page 15: A practical training exercise during the European Union Police Services (top boxes) from left to right, Lamberto Zannier, OSCE Secretary Training held from 16-27 September 2013 at the International Peace General, Leonid Kozhara, OSCE Chairperson-in-Office, Minister of Support Training Center in Nairobi, Kenya. Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, Ambassador Ihor Prokopchuk, Head of the Photo on page 53: Permanent Mission of Ukraine to the OSCE. (top boxes), SR/CTHB Maria Grazia Giammarinaro Photos on page 17: Photo on page 61: (top boxes) from left to right, OSCE SR/CTHB Maria Grazia Giam- OSCE event at the Hofburg in Vienna marinaro with State Secretary Florea Oprea of the Romanian Ministry of Internal Affairs and with the Mayor of Rome, Ignazio Marino. Photo credits Photos on page 19: (top boxes) from left to right, OSCE flag, Hofburg in Vienna, OSCE Photos page 5 left to right: OSCE/Alfred Kueppers, OSCE, SR/CTHB Maria Grazia Giammarinaro OSCE/Alfred Kueppers Photos top of page 11 from left to right: OSCE Photos on page 21: Photo bottom of page 11: OSCE/Sergey Gladkevich (top boxes) from left to right, OSR/CTHB Policy and legislative recom- Photo bottom of page 12: OSCE/Monica Pascanu mendations towards the effective implementation of the non-punish- Photo page 13: OSCE/Mikhail Evstafiev ment provision with regard to victims of trafficking, publication cover, Photos top of page 15 from left to right: OSCE/Zaur Zeynal, OSCE SR/CTHB Maria Grazia Giammarinaro chairing a side event on OSCE/Jonathan Perfect, OSCE/Mehdi Knani victim protection during the 2013 OSCE Human Dimension Implemen- Photos top of page 17 left to right: OSCE/Muriel Ethvignot, tation Meeting in Warsaw, an image from an OSCE-supported exhibi- Photographic Archive - Press Office of the City of Rome tion which opened on 18 October 2013 at the Kyrgyzstan’s Theatre of Photos page 18 left to right: OSCE/Alfred Kueppers, OSCE/Sarah Fine Arts. Crozier Photos on page 23: Photos top of page 19 left to right: OSCE/Martina Gadotti Rodrigues, (top boxes) from left to right, OSR/CTHB report Unprotected Work, In- OSCE/Mikhail Evstafiev, Italian Chamber of Deputies/Umberto Battaglia visible Exploitation: Trafficking for the Purpose of Domestic Servitude, Photo column 2 page 19: OSCE/Alfred Kueppers images from the OSR/CTHB workshop on preventing trafficking in Photo page 21: OSCE/Agnieszka Rembowska human beings for domestic servitude in diplomatic households held in Photo page 23: OSCE/Claire Jessel Kyiv on 12-13 June 2013. Photos top of page 25: OSCE/Alfred Kueppers, OSCE/Blanca Tapia Photo column 1 page 25: OSCE/Alfred Kueppers Photos on page 25: Photo page 26: Helen Bamber Foundation (top boxes) from left to right, OSR/CTHB report Trafficking in Human Photo top page 27: OSCE/Alfred Kueppers, Camera dei Deputati/ Beings for the purpose of organ removal in the OSCE region, publica- Enrico Para tion cover, the Hofburg, the flags of the OSCE at the Hofburg, Vienna. Photo column 1 page 27: Uncredited Photos on page 27: Photo page 29: Camera dei Deputati/Enrico Para (top boxes) from left to right, OSR/CTHB fifth Occasional Paper Traf- Photos top page 31 left to right: Daniela Agostini, OSCE/Adrian M ficking in Human Beings Amounting to Torture and other Forms of Ill- Photos page 32 left to right: Russian Union of Journalists, Treatment, publication cover, OSCE sign at Hofburg, OSCE SR/CTHB OSCE/Sarah Crozier, Russian Union of Journalists Maria Grazia Giammarinaro Photo page 32, column 2: Russian Union of Journalists Photo page 35 top left to right: OSCE/Alfred Kueppers, Photos on page 29: OSCE/Blanca Tapia (top boxes) from left to right, OSR/CTHB report Enhancing co-opera- Photo page 35 bottom: OSCE/Alfred Kueppers tion to prevent trafficking in human beings in the Mediterranean region, Photo page 36, column 2: OSCE/Ursula Froese publication cover, map highlighting the OSCE Mediterranean Partners Photo page 39: Camera dei Deputati/Enrico Para for Co-operation, Ambassador Thomas Greminger, Head of the Per- Photo page 40: Zürich State Police manent Mission of Switzerland to the OSCE, the United Nations and Photo page 44: OSCE/Igor Schimbator the other International Organizations in Vienna, and Chairperson of the Photo page 47: OSCE Centre in Bishkek/Graziella Pavone Mediterranean Contact Group. Photo page 49: OSCE Project Co-ordinator in Uzbekistan Photo page 51: Renato Raggi Photos on page 31: Photo page 53: OSCE/Alfred Kueppers (top boxes) from left to right, forestry industry, construction industry. Photo page 55: Renato Raggi Photo page 58: OSCE/Agnieszka Rembowska Photos page 59: OSCE/Alberto Andreani Photo page 61: OSCE

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Occasional Paper Series: 2013: Trafficking in Human Beings for the Purpose of Organ Removal in the OSCE Region 2013: Trafficking in Human Beings amounting to Torture and other Forms of Ill-treatment 2010: Unprotected Work, Invisible Exploitation: Trafficking for the Purpose of Domestic Servitude (EN/RU/FR) 2009: A Summary of Challenges on Addressing Human Trafficking for Labour Exploitation in the Agricultural Sector in the OSCE Region 2008: Human Trafficking for Labour Exploitation/Forced and Bonded Labour 2007: A Summary of Challenges Facing Legal Responses to Human Trafficking for Labour Exploitation in the OSCE Region

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Other Publications: 2013: Enhancing Co-operation to Prevent Trafficking in Human Beings in the Mediterranean Region 2013: Policy and legislative recommendations towards the effective implementation of the non-punishment provision with regard to victims of trafficking (EN/AZ/BS/HY/MK) 2010: Analysing the Business Model of Trafficking in Human Beings to Better Prevent the Crime, OSR / UN.GIFT (EN/RU) 2009: Guide on Gender-Sensitive Labour Migration Policies, Gender Section / OCEEA / OSR 2008: Compensation for Trafficked and Exploited Persons in the OSCE Region, ODIHR

All publications are available online at http://www.osce.org/cthb The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe works for stability, prosperity and democracy in 57 States through political dialogue about shared values and through practical work that makes a lasting difference.

Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings Wallnerstr. 6, 1010 Vienna, Austria Tel: + 43 1 51436 6664 Fax: + 43 1 51436 6299 email: info-cthb@osce.org www.osce.org/cthb

Key facts

Organisation Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)

Document type annual-report

Adoption date December 19, 2013

Source OSCE