Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 1 August 2025.#French Republic v European Commission.#Appeal – Environment and protection of human health – Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 – Classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures – Delegated Regulation (EU) 2020/217 – Classification of titanium dioxide in powder form containing 1% or more of particles of a diameter equal to or below 10 μm – Criteria for classification of a substance as carcinogenic – Reliability and acceptability of scientific studies – Calculation of lung overload in particles – ‘Decisive’ nature of a scientific study – Distortion of the evidence – Error of law – Choice of calculation parameters – Particle density – Scientific assessment – Exceeding the limits of judicial review – Concept of ‘intrinsic properties’ – Grounds included for the sake of completeness.#Case C-71/23 P.