Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 2 September 2021.#European Commission v Federal Republic of Germany.#Failure of a Member State to fulfil obligations – Internal markets for electricity and natural gas – Directive 2009/72/EC – Article 2(21) – Article 19(3), (5) and (8) – Article 37(1)(a) and (6)(a) and (b) – Directive 2009/73/EC – Article 2(20) – Article 19(3), (5) and (8) – Article 41(1)(a) and (6)(a) and (b) – Concept of a ‘vertically integrated undertaking’ – Effective unbundling of networks from the activities of production and supply of electricity and natural gas – Independent transmission operator – Independence of the staff and the management of the transmission system operator – Transitional periods – Shares held in the capital of the vertically integrated undertaking – National regulatory authorities – Independence – Exclusive powers – Article 45 TFEU – Freedom of movement for workers – Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union – Article 15 – Right to engage in work and to pursue an occupation – Article 17 – Right to property – Article 52(1) – Restrictions